The Indefinite and the Definite
النَّكِرَةُ وَالْمَعْرِفَةُ
Verses 52–71 · chapter 4 of 78
The chapter defines the indefinite noun (nakira) as one that accepts the definite article, and lists the kinds of definite noun (maʿrifa). Most of it treats the first kind, the pronoun (ḍamīr): attached, detached and concealed pronouns, when each is used, and how two object pronouns are ordered. It ends with the nūn of protection (nūn al-wiqāya) placed before the first-person yāʾ. AI
- 52
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
An indefinite noun (nakira) is one that accepts al with effect [al that makes it definite, e.g. rajul → ar-rajul], or one that stands in the place of what has just been described [a noun that does not take al but is equivalent to one that does, e.g. dhū 'possessor of', which stands in the place of ṣāḥib].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 52Arabic
النكرة ما يقبل أل وتؤثر فيه التعريف أو يقع موقع ما يقبل أل فمثال ما يقبل أل وتؤثر فيه التعريف رجل فتقول الرجل واحترز بقوله وتؤثر فيه التعريف مما يقبل أل ولا تؤثر فيه التعريف كعباس علما فإنك تقول فيه العباس فتدخل عليه أل لكنها لم تؤثر فيه التعريف لأنه معرفة قبل دخلوها عليه ومثال ما وقع موقع ما يقبل أل ذو التي بمعنى صاحب نحو جاءني ذو مال أي صاحب مال فذو نكرة وهي لا تقبل أل لكنها واقعة موقع صاحب وصاحب يقبل أل نحو الصاحب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 540 · vol. 1, p. 85 ↗ - 53
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Every other noun is definite (maʿrifa), as in hum 'they' [pronoun], dhī 'this (f.)' [demonstrative], Hind [proper name], ibnī 'my son' [noun annexed to a definite noun], al-ghulām 'the boy' [noun with al], and alladhī 'who, which' [relative noun].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 53Arabic
أي غير النكرة المعرفة وهي ستة أقسام المضمر كهم واسم الإشارة كذي والعلم كهند والمحلى بالألف واللام كالغلام والموصول كالذي وما أضيف إلى واحد منها كابني وسنتكلم على هذه الأقسام
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 548 · vol. 1, p. 86 ↗ - 54
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Call a word that refers to someone absent or present [the speaker or the addressee], such as anta 'you' and huwa 'he', a pronoun (ḍamīr).
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 54Arabic
يشير إلى أن الضمير ما دل على غيبة كهو أو حضور وهو قسمان أحدهما ضمير المخاطب نحو أنت والثاني ضمير المتكلم نحو أنا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 552 · vol. 1, p. 87 ↗ - 55
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The attached pronoun (muttaṣil) is one that cannot begin an utterance and that never follows illā 'except' in free speech [it does so only in verse].
- 56
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Examples are the yāʾ and the kāf in ibnī akramak 'my son honoured you', and the yāʾ and the hāʾ in salīhi mā malak 'ask him (said to a woman) for what he owns' [the yāʾ is the feminine subject, the hāʾ the object].
AI note on the transcription: وَالْيَاءِ وَالْهَا مِنْ سَلِيهِ مَا مَلَكْ — the transcription has سلييه with a doubled yāʾ. The feminine imperative of saʾala with a suffixed hāʾ is سَلِيهِ, and the metre requires this form.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 55–56Arabic
الضمير البارز بنقسم إلى متصل ومنفصل فالمتصل هو الذي لا يبتدأ به كالكاف من أكرمك ونحوه ولا يقع بعد إلا في الاختيار فلا يقال ما أكرمت إلاك وقد جاء شذوذا في الشعر كقوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 556 · vol. 1, p. 88 ↗أعوذ برب العرش من فئة بغت … علي فما لي عوض إلاه ناصر ) وقوله 14
وما علينا إذا ما كنت جارتنا … أن لا يجاورنا إلاك ديار
- 57
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Every pronoun is necessarily indeclinable (mabnī). The form of a genitive pronoun is the same as the form of an accusative one [e.g. -ka in bika 'with you' and akramaka 'he honoured you'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 57Arabic
المضمرات كلها مبنية لشبهها بالحروف في الجمود ولذلك لا تصغر ولا نثني ولا تجمع وإذا ثبت أنها مبنية فمنها ما يشترك فيه الجر والنصب وهو كل ضمير نصب أو جر متصل نحو أكرمتك ومررت بك وإنه وله فالكاف في أكرمتك في موضع نصب وفى بك في موضع جر والهاء في إنه في موضع نصب وفي له في موضع جر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 564 · vol. 1, p. 91 ↗ومنها ما يشترك فيه الرفع والنصب والجر وهو نا وأشار إليه بقوله
- 58
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The pronoun nā 'we, us' serves for the nominative, the accusative and the genitive, as in iʿrif binā fa-innanā nilnā l-minaḥ 'know about us, for we have obtained the gifts' [genitive in binā, accusative in innanā, nominative in nilnā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 58Arabic
أي صلح لفظ نا للرفع نحو نلنا وللنصب نحو فإننا وللجر نحو بنا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 570 · vol. 1, p. 92 ↗ومما يستعمل للرفع والنصب والجر الياء فمثال الرفع نحو اضربي ومثال النصب نحو أكرمني ومثال الجر نحو مر بي
ويستعمل في الثلاثة أيضا هم فمثال الرفع هم قائمون ومثال النصب أكرمتهم ومثال الجر لهم
وإنما لم يذكر المصنف الياء وهم لأنهما لا يشبهان نا من كل وجه لأن نا تكون للرفع والنصب والجر والمعنى واحد وهي ضمير متصل في الأحوال الثلاثة بخلاف الياء فإنها وإن استعملت للرفع والنصب والجر وكانت ضميرا متصلا في الأحوال الثلاثة لم تكن بمعنى واحد في الأحوال الثلاثة لأنها في حال الرفع للمخاطب وفي حالتي النصب والجر للمتكلم وكذلك هم لأنها وإن كانت بمعنى واحد في الأحوال الثلاثة فليست مثل نا لأنها في حالة الرفع ضمير منفصل وفي حالتي النصب والجر ضمير متصل
- 59
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The alif [dual], the wāw [masculine plural] and the nūn [feminine plural] are used for the absent and for others [the addressee], as in qāmā 'they two stood' and iʿlamā 'know, you two'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 59Arabic
الألف والواو والنون من ضمائر الرفع المتصلة وتكون للغائب وللمخاطب فمثال الغائب الزيدان قاما والزيدون قاموا والهندات قمن ومثال المخاطب اعلما واعلموا واعلمن ويدخل تحت قول المصنف وغيره المخاطب والمتكلم وليس هذا بجيد لأن هذه الثلاثة لا تكون للمتكلم أصلا بل إنما تكون للغائب أو المخاطب كما مثلنا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 583 · vol. 1, p. 93 ↗ - 60
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Some nominative pronouns are concealed (mustatir) [understood and not pronounced], as in ifʿal 'do!', uwāfiq 'I agree', naghtabiṭ 'we are glad', idh tushkar 'when you are thanked'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 60Arabic
ينقسم الضمير إلى مستتر وبارز والمستتر إلى واجب الاستتار وجائزه والمراد بواجب الاستتار ما لا يحل محله الظاهر والمراد بجائز الاستتار ما يحل محله الظاهر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 589 · vol. 1, p. 94 ↗وذكر المصنف في هذا البيت من المواضع التي يجب فيها الاستتار أربعة
الأول فعل الأمر للواحد المخاطب كافعل التقدير أنت وهذا الضمير لا يجوز إبرازه لأنه لا يحل محله الظاهر فلا تقول افعل زيد فأما افعل أنت فأنت تأكيد للضمير المستتر في افعل وليس بفاعل لا فعل لصحة الاستغناء عنه فتقول افعل فإن كان الأمر لواحدة أو لاثنين أو لجماعة برز الضمير نحو اضربي واضربا واضربوا واضربن
الثاني الفعل المضارع الذي في أوله الهمزة نحو أوافق والتقدير أنا فإن قلت أوافق أنا كان أنا تأكيدا للضمير المستتر
الثالث الفعل المضارع الذي في أوله النون نحو نغتبط أي نحن
الرابع الفعل المضارع الذي في أوله التاء لخاطب الواحد نحو تشكر أي أنت فإن كان الخطاب لواحدة أو لاثنين أو لجماعة برز الضمير نحو أنت تفعلين وأنتما تفعلان وأنتم تفعلون وأننن تفعلن
هذا ما ذكره المصنف من المواضع التي يجب فيها استتار الضمير
ومثال جائز الاستتار زيد يقوم أي هو وهذا الضمير جائز الاستتار لأنه يحل محله الظاهر فتقول زيد يقوم أبوه وكذلك كل فعل أسند إلى غائب أو غائبة نحو هند تقوم وما كان بمعناه نحو زيد قائم أي هو
- 61
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The detached nominative pronouns are anā 'I', huwa 'he', anta 'you', and their derived forms [naḥnu, antumā, antum, hiya, humā, hum, etc.], which are not hard to identify.
AI note on the transcription: Ṣadr: وَذُو ارْتِفَاعٍ — the transcription writes a hamza under the alif (إرتفاع). The alif of the verbal noun irtifāʿ is a connecting alif (hamzat waṣl), and the metre elides it after dhū. ʿAjuz: وَأَنْتَ وَالْفُرُوعُ لَا تَشْتَبِهْ — the wāw before الفروع has dropped out. The metre needs it, and without it the derived forms are not joined to the list.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 61Arabic
تقدم أن الضمير ينقسم إلى مستتر وإلى بارز وسبق الكلام في المستتر والبارز ينقسم إلى متصل ومنفصل فالمتصل يكون مرفوعا ومنصوبا ومجرورا وسبق الكلام في ذلك والمنفصل يكون مرفوعا ومنصوبا ولا يكون مجرورا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 609 · vol. 1, p. 96 ↗وذكر المصنف في هذا البيت المرفوع المنفصل وهو اثنا عشر أنا للمتكلم وحده ونحن للمتكلم المشارك أو المعظم نفسه وأنت للمخاطب وأنت للمخاطبة وأنتما للمخاطبين أو المخاطبتين وأنتم للمخاطبين وأنتن للمخاطبات وهو للغائب وهي للغائبة وهما للغائبين أو الغائبتين وهم للغائبين وهن للغائبات
- 62
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The detached accusative pronoun is iyyāya 'me'. Deriving the other forms from it [iyyāka, iyyāhu, iyyānā, etc.] is not difficult.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 62Arabic
أشار في هذا البيت إلى المنصوب المنفصل وهو اثنا عشر أياي للمتكلم وحده وإيانا للمتكلم المشارك أو المعظم نفسه وإياك للمخاطب وإياك للمخاطبة وإياكما للمخاطبين أو المخاطبتين وإياكم للمخاطبين وإياكن للمخاطبات وإياه للغائب وإياها للغائبة وإياهما للغائبين أو الغائبتين وإياهم للغائبين وإياهن للغائبات
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 618 · vol. 1, p. 97 ↗ - 63
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In free speech the detached pronoun is not used when the attached one can be used [akramtuka 'I honoured you', and not akramtu iyyāka].
AI note on the transcription: إِذَا تَأَتَّى أَنْ يَجِيءَ الْمُتَّصِلْ — the transcription has إذ for إذا, which drops the alif. The conditional idhā is the standard reading, and the metre requires the long syllable. It also writes يجئ for يجيء, although the same verb is spelled يجيء in the ṣadr.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 63Arabic
كل موضع أمكن أن يؤتى فيه بالضمير المتصل لا يجوز العدول عنه إلى المنفصل إلا فيما سيذكره المصنف فلا تقول في أكرمتك أكرمت إياك لأنه يمكن الإتيان بالمتصل فتقول أكرمتك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 624 · vol. 1, p. 98 ↗فإن لم يمكن الإتيان بالمتصل تعين المنفصل نحو إياك أكرمت وقد جاء الضمير في الشعر منفصلا مع إمكان الإتيان به متصلا كقوله
بالباعث الوارث الأموات قد ضمنت … إياهم الأرض في دهر الدهارير
- 64
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The hāʾ of salnīhi 'ask me for it', and of whatever resembles it [a verb with two object pronouns], may be attached or detached [salnīhi or salnī iyyāhu]. For kuntuhu 'I was it' there is a known disagreement [about which form is preferred].
AI note on the transcription: أَشْبَهَهُ فِي كُنْتُهُ الْخُلْفُ انْتَمَى — the transcription has أنتمي, with a hamza on the alif and a final yāʾ. The verb is intamā 'is attributed, is ascribed', which begins with a connecting alif and ends in alif maqṣūra, rhyming with وَمَا.
- 65
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The same applies to khiltanīhi 'you thought me to be it'. I prefer attaching [kuntuhu, khiltanīhi]. Someone other than me [Sībawayh] preferred detaching [kuntu iyyāhu, khiltanī iyyāhu].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 64–65Arabic
أشار في هذين البيتين إلى المواضع التي يجوز أن يؤتى فيها بالضمير منفصلا مع إمكان أن يؤتى به متصلا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 633 · vol. 1, p. 102 ↗فأشار بقوله سلنيه إلى ما يتعدى إلى مفعولين الثاني منهما ليس خبرا في الأصل وهما ضميران نحو الدرهم سلنيه فيجوز لك في هاء سلنيه الاتصال نحو سلنيه والانفصال نحو سلني إياه وكذلك كل فعل أشبهه نحو الدرهم أعطيتكه وأعطيتك إياه
وظاهر كلام المصنف أنه يجوز في هذه المسألة الانفصال والاتصال على السواء وهو ظاهر كلام أكثر النحويين وظاهر كلام سيبويه أن الاتصال فيها واجب وأن الانفصال مخصوص بالشعر
وأشار بقوله في كنته الخلف انتمى إلى أنه إذا كان خبر كان وأخواتها ضميرا فإنه يجوز اتصاله وانفصاله واختلف في المختار منهما فاختار المصنف الاتصال نحو كنته واختار سيبويه الانفصال نحو كنت إياه تقول الصديق كنته وكنت إياه
وكذلك المختار عند المصنف الاتصال في نحو خلتنيه وهو كل فعل تعدى إلى مفعولين الثاني منهما خبر في الأصل وهما ضميران ومذهب سيبويه أن المختار في هذا أيضا الانفصال نحو خلتني إياه ومذهب سيبويه أرجح لأنه هو الكثير في لسان العرب على ما حكاه سيبويه عنهم وهو المشافه لهم قال الشاعر
إذا قالت حذام فصدقوها … فإن القول ما قالت حذام
- 66
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
When both pronouns are attached, put the more specific one first [first person before second, second before third: aʿṭaytukahu 'I gave it to you']. When the second is detached, put first whichever you wish [aʿṭaytuka iyyāhu or aʿṭaytuhu iyyāka].
AI note on the transcription: وَقَدِّمَنْ مَا شِئْتَ فِي انْفِصَالِ — the transcription has اتفصال, with tāʾ in place of nūn. The word is infiṣāl 'detachment', which is paired with ittiṣāl in the ṣadr.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 66Arabic
ضمير المتكلم أخص من ضمير المخاطب وضمير المخاطب أخص من ضمير الغائب فإن اجتمع ضميران منصوبان أحدهما أخص من الآخر فإن كانا متصلين وجب تقديم الأخص منهما فتقول الدرهم أعطيتكه وأعطيتنيه بتقديم الكاف والياء على الهاء لأنهما أخص من الهاء لأن الكاف للمخاطب والياء للمتكلم والهاء للغائب ولا يجوز تقديم الغائب مع الاتصال فلا تقول أعطيتهوك ولا أعطيتهمونى وأجازه قوم ومنه ما رواه ابن الأثير في غريب الحديث من قول عثمان رضي الله عنه أراهمني الباطل شيطانا فإن فصل أحدهما كنت بالخيار فإن شئت قدمت الأخص فقلت الدرهم أعطيتك إياه وأعطيتني إياه وإن شئت قدمت غير الأخص فقلت أعطيته إياك وأعطيته إياي وإليه أشار بقوله وقدمن ما شئت في انفصال وهذا الذي ذكره ليس على إطلاقه بل إنما يجوز تقديم غير الأخص في الانفصال عند أمن اللبس فإن خيف لبس لم يجز فإن قلت زيد أعطيتك إياه لم يجز تقديم الغائب فلا تقول زيد أعطيته إياك لأنه لا يعلم هل زيد مأخوذ أو آخذ
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 653 · vol. 1, p. 105 ↗ - 67
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
When the two pronouns are of the same person, detaching is required [khiltanī iyyāya, and not *khiltanīnī]. With two third-person pronouns attaching is sometimes allowed [especially when their forms differ, as in the verse li-ḍaghmihimāhā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 67Arabic
إذا اجتمع ضميران وكانا منصوبين واتحدا في الرتبة كأن يكونا لمتكلمين أو مخاطبين أو غائبين فإنه يلزم الفصل في أحدهما فتقول أعطيتني إياي وأعطيتك إياك وأعطيته إياه ولا يجوز اتصال الضميرين فلا تقول أعطيتني ولا أعطيتكك ولا أعطيتهوه نعم إن كانا غائبين واختلف لفظهما فقد يتصلان نحو الزيدان الدرهم أعطيتهماه وإليه أشار بقوله في الكافية
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 666 · vol. 1, p. 106 ↗مع اختلاف ما ونحو ضمنت … إياهم الأرض الضرورة اقتضت
وربما أثبت هذا البيت في بعض نسخ الألفية وليس منها وأشار بقوله ونحو ضمنت إلى آخر البيت إلى أن الإتيان بالضمير منفصلا في موضع يجب فيه اتصاله ضرورة كقوله
بالباعث الوارث الأموات قد ضمنت … إياهم الأرض في دهر الدهارير ) وقد تقدم ذكر ذلك
- 68
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Before the yāʾ of the first person, when it is attached to a verb, the nūn of protection (nūn al-wiqāya) is required [akramanī 'he honoured me']. The form laysī [for laysanī 'except me'] has occurred in verse.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 68Arabic
إذا اتصل بالفعل ياء المتكلم لحقته لزوما نون تسمى نون الوقاية وسميت بذلك لأنها تقي الفعل من الكسر وذلك نحو أكرمني ويكرمني وأكرمني وقد جاء حذفها مع ليس شذوذوا كما قال الشاعر 17 -
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 678 · vol. 1, p. 107 ↗عددت قومي كعديد الطيس … إذ ذهب القوم الكرام ليسى
واختلف في أفعل في التعجب هل تلزمه نون الوقاية أم لا فتقول ما أفقرني إلى عفو الله وما أفقري إلى عفو الله عند من لا يلتزمها فيه والصحيح أنها تلزم
- 69
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
laytanī 'would that I' is common and laytī is rare. With laʿalla 'perhaps' the reverse holds [laʿallī is common and laʿallanī rare]. You may choose freely…
- 70
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…with the remaining particles [inna, anna, kaʾanna, lākinna: innanī or innī]. Some earlier poets, under metrical necessity, lightened minnī 'from me' and ʿannī 'about me' [dropping the nūn of protection: minī, ʿanī].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 69–70Arabic
ذكر في هذين البيتين حكم نون الوقاية مع الحروف فذكر ليت وأن نون الوقاية لا تحذف منها إلا ندورا كقوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 687 · vol. 1, p. 110 ↗كمنية جابر إذ قال ليتي … أصادفه وأتلف جل مالي
والكثير في لسان العرب ثبوتها وبه ورد القرآن قال الله تعالى ﴿ يا ليتني كنت معهم ﴾
وأما لعل فذكر أنها بعكس ليت فالفصيح تجريدها من النون كقوله تعالى حكاية عن فرعون ﴿ لعلي أبلغ الأسباب ﴾ ويقل ثبوت النون كقول الشاعر
فقلت أعيراني القدوم لعلني … أخط بها قبرا لأبيض ماجد
ثم ذكر أنك بالخيار في الباقيات أي في باقي أخوات ليت ولعل وهي إن وأن وكأن ولكن فتقول إني وإنني وأني وأنني وكأني وكأنني ولكني ولكنني
ثم ذكر أن من وعن تلزمهما نون الوقاية فتقول مني وعني بالتشديد ومنهم من يحذف النون فيقول مني وعني بالتخفيف وهو شاذ قال الشاعر
أيها السائل عنهم وعني … لست من قيس ولا قيس مني
- 71
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In place of ladunnī 'from my presence', ladunī is rare. In qadnī and qaṭnī 'enough for me', omitting [the nūn: qadī, qaṭī] is also sometimes acceptable.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 71Arabic
أشار بهذا إلى أن الفصيح في لدني إثبات النون كقوله تعالى ﴿ قد بلغت من لدني عذرا ﴾ ويقل حذفها كقراءة من قرأ من لدني بالتخفيف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 702 · vol. 1, p. 114 ↗والكثير في قد وقط ثبوت النون نحو قدني وقطني ويقل الحذف نحو قدي وقطي أى حسبي وقد اجتمع الحذف والإثبات في قوله
قدني من نصر الخبيبين قدي … ليس الإمام بالشحيح الملحد
- نَكِرَةٌ nakira · indefinite noun · نكر
- مَعْرِفَةٌ maʿrifa · definite noun · عرف
- ضَمِيرٌ / مُضْمَرٌ ḍamīr / muḍmar · pronoun · ضمر
- مُتَّصِلٌ / اتِّصَالٌ muttaṣil / ittiṣāl · attached (pronoun) / attachment · وصل
- مُنْفَصِلٌ / انْفِصَالٌ munfaṣil / infiṣāl · detached (pronoun) / detachment · فصل
- مُسْتَتِرٌ mustatir · concealed (pronoun) · ستر
- بِنَاءٌ / مَبْنِيٌّ bināʾ / mabnī · indeclinability / indeclinable · بني
- غَيْبَةٌ ghayba · third person (lit. absence) · غيب
- حُضُورٌ ḥuḍūr · first and second person (lit. presence) · حضر
- اخْتِيَارٌ ikhtiyār · free speech; free choice (as opposed to poetic necessity) · خير
- اضْطِرَارٌ iḍṭirār · poetic necessity · ضرر
- الْأَخَصُّ al-akhaṣṣ · the more specific (pronoun) · خصص
- رُتْبَةٌ rutba · rank (grammatical person) · رتب
- نُونُ الْوِقَايَةِ nūn al-wiqāya · the nūn of protection · وقي