Coordination by Particles (ʿAṭf al-Nasaq)
عَطْفُ النَّسَقِ
Verses 540–564 · chapter 43 of 78
The chapter defines ʿaṭf al-nasaq as a follower joined to what precedes it by a coordinating particle. It lists the particles, separating those that join the two items in both wording and meaning (wa, fa, thumma, ḥattā, am, aw) from those that join them in wording only (bal, lā, lākin), and gives the meaning and conditions of each. It closes with rules for coordinating onto pronouns, omitting the particle, the coordinated item or the first item, and coordinating verbs with verbs and with verb-like nouns. AI
- 540
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
ʿAṭf al-nasaq is a follower [of what precedes it] by means of a particle that makes it follow, as in ukhṣuṣ bi-wuddin wa-thanāʾin man ṣadaq 'single out with affection and praise whoever is truthful' [thanāʾin is coordinated on wuddin by wa].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 540Arabic
عطف النسق هو التابع المتوسط بينه وبين متبوعه أحد الحروف التي سنذكرها كاخصص بود وثناء من صدق
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5698 · vol. 3, p. 223 ↗فخرج بقوله المتوسط إلى آخره بقية التوابع
- 541
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Coordination without restriction [joining the second item to the first in both wording and meaning] is by wa, thumma, fa, ḥattā, am and aw, as in fīka ṣidqun wa-wafāʾ 'in you are truthfulness and loyalty'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 541Arabic
حروف العطف على قسمين
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5702 · vol. 3, p. 224 ↗أحدهما ما يشرك المعطوف مع المعطوف عليه مطلقا أي لفظا وحكما وهي الواو نحو جاء زيد وعمرو وثم نحو جاء زيد ثم عمرو والفاء نحو جاء زيد فعمرو وحتى نحو قدم الحجاج حتى المشاة وأم نحو أزيد عندك أم عمرو وأو نحو جاء زيد أو عمرو
والثاني ما يشرك لفظا فقط وهو المراد بقوله
- 542
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Bal, lā and lākin make [the second item] follow in wording only [its case follows the first item, while its meaning differs from it], as in lam yabdu mruʾun lākin ṭalā 'no grown man appeared, only a youngster did'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 542Arabic
هذه الثلاثة تشرك الثاني مع الأول في إعرابه لا في حكمه نحو ما قام زيد بل عمرو وجاء زيد لا عمرو ولا تضرب زيدا لكن عمرا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5709 · vol. 3, p. 224 ↗ - 543
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With wa, coordinate something that comes before [the first item] or after it in the ruling [i.e. in the time of the action], or something that accompanies it and coincides with it [wa does not by itself indicate order]. Examples: jāʾa Zaydun wa-ʿAmrun qablahu / baʿdahu / maʿahu 'Zayd came, and ʿAmr before him / after him / with him'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 543Arabic
لما ذكر حروف العطف التسعة شرع في ذكر معانيها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5712 · vol. 3, p. 225 ↗فالواو لمطلق الجمع عند البصريين فإذا قلت جاء زيد وعمرو دل ذلك على اجتماعهما في نسبة المجيء إليهما واحتمل كون عمرو جاء بعد زيد أو جاء قبله أو جاء مصاحبا له وإنما يتبين ذلك بالقرينة نحو جاء زيد وعمرو بعده وجاء زيد وعمرو قبله وجاء زيد وعمرو معه فيعطف بها اللاحق والسابق والمصاحب
ومذهب الكوفيين أنها للترتيب ورد بقوله تعالى ﴿ إن هي إلا حياتنا الدنيا نموت ونحيا ﴾
- 544
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Reserve for wa the coordination of an item whose antecedent is not sufficient on its own [because the governor needs more than one participant], as in iṣṭaffa hādhā wa-bnī 'this one and my son stood in a row'.
AI note on the transcription: مَتْبُوعُهُ كَاصْطَفَّ هَذَا وَابْنِي — the transcription has tāʾ marbūṭa (متبوعة) where the verse has the possessive pronoun -hu (متبوعه, 'its antecedent'), which is the subject of لا يُغني; the spacing in بهاعطف has also been fixed to بها عطف.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 544Arabic
اختصت الواو من بين حروف العطف بأنها يعطف بها حيث لا يكتفى بالمعطوف عليه نحو اختصم زيد وعمرو ولو قلت اختصم زيد لم يجز ومثله اصطف هذا وابني وتشارك زيد وعمرو
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5720 · vol. 3, p. 226 ↗ولا يجوز أن يعطف في هذه المواضع بالفاء ولا بغيرها من حروف العطف فلا تقول اختصم زيد فعمرو
- 545
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fa expresses sequence with immediacy, and thumma expresses sequence with an interval, e.g. jāʾa Zaydun fa-ʿAmrun 'Zayd came, and ʿAmr right after' and jāʾa Zaydun thumma ʿAmrun 'Zayd came, then later ʿAmr'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 545Arabic
أي تدل الفاء على تأخر المعطوف عن المعطوف عليه متصلا به وثم على تأخره عنه منفصلا أي متراخيا عنه نحو جاء زيد فعمرو ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ الذي خلق فسوى ﴾ وجاء زيد ثم عمرو ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ والله خلقكم من تراب ثم من نطفة ﴾
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5726 · vol. 3, p. 226 ↗ - 546
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Reserve for fa the coordination of something that cannot serve as a ṣila [because it contains no pronoun referring back to the relative] onto what is established as the ṣila, as in alladhī yaṭīru fa-yaghḍabu Zaydun al-dhubābu 'the thing that flies, so that Zayd gets angry, is the fly' [fa-yaghḍabu Zaydun has no returning pronoun, and fa links it to yaṭīru].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 546Arabic
اختصت الفاء بأنها تعطف ما لا يصلح أن يكون صلة لخلوه عن ضمير الموصول على ما يصلح أن يكون صلة لاشتماله على الضمير نحو الذي يطير فيغضب زيد الذباب ولو قلت ويغضب زيد أو ثم يغضب زيد لم يجز لأن الفاء تدل على السببية فاستغني بها عن الرابط ولو قلت الذي يطير ويغضب منه زيد الذباب جاز لأنك أتيت بالضمير الرابط
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5731 · vol. 3, p. 227 ↗ - 547
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With ḥattā, coordinate a part onto a whole; and [the coordinated part] must be the extreme limit of what it follows, as in akaltu l-samakata ḥattā raʾsahā 'I ate the fish, even its head'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 547Arabic
يشترط في المعطوف بحتى أن يكون بعضا مما قبله وغاية له في زيادة أو نقص نحو مات الناس حتى الأنبياء وقدم الحجاج حتى المشاة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5737 · vol. 3, p. 228 ↗ - 548
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With am, coordinate after the hamza of equivalence, or after a hamza that makes the word ayy unnecessary. Examples: sawāʾun ʿalayya a-qumta am qaʿadta 'it is the same to me whether you stood or sat'; a-Zaydun fī l-dāri am ʿAmrun 'is Zayd in the house, or ʿAmr?' [= ayyuhumā fī l-dāri 'which of the two is in the house?'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 548Arabic
أم على قسمين منقطعة وستأتي ومتصلة وهي التي تقع بعد همزة التسوية نحو سواء على أقمت أم قعدت ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ سواء علينا أجزعنا أم صبرنا ﴾ والتي تقع بعد همزة مغنية عن أي نحو أزيد عندك أم عمرو أي أيهما عندك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5740 · vol. 3, p. 228 ↗ - 549
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Sometimes the hamza is dropped, if there is no risk that omitting it will obscure the meaning [e.g. dararītu Zaydun fī l-dāri am ʿAmrun? read as a question without a-].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 549Arabic
أي قد تحذف الهمزة يعني همزة التسوية والهمزة المغنية عن أي عند أمن اللبس وتكون أم متصلة كما كانت والهمزة موجودة ومنه قراءة ابن محيصن ( سواء عليهم أنذرتهم أم لم تندرهم ) بإسقاط الهمزة من أنذرتهم وقول الشاعر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5744 · vol. 3, p. 229 ↗294 ( لعمرك ما أدرى وإن كنت داريا … بسبع رمين الجمر أم بثمان
أي أبسبع
- 550
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Am also functions as disjunctive (munqaṭiʿa), with the meaning of bal, if it is free of the conditions it was restricted by [i.e. it does not follow either of the two hamzas of 548], as in innahā la-ibilun am shāʾun 'they are camels; or rather, are they sheep?'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 550Arabic
أي إذا لم يتقدم على أم همزة التسوية ولا همزة مغنية عن أي فهي منقطعة وتفيد الإضراب كبل كقوله تعالى ﴿ لا ريب فيه من رب العالمين أم يقولون افتراه ﴾ أي بل يقولون أفتراه ومثله إنها لإبل أم شاء أي بل هي شاء
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5750 · vol. 3, p. 230 ↗ - 551
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With aw express choice, permission, division, deliberate vagueness and doubt; retraction (iḍrāb) is also attributed to it. Examples: tazawwaj Hindan aw ukhtahā 'marry Hind or her sister' [choice: one only]; jālis al-ʿulamāʾa aw al-zuhhāda 'sit with scholars or ascetics' [permission: both allowed]; al-kalimatu smun aw fiʿlun aw ḥarfun 'a word is a noun, a verb or a particle' [division].
AI note on the transcription: خَيِّرْ أَبِحْ قَسِّمْ بِأَوْ وَأَبْهِمِ — the words بأو have dropped out; without them the hemistich is short of a foot and the particle the verse speaks about is not named.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 551Arabic
أي تستعمل أو للتخيير نحو خذ من مالي درهما أو دينارا وللإباحة نحو جالس الحسن أو ابن سيرين والفرق بين الإباحة والتخيير أن الإباحة لا تمنع الجمع والتخيير يمنعه وللتقسيم نحو الكلمة اسم أو فعل أو حرف وللابهام على السامع نحو جاء زيد أو عمرو إذا كنت عالما بالجائي منهما وقصدت الإبهام على السامع ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ وإنا أو إياكم لعلى هدى أو في ضلال مبين ﴾ وللشك نحو جاء زيد أو عمرو إذا كنت شاكا في الجائي منهما وللاضراب كقوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5754 · vol. 3, p. 231 ↗295 ( ماذا ترى في عيال قد برمت بهم … لم أحص عدتهم إلا بعداد
كانوا ثمانين أو زادوا ثمانية … لولا رجاؤك قد قتلت أولادي
أي بل زادوا
- 552
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Aw sometimes takes the place of wa, when the speaker finds no opening for ambiguity [e.g. qawmun … mā bayna muljimin muhrahu aw sāfiʿi 'some bridling a colt and [others] seizing its forelock', where aw = wa].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 552Arabic
قد تستعمل أو بمعنى الواو عند أمن اللبس كقوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5765 · vol. 3, p. 232 ↗296 ( جاء الخلافة أو كانت له قدرا … كما أتى ربه موسى على قدر
- 553
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Like aw in the meaning intended is the second immā, in a phrase like immā dhī wa-immā l-nāʾiyah 'either this one or the distant one' [it carries the same meanings as aw: choice, permission, division, vagueness, doubt].
AI note on the transcription: وَمِثْلُ أَوْ فِي الْقَصْدِ إِمَّا الثَّانِيَةْ — the preposition في has dropped out; without it the metre breaks and القصد has no governor.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 553Arabic
يعني أن إما المسبوقة بمثلها تفيد ما تفيده أو من التخيير نحو خذ من مالي إما درهما وإما دينارا والإباحة نحو جالس إما الحسن وإما ابن سيرين والتقسيم نحو الكلمة إما اسم وإما فعل وإما حرف والإبهام والشك نحو جاء إما زيد وإما عمرو
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5769 · vol. 3, p. 233 ↗وليست إما هذه عاطفة خلافا لبعضهم وذلك لدخول الواو عليها وحرف العطف لا يدخل على حرف العطف
- 554
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Place lākin after a negation or a prohibition; lā follows a vocative, a command or an affirmation. Examples: mā qāma Zaydun lākin ʿAmrun 'Zayd did not stand, ʿAmr did'; yā bna akhī lā bna ʿammī 'O my nephew, and not my cousin'; iḍrib Zaydan lā ʿAmran 'hit Zayd, not ʿAmr'; jāʾa Zaydun lā ʿAmrun 'Zayd came, not ʿAmr'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 554Arabic
أي إنما يعطف بلكن بعد النفي نحو ما ضربت زيدا لكن عمرا وبعد النهي نحو لا تضرب زيدا لكن عمرا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5776 · vol. 3, p. 234 ↗ويعطف بلا بعد النداء نحو يا زيد لا عمرو والأمر نحو اضرب زيدا لا عمرا وبعد الإثبات نحو جاء زيد لا عمرو
ولا يعطف بلا بعد النفي نحو ما جاء زيد لا عمرو ولا يعطف بلكن في الإثبات نحو جاء زيدلكن عمرو
- 555
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Bal behaves like lākin after the two things lākin goes with [negation and prohibition], as in lam akun fī marbaʿin bal tayhāʾ 'I was not in a spring encampment; I was in a trackless desert' [bal confirms the first ruling and assigns its opposite to the second].
- 556
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With bal, transfer the ruling of the first item to the second in an affirmative statement and in a plain command [the first item is then treated as though nothing had been said about it], as in qāma Zaydun bal ʿAmrun 'Zayd stood — no, ʿAmr' and iḍrib Zaydan bal ʿAmran 'hit Zayd — no, ʿAmr'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 555–556Arabic
يعطف ببل في النفي والنهي فتكون كلكن في أنها تقرر حكم ما قبلها وتثبت تقيضه لما بعدها نحو ما قام زيد بل عمرو ولا تضرب زيدا بل عمرا فقررت النفي والنهي السابقين وأثبتت القيام لعمرو والأمر بضربه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5784 · vol. 3, p. 235 ↗ويعطف بها في الخبر المثبت والأمر فتفيد الإضراب عن الأول وتنقل الحكم إلى الثاني حتى يصير الأول كأنه مسكوت عنه نحو قام زيد بل عمرو واضرب زيدا بل عمرا
- 557
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If you coordinate onto an attached nominative pronoun, separate [it from the coordinated item] with the detached pronoun, as in qumtu anā wa-Zaydun 'I and Zayd stood' and Q 2:35 uskun anta wa-zawjuka l-jannata 'dwell, you and your wife, in the Garden'.
- 558
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…or with any separator whatever [e.g. an object, or lā: Q 6:148 mā ashraknā wa-lā ābāʾunā 'we would not have associated [partners with God], nor our fathers']. Coordination without separation occurs commonly in verse; consider it weak [in prose, as in qumtu wa-Zaydun].
AI note on the transcription: أَوْ فَاصِلٍ مَا وَبِلَا فَصْلٍ يَرِدْ — the preposition bi- has dropped from وبلا; without it the metre breaks and the sense 'without separation' is lost.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 557–558Arabic
إذا عطفت على ضمير الرفع المتصل وجب أن تفصل بينه وبين ما عطفت عليه بشيء ويقع الفصل كثيرا بالضمير المنفصل نحو قوله تعالى ﴿ لقد كنتم أنتم وآباؤكم في ضلال مبين ﴾ فقوله وآباؤكم معطوف على الضمير في كنتم وقد فصل بأنتم وورد أيضا الفصل بغير الضمير وإليه أشار بقوله أو فاصل ما وذلك كالمفعول به نحو أكرمتك وزيد ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ جنات عدن يدخلونها ومن صلح ﴾ فمن معطوف على الواو في يدخلونها وصح ذلك للفصل بالمفعول به وهو الهاء من يدخلونها ومثله الفصل بلا النافية كقوله تعالى ﴿ ما أشركنا ولا آباؤنا ﴾ فآباؤنا معطوف على نا وجاز ذلك للفصل بين المعطوف والمعطوف عليه بلا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5792 · vol. 3, p. 236 ↗والضمير المرفوع المستتر في ذلك كالمتصل نحو أضرب أنت وزيد ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ اسكن أنت وزوجك الجنة ﴾ فزوجك معطوف على الضمير المستتر في أسكن وصح ذلك للفصل بالضمير المنفصل وهو أنت
وأشار بقوله وبلا فصل يرد إلى أنه قد ورد في النظم كثيرا العطف على الضمير المذكور بلا فصل كقوله
297 ( قلت إذ أقبلت وزهر تهادى … كنعاج الفلا تعسفن رملا
فقوله وزهر معطوف على الضمير المستتر في أقبلت
وقد ورد ذلك في النثر قليلا حكى سيبويه رحمه الله تعالى مررت برجل سواء والعدم برفع العدم بالعطف على الضمير المستتر في سواء
وعلم من كلام المصنف أن العطف على الضمير المرفوع المنفصل لا يحتاج إلى فصل نحو زيد ما قام إلا هو وعمرو وكذلك الضمير المنصوب المتصل والمنفصل نحو زيد ضربته وعمرا وما أكرمت إلا إياك وعمرا
وأما الضمير المجرور فلا يعطف عليه إلا بإعادة الجار له نحو مررت بك وبزيد ولا يجوز مررت بك وزيد
هذا مذهب الجمهور وأجاز ذلك الكوفيون واختاره المصنف وأشار إليه بقوله
- 559
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Repeating the genitive-governing word when coordinating onto a genitive pronoun has been made obligatory [by most grammarians], as in marartu bika wa-bi-Zaydin 'I passed by you and by Zayd'.
- 560
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In my view it is not obligatory, since [coordination without the repetition] is attested in verse and in sound prose, e.g. Q 4:1 in Ḥamza's reading: tasāʾalūna bihi wa-l-arḥāmi 'by whom you ask one another, and by the ties of kinship'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 559–560Arabic
أي جعل جمهور النحاة إعادة الخافض إذا عطف على ضمير الخفض لازما ولا أقول به لورود السماع نثرا ونظما بالعطف على الضمير المخفوض من غير إعادة الخافض فمن النثر قراءة حمزة ﴿ واتقوا الله الذي تساءلون به والأرحام ﴾ بجر الأرحام عطفا على الهاء المجرورة بالباء ومن النظم ما أنشده سيبويه رحمه الله تعالى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5819 · vol. 3, p. 239 ↗298 ( فاليوم قربت تهجونا وتشتمنا … فاذهب فما بك والأيام من عجب
بجر الأيام عطفا على الكاف المجرورة بالباء
- 561
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fa may be omitted together with what it coordinated, and so may wa, when there is no ambiguity. Examples: Q 2:60 an iḍrib bi-ʿaṣāka l-ḥajara fa-nfajarat 'strike the rock with your staff, and there gushed forth…' [= fa-ḍaraba fa-nfajarat]; rākibu l-nāqati ṭalīḥāni 'the rider of the she-camel [and the she-camel] are both exhausted' [= wa-l-nāqatu]. Wa alone is distinguished [by what the next bayt states].
- 562
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…by coordinating a governor that has been removed while its governed word remains, [the governor being supplied] to ward off a mistaken reading that is to be avoided, as in ʿalaftuhā tibnan wa-māʾan bāridan 'I fed her straw and cold water' [= wa-saqaytuhā māʾan 'and gave her cold water to drink', since water is not fed].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 561–562Arabic
قد تحذف الفاء مع معطوفها للدلالة ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ فمن كان منكم مريضا أو على سفر فعدة من أيام أخر ﴾ أي فأفطر فعليه عدة من أيام أخر فحذف أفطر والفاء الداخلة عليه وكذلك الواو ومنه قولهم راكب الناقة طليحان أي راكب الناقة والناقة طليحان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5828 · vol. 3, p. 241 ↗وانفردت الواو من بين حروف العطف بأنها تعطف عاملا محذوفا بقي معموله ومنه قوله
299 ( إذا ما الغانيات برزن يوما … وزججن الحواجب والعيونا
فالعيون مفعول بفعل محذوف والتقدير وكحلن العيون والفعل المحذوف معطوف على زججن
- 563
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Treat as permissible the omission of a first item [matbūʿ] that is evident here, as in Q 12:109 a-fa-lam yasīrū 'have they not travelled?' [= a-ghafalū fa-lam yasīrū 'were they heedless and did not travel?']. Your coordinating a verb onto a verb is valid, as in Q 25:49 li-nuḥyiya bihi baldatan maytan wa-nusqiyahu 'to revive a dead land with it and to give it as drink'.
AI note on the transcription: وَحَذْفَ مَتْبُوعٍ بَدَا هُنَا اسْتَبِحْ — عنا is a slip for هنا ('here', i.e. in this chapter), with ʿayn written for hāʾ.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 563Arabic
قد يحذف المعطوف عليه للدلالة عليه وجعل منه قوله تعالى ﴿ أفلم تكن آياتي تتلى عليكم ﴾ قال الزمخشري التقدير ألم تأتكم آياتي فلم تكن تتلى عليكم فحذف المعطوف عليه وهو ألم تأتكم
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5838 · vol. 3, p. 242 ↗وأشار بقوله وعطفك الفعل إلى آخره إلى أن العطف ليس مختصا بالأسماء بل يكون فيها وفي الأفعال نحو يقوم زيد ويقعد وجاء زيد وركب واضرب زيدا وقم
- 564
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Coordinate a verb onto a noun that resembles a verb [e.g. an active participle], as in Q 100:3–4 fa-l-mughīrāti ṣubḥan fa-atharna 'by those raiding at dawn, then raising [dust]'. Use the reverse too [a verb-like noun onto a verb], and you will find it easy, as in Q 6:95 yukhriju l-ḥayya mina l-mayyiti wa-mukhriju l-mayyiti mina l-ḥayyi 'He brings the living out of the dead and is the one who brings the dead out of the living'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 564Arabic
يجوز أن يعطف الفعل على الاسم المشبه للفعل كاسم الفاعل ونحوه ويجوز أيضا عكس هذا وهو أن يعطف على الفعل الواقع موقع الأسم أسم فمن الأول قوله تعالى ﴿ فالمغيرات صبحا فأثرن به نقعا ﴾ وجعل منه قوله تعالى ﴿ إن المصدقين والمصدقات وأقرضوا الله ﴾ ومن الثاني قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5844 · vol. 3, p. 243 ↗300 ( فالفيته يوما يبير عدوه … ومجر عطاء يستحق المعابرا
وقوله
301 ( بات يغشيها بعضب باتر … يقصد في أسوقها وجائر
فمجر معطوف على يبير وجائر معطوف على يقصد . . .
- عَطْفُ النَّسَقِ ʿaṭf al-nasaq · coordination by a particle · نسق
- العَطْفُ al-ʿaṭf · coordination (of one item onto another) · عطف
- المَتْبُوعُ al-matbūʿ · the antecedent (the item followed) · تبع
- المَعْطُوفُ عَلَيْهِ al-maʿṭūf ʿalayhi · the item coordinated onto (first conjunct) · عطف
- التَّرْتِيبُ al-tartīb · sequence, order · رتب
- الغَايَةُ al-ghāya · the extreme limit (of what precedes ḥattā) · غيي
- هَمْزَةُ التَّسْوِيَةِ hamzat al-taswiya · the hamza of equivalence · سوي
- المُنْقَطِعَةُ al-munqaṭiʿa · disjunctive (am), cut off from what precedes · قطع
- الإِضْرَابُ al-iḍrāb · retraction, turning away from the first statement · ضرب
- الصِّلَةُ al-ṣila · the relative clause (linked to a relative noun) · وصل
- الضَّمِيرُ المُتَّصِلُ al-ḍamīr al-muttaṣil · the attached (suffixed) pronoun · ضمر
- الخَافِضُ al-khāfiḍ · the genitive-governing word (preposition or first term of an iḍāfa) · خفض
- الفَصْلُ al-faṣl · separation (placing a word between two items) · فصل