Pause (al-Waqf): the Forms Words Take at a Stop
الْوَقْفُ
Verses 881–899 · chapter 71 of 78
This chapter covers what happens to the end of a word when the speaker stops on it. It treats tanwīn, the manqūṣ noun, the ways of pausing on a vowelled final letter (sukūn, rawm, ishmām, doubling, vowel transfer), and feminine tāʾ turning into hāʾ. It closes with the hāʾ of pause (hāʾ as-sakt) on weakened verbs and on interrogative mā, and notes that pausal forms sometimes carry over into connected speech. AI
Topic:The names of the vowels
- 881
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In pause, turn a tanwīn that comes after a fatḥa into alif [raʾaytu zaydan → raʾaytu zaydā]. Delete the tanwīn that follows any vowel other than fatḥa [jāʾa zaydun → jāʾa zayd; marartu bi-zaydin → bi-zayd].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 881Arabic
أي إذا وقف على الاسم المنون فإن كان التنوين واقعا بعد فتحه أبدل ألفا ويشمل ذلك ما فتحته للإعراب نحو رأيت زيدا وما فتحته لغير الإعراب كقولك في إبها وويها إيها وويها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7814 · vol. 4, p. 169 ↗وإن كان التنوين واقعا بعد ضمة أو كسرة حذف وسكن ما قبله كقولك في جاء زيد ومررت بزيد جاء زيد ومررت بزيد
- 882
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In pause, outside poetic necessity, delete the lengthening letter (ṣila) that follows a pronoun whose vowel is other than fatḥa [lahū → lah, bihī → bih]. [The alif after a fatḥa stays: bihā.]
- 883
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Idhan resembles an accusative noun with tanwīn, so in pause its nūn is changed into alif [idhā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 882–883Arabic
إذا وقف على هاء الضمير فإن كانت مضمومة نحو رأيته أو مكسورة نحو مررت به حذفت صلتها ووقف على الهاء ساكنة إلا في الضرورة وإن كانت مفتوحة نحو هند رأيتها وقف على الألف ولم تحذف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7821 · vol. 4, p. 170 ↗وشبهوا إذا بالمنصوب المنون فأبدلوا نونها ألفا في الوقف
- 884
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With a manqūṣ noun that carries tanwīn, when it is not accusative, deleting its yāʾ in pause is preferable to keeping it: know this [hādhā qāḍin → hādhā qāḍ, rather than qāḍī]. [In the accusative the yāʾ stays: raʾaytu qāḍiyā.]
OpenITI line 1134 · vol. 1, p. 71 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: ṣadr ends «ما» and ʿajuz reads «لم ينصب اولى من ثبوت فاعلما». The transcription puts «ما» at the head of the ʿajuz; the metre (mustafʿilun ×3) places it at the end of the ṣadr, as in the vowelled editions. It also writes «ثبون», where the final nūn is a slip for tāʾ: «ثبوت», 'retention'.
- 885
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A manqūṣ noun without tanwīn takes the reverse rule: keeping the yāʾ is preferable [hādhā l-qāḍī]. In words like murin [active participle of arā, 'one who shows'], restoring the yāʾ is required and is the practice followed [hādhā murī]. [Without the yāʾ only two letters would remain.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 884–885Arabic
إذا وقف على المنقوص المنون فإن كان منصوبا أبدل من تنوينه ألف نحو رأيت قاضيا فإن لم يكن منصوبا فالمختار الوقف عليه بالحذف إلا أن يكون محذوف العين أو الفاء كما سيأتي فتقول هذا قاض ومررت بقاض ويجوز الوقف عليه بإثبات الياء كقراءة ابن كثير ولكل قوم هادى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7827 · vol. 4, p. 171 ↗فإن كان المنقوص محذوف العين كمر اسم فاعل من أرى أو الفاء كيفى علما لم يوقف إلا بإثبات الياء فنقول هذا مرى وهذا يفي وإليه أشار بقوله وفي نحو مر لزوم رد اليا اقتفى
فإن كان المنقوص غير منون فإن كان منصوبا ثبتت ياؤه ساكنة نحو رأيت القاضي وإن كان مرفوعا أو مجرورا جاز إثبات الياء وحذفها والإثبات أجود نحو هذا القاضي ومررت بالقاضي
- 886
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Any final letter that carries a vowel, other than the feminine hāʾ, you may pause on with sukūn. You may also pause with rawm, giving a faint, partial sounding of the vowel.
- 887
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Or give the ḍamma ishmām [rounding the lips without sound]. Or pause by doubling the final letter [jaʿfar → jaʿfarr]. Doubling applies when that letter is neither hamza nor a weak letter and it follows…
- 888
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…a vowelled letter. You may also transfer the final vowels to a preceding quiescent letter when giving it a vowel is not barred [hādhā l-bakr → hādhā l-bakur; bi-l-bakr → bi-l-bakir]. [Transfer is barred onto alif, a long-vowel letter, or a doubled letter.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 886–888Arabic
إذا أريد الوقف على الاسم المحرك الآخر فلا يخلو آخره من أن يكون هاء التأنيث أو غيرها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7840 · vol. 4, p. 172 ↗فإن كان آخره هاء التأنيث وجب الوقف عليها بالسكون كقولك في هذه فاطمة أقبلت هذه فاطمة
وإن كان آخره غير هاء التأنيث ففي الوقف عليه خمسة أوجه التسكين والروم والإشمام والتضعيف والنقل
فالروم عبارة عن الإشارة إلى الحركة بصوت خفي
والإشمام عبارة عن ضم الشفتين بعد تسكين الحرف الأخير ولا يكون إلا فيما حركته ضمة
وشرط الوقف بالتضعيف أن لا يكون الأخير همزة كخطأ ولا معتلا كفتى وأن يلي حركة كالجمل فتقول في الوقف عليه الجمل بتشديد اللام فإن كان ما قبل الأخير ساكنا امتنع التضعيف كالحمل
والوقف بالنقل عبارة عن تسكين الحرف الأخير ونقل حركته إلى الحرف الذي قبله وشرطه أن يكون ما قبل الآخر ساكنا قابلا للحركة نحو هذا الضرب ورأيت الضرب ومررت بالضرب
فإن كان ما قبل الآخر محركا لم يوقف بالنقل كجعفر
وكذا إن كان ساكنا لا يقبل الحركة كالألف نحو باب وإنسان
- 889
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Transferring a fatḥa from a word that does not end in hamza is rejected by the Baṣrans [raʾaytu l-bakr stays as is]. The Kūfans did transfer it [raʾaytu l-bakar].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 889Arabic
مذهبب الكوفيين أنه يجوز الوقف بالنقل سواء كانت الحركة فتحة أو ضمة أو كسرة وسواء كان الأخير مهموزا أو غير مهموز فتقول عندهم هذا الضرب ورأيت الضرب ومررت بالضرب في الوقف على الضرب وهذا الرد ورأيت الرد ومررت بالرد في الوقف على الرد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7858 · vol. 4, p. 174 ↗ومذهب البصريين أنه لا يجوز النقل إذا كانت الحركة فتحة إلا إذا كان الآخر مهموزا فيجوز عندهم رأيت الرد ويمتنع رأيت الضرب
ومذهب الكوفيين أولى لأنهم نقلوه عن العرب
- 890
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Transfer is forbidden if it would produce a pattern that has no parallel in the language [hādhā ʿilm cannot become ʿilum, since fiʿul does not occur]. With a word ending in hamza this is not forbidden [hādhā r-ridʾ → ar-riduʾ].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 890Arabic
يعني أنه متى أدى النقل إلى أن تصير الكلمة على بناء غير موجود في كلامهم امتنع ذلك إلا إن كان الآخر همزة فيجوز فعلى هذا يمتنع هذا العلم في الوقف على العلم لأن فعلا مفقود في كلامهم ويجوز هذا الرد لأن الآخر همزة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7866 · vol. 4, p. 174 ↗ - 891
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In pause, the feminine tāʾ of a noun is made hāʾ [raḥmatun → raḥmah]. This happens unless the tāʾ is joined to a sound quiescent letter [ukht, bint keep their tāʾ].
- 892
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
This [pausing with hāʾ] is rare in the sound feminine plural and in words resembling it [muslimāt → muslimāh; hayhāt, ulāt]. Everything other than these two follows the reverse [hāʾ is the norm and tāʾ in pause is rare].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 891–892Arabic
إذا وقف على ما فيه تاء التأنيث فإن كان فعلا وقف عليه بالتاء نحو هند قامت وإن كان اسما فإن كان مفردا فلا يخلو إما أن يكون ما قبلها ساكنا صحيحا أولا فإن كان ما قبلها ساكنا صحيحا وقف عليه بالتاء نحو بنت وأخت وإن كان غير ذلك وقف عليه بالهاء نحو فاطمة وحمزة وفتاه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7872 · vol. 4, p. 175 ↗وإن كان جمعا أو شبهه وقف عليه بالتاء نحو هندات وهيهات
وقل الوقف على المفرد بالتاء نحو فاطمت وعلى جمع التصحيح وشبهه بالهاء نحو هنداه وهيهاه
- 893
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Pause with the hāʾ of pause (hāʾ as-sakt) on a verb weakened by losing its last letter, as in aʿṭi man saʾal 'give whoever asks' [pausal aʿṭih].
- 894
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It is obligatory only in words like ʿi 'heed!' or like yaʿi in the jussive [lam yaʿi → lam yaʿih]. [There the verb is reduced to a single letter of its root.] So observe what the Arabs observed.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 893–894Arabic
ويجوز الوقف بهاء السكت على كل فعل حذف آخره للجزم أو الوقف كقولك في لم يعط لم يعطه وفي أعط أعطه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7881 · vol. 4, p. 177 ↗ولا يلزم ذلك إلا إذا كان الفعل الذي حذف آخره قد بقي على حرف واحد أو على حرفين أحدهما زائد فالأول كقولك في ع وق عه وقه والثاني كقولك في لم يع ولم يق لم يعه ولم يقه
- 895
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
When interrogative mā is in the genitive, its alif is deleted [li-ma, ʿamma, bi-ma]. If you pause on it, give it the hāʾ [limah, ʿammah].
- 896
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The hāʾ is obligatory only where the genitive comes from a noun, as when you say iqtiḍāʾa ma qtaḍā 'demanding what did he demand?' [pausal iqtiḍāʾa mah]. [After a preposition it is optional: li-ma or limah.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 895–896Arabic
إذا دخل على ما الاستفهامية جار وجب حذف ألفها نحو عم تسأل وبم جئت واقتضاء م اقتضى زيد وإذا وقف عليها بعد دخول الجار فإما أن يكون الجار لها حرفا أو اسما فإن كان حرفا جاز إلحاق هاء السكت نحو عمه وفيمه وإن كان اسما وجب إلحاقها نحو اقتضاء مه ومجيء مه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7888 · vol. 4, p. 178 ↗ - 897
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Allow this hāʾ to be attached to every word that carries a fixed, permanent indeclinable vowel [kayfa → kayfah, huwa → huwah, hiya → hiyah].
- 898
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Attaching it to an indeclinable vowel that is not permanent is anomalous [e.g. lā rajula, yā zaydu, qablu]. With the permanent kind it is considered good.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 897–898Arabic
يجوز الوقف بهاء السكت على كل متحرك بحركة بناء لازمة لا تشبه حركة إعراب كقولك في كيف وكيفه ولا يوقف بها على ما حركته إعرابية نحو جاء زيد ولا على ما حركته مشبهة للحركة الإعرابية كحركة الفعل الماضي ولا على ما حركته البنائية غير لازمة نحو قبل وبعد والمنادى المفرد نحو يا زيد ويا رجل واسم لا التي لنفي الجنس نحو لا رجل وشذ وصلها بما حركته البنائية غير لازمة كقولهم في من عل من عله واستحسن إلحاقها بما حركته دائمة لازمة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7894 · vol. 4, p. 179 ↗ - 899
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Sometimes a word in connected speech is given the form that belongs to pause. This occurs in prose [lam yatasannah (Q 2:259) read with hāʾ without stopping] and is widespread in verse.
OpenITI line 1150 · vol. 1, p. 71 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: ṣadr: «وربما أعطي لفظ الوصل ما»; ʿajuz: «للوقف نثرا وفشا منتظما». The transcription's «لربما» has lām for the conjunction wāw of the standard text. Its «للوقوف» has an extra wāw that breaks the metre: lil-waqfi naṯran scans mustafʿilun, while lil-wuqūfi does not. «أعطى» is the passive أُعْطِيَ; the final ى is the common spelling of final yāʾ.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 899Arabic
قد يعطى الوصل حكم الوقف وذلك كثير في النظم قليل في النثر ومنه في النثر قوله تعالى ﴿ لم يتسنه وانظر ﴾ ومن النظم قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7901 · vol. 4, p. 180 ↗357 ( مثل الحريق وافق القصبا …
فضعف الباء وهي موصولة بحرف الإطلاق وهو الألف
- الْوَقْفُ al-waqf · pause; stopping on a word · وقف
- الْوَصْلُ al-waṣl · connected speech; continuing without a stop · وصل
- التَّنْوِينُ at-tanwīn · nunation; the final -n of an indefinite noun · نون
- الْمَنْقُوصُ al-manqūṣ · a noun ending in yāʾ preceded by kasra (e.g. qāḍī) · نقص
- الصِّلَةُ aṣ-ṣila · the lengthening letter after the pronoun hāʾ (lahū, bihī) · وصل
- الْإِضْمَارُ al-iḍmār · the pronoun; pronominal reference · ضمر
- الِاضْطِرَارُ al-iḍṭirār · poetic necessity · ضرر
- الرَّوْمُ ar-rawm · pausing with a faint, partial vowel · روم
- الْإِشْمَامُ al-ishmām · rounding the lips to signal a ḍamma without sounding it · شمم
- التَّضْعِيفُ at-taḍʿīf · doubling the final letter in pause · ضعف
- النَّقْلُ an-naql · transferring the final vowel to the preceding quiescent letter · نقل
- الْمَهْمُوزُ al-mahmūz · a word containing (here, ending in) hamza · همز
- جَمْعُ التَّصْحِيحِ jamʿ at-taṣḥīḥ · sound plural (here the feminine plural in -āt) · صحح
- هَاءُ السَّكْتِ hāʾ as-sakt · the hāʾ of pause added to preserve a final vowel · سكت
- الْمُعَلُّ al-muʿall · a word with a weak root letter (wāw, yāʾ, alif) · علل
- الِاسْتِفْهَامُ al-istifhām · interrogation; the interrogative · فهم
- الْبِنَاءُ al-bināʾ · indeclinability; a fixed ending unaffected by case · بني