Mashrabaمشربة

Nouns That Occur Only in the Vocative

أَسْمَاءٌ لَازَمَتِ النِّدَاءَ

Verses 595–597 · chapter 48 of 78

This chapter lists nouns that are used only after a vocative particle. These are fulu ('so-and-so'), luʾmānu and nawmānu, the feminine term of abuse on the pattern faʿāli (yā khabāthi), and the masculine term of abuse on the pattern fuʿalu (yā ghudaru). It also notes that the pattern faʿāli can be formed regularly from triliteral verbs as an imperative, and that poets have occasionally put fulu in the genitive outside the vocative.

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  1. 595

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Fulu ['so-and-so', a stand-in for a person's name] is one of the words restricted to the vocative [yā fulu]. So are luʾmānu ['very base one', yā luʾmānu] and nawmānu ['great sleeper', yā nawmānu]. [The next bayt continues:] and it is regular …

    OpenITI line 774 · vol. 1, p. 51 ↗
  2. 596

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    … in abusing a female, the pattern of yā khabāthi ['O vile one!'], that is faʿāli, indeclinable with kasra [e.g. yā lakāʿi, yā fasāqi]. The imperative is also formed on this pattern from triliteral verbs [a verbal noun of command, e.g. nazāli 'dismount!' from nazala, tarāki 'leave!' from taraka]. [This imperative form is not restricted to the vocative.]

    OpenITI line 775 · vol. 1, p. 51 ↗
  3. 597

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    In abusing males, the pattern fuʿalu is common [e.g. yā ghudaru 'O treacherous one!', yā fusaqu 'O profligate!', yā khubathu 'O vile one!']. Do not form it by analogy [use only the attested forms]. In poetry, fulu has been put in the genitive [outside the vocative, e.g. ʿan fuli 'from so-and-so'], [which is allowed only as poetic licence].

    OpenITI line 776 · vol. 1, p. 51 ↗
    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 595–597Arabic

    من الأسماء ما لا يستعمل إلا في النداء نحو يا فل أي يا رجل ويا لؤمان للعظيم اللؤم ويا نومان للكثير النوم وهو مسموع

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6044 · vol. 3, p. 276 ↗

    وأشار بقوله واطردا في سب الأنثى إلى أنه ينقاس في النداء استعمال فعال مبنيا على الكسر في ذم الأنثى وسبها من كل فعل ثلاثي نحو يا خباث ويا فساق ويا لكاع

    وكذلك ينقاس استعمال فعال مبنيا على الكسر من كل فعل ثلاثي للدلالة على الأمر نحو نزال وضراب وقتال أي انزل واضرب واقتل

    وكثر استعمال فعل في النداء خاصة مقصودا به سب الذكور نحو يا فسق ويا غدر ويا لكع ولا ينقاس ذلك

    وأشار بقوله وجر في الشعر فل إلى أن بعض الأسماء المخصوصة بالنداء قد تستعمل في الشعر في غير النداء كقوله

    313 ( تضل منه إبلى بالهوجل … في لجة أمسك فلانا عن فل ) . .