Section: The Appositives (Tawābiʿ) of the Vocative
فَصْلٌ
Verses 585–591 · chapter 46 of 78
This section sets out how words that follow a vocative (munādā) are declined. The vocative here is one built on ḍamm, such as yā zaydu. The section covers adjectives, emphasis, explicative apposition, coordinated nouns and substitutes. It then treats the obligatory nominative qualifier after 'ayyuhā' and after a vocative demonstrative, and ends with the repeated vocative in the type yā saʿdu saʿda l-awsi. AI
- 585
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A follower (tābiʿ) of the vocative built on ḍamm must take the accusative when it is in a genitive construct (muḍāf) and lacks al-. [This covers an adjective, an emphasiser, or an explicative apposition.] Example: a-zaydu dhā l-ḥiyali, 'O Zayd, man of stratagems'; likewise yā tamīmu kullahum.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 585Arabic
أي إذا كان تابع المنادى المضموم مضافا غير مصاحب للألف واللام وجب نصبه نحو يا زيد صاحب عمرو
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5979 · vol. 3, p. 265 ↗ - 586
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Any other follower may take the nominative or the accusative. [This includes a single-word follower, and a construct follower that has al-. The nominative follows the ḍamm form of the vocative and the accusative follows its underlying accusative position: yā zaydu ẓ-ẓarīfu / ẓ-ẓarīfa, yā zaydu l-ḥasanu / l-ḥasana l-wajhi.] Treat a coordinated noun (nasaq) and a substitute (badal) as if each were an independent vocative. [yā zaydu wa-ʿamru and yā zaydu bishru, both with ḍamm; yā zaydu wa-ʿabda llāhi, with accusative.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 586Arabic
أي ما سوى المضاف المذكور يجوز رفعه ونصبه وهو المضاف المصاحب لال والمفرد فتقول يا زيد الكريم الأب برفع الكريم ونصبه ويا زيد الظريف برفع الظريف ونصبه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5982 · vol. 3, p. 266 ↗وحكم عطف البيان والتوكيد حكم الصفة فتقول يا رجل زيد وزيدا بالرفع والنصب ويا تميم أجمعون وأجمعين
وأما عطف النسق والبدل ففي حكم المنادى المستقل فيجب ضمه إذا كان مفردا نحو يا رجل زيد ويا رجل وزيد كما يجب الضم لو قلت يا زيد ويجب نصبه إن كان مضافا نحو يا زيد أبا عبد الله ويا زيد وأبا عبد الله كما يجب نصبه لو قلت يا أبا عبد الله
- 587
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If the coordinated noun carries al-, two forms are allowed, and the nominative is the preferred one. Example: yā zaydu wa-l-ḥārithu, or yā zaydu wa-l-ḥāritha. [The noun cannot be treated as an independent vocative here, because yā is not placed directly before al-.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 587Arabic
أي إنما يجب بناء المنسوق على الضم إذا كان مفردا معرفة بغير أل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5992 · vol. 3, p. 267 ↗فإن كان ب أل جاز فيه وجهان الرفع والنصب والمختار عند الخليل وسيبويه ومن تبعهما الرفع وهو اختيار المصنف ولهذا قال ورفع ينتقى أي يختار فتقول يا زيد والغلام بالرفع والنصب ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ يا جبال أوبي معه والطير ﴾ برفع الطير ونصبه
- 588
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With 'ayyuhā', the noun with al- that follows it is its qualifier (ṣifa). According to those with knowledge [of the language], this qualifier must be nominative. Example: yā ayyuhā r-rajulu. [Al-Māzinī's allowance of the accusative is set aside.]
- 589
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The forms ayyuhādhā [ayy qualified by a demonstrative] and ayyuhā lladhī [ayy qualified by a relative pronoun with al-] are attested. Any qualifier of ayy other than these [and the noun with al-] is rejected.
OpenITI line 761 · vol. 1, p. 50 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: وَأَيُّهَذَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِي وَرَدْ — the transcription reads 'رأي هذا'. Rāʾ has been written for wāw, and the word is split. The verse is the conjunction wa- joined to ayyuhādhā, which the metre and the sense require.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 588–589Arabic
يقال يا أيها الرجل ويا أيهذا ويا أيها الذي فعل كذا فأي منادى مفرد مبنى على الضم وها زائدة والرجل صفة لأي ويجب رفعه عند الجمهور لأنه هو المقصود بالنداء وأجاز المازني نصبه قياسا على جواز نصب الظريف في قولك يا زيد الظريف بالرفع والنصب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 5998 · vol. 3, p. 267 ↗ولا توصف أي إلا باسم جنس محلى بأل كالرجل أو باسم إشارة نحو يا أيهذا أقبل أو بموصول محلى بأل يا أيها الذي فعل كذا
- 590
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A vocative demonstrative behaves like ayy with respect to its qualifier. The qualifier must have al- and be nominative when leaving it out would lose the identification of the person addressed. Example: yā hādhā r-rajulu, where the demonstrative serves only as a means of calling the noun with al-. [If the addressee is already identified without it, the qualifier is not obligatory.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 590Arabic
يقال يا هذا الرجل فيجب رفع الرجل إن جعل هذا وصلة لندائه كما يجب رفع صفة أي وإلى هذا أشار بقوله إن كان تركها يفيت المعرفة فإن لم يجعل اسم الإشارة وصلة لنداء ما بعده لم يجب رفع صفته بل يجوز الرفع والنصب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6006 · vol. 3, p. 268 ↗ - 591
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In a phrase like saʿdu saʿda l-awsi, 'O Saʿd, Saʿd of [the tribe of] al-Aws', the second noun is accusative. You may give the first noun either ḍamm (yā saʿdu) or fatḥa (yā saʿda), and you will be correct either way. [The metre requires the hamza's vowel to pass to the ḥāʾ: wa-ftaḥa wwalan.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 591Arabic
يقال يا سعد سعد الأوس و
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6010 · vol. 3, p. 269 ↗311 ( يا تيم تيم عدى … . .
312 و ( يا زيد زيد اليعملات …
فيجب نصب الثاني ويجوز في الأول الضم والنصب
فإن ضم الأول كان الثاني منصوبا على التوكيد أو على إضمار أعنى أو على البدلية أو عطف البيان أو على النداء
وإن نصب الأول فمذهب سيبويه أنه مضاف إلى ما بعد الاسم الثاني وأن الثاني مقحم بين المضاف والمضاف إليه ومذهب المبرد أنه مضاف إلى محذوف مثل ما أضيف إليه الثاني وأن الأصل يا تيم عدى تيم عدى فحذف عدى الأول لدلالة الثاني عليه
- التَّابِعُ at-tābiʿ · follower; a word that takes the case of the word before it (adjective, emphasiser, explicative apposition, coordinated noun, substitute) · تبع
- الضَّمُّ aḍ-ḍamm · the u-vowel as a fixed (built) ending, as on the vocative yā zaydu · ضمم
- الْمُضَافُ al-muḍāf · the first term of a genitive construct · ضيف
- النَّصْبُ an-naṣb · the accusative case · نصب
- الرَّفْعُ ar-rafʿ · the nominative case · رفع
- النَّسَقُ an-nasaq · coordination with a conjunction; the coordinated noun (ʿaṭf an-nasaq) · نسق
- الْبَدَلُ al-badal · substitute; a noun that stands in place of a preceding noun · بدل
- الْمُسْتَقِلُّ al-mustaqill · independent; here, a noun treated as a vocative in its own right · قلل
- الصِّفَةُ aṣ-ṣifa · adjective, qualifier (naʿt) · وصف
- اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ ism al-ishāra · demonstrative pronoun (hādhā etc.) · شور
- الْمَعْرِفَةُ al-maʿrifa · definiteness, identification of a specific referent (in 588 also 'knowledge', in dhū l-maʿrifa) · عرف