Morphology (at-Taṣrīf)
التَّصْرِيفُ
Verses 915–937 · chapter 73 of 78
The chapter states which words admit morphological change and gives the minimum and maximum number of letters for nouns and verbs, bare and augmented. It lists the bare patterns of triliteral, quadriliteral and quinquiliteral nouns and triliteral verbs, and shows how the morphological measure (f-ʿ-l) represents radical and augment letters. It then names the letters that can be augments and the conditions under which each is judged augment. AI
Topics:Syntax and morphologyPatterns: weighing a wordThe ten verb Forms
- 915
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A particle, and whatever resembles it [indeclinable nouns such as the pronouns, and rigid verbs such as laysa and ʿasā], is free of morphological change. Everything else [the declinable noun and the inflecting verb] is fit for taṣrīf.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 915Arabic
التصريف عبارة عن علم يبحث فيه عن أحكام بنية الكلمة العربية وما لحروفها من أصالة وزيادة وصحة وإعلال وشبه ذلك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7970 · vol. 4, p. 190 ↗ولا يتعلق إلا بالأسماء المتمكنة والأفعال فأما الحروف وشبهما فلا تعلق لعلم التصريف بها
- 916
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
No word of fewer than three letters is found that admits taṣrīf, except one that has been altered [by losing a letter, e.g., yad 'hand', dam 'blood', qul 'say!', ʿi 'heed!'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 916Arabic
يعني أنه لا يقبل التصريف من الأسماء والأفعال ما كان على حرف واحد أو على حرفين إلا إن كان محذوفا منه فأقل ما تبنى عليه الأسماء المتمكنة والأفعال ثلاثة أحرف ثم قد يعرض لبعضها نقص كيد وقل وم الله وق زيدا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7975 · vol. 4, p. 191 ↗ - 917
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A noun has at most five letters if it is bare [of augments, e.g., safarjal 'quince']. If letters are added to it, it does not go beyond seven [e.g., istiḫrāj].
AI note on the transcription: وَمُنْتَهَى اسْمٍ خَمْسٌ اِنْ تَجَرَّدَا — the transcription writes أن. The sense requires the conditional in ('if'), as the ʿajuz's parallel وإن يزد shows. The hamza is dropped in recitation for the metre (ḫamsu-n-in), so vowelled editions print اِنْ.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 917Arabic
الاسم قسمان مزيد فيه ومجرد عن الزيادة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7979 · vol. 4, p. 191 ↗فالمزيد فيه هو ما بعض حروفه ساقط وضعا وأكثر ما يبلغ الاسم بالزيادة سبعة أحرف نحو أحر نجام واشهيباب
والمجرد عن الزيادة هو ما بعض حروفه ليس ساقطا في أصل الوضع وهو إما ثلاثي كفلس أو رباعي كجعفر وإما خماسي وهو غايته كسفرجل
- 918
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In the triliteral [bare noun], give each letter other than the last a fatḥa, a ḍamma or a kasra, and for its second letter add sukūn as well. This covers all the possibilities [3 × 4 = 12 patterns: faʿl, faʿal, faʿil, faʿul, fiʿl, fiʿal, fiʿil, fiʿul, fuʿl, fuʿal, fuʿil, fuʿul; e.g., fals, faras, katif, ʿaḍud, ḥiml, ʿinab, ibil, qufl, ṣurad, ʿunuq].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 918Arabic
العبرة في وزن الكلمة بما عدا الحرف الأخير منها وحينئذ فالاسم الثلاثي إما أن يكون مضموم الأول أو مكسورة أو مفتوحة وعلى كل من هذه التقادير إما أن يكون مضموم الثاني أو مكسوره أو مفتوحة أو ساكنة فيخرج من هذا اثنا عشر بناء حاصلة من ضرب ثلاثة في أربعة وذلك نحو قفل وعنق ودئل وصرد ونحو علم وحبك وإبل وعنب ونحو فلس وفرس وعضد وكبد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7985 · vol. 4, p. 192 ↗ - 919
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The pattern fiʿul is unused, and its reverse [fuʿil] is rare [e.g., duʾil, a small animal; ruʾim 'anus'], because the Arabs meant to reserve fuʿil for the verb [the passive, e.g., ḍuriba].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 919Arabic
يعني أن من الأبنية الاثنى عشر بناءين أحدهما مهمل والآخر قليل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7991 · vol. 4, p. 193 ↗فالأول ما كان على وزن فعل بكسر الأول وضم الثاني وهذا بناء من المصنف على عدم إثبات حبك
والثاني ما كان على وزن فعل بضم الأول وكسر الثاني كدئل وإنما قل ذلك في الأسماء لأنهم قصدوا تخصيص هذا الوزن بفعل ما لم يسم فاعله كضرب وقتل
- 920
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In the triliteral verb, give the second letter a fatḥa, a ḍamma or a kasra [faʿala, faʿula, faʿila: ḍaraba, ẓarufa, ʿalima], and add [the passive pattern fuʿila], as in ḍumina.
- 921
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The verb has at most four letters if it is bare [e.g., daḥraja]. If letters are added to it, it does not go beyond six [e.g., istaḫraja, iḥranjama].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 920–921Arabic
الفعل ينقسم إلى مجرد وإلى مزيد فيه كما انقسم الاسم إلى ذلك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7998 · vol. 4, p. 193 ↗وأكثر ما يكون عليه المجرد أربعة أحرف وأكثر ما ينتهي في الزيادة إلى ستة
وللثلاثي المجرد أربعة أوزان ثلاثة لفعل الفاعل وواحد لفعل المفعول
فالتي لفعل الفاعل فعل بفتح العين كضرب وفعل بكسرها كشرب وفعل يضمها كشرف
والذي لفعل المفعول فعل بضم الفاء وكسر العين كضمن
ولا تكون الفاء في المبنى للفاعل إلا مفتوحة ولهذا قال المصنف وافتح وضم واكسر الثاني فجعل الثاني مثلثا وسكت عن الأول فعلم أنه يكون على حالة واحدة وتلك الحالة هي الفتح
وللرباعي المجرد ثلاثة أوزان واحد لفعل الفاعل كدحرج وواحد لفعل المفعول كدحرج وواحد لفعل الأمر كدحرج
وأما المزيد فيه فإن كان ثلاثيا صار بالزيادة على أربعة أحرف كضارب أو على خمسة كانطلق أو على ستة كاستخرج وإن كان رباعيا صار بالزيادة على خمسة كتدحرج أو على ستة كاحر نجم
- 922
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The bare quadriliteral noun has the patterns faʿlal [jaʿfar], fiʿlil [zibrij 'ornament'], fiʿlal [dirham] and fuʿlul [burṯun 'claw'].
- 923
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Along with fiʿall [fiṭaḥl 'an age before creation'] comes fuʿlal [jundab 'locust']. If the noun rises higher [to five bare letters], it includes faʿlalil [jaḥmariš 'old woman'] along with faʿallal [safarjal 'quince'].
OpenITI line 1180 · vol. 1, p. 73 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: ṣadr: وَمَعْ فِعَلٍّ فُعْلَلٌ وَإِنْ عَلَا; ʿajuz: فَمَعْ فَعَلَّلٍ حَوَى فَعْلَلِلَا. First, the transcription places the hemistich divider before علا. The word belongs to the ṣadr, which the metre requires. No letters are changed in this step. Second, the transcription's فعللا has dropped a lām. The pattern faʿlalil is written فعلللا (three lāms), as the metre and the example jaḥmariš require.
- 924
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The quinquiliteral patterns also include fuʿallil [quḏaʿmil 'large camel'] and fiʿlall [qirṭaʿb 'something small']. Any form that departs from these patterns is to be referred to augmentation or to deletion [e.g., ʿulabiṭ, which is reduced from ʿulābiṭ].
OpenITI line 1181 · vol. 1, p. 73 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: غَايَرَ لِلزَّيْدِ أَوِ النَّقْصِ انْتَمَى — the transcription has للزبد (bāʾ). This is a dotting slip for للزيد 'augmentation', which pairs with النقص 'deletion'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 922–924Arabic
الاسم الرباعي المجرد له ستة أوزان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8014 · vol. 4, p. 195 ↗الأول فعلل بفتح أوله وثالثه وسكون ثانيه نحو جعفر
الثاني فعلل بكسر أوله و ثالثه وسكون ثانيه نحو زبرج
الثالث فعلل بكسر أوله وسكون ثانية وفتح ثالثه نحو درهم وهجرع
الرابع فعلل بضم أوله وثالثه وسكون ثانيه نحو برثن
الخامس فعل بكسر أوله وفتح ثانيه وسكون ثالثه نحو هزبر
السادس فعلل بضم أوله وفتح ثالثه وسكون ثانيه نحو جخدب
وأشار بقوله فإن علا إلخ إلى أبنية الخماسي وهي أربعة
الأول فعلل بفتح أوله وثانيه وسكون ثالثه وفتح رابعه وسفرجل
الثاني فعللل بفتح أوله وسكون ثانيه وفتح ثالثه وكسر رابعه نحو جحمرش
الثالث فعلل بضم أوله وفتح ثانيه وسكون ثالثه وكسر رابعه نحو قذعمل
الرابع فعلل بكسر أوله وسكون ثانيه وفتح ثالثه وسكون رابعه نحو قرطعب
وأشار بقوله وما غاير إلخ إلى أنه إذا جاء شيء على خلاف ما ذكر فهو إما ناقص وإما مزيد فيه فالأول كيد ودم والثاني كاستخراج واقتدار
- 925
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A letter that remains constant [through all of a word's derivatives] is radical. A letter that does not remain constant is augment, like the tāʾ of iḥtuḏiya 'was imitated' [the tāʾ disappears in ḥaḏw].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 925Arabic
الحرف الذي يلزم تصاريف الكلمة هو الحرف الأصلي والذي يسقط في بعض تصاريف الكلمة هو الزائد نحو ضارب ومضروب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8030 · vol. 4, p. 197 ↗ - 926
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In the measure, match the radicals with the letters of fiʿl [f, ʿ, l]. An augment is represented by its own letter [e.g., ḍārib = fāʿil; iḥtaḏā = iftaʿala].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 926Arabic
( وضاعف اللام إذا أصل بقى كراء جعفر وقاف فستق )
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8033 · vol. 4, p. 198 ↗إذا أريد وزن الكلمة قوبلت أصولها بالفاء والعين واللام فيقابل أولها بالفاء وثانيها بالعين وثالثها باللام فإن بقي بعد هذه الثلاثة أصل عبر عنه باللام
فإن قيل ما وزن ضرب فقل فعل وما وزن زيد فقل فعل وما وزن جعفر فقل فعلل وما وزن فستق فقل فعلل وتكرر اللام على حسب الأصول
وإن كان في الكلمة زائد عبر عنه بلفظه فإذا قيل ما وزن ضارب فقل فاعل وما وزن جوهر فقل فوعل وما وزن مستخرج فقل مستفعل
هذا إذا لم يكن الزائد ضعف حرف أصلي فإن كان ضعفه عبر عنه بما عبر به عن ذلك الأصلي وهو المراد بقوله
- 927
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Repeat the lām of the measure if a radical is left over [after f, ʿ, l have been used], as for the rāʾ of jaʿfar [faʿlal] and the qāf of fustuq 'pistachio' [fuʿlul].
- 928
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If the augment is a doubling of a radical, give it in the measure the same letter as that radical [e.g., qaddama = faʿʿala; iʿšawšaba = ifʿawʿala].
OpenITI line 1185 · vol. 1, p. 73 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: فَاجْعَلْ لَهُ فِي الْوَزْنِ مَا لِلْأَصْلِ — the transcription has dropped لَهُ. The hemistich is a foot short without it, and the pronoun is needed to refer back to the augment.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 927–928Arabic
فتقول في وزن أغد ودن افعوعل فتعبر عن الدال الثانية بالعين كما عبرت بها عن الدال الأولى لأن الثانية ضعفها وتقول في وزن قتل فعل ووزن كرم فعل فتعبر عن الثاني بما عبرت به عن الأول ولا يجوز أن تعبر عن هذا الزائد بلفظه فلا تقول في وزن أغدودن افعودل ولا في وزن قتل فعتل ولا في وزن كرم فعول
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8044 · vol. 4, p. 199 ↗ - 929
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Judge all the letters of simsim 'sesame' and similar words [a repeated pair of letters, where no letter can be removed] to be radical. There is disagreement about words like lamlim 'gather!' [where removing the third letter leaves a valid word (lumm); some grammarians count all its letters radical and others count one as augment].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 929Arabic
المراد يسميم الرباعي الذي تكررت فاؤه وعينه ولم يكن أحد المكررين صالحا للسقوط فهذا النوع يحكم على حروفه كلها بأنها أصول فإذا صلح أحد المكررين للسقوط في الحكم عليه بالزيادة خلاف وذلك نحو لملم أمر من لملم وكفكف أمر من كفكف فاللام الثانية والكاف الثانية صالحان للسقوط بدليل صحة لم وكف فاختلف الناس في ذلك فقيل هما مادتان وليس كفكف من كف ولا لملم من لم فلا تكون اللام والكاف زائدتين وقيل اللام زائدة وكذا الكاف وقيل هما بدلان من حرف مضاعف والأصل لمم وكفف ثم أبدل من أحد المضاعفين لام في لملم وكاف في كفكف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8050 · vol. 4, p. 200 ↗ - 930
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
An alif that accompanies more than two radicals is augment, without doubt [e.g., ḍārib, ḥublā, ġaḍbā].
OpenITI line 1187 · vol. 1, p. 73 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: فَأَلِفٌ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ أَصْلَيْنِ — the transcription has فبألف with an intrusive bāʾ. The subject is alif ('an alif … is augment'), and the extra letter breaks both the syntax and the metre.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 930Arabic
إذا صحبت الألف ثلاثة أحرف أصول حكم بزيادتها نحو ضارب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8059 · vol. 4, p. 200 ↗وغضبي فإن صحبت أصلين فقط فليست زائدة بل هي إما أصل كإلى وإما بدل من أصل كقال وباع
- 931
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Yāʾ and wāw are likewise augment [when accompanied by more than two radicals, e.g., ṣayraf, jawhar], provided they do not occur as they do in yuʾyuʾ [a small falcon] and waʿwaʿa 'to howl' [repeated-pair words, where they are radical].
OpenITI line 1188 · vol. 1, p. 73 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: كَمَا هُمَا فِي يُؤْيُؤٍ وَوَعْوَعَا — the transcription has dropped the conjunction wāw before وَعْوَعَ. The word itself begins with wāw, so two are needed, and the metre requires the extra syllable.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 931Arabic
أي كذلك إذا صحبت الياء أو الواو ثلاثة أحرف أصول فإنه يحكم بزيادتهما إلا في الثنائي المكرز
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8063 · vol. 4, p. 201 ↗فالأول كصيرف ويعمل وجوهر وعجوز
والثاني كيؤيؤ لطائر ذي مخلب ووعوعة مصدر وعوع إذا صوت
فالياء والواو في الأول زائدتان وفي الثاني أصليتان
- 932
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Likewise a hamza or a mīm is augment when it precedes three letters whose radical status is established [e.g., aḥmar, makram].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 932Arabic
أي كذلك يحكم على الهمزة والميم بالزيادة إذا تقدمتا على ثلاثة أحرف أصول كأحمد ومكرم فإن سبقا أصلين حكم بأصالتهما كإبل ومهد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8069 · vol. 4, p. 202 ↗ - 933
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A final hamza is also augment when it comes after an alif that follows more than two letters in pronunciation [e.g., ḥamrāʾ, ʿilbāʾ 'neck sinew'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 933Arabic
أي كذلك يحكم على الهمزة بالزيادة إذا وقعت آخرا بعد ألف تقدمها أكثر من حرفين نحو حمراء وعاشوراء وقاصعاء
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8072 · vol. 4, p. 202 ↗فإن تقدم الألف حرفان فالهمزة غير زائدة نحو كساء ورداء فالهمزة في الأول بدل من واو وفي الثاني بدل من ياء وكذلك إذا تقدم على الألف حرف واحد كماء وداء
- 934
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Final nūn is treated like hamza [it is augment after an alif preceded by more than two letters, e.g., zaʿfarān, sakrān]. In words like ġaḍanfar 'lion' it is also denied radical status [a sākin nūn in third position, with two letters before it and two after, is augment].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 934Arabic
النون إذا وقعت آخرا بعد ألف تقدمها أكثر من حرفين حكم عليها بالزيادة كما حكم على الهمزة حين وقعت كذلك وذلك نحو زعفران وسكران
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8078 · vol. 4, p. 203 ↗فإن لم يسبقها ثلاثة فهي أصلية نحو مكان وزمان
ويحكم أيضا على النون بالزيادة إذا وقعت بعد حرفين وبعدها حرفان كغضنفر
- 935
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Tāʾ is augment in the following cases: as the feminine marker [qāʾimah, qāmat]; as the imperfect prefix [taqūmu]; in forms like the istifʿāl pattern [istiḫrāj]; and in the reflexive-resultative patterns [tafaʿʿala, tafāʿala, e.g., taʿallama, tadaḥraja].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 935Arabic
تزاد التاء إذا كانت للتأنيث كقائمة وللمضارعة نحو أنت تفعل أو مع السين في الاستفعال وفروعه نحو استخراج ومستخرج واستخرج أو مطاوعة فعل نحو علمته فتعلم أو فعلل كتدحرج
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8084 · vol. 4, p. 204 ↗ - 936
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Hāʾ is augment at pause, as in limah 'why?' and lam tarah 'you did not see'. Lām is augment in the well-known demonstratives [ḏālika, tilka].
OpenITI line 1194 · vol. 1, p. 74 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: وَالْهَاءُ وَقْفًا كَلِمَهْ وَلَمْ تَرَهْ — the transcription has نره (nūn). The standard text has تَرَهْ, the usual example of the pausal hāʾ, so نره is a dotting slip.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 936Arabic
تزاد الهاء في الوقف نحو لمه ولم تره وقد سبق في باب الوقف بيان ما تزاد فيه وهو ما الاستفهامية المجرورة والفعل المحذوف اللام للوقف نحو ره أو المجزوم نحو لم تره وكل مبنى على حركة نحو كيفه إلا ماقطع عن الإضافة كقبل وبعد واسم لا التي لنفي الجنس نحو لا رجل والمنادى نحو يا زيد والفعل الماضي نحو ضرب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8088 · vol. 4, p. 204 ↗واطرد أيضا زيادة اللام في أسماء الإشارة نحو ذلك وتلك وهنالك
- 937
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Do not treat these letters as augment where the conditions stated above are not met, unless evidence makes it clear, as with ḥaẓilat ['(the camels) were harmed by eating colocynth'], which shows that the nūn of ḥanẓal 'colocynth' is augment.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 937Arabic
إذا وقع شيء من حروف الزيادة العشرة التي يجمعها قولك سألتمونيها خاليا عما قيدت به زيادته فاحكم بأصالته إلا إن قام على زيادته حجة بينة كسقوط همزة سمأل في قولهم شملت الريح شمولا إذا هبت شمالا وكسقوط نون حنظل في قولهم حظلت الإبل إذا آذاها أكل الحنظل وكسقوط تاء ملكوت في الملك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8095 · vol. 4, p. 205 ↗
- التَّصْرِيفُ at-taṣrīf · morphology; the changing of a word's form · صرف
- حَرْفٌ ḥarf · particle; also letter · حرف
- ثُلَاثِيٌّ ṯulāṯī · triliteral · ثلث
- رُبَاعِيٌّ rubāʿī · quadriliteral · ربع
- مُجَرَّدٌ mujarrad · bare (having only radical letters) · جرد
- زَائِدٌ / زِيَادَةٌ zāʾid / ziyāda · augment letter / augmentation · زيد
- أَصْلٌ aṣl · radical (root letter) · أصل
- وَزْنٌ wazn · morphological measure (pattern expressed with f-ʿ-l) · وزن
- تَأْصِيلٌ taʾṣīl · judging a letter to be radical · أصل
- ضِعْفٌ ḍiʿf · double (a repeated radical) · ضعف
- مُهْمَلٌ muhmal · unused (pattern or form not attested) · همل
- الْمُضَارَعَةُ al-muḍāraʿa · the imperfect (its prefix letters) · ضرع
- الْمُطَاوَعَةُ al-muṭāwaʿa · reflexive-resultative meaning (compliance) · طوع
- التَّأْنِيثُ at-taʾnīṯ · the feminine; feminine marking · أنث
- الْإِشَارَةُ al-išāra · demonstrative reference · شور
- الْوَقْفُ al-waqf · pause (at the end of an utterance) · وقف