The Relational Adjective (Nisba)

Verses 855–880 · chapter 70 of 78

This chapter teaches how to form the relational adjective (nisba) by adding a doubled yāʾ (-iyy) to a noun. It covers what must be deleted, changed, or restored in the base word when the ending is added: the feminine tāʾ, final alifs and yāʾs, dual and plural endings, the patterns faʿīla and fuʿayla, words ending in hamza, compounds, words that have lost a radical, and plurals. It ends with the patterns fāʿil, faʿʿāl and faʿil, which express relation without the yāʾ, and with forms that are known only from usage. ✦AI

Topic:Relative adjectives and abstract nouns

1. 855

   يَاءً كَيَا الْكُرْسِيِّ زَادُوا لِلنَّسَبْ

   وَكُلُّ مَا تَلِيهِ كَسْرُهُ وَجَبْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   For the nisba they add a yāʾ like the yāʾ of kursiyy [a doubled yāʾ, -iyy], and every letter it follows must take kasra [e.g. Dimashq → dimashqiyy].

   OpenITI line 1101 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 855Arabic

   إذا أريد إضافة شيء إلى بلد أو قبيلة أو نحو ذلك جعل آخره يا مشددة مكسورا ما قبلها فيقال في النسب إلى دمشق دمشقي وإلى تميم تميمي وإلى أحمد أحمدى

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7679 · vol. 4, p. 151 ↗
2. 856

   وَمِثْلَهُ مِمَّا حَوَاهُ احْذِفْ وَتَا

   تَأْنِيثٍ اوْ مَدَّتَهُ لَا تُثْبِتَا

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Delete anything like it [a doubled yāʾ already at the end of the word, e.g. kursiyy → kursiyy, al-Shāfiʿiyy → shāfiʿiyy], and do not keep the feminine tāʾ [Makka → makkiyy] or its long vowel [the feminine alif: when it is fifth or later, e.g. ḥubārā → ḥubāriyy, or third-and-moving as in jamazā → jamaziyy].

   OpenITI line 1102 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗
3. 857

   وَإِنْ تَكُنْ تَرْبَعُ ذَا ثَانٍ سَكَنْ

   فَقَلْبُهَا وَاوًا وَحَذْفُهَا حَسَنْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   If it [the feminine alif] is the fourth letter of a word whose second letter is vowelless, then changing it to wāw and deleting it are both good [e.g. ḥublā → ḥublawiyy or ḥubliyy].

   OpenITI line 1103 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 856–857Arabic

   يعني أنه إذا كان في آخر الاسم ياء كياء الكرسى في كونها مشددة واقعة بعد ثلاثة أحرف فصاعدا وجب حذفها وجعل ياء النسب موضعها فيقال في النسب إلى الشافعي شافعي وفي النسب إلى مرمى مرمى

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7684 · vol. 4, p. 152 ↗

   وكذلك إن كان آخر الاسم تاء التأنيث وجب حذفها للنسب فيقال في النسب إلى مكة مكى

   ومثل تاء التأنيث في وجوب الحذف للنسب ألف التأنيث المقصورة إذا كانت خامسة فصاعدا كحبارى وحبارى أو رابعة متحركا ثاني ما هي فيه كجمزى وجمزى وإن كانت رابعة ساكنا ثاني ما هي فيه كحبلى جاز فيها جهان أحدهما الحذف وهو المختار فتقول حبلى والثاني قبلها واوا فتقول حبلوى

4. 858

   لِشِبْهِهَا الْمُلْحِقِ وَالْأَصْلِيِّ مَا

   لَهَا وَلِلْأَصْلِيِّ قَلْبٌ يُعْتَمَى

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   The alif that resembles it — the alif of ilḥāq and the alif that stands for a radical — has what it has [the same two options when fourth: ʿalqā → ʿalqawiyy or ʿalqiyy; malhā → malhawiyy or malhiyy], and for the one standing for a radical, changing it [to wāw] is the preferred choice.

   OpenITI line 1105 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗
5. 859

   وَالْأَلِفَ الْجَائِزَ أَرْبَعًا أَزِلْ

   كَذَاكَ يَا الْمَنْقُوصِ خَامِسًا عُزِلْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Remove an alif that goes beyond four [the fifth letter or later, of any kind, e.g. muṣṭafā → muṣṭafiyy]; likewise the yāʾ of the manqūṣ is removed when it is fifth [e.g. al-muʿtadī → muʿtadiyy].

   OpenITI line 1106 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗
6. 860

   وَالْحَذْفُ فِي الْيَا رَابِعًا أَحَقُّ مِنْ

   قَلْبٍ وَحَتْمٌ قَلْبُ ثَالِثٍ يَعِنّ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   For the yāʾ [of the manqūṣ] when it is fourth, deletion has a better claim than changing it [to wāw: al-qāḍī → qāḍiyy, less often qāḍawiyy]; changing a third one that occurs is obligatory [al-ʿamī → ʿamawiyy].

   OpenITI line 1107 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 858–860Arabic

   يعني أن ألف الإلحاق المقصورة كألف التأنيث في وجوب الحذف إن كانت خامسة كحبركى وحبركى وجواز الحذف والقلب إن كانت رابعة كعلقى وعلقى وعلقوى ولكن المختار هنا القلب عكس ألف التأنيث

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7696 · vol. 4, p. 154 ↗

   وأما الألف الأصلية فإن كانت ثالثة قلبت واوا كعصا وعصوى وفتى وفتوى وإن كانت رابعة قلبت أيضا واوا كملهوى وربما حذفت كملهى والأول هو المختار وأشار بقوله وللاصلي قلب يعتمى أي يختار يقال اعتميت الشيء أي اخترته وإن كانت خامسة فصاعدا وجب الحذف كمصطفى في مصطفى وإلى ذلك أشار بقوله والألف الجائز أربعا أزل

   وأشار بقوله كذاك يا المنقوص إلى آخره إلى أنه إذا نسب إلى المنقوص فإن كانت ياؤه ثالثة قلبت واوا وفتح ما قبلها نحو شجوى في شج وإن كانت رابعة حذفت نحو قاضي في قاض وقد تقلب واوا نحو قاضوى وإن كانت خامسة فصاعدا وجب حذفها كمعتدى في معتد ومستعلى في مستعل

   والحبركى ذكر القراد والأنثى حبركاة والعلقى بنت واحدة علقاه

7. 861

   وَأَوْلِ ذَا الْقَلْبِ انْفِتَاحًا وَفَعِلْ

   وَفُعِلٌ عَيْنَهُمَا افْتَحْ وَفِعِلْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Precede this changed letter with a fatḥa [ʿamī → ʿamawiyy; qāḍī → qāḍawiyy]; and in faʿil and fuʿil, open their middle radical, and in fiʿil too [namir → namariyy, duʾil → duʾaliyy, ibil → ibaliyy].

   OpenITI line 1108 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 861Arabic

   يعنى أنه إذا قلبت ياء المنقوص واوا وجب فتح ما قبلها نحو شجوى وقاضوى

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7710 · vol. 4, p. 155 ↗

   وأشار بقوله وفعل إلى آخره إلى أنه إذا نسب إلى ما قبل آخره كسرة وكانت الكسرة مسبوقة بحرف واحد وجب التخفيف بجعل الكسرة فتحة فيقال في نمر نمرى وفي دئل دؤلى به وفي إبل إبلى

8. 862

   وَقِيلَ فِي الْمَرْمِيِّ مَرْمَوِيُّ

   وَاخْتِيرَ فِي اسْتِعْمَالِهِمْ مَرْمِيُّ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   For al-marmiyy [a word ending in a doubled yāʾ after three or more letters, one yāʾ extra and one radical] marmawiyy has been said, and marmiyy is what they preferred in usage [both yāʾs are deleted and the nisba yāʾ added].

   OpenITI line 1109 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 862Arabic

   قد سبق أنه إذا كان آخر الاسم ياء مشددة مسبوقة بأكثر من حرفين وجب حذفها في النسب فيقال في الشافعي شافعي وفي مرمى مرمى

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7715 · vol. 4, p. 155 ↗

   وأشار هنا إلى أنه إذا كانت إحدى الياءين أصلا والأخرى زائدة فمن العرب من يكتفى بحذف الزائدة منهما ويبقى الأصلية ويقلبها واوا فيقول في المرمي مرموى وهي لغة قليلة والمختار اللغة الأولى وهي الحذف سواء كانتا زائدتين أم لا فتقول في الشافعي شافعي وفي مرمى مرمى

9. 863

   وَنَحْوُ حَيٍّ فَتْحُ ثَانِيهِ يَجِبْ

   وَارْدُدْهُ وَاوًا إِنْ يَكُنْ عَنْهُ قُلِبْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   In words like ḥayy, the second letter must take fatḥa [the doubled yāʾ is split and the last yāʾ becomes wāw: ḥayy → ḥayawiyy]; and turn it back into wāw if it was changed from wāw [ṭayy → ṭawawiyy].

   OpenITI line 1110 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 863Arabic

   قد سبق حكم الياء المشددة المسبوقة بأكثر من حرفين

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7722 · vol. 4, p. 156 ↗

   وأشار هنا إلى أنها إذا كانت مسبوقة بحرف واحد لم يحذف من الاسم في النسب شيء بل يفتح ثانيه ويقلب ثالثه واوا ثم إن كان ثانيه ليس بدلا من واو لم يغير وإن كان بدلا من واو قلب واوا فتقول في حى حيوى لأنه من حييت وفي طى طووى لأنه من طويت

10. 864

    وَعَلَمَ التَّثْنِيَةِ احْذِفْ لِلنَّسَبْ

    وَمِثْلُ ذَا فِي جَمْعِ تَصْحِيحٍ وَجَبْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Delete the dual marker for the nisba [Zaydān (as a name) → zaydiyy], and the same is required in the sound plural [Zaydūn → zaydiyy; Tamarāt → tamariyy].

    OpenITI line 1111 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 864Arabic

    يحذف من المنسوب إليه ما فيه من علامة تثنية أو جمع تصحيح

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7728 · vol. 4, p. 157 ↗

    فإذا سميت رجلا زيدان وأعربته بالألف رفعا وبالياء جرا ونصبا قلت زيدي وتقول فيمن اسمه زيدون إذا أعربته بالحروف زيدى وفيمن اسمه هندات هندى

11. 865

    وَثَالِثٌ مِنْ نَحْوِ طَيِّبٍ حُذِفْ

    وَشَذَّ طَائِيٌّ مَقُولًا بِالْأَلِفْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    The third letter of words like ṭayyib [the voweled yāʾ of the doubled yāʾ] is deleted [ṭayyib → ṭaybiyy]; and ṭāʾiyy, said with alif [from Ṭayyiʾ, where the rule gives ṭayʾiyy], is irregular.

    OpenITI line 1112 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 865Arabic

    قد سبق أنه يجب كسر ما قبل ياء النسب فإذا وقع قبل الحرف الذي يجب كسره في النسب ياء مكسورة مدغم فيها ياء وجب حذف الياء المكسورة فتقول في طيب طيبى

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7732 · vol. 4, p. 157 ↗

    وقياس النسب في طيىء طيىء لكن تركوا القياس وقالوا طائي بإبدال الياء ألفا

    فلو كانت الياء المدغم فيها مفتوحة لم تحذف نحو هبيخى في هبيخ

    والهبيخ الغلام الممتلىء والأنثي هبيخة

12. 866

    وَفَعَلِيٌّ فِي فَعِيلَةَ الْتُزِمْ

    وَفُعَلِيٌّ فِي فُعَيْلَةَ حُتِمْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Faʿaliyy is required for faʿīla [Ḥanīfa → ḥanafiyy], and fuʿaliyy is obligatory for fuʿayla [Juhayna → juhaniyy] [the yāʾ and the tāʾ are both dropped].

    OpenITI line 1113 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 866Arabic

    يقال في النسب إلى فعيلة فعلى بفتح عينه وحذف يائه إن لم يكن معتل العين ولا مضاعفا كما يأتي فتقول في حنيفة حنفي

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7740 · vol. 4, p. 158 ↗

    ويقال في النسب إلى فعيلة فعلى بحذف الياء إن لم يكن مضاعفا فتقول في جهينة جهنى

13. 867

    وَأَلْحَقُوا مُعَلَّ لَامٍ عَرِيَا

    مِنَ الْمِثَالَيْنِ بِمَا التَّا أُولِيَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    They attached [in treatment] the forms of the two patterns [faʿīl, fuʿayl] with a weak final radical and bare of tāʾ to those followed by tāʾ [ʿAdiyy → ʿadawiyy; Quṣayy → quṣawiyy].

    OpenITI line 1114 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 867Arabic

    يعني أن ما كان على فعيل أو فعيل بلا تاء وكان معتل اللام فحكمه حكم ما فيه التاء في وجوب حذف يائه وفتح عينه فتقول في عدى عدوى وفي قصى قصوى كما تقول في أمية أموى فإن كان فعيل وفعيل صحيحى اللام لم يحذف شيء منهما فتقول في عقيل عقيلى وفي عقيل عقيلى

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7745 · vol. 4, p. 159 ↗
14. 868

    وَتَمَّمُوا مَا كَانَ كَالطَّوِيلَهْ

    وَهَكَذَا مَا كَانَ كَالْجَلِيلَهْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    They kept whole whatever is like ṭawīla [with a weak middle radical: ṭawīla → ṭawīliyy], and likewise whatever is like jalīla [with doubled second and third radicals: jalīla → jalīliyy].

    OpenITI line 1115 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 868Arabic

    يعني أن ما كان على فعيلة وكان معتل العين أو مضاعفا لا تحذف ياؤه في النسب فتقول في طويلة طويلى وفي جليلة جليلى وكذلك أيضا ما كان على فعيلة وكان مضاعفا فتقول في قليلة قليلى

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7750 · vol. 4, p. 160 ↗
15. 869

    وَهَمْزُ ذِي مَدٍّ يُنَالُ فِي النَّسَبْ

    مَا كَانَ فِي تَثْنِيَةٍ لَهُ انْتَسَبْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    The hamza of a word with a long vowel before it [the mamdūd] receives in the nisba what belongs to it in the dual [ṣaḥrāʾ → ṣaḥrāwiyy, like ṣaḥrāwān; qurrāʾ → qurrāʾiyy; kisāʾ → kisāʾiyy or kisāwiyy].

    OpenITI line 1116 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 869Arabic

    حكم همزة الممدود في النسب كحكمها في التثنية فإن كانت زائدة للتأنيث قلبت واوا نحو حمراوي في حمراء أو زائدة للالحاق كعلباء أو بدلا من أصل نحو كساء فوجهان التصحيح نحو علبائي وكسائي والقلب نحو علباوي وكساوي أو أصلا فالتصحيح لا غير نحو قرائي في قراء

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7754 · vol. 4, p. 160 ↗
16. 870

    وَانْسُبْ لِصَدْرِ جُمْلَةٍ وَصَدْرِ مَا

    رُكِّبَ مَزْجًا وَلِثَانٍ تَمَّمَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Form the nisba from the first part of a sentence [used as a name: Taʾabbaṭa Sharran → taʾabbaṭiyy] and from the first part of what is compounded by blending [Baʿlabakk → baʿliyy]; and from a second part that completed…

    OpenITI line 1117 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    AI note on the transcription: ṣadr: وانسب لصدر جملة وصدر ما | ʿajuz: ركب مزجا ولثان تمما — the word ما is moved from the start of the second hemistich to the end of the first. No letter is changed. Both the metre and the rhyme of the ṣadr (…وَصَدْرِ مَا, rhyming with تَمَّمَا) require ما in the first half.

17. 871

    إِضَافَةً مَبْدُوءَةً بِابْنٍ أَوَ ابْ

    أَوْ مَا لَهُ التَّعْرِيفُ بِالثَّانِي وَجَبْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    …an iḍāfa beginning with ibn or ab [Ibn al-Zubayr → zubayriyy; Abū Bakr → bakriyy], or one whose definiteness is necessarily through the second part [Ghulām Zayd → zaydiyy].

    OpenITI line 1118 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗
18. 872

    فِيمَا سِوَى هَذَا انْسُبَنْ لِلْأَوَّلِ

    مَا لَمْ يُخَفْ لَبْسٌ كَعَبْدِ الْأَشْهَلِ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    In all other cases, form the nisba from the first part [Imruʾ al-Qays → imraʾiyy], unless ambiguity is feared, as with ʿAbd al-Ashhal [→ ashhaliyy, since ʿabdiyy would be unclear; similarly ʿAbd Manāf → manāfiyy].

    OpenITI line 1119 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 870–872Arabic

    إذا نسب إلى الاسم المركب فإن كان مركبا تركيب جملة أو تركيب مزج حذف عجزه وألحق صدره ياء النسب فتقول في تأبط شرا تأبطى وفي بعلبك بعلى وإن كان مركبا تركيب إضافة فإن كان صدره ابنا أو أبا أو كان معرفا بعجزه حذف صدره وألحق عجزه ياء النسب فتقول في ابن الزبير زبيرى وفي أبي بكر بكري وفي غلام زيد زيدى فإن لم يكن كذلك فإن لم يخف لبس عند حذف عجزه حذف عجزه ونسب إلى صدره فتقول في امرىء القيس أمرئي وإن خيف لبس حذف صدره ونسب إلى عجزه فتقول في عبد الأشهل وعبد القيس أشهلى وقيسي

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7761 · vol. 4, p. 162 ↗
19. 873

    وَاجْبُرْ بِرَدِّ اللَّامِ مَا مِنْهُ حُذِفْ

    جَوَازًا انْ لَمْ يَكُ رَدُّهُ أُلِفْ

    Metre: not scanned›

    As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Repair by restoring the final radical a word from which it was deleted — as an option, if its restoration is not established…

    OpenITI line 1120 · vol. 1, p. 69 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITI

    AI note on the transcription: ʿajuz: جوازا ان لم يك رده ألف — the transcription has رد; the pronoun ـه has dropped. The metre needs the syllable (…yaku raddu-hū ʾulif), and the sense needs 'its restoration'.

20. 874

    فِي جَمْعَيِ التَّصْحِيحِ أَوْ فِي التَّثْنِيَهْ

    وَحَقُّ مَجْبُورٍ بِهَاذِي تَوْفِيَهْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    …in the two sound plurals or in the dual [so yad → yadiyy or yadawiyy, dam → damiyy or damawiyy]. And what is repaired in these [where the radical returns in the dual or plural] is owed its full restoration [obligatorily: ab → abawiyy, from abawān; sana → sanawiyy, from sanawāt].

    OpenITI line 1122 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITI

    AI note on the transcription: ʿajuz: وحق مجبور بهاذي توفيه — the transcription has بتوفيه. The ب is a stray letter: توفيةٌ is the predicate of حَقُّ, and the extra syllable breaks the metre (…bi-hā | ḏī taw-fi-yah).

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 873–874Arabic

    إذا كان المنسوب إليه محذوف اللام فلا يخلو إما أن تكون لامه مستحقة للرد في جمعى التصحيح أو في التثنية أولا

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7770 · vol. 4, p. 163 ↗

    فإن لم تكن مستحقة للرد فيما ذكر جاز لك في النسب الرد وتركه فتقول في يد وابن يدوى وبنوى وابنى ويدى كقولهم في التثنية يدان وابنان وفي يد علما لمذكر يدون

    وإن كانت مستحقة للرد في جمعى التصحيح أو في التثنية وجب ردها في النسب فتقول في أب وأخ وأخت أبوى وأخوى كقولهم أبوان وأخوان وأخوات

21. 875

    وَبِأَخٍ أُخْتًا وَبِابْنٍ بِنْتَا

    أَلْحِقْ وَيُونُسُ أَبَى حَذْفَ التَّا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Treat ukht like akh and bint like ibn [ukht → akhawiyy, bint → banawiyy]. Yūnus refused to delete the tāʾ [he said ukhtiyy, bintiyy].

    OpenITI line 1123 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 875Arabic

    مذهب الخليل وسيبويه رحمها الله تعالى إلحاق أخت وبنت في النسب بأخ وابن فتحذف منهما تاء التأنيث ويرد إليهما المحذوف فيقال أخوى وبنوى كما يفعل بأخ وابن

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7778 · vol. 4, p. 164 ↗

    ومذهب يونس أنه ينسب إليهما على لفظيهما فتقول أختي وبنتي

22. 876

    وَضَاعِفِ الثَّانِيَ مِنْ ثُنَائِي

    ثَانِيهِ ذُو لِينٍ كَلَا وَلَائِي

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Double the second letter of a two-letter word whose second letter is a weak letter, as with lā and lāʾiyy [kay → kayyiyy, law → lawwiyy; with lā, the doubled alif becomes hamza].

    OpenITI line 1124 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 876Arabic

    إذا نسب إلى ثنائي لا ثالث له فلا يخلو الثاني إما أن يكون حرفا صحيحا أو حرفا معتلا

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7783 · vol. 4, p. 164 ↗

    فإن كان حرفا صحيحا جاز فيه التضعيف وعدمه فتقول في كم كمى وكمى

    وإن كان حرفا معتلا وجب تضعيفه فتقول في لو لوى

    وإن كان الحرف الثاني ألفا ضوعفت وأبدلت الثانية همزة فتقول في رجل اسمه لا لائى ويجوز قلب الهمزة واوا فتقول لاوى

23. 877

    وَإِنْ يَكُنْ كَشِيَةٍ مَا الْفَا عَدِمْ

    فَجَبْرُهُ وَفَتْحُ عَيْنِهِ الْتُزِمْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    If a word that has lost its first radical is like shiya [i.e. its final radical is weak], then repairing it [restoring the first radical] and opening its middle radical is required [shiya → wishawiyy]. [If the final radical is sound, as in ʿida, it is not restored: ʿidiyy.]

    OpenITI line 1125 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITI

    AI note on the transcription: ʿajuz: فجبره وفتح عينه التزم — the transcription has عينيه ('its two ʿayns'). A word has only one middle radical, and the standard text reads عَيْنِهِ; the extra ي is a slip.

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 877Arabic

    إذا نسب إلى اسم محذوف الفاء فلا يخلو إما أن يكون صحيح اللام أو معتلها

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7790 · vol. 4, p. 165 ↗

    فإن كان صحيحها لم يرد إليه المحذوف فتقول في عدة وصفة عدى وصفى

    وإن كان معتلها وجب الرد ويجب أيضا عند سيبويه رحمه الله فتح عينه فتقول في شية وشوى

24. 878

    وَالْوَاحِدَ اذْكُرْ نَاسِبًا لِلْجَمْعِ

    إِنْ لَمْ يُشَابِهْ وَاحِدًا بِالْوَضْعِ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    When forming the nisba of a plural, use its singular [farāʾiḍ → faraḍiyy], if the plural does not resemble a singular by its original assignment [as a proper name or a plural without a singular: Anmār → anmāriyy; al-Anṣār → anṣāriyy].

    OpenITI line 1126 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 878Arabic

    إذا نسب إلى جمع باق على جمعيته جيء بواحده ونسب إليه كقولك في النسب إلى الفرائض فرى

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7795 · vol. 4, p. 166 ↗

    هذا إن لم يكن جاريا مجرى العلم فإن جرى مجراه كأنصار نسب إليه على لفظه فتقول في أنصار أنصارى وكذا إن كان علما فتقول في أنمار أنمارى

25. 879

    وَمَعَ فَاعِلٍ وَفَعَّالٍ فَعِلْ

    فِي نَسَبٍ أَغْنَى عَنِ الْيَا فَقُبِلْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Together with fāʿil and faʿʿāl, faʿil has made the yāʾ unnecessary in expressing relation, and this is accepted [lābin 'having milk', tāmir 'having dates'; baqqāl 'greengrocer'; ṭaʿim 'fond of food', nahir 'working by day'].

    OpenITI line 1127 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 879Arabic

    يستغنى غالبا في النسب عن يائه ببناء الاسم على فاعل بمعنى صاحب كذا نحو تآمر ولابن أي صاحب تمر وصاحب لبن وببنائه على فعال في الحرف غالبا كبقال وبزار وقد يكون فعال بمعنى صاحب كذا وجعل منه قوله تعالى ﴿ وما ربك بظلام للعبيد ﴾ أي بذي ظلم

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7800 · vol. 4, p. 166 ↗

    وقد يستغنى عن ياء النسب أيضا بفعل بمعنى صاحب كذا نحو رجل طعم ولبس أي صاحب طعام ولباس وأنشد سيبويه رحمه الله تعالى

    356 ( لست بليلى ولكني نهر … لا أدلج الليل ولكن أبتكر

    أي ولكني نهاري أي عامل بالنهار

26. 880

    وَغَيْرُ مَا أَسْلَفْتُهُ مُقَرَّرَا

    عَلَى الَّذِي يُنْقَلُ مِنْهُ اقْتُصِرَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    What differs from the rules I have laid down is limited to what is transmitted of it [known only by hearing and not extended by analogy, e.g. baṣriyy → biṣriyy, dahriyy → duhriyy].

    OpenITI line 1128 · vol. 1, p. 70 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 880Arabic

    أي ما جاء من المنسوب مخالفا لما سبق تقريره فهو من شواذ النسب يحفظ ولا يقاس عليه كقولهم في النسب إلى البصرة بصرى وإلى الدهر دهرى وإلى مرو مروزى

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7809 · vol. 4, p. 168 ↗

• النَّسَبُ al-nasab · relation; forming the relational adjective (nisba) with -iyy · نسب
• المَنْقُوصُ al-manqūṣ · noun ending in -ī after kasra (e.g. al-qāḍī) · نقص
• المُلْحِقُ al-mulḥiq · an extra letter that assimilates a word to a longer pattern (ilḥāq) · لحق
• التَّثْنِيَةُ al-tathniya · the dual · ثني
• جَمْعُ التَّصْحِيحِ jamʿ al-taṣḥīḥ · sound plural (masculine -ūn/-īn, feminine -āt) · صحح
• المُرَكَّبُ المَزْجِيُّ al-murakkab al-mazjī · blended compound (e.g. Baʿlabakk) · مزج
• مُعَلُّ اللَّامِ muʿall al-lām · word whose final radical is a weak letter (wāw or yāʾ) · علل
• الجَبْرُ al-jabr · repairing a word by restoring a deleted radical · جبر
• المَدَّةُ al-madda · long vowel; here the feminine alif, and (in dhū madd) the long ā before a final hamza · مدد
• اللَّبْسُ al-labs · ambiguity · لبس
• اللِّينُ al-līn · weak or soft letter (alif, wāw, yāʾ) · لين