The Vocative
النِّدَاءُ
Verses 573–584 · chapter 45 of 78
The chapter lists the vocative particles and when each is used, and when the particle may be dropped. It then gives the case of the munādā (the one addressed): a definite single noun is built on the sign of its rafʿ, while an indefinite, muḍāf, or muḍāf-like noun is put in naṣb. It closes with special cases: Zayd followed by ibn, tanwīn added under poetic necessity, yā combined with al-, and allāhumma. AI
- 573
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
For a munādā who is distant, or like the distant [e.g. asleep or inattentive], [the particles are] yā, ay, and ā, and likewise ayā, then hayā.
- 574
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Hamza [a-] is for the one who is near. Wā is for the one who is lamented (nudiba), or yā may be used [e.g. wā zaydāh, yā zaydāh]. Any particle other than wā is avoided when there is ambiguity [between a lament and an ordinary call].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 573–574Arabic
لا يخلو المنادى من أن يكون مندوبا أو غيره فإن كان غير مندوب فإما أن يكون بعيدا أو في حكم البعيد كالنائم والساهي أو قريبا فإن كان بعيدا أو في حكمه فله من حروف النداء يا وأي وآ وهيا وإن كان قريبا فله الهمزة نحو أزيد أقبل وإن كان مندوبا وهو المتفجع عليه أو المتوجع منه فله وا نحو وازيداه و واظهراه ويا أيضا عند عدم التباسه بغير المندوب فإن التبس تعينت وا وامتنعت يا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5908 · vol. 3, p. 254 ↗ - 575
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Apart from the lamented noun, the pronoun, and a noun that comes as one called for help (mustaghāth), [the munādā] may be stripped [of its particle], so know it [e.g. yūsufu aʿriḍ ʿan hādhā, Qurʾān 12:29].
- 576
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
That [dropping of the particle] is rare with a generic noun (ism al-jins) and with a demonstrative [e.g. aṣbiḥ laylu 'become morning, O night'; thumma antum hāʾulāʾi, Qurʾān 2:85]. Whoever forbids it, support the one who blames him [i.e. the dropping is attested and permissible].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 575–576Arabic
لا يجوز حذف حرف النداء مع المندوب نحو وازيداه ولا مع الضمير نحو يا إياك قد كفيتك ولا مع المستغاث نحو يا لزيد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5916 · vol. 3, p. 255 ↗وأما غير هذه فيحذف معها الحرف جوازا فتقول في يا زيد أقبل زيد أقبل وفي يا عبد الله أركب عبد الله أركب
لكن الحذف مع اسم الإشارة قليل وكذا مع اسم الجنس حتى إن أكثر النحويين منعوه ولكن أجازه طائفة منهم وتبعهم المصنف ولهذا قال ومن يمنعه فانصر عاذله أي انصر من يعذله على منعه لورود السماع به فمما ورد منه مع اسم الإشارة قوله تعالى ﴿ ثم أنتم هؤلاء تقتلون أنفسكم ﴾ أي يا هؤلاء وقول الشاعر
305 ( ذا ارعواء فليس بعد اشتعال الرأس … شيبا إلى الصبا من سبيل
أي ياذا
ومما ورد منه مع اسم الجنس قولهم أصبح ليل أي يا ليل وأطرق كرا أي يا كرا
- 577
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Make the definite, single munādā indeclinable (built), resting on the vowel or letter known [as the sign] of its rafʿ [e.g. yā zaydu, yā zaydāni, yā zaydūna].
OpenITI line 746 · vol. 1, p. 49 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: Ṣadr: وابن المعرف المنادى المفردا; ʿajuz: على الذي في رفعه قد عهدا. The transcription has moved عهدا from the end of the ʿajuz to the end of the ṣadr, leaving the ʿajuz without its rhyme word. The rhyme (المفردا / عهدا) and the metre require it at the end of the ʿajuz.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 577Arabic
لا يخلو المنادى من أن يكون مفردا أو مضافا أو مشبها به
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5930 · vol. 3, p. 257 ↗فإن كان مفردا فإما أن يكون معرفة أو نكرة مقصودة أو نكرة غير مقصودة
فإن كان مفردا معرفة أو نكرة مقصودة بنى على ما كان يرفع به فإن كان يرفع بالضمة بنى عليها نحو يا زيد ويا رجل وإن كان يرفع بالألف أو بالواو فكذلك نحو يا زيدان ويا رجلان ويا زيدون ويا رجيلون ويكون في محل نصب على المفعولية لأن المنادى مفعول به في المعنى وناصبه فعل مضمر نابت يا منابه فأصل يا زيد أدعو زيدا فحذف أدعو ونابت يا منابه
- 578
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Intend a [virtual] ḍamm for what they had already made indeclinable before the vocative [e.g. yā sībawayhi, yā hādhā, yā ḥadhāmi], and let it be treated like a word whose indeclinability is newly made [e.g. in its appositives: yā sībawayhi l-ʿāqilu or l-ʿāqila].
OpenITI line 748 · vol. 1, p. 49 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: ʿAjuz: وليجر مجرى ذي بناء جددا. The transcription has وليجرى. After lām al-amr the verb is jussive, so its final yāʾ drops. The metre also requires the short form (wal-yuj-ra).
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 578Arabic
أي إذا كان الاسم المنادى مبنيا قبل النداء قدر بعد النداء بناؤه على الضم نحو يا هذا ويجري مجرى ما تجدد بناؤه بالنداء كزيد في أنه يتبع بالرفع مراعاة للضم المقدر فيه وبالنصب مراعاة للمحل فتقول يا هذا العاقل والعاقل بالرفع والنصب كما تقول يا زيد الظريف والظريف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5938 · vol. 3, p. 258 ↗ - 579
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Put the following in naṣb, with no disagreement: the indefinite single noun [one not specifically intended, e.g. yā rajulan khudh bi-yadī], the muḍāf [e.g. yā ʿabda llāhi], and what resembles the muḍāf [e.g. yā ṭāliʿan jabalan].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 579Arabic
تقدم أن المنادى إذا كان مفردا معرفة أو نكرة مقصودة يبنى على ما كان يرفع به وذكر هنا أنه إذا كان مفردا نكرة أي غير مقصودة أو مضافا أو مشبها به نصب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5943 · vol. 3, p. 258 ↗فمثال الأول قول الأعمى يا رجلا خذ بيدي وقول الشاعر
306 ( أيا راكبا إما عرضت فبلغا … نداماى من نجران أن لا تلاقيا
ومثال الثاني قولك يا غلام زيد ويا ضارب عمرو
ومثال الثالث قولك يا طالعا جبلا ويا حسنا وجهه ويا ثلاثة وثلاثين فيمن سميته بذلك
- 580
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Give ḍamm to a noun like Zayd, and give it fatḥa in constructions like a-zayda bna saʿīdin [a proper name followed by ibn, which is followed by a proper name]. Do not be faint-hearted [in this].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 580Arabic
أي إذا كان المنادى مفردا علما ووصف بأبن مضاف إلى علم ولم يفصل بين المنادى وبين ابن جاز لك في المنادى وجهان البناء على الضم نحو يا زيدبن عمرو والفتح إتباعا نحو يا زيد بن عمرو ويجب حذف ألف ابن والحالة هذه خطأ
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5952 · vol. 3, p. 260 ↗ - 581
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Ḍamm is obligatory if ibn does not follow a proper name [e.g. yā ghulāmu bna zaydin], or if a proper name does not follow ibn [e.g. yā zaydu bna akhīnā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 581Arabic
أي إذا لم يقع ابن بعد علم أو لم يقع بعده علم وجب ضم المنادى وامتنع فتحه فمثال الأول نحو يا غلام ابن عمرو ويا زيد الظريف ابن عمرو ومثال اثاني يا زيد ابن أخينا فيجب بناء زيد على الضم في هذه الأمثلة ويجب إثبات ألف ابن والحالة هذه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5956 · vol. 3, p. 261 ↗ - 582
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Among the munādās whose right to ḍamm has been set out, give either ḍamm or naṣb to one that has been given tanwīn under [poetic] necessity [e.g. yā maṭarun or yā maṭaran].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 582Arabic
تقدم أنه إذا كان المنادى مفردا معرفة أو نكرة مقصودة يجب بناؤه على الضم وذكر هنا أنه إذا اضطر شاعر إلى تنوين هذا المنادى كان له تنوينه وهو معصوم وكان له نصبه وقد ورد السماع بهما فمن الأول قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5961 · vol. 3, p. 261 ↗307 ( سلام الله يا مطر عليها … وليس عليك يا مطر السلام
ومن الثاني قوله
308 ( ضربت صدرها إلى وقالت … يا عديا لقد وقتك الأواقي
- 583
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Combining yā with al- is restricted to [poetic] necessity. The exceptions are Allāh [yā allāhu] and quoted sentences [used as names, e.g. yā al-munṭaliqu zaydun, said to a man named with that sentence].
- 584
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The more common form is allāhumma, with compensation [the final -mma replacing the dropped yā]. Yā allāhumma is anomalous and occurs in verse.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 583–584Arabic
لا يجوز الجمع بين حرف النداء وأل في غير اسم الله تعالى وما سمى به من الجمل إلا في ضرورة الشعر كقوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5969 · vol. 3, p. 263 ↗309 ( فيا الغلامان اللذان فرا % إيا كما أن تعقبانا شرا ) وأما مع اسم الله تعالى ومحكى الجمل فيجوز فتقول يا الله بقطع الهمزة ووصلها وتقول فيمن اسمه الرجل منطلق يا الرجل منطلق أقبل
والأكثر في نداء اسم الله اللهم بميم مشددة معوضة من حرف النداء وشذ الجمع بين اليم وحرف النداء في قوله
310 ( إني إذا ما حدث ألما … أقول يا اللهم يا اللهما
- الْمُنَادَى al-munādā · the one addressed; the vocative noun · ندو
- النِّدَاءُ an-nidāʾ · the vocative; calling · ندو
- الْمَنْدُوبُ al-mandūb · the lamented one (in the vocative of lament) · ندب
- الْمُسْتَغَاثُ al-mustaghāth · the one called on for help · غوث
- اسْمُ الْجِنْسِ ism al-jins · generic noun · جنس
- الْبِنَاءُ al-bināʾ · indeclinability (a fixed ending) · بني
- الْمُفْرَدُ al-mufrad · single noun (in the vocative: not muḍāf and not like the muḍāf) · فرد
- الْمُضَافُ al-muḍāf · the first term of a genitive construct · ضيف
- الْمُعَرَّفُ al-muʿarraf · made definite · عرف
- الِاضْطِرَارُ al-iḍṭirār · poetic necessity · ضرر
- التَّعْوِيضُ at-taʿwīḍ · compensation (one element replacing a dropped one) · عوض
- اللَّبْسُ al-labs · ambiguity · لبس
- الْقَرِيضُ al-qarīḍ · poetry, verse · قرض