Mashrabaمشربة

Warning and Urging

التَّحْذِيرُ وَالْإِغْرَاءُ

Verses 622–626 · chapter 53 of 78

The chapter covers the accusative of warning (taḥdhīr), such as iyyāka wa-l-asada, and of urging (ighrāʾ), such as akhāka akhāka, both governed by a verb that is not expressed. It states when that verb must stay concealed: always with iyyā, and without iyyā only when there is conjunction or repetition. It also marks the first- and third-person forms of iyyā in warning as anomalous and not a basis for analogy.

OpenITI · Alfiyya text ·OpenITI · Ibn ʿAqīl commentary (Arabic) · vowelling and English · Tap a word (CAMeL Tools)
  1. 622

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    In 'iyyāka wa-sh-sharra' [beware of evil] and expressions like it, the one who warns has made [iyyāka] accusative through a verb that must stay concealed [understood as e.g. iyyāka uḥadhdhiru wa-ttaqi sh-sharra 'I warn you, and guard against evil'].

    OpenITI line 817 · vol. 1, p. 53 ↗
  2. 623

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Assign this [obligatory concealment of the verb] to iyyā even without a conjunction [e.g. iyyāka an tafʿala 'beware of doing …', iyyāka mina l-asadi 'beware of the lion']. For what is other than iyyā [warning by naming the addressee's part or the thing feared, e.g. al-asada 'the lion!'], concealment of its verb is not required [one may also say iḥdhari l-asada 'beware of the lion'] …

    OpenITI line 818 · vol. 1, p. 53 ↗

    AI note on the transcription: The transcription has لأيا with the hamza above the alif. The word is iyyā, with kasra, so the hamza sits below: لِإِيَّا.

  3. 624

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    … except with conjunction or repetition [in which case concealment is obligatory without iyyā as well]. Examples: [conjunction] raʾsaka wa-s-sayfa 'your head, and the sword!'; [repetition] aḍ-ḍayghama aḍ-ḍayghama yā dhā s-sārī 'the lion, the lion, O night-traveller!'

    OpenITI line 819 · vol. 1, p. 53 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITI

    AI note on the transcription: The transcription reads 'الضيم' for the second word of the example, which drops the ghayn. The example repeats the noun, as the verse itself requires ('or repetition'), and the metre needs the full word, so the ʿajuz is كالضيغم الضيغم يا ذا الساري.

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 622–624Arabic

    التحذير تنبيه المخاطب على أمر يجب الاحتراز منه

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6197 · vol. 3, p. 299 ↗

    فإن كان بإياك وأخواته وهو إياك وإياكما وإياكم وإياكن وجب إضمار الناصب سواء وجد عطف أم لا فمثاله مع العطف إياك والشر فإياك منصوب بفعل مضمر وجوبا والتقدير إياك أحذر ومثاله بدون العطف إياك أن تفعل كذا أي إياك من أن تفعل كذا

    وإن كان بغير إياك وأخواته وهو المراد بقوله وما سواه فلا يجب إضمار الناصب إلا مع العطف كقولك ماز رأسك والسيف أي يا مازن ق رأسك واحذر السيف أو التكرار نحو الضيغم الضيغم أي احذر الضيغم فإن لم يكن عطف ولا تكرار جاز إضمار الناصب وإظهاره نحو الأسد أي احذر الأسد فإن شئت أظهرت وإن شئت أضمرت

  4. 625

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Warning with iyyāya [first person, as in iyyāya wa-an yaḥdhifa aḥadukumu l-arnaba 'let me keep myself, and let none of you strike the hare'] is anomalous, and with iyyāhu [third person, as in fa-iyyāhu wa-iyyā sh-shawābba 'let him beware of young women'] it is more anomalous still. Whoever builds analogy on these has strayed from the correct path [since warning with iyyā is regular only in the second person].

    OpenITI line 820 · vol. 1, p. 53 ↗
    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 625Arabic

    حق التحذير أن يكون للمخاطب وشذ مجيئه للمتكلم في قوله إياي وأن يحذف أحدكم الأرنب وأشذ منه مجيئه للغائب في قوله إذا بلغ الرجل الستين فإياه وإيا الشواب ولا يقاس على شيء من ذلك

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6207 · vol. 3, p. 299 ↗
  5. 626

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Treat the thing urged toward [al-mughrā bihi] like the thing warned against when iyyā is not used, in everything that has been set out. [Its governing verb, e.g. ilzam 'hold to', must be concealed with repetition or conjunction, as in akhāka akhāka 'your brother, your brother!' and al-ahla wa-l-walada 'family and children!'. Otherwise it may be expressed, as in akhāka or ilzam akhāka 'hold to your brother'.]

    OpenITI line 821 · vol. 1, p. 53 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITI

    AI note on the transcription: The transcription has three slips. (1) 'كمحدر' has dāl for dhāl; the word is muḥadhdhir, from ḥ-dh-r. (2) 'مغزى' has zāy for rāʾ; the term is mughrā, from ighrāʾ, the chapter's own subject. (3) The ʿajuz drops فِي, which the metre (…fī kulli mā = mustafʿilun) and the sense require. Corrected text: وكمحذر بلا إيا اجعلا | مغرى به في كل ما قد فصلا.

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 626Arabic

    الإغراء هو أمر المخاطب بلزوم ما يحمد به وهو كالتحذير في أنه إن وجد عطف أو تكرار وجب إضمار ناصبه وإلا فلا ولا تستعمل فيه إيا

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6211 · vol. 3, p. 300 ↗

    فمثال ما يجب معه إضمار الناصب قولك أخاك أخاك وقولك أخاك والإحسان إليه أي الزم أخاك

    ومثل ما لا يلزم معه الإضمار قولك أخاك أي الزم أخاك