كسرBreaking or fracturing a solid thing. (root ksr)

'I broke it (kasartuhu الكسر)' and it broke (fa-nkasara). Everything that weakens/becomes feeble from a task it is unable to do — one says of it 'inkasara' (it broke), to the point that one says: 'kasartu min bardi l-māʾ fa-nkasar' (I broke the chill of the cold water, and it broke/subsided). Al-kisr and al-kasr (الكسر) are two dialectal variants meaning: the lower panel of the tent and of every dome (qubba), i.e. a covering that is sometimes raised and sometimes lowered. The two sides of the desert are called 'kisrāhā' (its two kisr). He said, describing the sandgrouse (qaṭāh): 'It settled, mighty, between the two kisr (kisrā الكسرى) of a barren waste.' Al-Akhṭal said: 'And al-ʿAjlān lingered a while — when he wept over the provisions, the young slave-girl threw it to him at the kisr (بالكسر).' Al-kisra (الكسرة): a piece of bread. Kisrā (كسرى) is a dialectal variant of Kisrā (كسرى) [i.e. Chosroes]; then it was pluralized and they said akāsira and kasāsira (أكاسرة وكساسرة), though the analogical plural would be 'kisrūn' like 'ʿīsūn' and 'mūsūn' — the yāʾ dropped because it is an augment. Land described as 'dhātu kusūr' (ذات كسور) means: having much rising and falling ground. The kusūr (كسور) of mountains and valleys are [their bends, banks, and ravines]; it has no attested singular — one does not say 'kisr al-wādī.' Al-kasr in arithmetic is that which is not a whole share; its plural is kusūr [fractions]. A bird 'kasara' (كسر) with the verbal noun kusūr; but when the two wings are mentioned one says 'kasara janāḥayhi kasran' (folded its wings), meaning it drew something of them in, in preparation for landing or swooping — male and female alike in this. One says: 'bāzun kāsirun' (a swooping falcon) and 'ʿuqābun kāsirun' (a swooping eagle) — they dropped the feminine tāʾ because the active sense predominates. He said: 'As if she were a kāsir in the sky, a fatakhāʾ [broad-taloned eagle].' Al-kasīr (الكسير) among sheep/goats is one whose leg is broken. In the hadith: 'A kasīr (broken-legged animal) is not valid among sacrificial animals.' Of a stick or a man who endures hardship one says: 'innahu la-ṣulbu l-miksar' (he is hard at the break-point/miksar). Al-miksar (المكسر) of a tree is its base, where its branches and twigs are broken off. Of something whose quality is known by breaking it open, one says: 'innahu la-jayyidu l-miksar' (it is good at the break). He said (poetry): 'Whoever spared and did not press out — from its branch, neither wealth nor the miksar.'

'Kasartu' the thing and it 'inkasara' and 'takassara'; and 'kasartuhu' with doubling (kassara) is for intensity and multiplicity. A she-camel is called 'kasīr' (كسير), without the feminine marker, just as they said 'kaff khaḍīb' (a dyed hand). It is said: 'the bird kasara' when it folds its wings as it swoops down. Al-ʿAjjāj said: 'It swoops as the falcon swoops when the falcon kasara [folds its wings].' Al-kāsir (الكاسر): the eagle. Al-kisr (الكسر), with kasra: the lower panel of the tent adjacent to the ground, where its two sides bend to your right and left — according to Ibn al-Sikkīt. He said: from this it is said 'so-and-so is my mukāsir' (مكاسري), meaning my neighbor, [because] the kisr of his tent is next to the kisr of mine. Al-kasr also means: a bone with little flesh on it, plural kusūr. The poet said: 'My wife came early at night blaming me, while in her hand was a kasr, hoarse [dry-sounding] and dripping with fat.' And it is not so called unless it has been broken. It is also said of the forearm bone from its middle to the elbow: 'kisr qabīḥ' (an ugly kisr). The poet said: 'If you were a donkey you would be a donkey of disgrace; and if you were a kisr, you would be an ugly kisr.' The fatḥa vocalization in these three words is also a dialectal variant. Al-kisra (الكسرة): a piece of the broken thing, plural kisar, like qiṭʿa/qiṭaʿ. A stick is 'ṣulbu l-miksar' (صلب المكسر), with kasra on the sīn, when its quality is known by breaking it. It is said: 'so-and-so is ṭayyib al-miksar' when he proves praiseworthy on closer acquaintance. Land described as 'dhāt kusūr' means having rising and falling ground. A man 'dhū kasarāt wa-hazarāt' is one who is cheated in everything. Kusār al-ḥaṭab (كسار الحطب): its small broken splinters. A thing described as 'kasīr' means broken (maksūr), plural kasrā, like marīḍ/marḍā. Kisrā (كسرى): the title of the kings of Persia, pronounced with fatḥa or kasra on the kāf; it is an Arabicized form of 'Khusraw'; the relative adjective (nisba) is 'kisrawī,' or if one wishes, 'kisrī' like 'ḥirmī' — according to Abū ʿAmr. The plural of Kisrā is 'akāsira' (أكاسرة), contrary to analogy, since the analogical plural would be 'kisrūn' with fatḥa on the rāʾ, like 'ʿīsūn' and 'mūsūn' with fatḥa on the sīn.

'Kasara' the thing, yaksiruhu, kasran, and it 'inkasara' and 'takassara' (the doubling in 'kassara' indicating multiplicity); and 'kasarahu fa-takassara.' Sībawayh said: 'kasartuhu inkisāran' and 'inkasara kasran' — they used each verbal noun in place of the other since they agree in meaning, regardless of strict rules of transitivity. A man is 'kāsir,' from a group described as 'kusr'; a woman is 'kāsira,' from women described as 'kawāsir.' Yaʿqūb explained 'al-kurah' in Ruʾba's line: 'and he feared the striking blows (al-kurah)' as meaning 'al-kusr' (the broken/afflicted ones). And a thing is 'maksūr.' In the hadith about dough: 'it has inkasar,' meaning it became soft and leavened. Everything that has slackened (fatara) has 'inkasar' — meaning it has become fit for baking. From this is the hadith: 'with a sawṭ (whip) maksūr,' meaning soft and weak. 'Kasara al-shiʿr' (he broke the poem), yaksiruhu, kasran, fa-nkasara: its meter did not scan correctly; plural makāsīr, according to Sībawayh. Abū l-Ḥasan said: I mention such a plural only because the rule for the like of this is to be pluralized with wāw and nūn in the masculine and with alif and tāʾ in the feminine; but they used a broken plural by analogy with nouns of this pattern. Al-kasīr: that which is maksūr; likewise the feminine, without tāʾ marbūṭa; plural kasrā and kasārā; and a she-camel is 'kasīr,' just as they said 'kaff khaḍīb.' Al-kasīr among sheep/goats: one with a broken leg. In the hadith: 'the kasīr with manifest breakage is not valid [for sacrifice].' Ibn al-Athīr said: 'one whose leg is broken' means unable to walk; the pattern faʿīl here has the sense of the passive participle (mafʿūl). In the hadith of ʿUmar: 'One of them continues kāsiran wisādahu (folding his cushion) beside a woman whose husband is away campaigning (mughziya), talking to her' — meaning he bends his cushion there, leans on it, and engages in conversation with her; al-mughziya is the woman whose husband has gone off to war. Al-kawāsir: camels that break off branches [while browsing]. Al-kisra: the broken piece of a thing, plural kisar, like qiṭʿa/qiṭaʿ. Al-kusāra and al-kusār: what has broken off from a thing. Ibn al-Sikkīt, describing the sarafa [a small creature], said: 'It builds a nest from the kusār (broken bits) of twigs.' Kusār al-ḥaṭab: its small broken pieces. A jafna (large bowl) described as 'akṣār': great, pieced-together on account of its size or age; likewise a vessel described as 'akṣār' — according to Ibn al-Aʿrābī. A cooking pot described as 'kisr' and 'akṣār': as if they treated every part of it as a kisr, then pluralized accordingly. Al-miksar: the place of breaking of anything. Miksar al-shajara: its base, where its branches are broken off. Al-Shuwayʿir said: 'Whoever spared and did not press out — from its branch, neither wealth nor the miksar.' A stick is 'ṣulbu l-miksar,' with kasra on the sīn, when its quality is known by breaking it. It is said: 'so-and-so is ṭayyib al-miksar' when praiseworthy on close acquaintance (khibra); and the miksar of anything is its root/origin. Al-miksar: the means/place of testing; one says: 'he is good in the miksar' or 'bad in the miksar.' A man described as 'ṣulbu l-miksar' is one who endures under hardship; its origin is from breaking a stick to test... [entry continues]