Reporting by means of alladhī and of al (the relative alif-lām)
الْإِخْبَارُ بِالَّذِي وَالْأَلِفِ وَاللَّامِ
Verses 717–725 · chapter 61 of 78
This chapter covers a transformation exercise. A noun in a sentence is 'reported about' by moving it to the end as the khabar of the relative alladhī (or al), which heads the new sentence as mubtadaʾ; the rest of the original sentence becomes the ṣila, and a resumptive pronoun fills the noun's old place. The chapter states which nouns qualify, how the relative agrees with the noun, when al may be used for verbal sentences, and when the pronoun in the ṣila of al must be made explicit and separate. AI
- 717
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Whatever [noun] you are told 'report about it with alladhī' becomes a khabar about alladhī, and alladhī is placed first as mubtadaʾ [e.g. to report about Zaydun in qāma Zaydun you say alladhī qāma Zaydun, with alladhī as mubtadaʾ and Zaydun as its khabar].
- 718
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Whatever is other than these two [alladhī and the noun reported about], place it in the middle as the ṣila. The ṣila's ʿāʾid [resumptive pronoun] takes the place of the element that completes it [the noun that was moved out to become the khabar].
- 719
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
An example is alladhī ḍarabtuhu Zaydun ('the one I struck is Zayd'). This was originally ḍarabtu Zaydan ('I struck Zayd'), so understand how it is derived [Zaydan moves to the end as khabar, and the -hu of ḍarabtuhu stands in its place].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 717–719Arabic
هذا الباب وضعه النحويون لامتحان الطالب وتدريبه كما وضعوا باب التمرين في التصريف لذلك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6892 · vol. 4, p. 60 ↗فإذا قيل لك أخبر عن اسم من الأسماء بالذي فظاهر هذا اللفظ أنك تجعل الذي خبرا عن ذلك الاسم لكن الأمر ليس كذلك بل المجعول خبرا هو ذلك الاسم والمخبر عنه إنما هو الذي كما ستعرفه فقيل إن الباء في بالذي بمعنى عن فكأنه قيل أخبر عن الذي
والمقصود أنه إذا قيل لك ذلك فجيء بالذي واجعله مبتدأ واجعل ذلك الاسم خبرا عن الذي وخذ الجملة التي كان فيها ذلك الاسم فوسطها بين الذي وبين خبره وهو ذلك الاسم واجعل الجملة صلة الذي واجعل العائد على الذي الموصول ضميرا تجعله عوضا عن ذلك الاسم الذي صيرته خبرا
فإذا قيل لك أخبر عن زيد من قولك ضربت زيدا فتقول الذي ضربته زيد فالذي مبتدأ وزيد خبره وضربته صلة الذي والهاء في ضربته خلف عن زيد الذي جعلته خبرا وهي عائدة على الذي
- 720
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Report also with alladhāni, alladhīna and allatī, and keep agreement with the noun that is set down [as khabar]. [The relative matches that noun in number and gender, e.g. from ḍarabtu z-zaydayni you get alladhāni ḍarabtuhumā z-zaydāni.]
AI note on the transcription: وَبِاللَّذَيْنِ وَالَّذِينَ وَالَّتِي — The transcription writes اللذين twice. The second word is the plural alladhīna, which is spelled الذين with a single lām. The doubled lām belongs only to the dual اللذين, which the verse has already given.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 720Arabic
أي إذا كان الاسم الذي قيل لك أخبر عنه مثنى فجيء بالموصول مثنى كاللذين وإن كان مجموعا فجيء به كذلك كالذين وإن كان مؤنثا فجيء به كذلك كالتي
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6906 · vol. 4, p. 61 ↗والحاصل أنه لا بد من مطابقة الموصول للاسم المخبر عنه به لأنه خبر عنه ولا بد من مطابقة الخبر للمخبر عنه إن مفردا فمفرد وإن مثنى فمثنى وإن مجموعا فمجموع وإن مذكرا فمذكر وإن مؤنثا فمؤنث
فإذا قيل لك أخبر عن الزيدين من ضربت الزيدين قلت اللذان ضربتهما الزيدان وإذا قيل أخبر عن الزيدين من ضربت الزيدين قلت الذين ضربتهم الزيدون وإذا قيل أخبر عن هند من ضربت هندا قلت التي ضربتها هند
- 721
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In this procedure, the thing reported about must be able to be put last and must be able to be definite. [So words that must stand first, such as the interrogative man, are excluded. So are words that must be indefinite, such as the ḥāl and the tamyīz.]
- 722
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It is likewise a condition that the noun can be replaced by an unrelated noun, or by a pronoun, so observe what [the grammarians] observed. [The commentators take aw here to mean 'and', so both conditions apply. The first excludes a resumptive pronoun such as the -hu of Zaydun ḍarabtuhu, since putting a foreign noun there would cut the link to Zaydun. The second excludes the ḥāl and the tamyīz, which cannot be replaced by a pronoun. The hamza of aw is dropped in recitation for the metre.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 721–722Arabic
يشترط في الاسم المخبر عنه بالذي شروط
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6916 · vol. 4, p. 62 ↗أحدها أن يكون قابلا للتأخير فلا يخبر بالذي عما له صدر الكلام كأسماء الشرط والاستفهام نحو من وما
الثاني أن يكون قابلا للتعريف فلا يخبر عن الحال والتمييز
الثالث أن يكون صالحا للاستغناء عنه بأجنبي فلا يخبر عن الضمير الرابط للجملة الواقعة خبرا كالهاء في زيد ضربته
الرابع أن يكون صالحا للاستغناء عنه بمضمر فلا يخبر عن الموصوف دون صفته ولا عن المضاف دون المضاف إليه فلا تخبر عن رجل وحده من قولك ضربت رجلا ظريفا فلا تقول الذي ضربته ظريفا رجل لأنك لو أخبرت عنه لوضعت مكانه ضميرا وحينئذ يلزم وصف الضمير والضمير لا يوصف ولا يوصف به فلو أخبرت عن الموصوف مع صفته جاز ذلك لانتفاء هذا المحذور كقوله الذي ضربته رجل ظريف
وكذلك لا تخبر عن المضاف وحده فلا تخبر عن غلام وحده من ضربت غلام زيد لأنك تضع مكانه ضميرا كما تقرر والضميرلا يضاف فلو أخبرت عنه مع المضاف إليه جاز ذلك لانتفاء المانع فتقول الذي ضربته غلام زيد
- 723
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Here they also reported with al [the relative alif-lām] about some nouns in sentences whose verb comes first [that is, verbal sentences only].
- 724
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
[This is allowed] if a ṣila for al can properly be formed from that verb [as a participle]. An example is forming wāqin from waqā llāhu l-baṭala ('God protected the hero'). [Reporting about Allāh gives al-wāqī l-baṭala llāhu. Reporting about al-baṭal gives al-wāqīhi llāhu l-baṭalu.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 723–724Arabic
يخبر بالذي عن الاسم الواقع في جملة اسمية أو فعلية فتقول في الإخبار عن زيد من قولك زيد قائم الذي هو قائم زيد وتقول في الإخبار عن زيد من قولك ضربت زيدا الذي ضربته زيد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6932 · vol. 4, p. 63 ↗ولا يخبر بالألف واللام عن الاسم إلا إذا كان واقعا في جملة فعلية وكان ذلك الفعل مما يصح أن يصاغ منه صلة الألف واللام كاسم الفاعل واسم المفعول
ولا يخبر بالألف واللام عن الاسم الواقع في جملة اسمية ولا عن الاسم الواقع في جملة فعلية فعلها غير متصرف كالرجل من قولك نعم الرجل إذ لا يصح أن يستعمل من نعم صلة الألف واللام
وتخبر عن الاسم الكريم من قولك وقى الله البطل فتقول الواقي البطل الله وتخبر أيضا عن البطل فتقول الوقية الله البطل
- 725
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If what the ṣila of al puts in the rafʿ case is a pronoun referring to something other than al, that pronoun is made explicit and takes the separate form. [From ḍarabtu Zaydan, reporting about Zayd with al gives aḍ-ḍāribuhu anā Zaydun. The agent refers to the speaker, not to al, so it appears as the separate pronoun anā.]
AI note on the transcription: ضَمِيرَ غَيْرِهَا أُبِينَ وَانْفَصَلْ — The transcription has نمير, which makes no sense here. The verse speaks of a ḍamīr (pronoun), so ن has been written for ض.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 725Arabic
الوصف الواقع صلة لأل إن رفع ضميرا فإما أن يكون عائدا على الألف واللام أو على غيرها كان فإن كان عائدا عليها استتر وإن كان عائدا على غيرها انفصل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6943 · vol. 4, p. 64 ↗فإن قلت بلغت من الزيدين إلى العمرين رسالة فإن أخبرت عن التاء في بلغت قلت المبلغ من الزيدين إلى العمرين رسالة أنا ففي المبلغ ضمير عائد على الألف واللام فيجب استتاره
وإن أخبرت عن الزيدين من المثال المذكور قلت المبلغ أنا منهما إلى العمرين رسالة الزيدان فأنا مرفوع بالمبلغ وليس عائدا على الألف واللام لأن المراد بالألف واللام هنا مثنى وهو المخبر عنه فجيب إبراز الضمير
وإن أخبرت عن العمرين من المثال المذكور قلت المبلغ أنا من الزيدين إليهم رسالة العمرون فيجب إبراز الضمير كما تقدم
وكذا يجب إبراز الضمير إذا أخبرت عن رسالة من المثال المذكور لأن المراد بالألف واللام هنا الرسالة والمراد بالضمير الذي ترفعه صلة أل المتكلم فتقول المبلغها أنا من الزيدين إلى العمرين رسالة
- الْإِخْبَارُ al-ikhbār · reporting (the exercise of turning a noun into the khabar of a relative) · خبر
- الْخَبَرُ al-khabar · predicate (of a nominal sentence) · خبر
- الْمُبْتَدَأُ al-mubtadaʾ · subject of a nominal sentence (topic) · بدأ
- الصِّلَةُ aṣ-ṣila · relative clause (the clause completing a relative noun) · وصل
- الْعَائِدُ al-ʿāʾid · resumptive pronoun · عود
- التَّكْمِلَةُ at-takmila · completion (the element that completes the ṣila) · كمل
- الْأَجْنَبِيُّ al-ajnabī · an unrelated (foreign) expression · جنب
- الْمُضْمَرُ al-muḍmar · pronoun (implicit or explicit) · ضمر
- التَّعْرِيفُ at-taʿrīf · definiteness · عرف
- التَّأْخِيرُ at-taʾkhīr · postposing (placing an element later) · أخر
- الِانْفِصَالُ al-infiṣāl · being separate (use of the independent pronoun form) · فصل