The Broken Plural
جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ
Verses 791–832 · chapter 68 of 78
The chapter names the four plurals of paucity and then assigns each broken-plural pattern, of paucity and of multitude, to the singular patterns it regularly serves, noting where a pattern is only transmitted or rare. It ends with the rules for plurals of words longer than three letters on faʿālil and similar patterns, including which radical or augment is dropped when a word is too long for the plural shape. AI
Topic:Singular, dual, plural
- 791
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
afʿila, afʿul, then fiʿla, and then afʿāl are the plurals of paucity [used for three to ten].
AI note on the transcription: ثُمَّتَ أَفْعَالٌ جُمُوعُ قِلَّهْ — the transcription has تمت; the word is ثُمَّتَ ('and then', ثُمَّ with the feminine tāʾ), continuing the list after ثُمَّ in the ṣadr. The dots of ث were lost.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 791Arabic
جمع التكسير هو مادل على أكثر من اثنين بتغيير ظاهر كرجل ورجال أو مقدر كفلك للمفرد والجمع والضمة التي في المفرد كضمة قفل والضمة التي في الجمع كضمة أسد وهو على قسمين جمع قلة وجمع كثرة فجمع القلة يدل حقيقة على ثلاثة فماا فوقها إلى العشرة وجمع الكثرة يدل على ما فوق العشرة إلى غير نهاية ويستعمل كل منهما في موضع الآخر مجازا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7377 · vol. 4, p. 113 ↗وأمثلة جمع القلة أفعلة كأسلحة وأفعل كأفلس وفعلة كفتية وأفعال كأفراس
وما عدا هذه الأربعة من جموع التكسير فجموع كثرة وبعض ذي بكثيرة وضعا يفي كأرجل والعكس جاء كالصفي
قد يستغنى ببعض أبنية القلة عن بعض أبنية الكثرة كرجل وأرجل وعنق وأعناق وفؤاد وأفئدة
وقد يستغنى ببعض أبنية الكثرة عن بعض أبنية القلة كرجل ورجال وقلب وقلوب
- 792
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Some of these serve for multitude by original assignment, as arjul [plural of rijl 'foot', which has no plural of multitude]; and the reverse also occurs, as ṣufī [plural of multitude of ṣafāt 'smooth rock', which has no plural of paucity].
- 793
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
afʿul is for faʿl when it is a noun with a sound ʿayn [kalb → aklub, ẓaby → aẓbin]; it is also assigned to the quadriliteral noun
- 794
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
if it is like ʿanāq and dhirāʿ in having a long vowel [before the last letter], in being feminine, and in its count of letters [four] [ʿanāq → aʿnuq, dhirāʿ → adhruʿ].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 792–794Arabic
أفعل جمع لكل اسم ثلاثي على فعل صحيح العين نحو كلب وأكلب وظبي وأظب وأصله أظبي فقلبت الضمة كسره لتصح الياء فصار أظبي فعومل معاملة قاض
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7390 · vol. 4, p. 115 ↗وخرج بالأسم الصفة فلا يجوز نحو ضخم وأضخم وجاء عبد وأعبد لاستعمال هذه الصفة استعمال الأسماء وخرج بصحيح العين المعتل العين نحو ثوب وعين وشذ عين وأعين وثوب وأثوب
وأفعل أيضا جمع لكل اسم مؤنث رباعي قبل آخره مدة كعناق وأعنق ويمين وأيمن
* وشذ من المذكر شهاب وأشهب وعراب وأغرب
- 795
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Triliteral nouns other than those in which afʿul is regular come with afʿāl [thawb → athwāb, jamal → ajmāl, ʿunuq → aʿnāq, ḥiml → aḥmāl].
- 796
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In fuʿal, fiʿlān has usually spared them [from using afʿāl], as in their saying ṣirdān [plural of ṣurad 'shrike'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 795–796Arabic
قد سبق أن أفعل جمع لكل اسم ثلاثي على فعل صحيح العين وذكر هنا أن مالا يطرد فيه من الثلاثي أفعل يجمع على أفعال وذلك كثوب وأثواب وجمل وأجمال وعضد وأعضاد وحمل وأحمال وعنب وأعناب وإبل وآبال وقفل وأقفال
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7399 · vol. 4, p. 116 ↗وأما جمع فعل الصحيح العين على أفعال فشاذ كفرخ وأفراخ
وأما فعل فجاء بعضه على أفعال كرطب وأرطاب والغالب مجيئه على فعلان كصرد وصردان ونغر ونغران
- 797
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In a masculine quadriliteral noun whose third letter is a long vowel, afʿila is regular in their usage [ṭaʿām → aṭʿima, ḥimār → aḥmira, raghīf → arghifa, ʿamūd → aʿmida].
- 798
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Make it [afʿila] obligatory in faʿāl or fiʿāl when they have a doubled letter or a weak final letter [batāt → abitta, zimām → azimma, qabāʾ → aqbiya, kisāʾ → aksiya].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 797–798Arabic
أفعله جمع لكل اسم مذكر رباعي ثالثه مدة نحو قذال وأقذلة ورغيف وأرغفة وعمود وأعمدة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7407 · vol. 4, p. 117 ↗والتزم أفعلة في جمع المضاعف أو المعتل اللام من فعال أو فعال كبتات وأبتة وزمام وأزمة وقباء وأقبية وفناء وأفنية
- 799
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fuʿl is for words like aḥmar and ḥamrāʾ [both → ḥumr]; fiʿla as a plural is known only by transmission [fatā → fitya, shaykh → shīkha].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 799Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعل وهو مطرد في كل وصف يكون المذكر منه على أفعل والمؤنث منه على فعلاء نحو أحمر وحمر وحمراء وحمر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7412 · vol. 4, p. 118 ↗ومن أمثلة جمع القلة فعلة ولم يطرد في شيء من الأبنية وإنما هو محفوظ ومن الذي حفظ منه فتى وفتية وشيخ وشيخة وغلام وغلمة وصبي وصبية
- 800
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fuʿul is for a quadriliteral noun with a long vowel added before the last radical, when that noun has no weak final letter [qadhāl → qudhul, ḥimār → ḥumur, qaḍīb → quḍub, ʿamūd → ʿumud],
- 801
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
provided that, in the most general usage, the one with alif does not have a doubled letter [so hilāl takes ahilla; ʿinān → ʿunun is less common]. fuʿal is known as the plural of fuʿla [ghurfa → ghuraf]
- 802
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and of words like kubrā [→ kubar]. fiʿal is for fiʿla [kisra → kisar, ḥijja → ḥijaj]; its plural sometimes comes on fuʿal [ḥilya → ḥulā, liḥya → luḥā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 800–802Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعل وهو مطرد في كل اسم رباعي قد زيد قبل آخره مدة بشرط كونه صحيح الآخر وغير مضاعف إن كانت المدة ألفا ولا فرق في ذلك بين المذكر والمؤنث نحو قذال وقذل وحمار وحمر وكراع وكرع وذراع وذرع وقضيب وقضب وعمود وعمد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7419 · vol. 4, p. 119 ↗وأما المضاعف فإن كانت مدته ألفا فجمعه على فعل غير مطرد نحو عنان وعنن وحجاج وحجج فإن كانت مدته غير ألف فجمعه على فعل مطرد نحو سرير وسرر وذلول وذلل
ومن أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعل وهو جمع لاسم علي فعلة أو على فعلى أنثى الأفعل فالأول كقربة وقرب وغرفة وغرف والثاني ككبرى وكبر وصغرى وصغر
ومن أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعل وهو جمع لاسم على فعلة نحو كسرة وكسر وحجة وحجج ومرية ومرى وقد يجيء جمع فعلة على فعل نحو لحية ولحى وحيلة وحلى
- 803
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
For words like rām ['thrower', an adjective of fāʿil with weak lām], fuʿala is regular [rāmin → rumāh, qāḍin → quḍāh]; and cases like kāmil with kamala [on faʿala, for a sound fāʿil] are widespread.
AI note on the transcription: فِي نَحْوِ رَامٍ ذُو اطِّرَادٍ فُعَلَهْ — the transcription has dropped ذُو; the standard text reads ذُو اطِّرَادٍ ('is of regular occurrence'), which completes the rajaz foot.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 803Arabic
ومن أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعلة وهو مطرد في كل وصف على فاعل معتل اللام لمذكر عاقل كرام ورماة وقاض وقضاة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7431 · vol. 4, p. 120 ↗ومنها فعلة وهو مطرد في وصف على فاعل صحيح اللام لمذكر عاقل نحو كامل وكمله وساحر وسحرة واستغنى المصنف عن ذكر القيود المذكورة بالتمثيل بما اشتمل عليها وهو رام وكامل
- 804
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
faʿlā is suited to an adjective [denoting affliction] like qatīl, zamin, hālik and mayyit [qatlā, zamnā, halkā, mawtā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 804Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعلى وهو جمع لوصف على فعيل بمعنى مفعول دال على هلاك أو توجع كقتيل وقتلى وجريح وجرحى وأسير وأسرى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7437 · vol. 4, p. 121 ↗ويحمل عليه ما أشبهه في المعنى من فعيل بمعنى فاعل كمريض ومرضى ومن فعل كزمن وزمنى ومن فاعل كهالك وهلكى ومن فعيل كميت وموتى وأفعل نحو أحمق وحمقى
- 805
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fiʿala is for fuʿl as a noun with a sound lām [durj → diraja, qurṭ → qiraṭa, dubb → dibaba]; treat its use for faʿl and fiʿl as rare [ghard → ghirada, qird → qirada].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 805Arabic
ومن أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعلة وهو جمع لفعل اسما صحيح اللام نحو
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7442 · vol. 4, p. 121 ↗قرط وقرطة ودرج ودرجة وكوز وكوزة ويحفظ في اسم على فعل نحو قرد وقردة أو وعلى فعل نحو غرد وغردة
- 806
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fuʿʿal is for fāʿil and fāʿila when both are adjectives, like ʿādhil and ʿādhila [→ ʿudhdhal].
- 807
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Like it is fuʿʿāl, for the masculine [ʿādhil → ʿudhdhāl, ṣāʾim → ṣuwwām]; these two are rare in words with a weak lām [ghāzin → ghuzzan, ghuzzāʾ].
AI note on the transcription: وَذَانِ فِي الْمُعَلِّ لَامًا نَدَرَا — the transcription has تدرا; the verb is نَدَرَا ('the two are rare'), dual with alif of ishbāʿ. The dot of ن was misplaced as ت.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 806–807Arabic
ومن أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعل وهو مقيس في وصف صحيح اللام على فاعل أو فاعلة نحو ضارب وضرب وصائم وصوم وضاربة وضرب وصائمة وصوم
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7447 · vol. 4, p. 122 ↗ومنها فعال وهو مقيس في وصف صحيح اللام على فاعل لمذكر نحو صائم وصوام وقائم وقوام
وندر فعل وفعال في المعتل اللام المذكر نحو غاز وغزى وسار وسرى وعاف وعفى وقالوا غزاء في جمع غاز وسراء في جمع سار وندر أيضا في جمع فاعلة كقول الشاعر
355 ( أبصارهن إلى الشبان مائلة … وقد أراهن عنى غير صداد
يعني جمع صادة
- 808
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
faʿl and faʿla take fiʿāl [kaʿb → kiʿāb, qaṣʿa → qiṣāʿ]; it is rare in those of them whose ʿayn is yāʾ [ḍayf → ḍiyāf].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 808Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعال وهو مطرد في فعل وفعلة اسمين نحو كعب وكعاب وثوب وثياب وقصعة وقصاع أو وصفين نحو صعب وصعاب وصعبة وصعاب وقل فيما عينه ياء نحو ضيف وضياف وضيعة وضياع
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7457 · vol. 4, p. 124 ↗ - 809
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
faʿal also takes fiʿāl [jabal → jibāl], provided its lām is not weak
- 810
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
or it is not doubled. Like faʿal is the same pattern with tāʾ [raqaba → riqāb], and fiʿl together with fuʿl; accept this [dhiʾb → dhiʾāb, rumḥ → rimāḥ].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 809–810Arabic
أي اطرد أيضا فعال فعال في فعل وفعلة مالم يكن لامهما معتلا أو مضاعفا نحو جبل وجبال وجمل وجمال ورقبة ورقاب وثمرة وثمار
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7462 · vol. 4, p. 124 ↗واطرد أيضا فعال في فعل وفعل نحو ذئب وذئاب ورمح ورماح
واحترز من المعتل اللام كفتى ومن المضعف كطلل
- 811
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It [fiʿāl] occurs regularly in faʿīl as an adjective with the meaning of fāʿil [karīm → kirām], and likewise in its feminine [karīma → kirām].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 811Arabic
واطرد أيضا فعال في كل صفة على فعيل بمعنى فاعل مقترنة بالتاء أو مجردة عنهاككريم وكرام وكريمة وكرام ومريض ومراض ومريضة ومراض
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7467 · vol. 4, p. 125 ↗ - 812
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It is widespread in an adjective on faʿlān [ʿaṭshān → ʿiṭāsh], or its two feminines [faʿlā and faʿlāna: ʿaṭshā → ʿiṭāsh, nadmāna → nidām], or on fuʿlān [khumṣān → khimāṣ],
- 813
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and likewise fuʿlāna [khumṣāna → khimāṣ]. Make it obligatory in words like ṭawīl and ṭawīla [→ ṭiwāl]; you will then give the rule its due.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 812–813Arabic
أي واطرد أيضا مجيء فعال جمعا لوصف على فعلان أو على فعلانة أو على فعلى نحو عطشان وعطاش وعطشى وعطاش وندمانة وندام
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7471 · vol. 4, p. 125 ↗وكذلك اطرد فعال في وصف على فعلان أو على فعلانة نحو خمصان وخماص وخمصانة وخماص
والتزم فعال في كل وصف على فعيل أو فعلية معتل العين نحو طويل وطوال وطويلة وطوال
- 814
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
faʿil, like kabid, is mostly restricted to fuʿūl [kubūd]; likewise fuʿūl is regular
- 815
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
in faʿl as a noun, whatever the vowel of its fāʾ [kaʿb → kuʿūb, ḥiml → ḥumūl, jund → junūd]. For fuʿal and for fuʿāl, fiʿlān is established [ṣurad → ṣirdān, ghurāb → ghirbān].
- 816
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fiʿlān is widespread in ḥūt and qāʿ [→ ḥītān, qīʿān] and whatever resembles them [a noun with a long vowel for its middle radical]; it is rare in others.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 814–816Arabic
ومن أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعول وهو مطرد في اسم ثلاثي على فعل نحو كبد وكبود ووعل ووعول وهو ملتزم فيه غالبا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7480 · vol. 4, p. 127 ↗واطرد فعول أيضا في اسم على فعل بفتح الفاء نحو كعب وكعوب وفلس وفلوس أو على فعل بكسر الفاء نحو حمل وحمول وضرس وضروس أو على فعل بضم الفاء نحو جند وجنود وبرد وبرود
ويحفظ فعول في فعل نحو أسد وأسود ويفهم كونه غير مطرد من قوله وفعل له ولم يقيده باطراد
وأشار بقوله وللفعال فعلان حصل إلى أن من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعلانا وهو مطرد في اسم على فعال نحو غلام وغلمان وغراب وغربان
وقد سبق أته مطرد في فعل كصرد وصردان
واطرد فعلان أيضا في جمع ما عينه واو من فعل أو فعل نحو عود وعيدان وحوت وحيتان وقاع وقيعان وتاج وتيجان
وقل فعلان في غير ما ذكر نحو أخ وإخوان وغزال وغزلان
- 817
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fuʿlān covers faʿl as a noun [baṭn → buṭnān], faʿīl [raghīf → rughfān], and faʿal without a weak ʿayn [dhakar → dhukrān].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 817Arabic
من أبنية جمع الكثرة فعلان وهو مقيس في اسم صحيح العين على فعل نحو ظهر وظهران وبطن وبطنان أو على فعيل نحو قضيب وقضبان ورغيف ورغفان أو على فعل نحو ذكر وذكران وحمل وحملان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7494 · vol. 4, p. 128 ↗ - 818
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fuʿalāʾ is assigned to karīm and bakhīl [kuramāʾ, bukhalāʾ], and likewise to what resembles them [adjectives on faʿīl with the meaning of fāʿil].
- 819
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
afʿilāʾ replaces it in words with a weak lām [walī → awliyāʾ] and in doubled words [shadīd → ashiddāʾ]; afʿilāʾ in other words is rare [naṣīb → anṣibāʾ].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 818–819Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعلاء وهو مقيس في فعيل بمعنى فاعل صفة لمذكر عاقل غير مضاعف ولا معتل نحو ظريف وظرفاء وكريم وكرماء وبخيل وبخلاء
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7499 · vol. 4, p. 129 ↗وأشار بقوله كذا لما ضاهاهما إلى أن ما شابه فعيلا في كونه دالا علي معنى هو كالغريزة يجمع على فعلاء نحو عاقل وعقلاء وصالح وصلحاء وشاعر وشعراء
وينوب عن فعلاء في المضاعف والمعتل أفعلاء نحو شديد وأشداء وولى وأولياء
وفد يجيء أفعلاء جمعا لغير ما ذكر نحو نصيب وأنصباء وهين وأهوناء
- 820
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
fawāʿil is for fawʿal [jawhar → jawāhir], fāʿal [ṭābaʿ → ṭawābiʿ], fāʿilāʾ [qāṣiʿāʾ → qawāṣiʿ], and words like kāhil [→ kawāhil],
- 821
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and for ḥāʾiḍ [→ ḥawāʾiḍ], ṣāhil [→ ṣawāhil], and fāʿila [ṣāḥiba → ṣawāḥib]. It is anomalous in fāris [→ fawāris] and words like it [adjectives of rational males].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 820–821Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فواعل وهو لاسم على فوعل نحو جوهر وجواهر أو على فاعل نحو طابع وطوابع أو على فاعلاء نحو قاصعاء وقواصع أو على فاعل نحو كاهل وكواهل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7508 · vol. 4, p. 130 ↗وفواعل أيضا جمع لوصف على فاعل إن كان لمؤنث عاقل نحو حائض وحوائض أو لمذكر مالا يعقل نحو صاهل وصواهل
فإن كان الوصف الذي على فاعل لمذكر عاقل لم يجمع على فواعل وشذ فارس وفوارس وسابق وسوابق
وفواعل أيضا جمع لفاعلة نحو صاحبة وصواحب وفاطمة وفواطم
- 822
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Pluralize faʿāla with faʿāʾil [saḥāba → saḥāʾib], and patterns like it, whether they have tāʾ [risāla → rasāʾil, ṣaḥīfa → ṣaḥāʾif] or lack it [shimāl → shamāʾil, ʿajūz → ʿajāʾiz].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 822Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعائل وهو لكل اسم رباعي بمدة قبل اخره مؤنثا بالتاء نحو سحابة وسحائب ورسالة ورسائل وكناسة وكنائس وصحيفة وصحائف وحلوبة وحلائب أو مجردا منها نحو شمال وشمائل وعقاب وعقائب وعجوز وعجائز
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7517 · vol. 4, p. 131 ↗ - 823
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
ṣaḥrāʾ and ʿadhrāʾ are pluralized with both faʿālī and faʿālā [ṣaḥārī / ṣaḥārā, ʿadhārī / ʿadhārā]; follow analogy [for words like them].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 823Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعالى وفعالى ويشتركان فيما كان على فعلاء اسما كصحراء وصحارى وصحارى أو صفة كعذراء وعذارى وعذارى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7521 · vol. 4, p. 131 ↗ - 824
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Assign faʿāliyy to [a triliteral word ending in doubled yāʾ] which is not a newly formed nisba adjective, like kursiyy [→ karāsiyy]; you will then follow the Arabs.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 824Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعالى وهو جمع لكل اسم ثلاثي آخره ياء مشددة غير متجددة للنسب نحو كرسي وكراسي وبردى وبرادي ولا يقال بصرى وبصارى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7524 · vol. 4, p. 132 ↗ - 825
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Use faʿālil and what resembles it [mafāʿil, fawāʿil, etc.] when pluralizing a word that rises above three letters [jaʿfar → jaʿāfir, masjid → masājid],
- 826
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
other than those already treated. From a quinquiliteral with no augments, drop the last letter, by analogy [safarjal → safārij].
- 827
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The fourth letter, when it resembles an augment, is sometimes dropped instead of the letter that completes the count [the last] [khadarnaq → khadāriq].
- 828
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Drop the augment of a word that exceeds four letters, unless the augment is a soft letter [long vowel] followed immediately by the letter that ends the word [farazdaq → farāzid; qirṭās → qarāṭīs keeps its alif].
AI note on the transcription: No letter is changed. The transcription places مَا at the start of the ʿajuz; in the standard text it ends the ṣadr (…احْذِفْهُ مَا | لَمْ يَكُ…), which the metre of both hemistichs requires.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 825–828Arabic
من أمثلة جمع الكثرة فعالل وشبهه وهو كل جمع ثالثة ألف بعدها حرفان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7530 · vol. 4, p. 133 ↗فيجمع بفعالل كل اسم رباعي غير مزيد فيه نحو جعفر وجعافر وزبرج وزبارج وبرثن وبراثن
ويجمع بشبهه كل اسم اباعي مزيد فيه ك جرهر وجواهر وصريف وصيارف ومسجد ومساجد
واحترز بقوله من غير ما مضى من الرباعي الذي سبق ذكر جمعه كأحمر وحمراء ونحوهما مما سبق ذكره
وأشار بقوله ومن خماسي جرد الآخر أنف بالقياس إلى أن الخماسي المجرد عن الزيادة يجمع على فعائل قياسا ويحذف خامسه نحو سفارج في سفرجل وفرازد في فرزدق وخوارن في خورنق
وأشار بقوله والرابع الشبيه بالمزيد البيت إلى أنه يجوز حذف رابع الخماسي المجرد عن الزيادة وإبقاء خامسه إذا كان رابعه مشبها للحرف الزائد بأن كان من حروف الزيادة كنون خورنق أو كان من مخرج حروف الزيادة كدال فرزدق فيجوز أن يقال خوارق وفرازق والكثير الأول وهو حذف الخامس وإبقاء الرابع نحو خوارن وفرازد
فإن كان الرابع غير مشبه للزائد لم يجز حذفه بل يتعين حذف الخامس فتقول في سفرجل سفارج ولا يجوز سفارل
وأشار بقوله وزائد العادي الرباعي البيت إلى أنه إذا كان الخماسي مزيدا فيه حرف حذف ذلك الحرف إن لم يكن حرف مد قبل الآخر فتقول في سبطري سباطر وفي فدوكس فداكس وفي مدحرج دحارج
فإن كان الحرف الزائد حرف مد قبل الآخر لم يحذف بل يجمع الاسم على فعاليل نحو قرطاس وقراطيس وقنديل وقناديل وعصفور وعصافير
- 829
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Remove the sīn and the tāʾ from words like mustadʿin [→ madāʿin], because keeping them would break the shape of the plural.
- 830
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The mīm has a better claim to remain than any other augment [munṭaliq → maṭāliq]; hamza and yāʾ are like it when they come first [alandad → alādd, yalandad → yalādd].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 829–830Arabic
إذا اشتمل الاسم على زيادة لو أبقيت لاختل بناء الجمع الذي هو نهاية ما ترتقى إليه الجموع وهو فعالل وفعاليل حذفت الزيادة فإن أمكن جمعه على إحدى الصيغتين بحذف بعض الزائد وإبقاء البعض فله حالتان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7554 · vol. 4, p. 135 ↗إحداهما أن يكون للبعض مزية على الآخر
والثانية أن لا يكون كذلك
والأولى هي المرادة هنا والثانية ستأتي في البيت الذي في آخر الباب
ومثال الأولى مستدع فتقول في جمعه مداع فتحذف السين والتاء وتبقى الميم لأنهاا مصدرة ومجردة للدلالة على معنى وتقول في ألندد ويلندد ألاد ويلاد فتحذف النون وتبقى الهمزة من ألندد والياء من يلندد لتصدرهما ولأنهما في موضع يقعان فيه دالين على معنى نحو أقوم ويقوم بخلاف النون فإنها في موضع لا تدل فيه على معنى أصلا
والألندد واليلندد الخصم يقال رجل ألندد ويلندد أي خصم مثل الألد
- 831
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Drop the yāʾ, keeping the wāw, when you pluralize a word like ḥayzabūn [→ ḥazābīn]; this is a binding rule.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 831Arabic
إذا اشتمل الاسم على زيادتين وكان حذف إحدهما بتأتي معه صيغة الجمع وحذف الأخرى لا يتأتى معه ذلك حذف مالا يتأتى معه صيغة الجمع وأبقى الآخر فتقول في حيزبون حزابين فتحذف الياء وتبقى الواو فتقلب ياء لسكونها وانكسار ما قبلها وأوثرت الواو بالبقاء لأنها لو حذفت لم يغن حذفها عن حذف الياء لأن بقاء الياء مفوت لصيغة منتهى الجموع
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7567 · vol. 4, p. 136 ↗والحيزبون العجوز
- 832
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
They allowed a choice between the two augments of sarandā [dropping the nūn or the final alif: sarādin or sarādā], and of every word resembling it, like ʿalandā [ʿalādin or ʿalādā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 832Arabic
يعني أنه إذا لم يكن لأحد الزائدين مزية على الآخر كنت بالخيار فتقول في سرندى سراند بحذف الألف وإبقاء النون وسراد بحذف النون وإبقاء الألف وكذلك علندى فتقول علاند وعلاد ومثلهما حبنطى فتقول حبانط وحباط لأنهما زيادتان زيدتا معا للالحاق بسفرجل ولامزية لإحداهما على الأخرى وهذا شأن كل زيادتين زيدتا للالحاق
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7574 · vol. 4, p. 137 ↗والسرندى الشديد والأثنى سراندة والعلندى بالفتح الغليظ من كل شيء وربما قيل جمل علندى بالصم والحبنطى القصير البطين يقال رجل حبنطى بالتنوين وامرأة حبنطاة
- جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ jamʿ al-taksīr · broken plural · كسر
- جَمْعُ قِلَّةٍ jamʿ qilla · plural of paucity (three to ten) · قلل
- جَمْعُ كَثْرَةٍ jamʿ kathra · plural of multitude (above ten) · كثر
- مُطَّرِدٌ muṭṭarid · regular, applying consistently · طرد
- إِعْلَالٌ iʿlāl · weakness; change of a weak letter (w, y, alif) · علل
- تَضْعِيفٌ taḍʿīf · doubling of a radical · ضعف
- زَائِدٌ zāʾid · augment, non-radical letter · زيد
- مُجَرَّدٌ mujarrad · bare, without augments · جرد
- قِيَاسٌ qiyās · analogy; regular derivation by rule · قيس
- نَقْلٌ naql · transmission; attested usage not derivable by rule · نقل