The Demonstrative Noun
اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ
Verses 82–87 · chapter 6 of 78
This chapter lists the demonstratives for masculine and feminine singular, for the dual (by case), and for the plural. It explains how distance is marked with the kāf of address, with or without lām, and bars lām when hā is prefixed. It closes with the place-demonstratives for near (hunā, hāhunā) and far (hunāka, hunālika, thamma, hannā, hinnā). AI
- 82
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Point to a masculine singular with dhā. For the feminine [singular] restrict yourself to dhī, dhih, tī and tā.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 82Arabic
يشار إلى المفرد المذكر بذا ومذهب البصريين أن الألف من نفس الكلمة وذهب الكوفيون إلى أنها زائدة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 787 · vol. 1, p. 129 ↗ويشار إلى المؤنثة بذي وذه بسكون الهاء وتي وتا وذه بكسر الهاء باختلاس وبإشباع وته بسكون الهاء وبكسرها باختلاس وإشباع وذات
- 83
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Dhāni and tāni are for the dual in the nominative [masculine and feminine respectively]. In the other cases [accusative and genitive] use dhayni and tayni, and you will be following [the usage of the Arabs].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 83Arabic
يشار إلى المثنى المذكر في حالة الرفع بذان وفى حالة النصب والجر بذين وإلى المؤنثتين بتان في الرفع وتين في النصب والجر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 792 · vol. 1, p. 130 ↗ - 84
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Point to a plural with ulā, whatever its kind [masculine or feminine, rational or not]. The long form [ulāʾi] is preferable. When the referent is distant, pronounce [the demonstrative; anṭiqā = anṭiqan, the emphatic nūn turned into alif at pause] …
- 85
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
… with kāf, which is a particle, either without lām [dhāka] or with it [dhālika]. The lām is not allowed if you have put hā in front [hādhāka is allowed; *hādhālika is not].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 84–85Arabic
يشار إلى الجمع مذكرا كان أو مؤنثا بأولي ولهذا قال المصنف أشر لجمع مطلقا ومقتضى هذا أنه يشار بها إلى العقلاء وغيرهم وهو كذلك ولكن الأكثر استعمالها في العاقل ومن ورودها في غير العاقل قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 796 · vol. 1, p. 131 ↗ذم المنازل بعد منزلة اللوى … والعيش بعد أولئك الأيام
وفيها لغتان المد وهي لغة أهل الحجاز وهي الواردة في القرآن العزيز والقصر وهي لغة بني تميم
وأشار بقوله ولدى البعد انطقا بالكاف إلى آخر البيت إلى أن المشار إليه له رتبتان القرب والبعد فجميع ما تقدم يشار به إلى القريب فإذا أريد الإشارة إلى البعيد أتي بالكاف وحدها فتقول ذاك أو الكاف واللام نحو ذلك
وهذه الكاف حرف خطاب فلا موضع لها من الإعراب وهذا لا خلاف فيه
فإن تقدم حرف التنبيه الذي هو ها على اسم الإشارة أتيت بالكاف وحدها فتقول هذاك وعلي قوله
رأيت بني غبراء لا ينكرونني … ولا أهل هذاك الطراف الممدد
ولا يجوز الإتيان بالكاف واللام فلا تقول هذالك
وظاهر كلام المصنف أنه ليس للمشار إليه إلا رتبتان قربى وبعدى كما قررناه والجمهور على أن له ثلاث مراتب قربى ووسطى وبعدى فيشار إلى من في القربى بما ليس فيه كاف ولا لام كذا وذى وإلى من في الوسطى بما فيه الكاف وحدها نحو ذاك وإلى من في البعدى بما فيه كاف ولام نحو ذلك
- 86
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Point to a near place with hunā or hāhunā. Attach the kāf to it [hunāka] …
- 87
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
… for a distant place. Alternatively, say thamma, or hannā, or pronounce hunālika, or hinnā.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 86–87Arabic
يشار إلى المكان القريب بهنا ويتقدمها هاء التنبيه فيقال ههنا ويشار إلى البعيد على رأى المصنف بهناك وهنالك وهنا بفتح الهاء وكسرها مع تشديد النون وبثم وهنت وعلى مذهب غيره هناك للمتوسط وما بعده للبعيد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 817 · vol. 1, p. 135 ↗
- اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ ism al-ishāra · demonstrative noun · شور
- مُفْرَدٌ mufrad · singular · فرد
- مُذَكَّرٌ mudhakkar · masculine · ذكر
- مُثَنًّى muthannā · dual · ثني
- جَمْعٌ jamʿ · plural · جمع
- الْمُرْتَفِعُ al-murtafiʿ · (word) in the nominative · رفع
- الْمَدُّ al-madd · lengthening; the long form (with final hamza) · مدد
- الْبُعْدُ al-buʿd · distance (of the referent) · بعد
- حَرْفٌ ḥarf · particle · حرف