Substitution (al-Ibdāl)
الإِبْدَالُ
Verses 943–963 · chapter 75 of 78
This chapter names the nine letters that regularly replace other letters and gives the rules for replacing wāw and yāʾ with hamza: word-finally after an augment alif, in active participles, and in plurals of the qalāʾid pattern. It covers how the second of two hamzas in one word is changed, when alif and wāw become yāʾ after a kasra, and when alif and yāʾ become wāw after a ḍamma, including the plurals and maṣdars where these changes do or do not apply. AI
Topic:Sound and weak roots
- 943
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The letters of [regular] substitution are those gathered in the phrase hadaʾta mūṭiyā [h, d, ʾ, t, m, w, ṭ, y, ā]. Substitute hamza for wāw and yāʾ
- 944
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
when [the wāw or yāʾ] is final after an augment alif [samāʾ from *samāw, bināʾ from *bināy]. This rule is also followed in the fāʿil [active participle] of a verb whose ʿayn has been made weak [qāʾil from qāla, bāʾiʿ from bāʿa].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 943–944Arabic
هذا الباب عقده المصنف لبيان الحروف التي تبدل من غيرها إبدالا شائعا وهي تسعة أحرف جمعها المصنف رحمه الله تعالى في قوله هدأت موطيا ومعنى هدأت سكنت وموطيا اسم فاعل من أوطأت الرحل إذا جعلته وطيئا لكنه خفف همزته بإبدالها ياء لانفتاحها وكسر ما قبلها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8126 · vol. 4, p. 209 ↗وأما غير هذه الحروف فإبدالها من غيرها شاذ أو قليل فلم يتعرض المصنف له وذلك كقولهم في اضطجع الطجع وفي أصيلان أصيلال
فتبدل الهمزة من كل واو أو ياء تطرفتا ووقعتا بعد ألف زائدة نحو دعاء وبناء والأصل دعاو وبناى
فإن كانت الألف التي قبل الياء أو الواو غير زائدة لم تبدل نحو آية وراية وكذلك إن لم تتطرف الياء أو الواو كتباين وتعاون
وأشار بقوله وفي فاعل ما أعل عينا ذا اقتفى إلى أن الهمزة تبدل من الياء والواو قياسا متبعا إذا وقعت كل منهما عين اسم فاعل وأعلت في فعله نحو قائل وبائع وأصلهما قاول وبايع ولكن أعلو حملا على الفعل فكما قالوا قال وباع فقلبوا العين ألفا قالوا قائل وبائع فقلبوا عين اسم الفاعل همزة
فإن لم تعل العين في الفعل صحت في اسم الفاعل نحو عور فهو عاور وعين فهو عاين
- 945
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A long vowel [ā, ī, ū] that is added as the third letter in the singular appears as hamza in [plurals] like qalāʾid [qilāda → qalāʾid, ṣaḥīfa → ṣaḥāʾif, ʿajūz → ʿajāʾiz].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 945Arabic
تبدل الهمزة أيضا مما وألف الجمع الذي على مثال مفاعل إن كان مدة مزيدة في الواحد نحو قلادة وقلائد وصحيفة وصحائف وعجوز وعجائز
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8143 · vol. 4, p. 211 ↗فلو كان غير مدة لم تبدل نحو قسورة وقساور وهكذا إن كان مدة غير زائدة نحو مفازة ومفاوز ومعيشة ومعايش إلا فيما سمع فيحفظ ولا يقاس عليه نحو مصيبة ومصائب
- 946
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The same applies to the second of two weak letters that enclose the long alif of the mafāʿil pattern [it becomes hamza], as in the plural of nayyif [nayāʾif], and awwal → awāʾil.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 946Arabic
أي كذلك تبدل الهمزة من ثاني حرفين لينين توسط بينهما مدة مفاعل كما لو سميت رجلا بنيف ثم كسرته فإنك تقول نيائف بإبدال الياء الواقعة بعد ألف الجمع همزة ومثله أول وأوائل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8149 · vol. 4, p. 211 ↗فلو توسط بينهما مدة مفاعيل امتنع قلب الثاني منهما همزة كطواويس ولهذا قيد المصنف رحمة الله تعالى ذلك بمدة مفاعل
- 947
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In [such plurals] whose lām is weak, give fatḥa [to the hamza] and turn the hamza into yāʾ [qaḍiyya → qaḍāyā, hadiyya → hadāyā]. In [the plural of words] like hirāwa it is made
AI note on the transcription: لاَمًا وَفِي مِثْلِ هِرَاوَةٍ جُعِلْ — the word مِثْلِ has dropped out. Without it the hemistich is a syllable-group short of rajaz (the final foot is only juʿil), and the standard text reads وَفِي مِثْلِ هِرَاوَةٍ.
- 948
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…wāw [hirāwā]. At the beginning of a word, turn the first of two wāws into hamza [*wawāṣil → awāṣil, plural of wāṣila]. This does not apply to cases like wūfiya, where the second wāw is a long vowel that stands for an alif. The strongest [rule] has been given its full due.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 947–948Arabic
قد سبق أنه يجب إبدال المدة الزائدة في الواحد همزة إذا وقعت بعد ألف الجمع نحو صحيفة وصحائف وأنه إذا توسط ألف مفاعل من حرفين لينين قلب الثاني منهما همزة نحو نيف ونيائف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8156 · vol. 4, p. 212 ↗وذكر هنا أنه إذا اعتل لام أحد هذين النوعين فإنه يخفف بإبدال كسرة الهمزة فتحة ثم إبدالها ياء
فمثال الأول قضية وقضايا وأصله قضائي بإبدال مدة الواحد همزة كما فعل في صحيفة وصحائف فأبدلوا كسرة الهمزة فتحة فحينئذ تحركت الياء وانفتح ما قبلها فقلبت ألفا فصارت قضاءا فأبدلت الهمزة ياء فصار قضايا
ومثال الثاني زاوية وزوايا وأصله زوائي بإبدال الواو الواقعة بعد ألف الجمع همزة كنيف ونيائف فقلبوا كسرة الهمزة فتحة فحينئذ قلبت الياء ألفا لتحركها وانفتاح ما قبلها فصار زواءا ثم قلبوا الهمزة ياء فصار زوايا
وأشار بقوله وفي مثل هراوة جعل واوا إلى أنه إنما تبدل الهمزة ياء إذا لم تكن اللام واوا سلمت في المفرد كما مثل فإن كانت اللام واوا سلمت في المفرد لم تقلب الهمزة ياء بل تقلب واوا ليشاكل الجمع واحده وذلك حيث وقعت الواو رابعة بعد ألف وذلك نحو قولهم هراوة وهراوى وأصلها هرائو كصحائف فقلبت كسرة الهمزة فتحة وقلبت الواو ألفا لتحركها وانفتاح ما قبلها فصار هراءا ثم قلبوا الهمزة واوا فصار هراوى
وأشار بقوله وهمزا أول الواوين رد إلى أنه يجب رد أول الواوين المصدرتين همزة ما لم تكن الثانية بدلا من ألف فاعل نحو أواصل في جمع واصلة والأصل وواصل بواوين الأولى فاء الكلمة والثانية بدل من ألف فاعلة فإن كانت الثانية بدلا من ألف فاعل لم يجب الإبدال نحو ووفى وووري أصله وافى ووارى فلما بنى للمفعول احتيج إلى ضم ما قبل الألف فأبدلت الألف واوا
- 949
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
When two hamzas occur in one word and the second has sukūn, change the second into a long vowel [matching the preceding vowel], as in āthir [from *aʾthir] and ītamin [from *iʾtamin].
- 950
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If [the second hamza] has fatḥa and follows a ḍamma or a fatḥa, it is changed into wāw [uwaydim, diminutive of ādam; awādim, plural of ādam]. If it follows a kasra, it changes into yāʾ.
- 951
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The one with kasra behaves the same way [it becomes yāʾ] whatever precedes it [*aʾimma → ayimma]. Turn the one with ḍamma into wāw [*aʾubb → awubb], provided that it does not end the word,
- 952
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
because a final [second hamza] comes as yāʾ in every case. In aʾummu [first person of amma] and similar forms, two treatments are followed for the second hamza [keeping it as hamza, or turning it into wāw: awummu].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 949–952Arabic
إذا اجتمع في كلمة همزتان وجب التخفيف إن لم يكونا في موضع العين نحو سئال ورءاس
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8183 · vol. 4, p. 215 ↗ثم إن تحركت أولاهما وسكنت ثانيتهما وجب إبدال الثانية مدة يجانس حركة الأولى فإن كانت حركتها فتحة أبدلت الثانية ألفا نحو آثرت وإن كانت ضمة أبدلت واوا نحو أوثر وإن كانت كسرة أبدلت ياء نحو إيثار وهذا هو المراد بقوله ومدا أبدل البيت
وإن تحركت ثانيتهما فإن كانت حركتها فتحة وحركة ما قبلها فتحة أو ضمة قلبت واوا فالأول نحو أوادم جمع آدم وأصله أأدم والثاني نحو أو يدم تصغير آدم وهذا هو المراد بقوله إن بفتح أثر ضم أو فتح قلب واوا
وإن كانت حركة ما قبلها كسرة قلبت ياء نحو إيم وهو مثال إصبع من أم وأصله إئمم فنقلت حركة الميم الأولى إلى الهمزة التي قبلها وأدغمت الميم في الميم فصار إثم ثم قلبت الهمزة الثانية ياء فصار إئم وهذا هو المراد من قوله وياء أثر كسر ينقلب
وأشار بقوله ذو الكسر مطلقا كذا إلى أن الهمزة الثانية إذا كانت مكسورة تقلب ياء مطلقا أي سواء كانت التي قبلها مفتوحة أو مكسورة أو مضمومة فالأول نحو أين مضارع أن وأصلها اثن فخففت بإبدال الثانية من جنس حركتها فصار أين وقد تحقق نحو أئن بهمزتين ولم تعامل بهذه المعاملة في غير الفعل إلا في أئمة فإنها جاء بالإبدال والتصحيح والثاني نحو إيم مثال إصبع من أم وأصله إئمم نقلت حركة الميم الأولى إلى الهمزة الثانية وأدغمت الميم في الميم فصار إئم فخففت الهمزة الثانية بإبدالها من جنس حركتها فصار إيم والثالث نحو أين أصله أئن والأصل أؤنن لأنه مضارع أأننته أي جعلته يئن فدخله النقل والإدغام ثم خفف بإبدال ثاني همزتيه من جنس حركتها فصار أين
وأشار بقوله وما يضم واوا أصر إلى أنه إذا كانت الهمزة الثانية مضمومة قلبت واوا سواء انفتحت الأولي أو أنكسرت أو انضمت فالأول نحو أوب جمع أب وهو المرعى أصله أأبب لأنه أفعل فنقلت حركة عينه إلى فائه ثم ادغم فصار أؤب ثم خففت ثانية الهمزتين بإبدالها من جنس حركتها فصار أوب والثاني نحو إوم مثال إصبع من أم والثالث نحو أوم مثال أبلم من أم
وأشار بقوله ما لم يكن لفظا أتم فذاك ياء مطلقا جا إلى أن الهمزة الثانية المضمومة إنما تصير واوا إذا لم تكن طرفا فإن كانت طرفا صيرت ياء مطلقا سواء انضمت الأولى أو انكسرت أو انفتحت أو سكنت فتقول في مثال جعفر من قرأ قرأأ ثم تقلب الهمزة ياء فتصير قرأيا فتحركت الياء وانفتح ما قبلها فقلبت ألفا فصار قرأى وتقول في مثال زبرج من قرأ قرئيء ثم تقلب الهمزة ياء فتصير قرئيا كالمنقوص وتقول في مثال برثن من قرأ قرؤؤ ثم تقلب الضمة التي على الهمزة الأولى كسرة فيصير قرئيا مثل القاضي
وأشار بقوله وأؤم ونحوه وجهين في ثانيه أم إلى أنه إذا انضمت الهمزة الثانية وانفتح ما قبلها وكانت الهمزة الأولى للمتكلم جاز لك في الثانية وجهان الإبدال والتحقيق وذلك نحو أؤم مضارع أم فإن شئت أبدلت فقلت أوم وإن شئت حققت فقلت أؤم
وكذا ما كان نحو أؤم في كون أولى همزتيه للمتكلم وكسرت ثانيتهما يجوز في الثانية منهما الإبدال والتحقيق نحو أين مضارع أن فإن شئت أبدلت فقلت أين وإن شئت حققت فقلت أئن
- 953
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Turn an alif into yāʾ when it follows a kasra [miṣbāḥ → maṣābīḥ] or the diminutive yāʾ [ghazāl → ghuzayyil]. Do the same with a wāw [that follows a kasra]
- 954
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
when it is final [raḍiya from *raḍiwa, al-ghāzī], or before the feminine tāʾ [ghāziya], or before the two augments of faʿlān [-ān, as in ghaziyān from gh-z-w]. They held this view as well
- 955
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
for the maṣdar of a verb whose ʿayn is weak [and weakened in the verb; qiyām from *qiwām, ṣiyām from *ṣiwām]. The fiʿal form of such a maṣdar, however, usually stays sound, as in al-ḥiwal.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 953–955Arabic
إذا وقعت الألف بعد كسرة وجب قلبها ياء كقولك في جمع مصباح ودينار مصابيح ودنانير
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8228 · vol. 4, p. 218 ↗وكذلك إذا وقعت قبلها ياء التصغير كقولك في غزال غزيل وفي قذال قذيل
وأشار بقوله بواو ذا افعلا في آخر إلى آخر البيت إلى أن الواو تقلب أيضا ياء إذا تطرفت بعد كسرة أو بعد ياء التصغير أو وقعت قبل تاء التأنيث أو قبل زيادتي فعلان مكسورا ما قبلها
فالأول نحو رضى وقوى أصلهما رضو وقوو لأنهما من الرضوان والقوة فقلبت الواو ياء
والثاني نحو جرى تصغير جرو وأصله جريو فاجتمعت الواو والياء وسبقت إحداهما بالسكوت فقلبت الواو ياء وأدغمت الياء في الياء
والثالث نحو شجية وهي اسم فاعل للمؤنث وكذا شجية مصغرا وأصله شجيوة من الشجو
والرابع نحو غزيان وهو مثال ظربان من الغزو
وأشار بقوله ذا أيضا رأوا في مصدر المعتل عينا إلى أن الواو تقلب بعد الكسرة ياء في مصدر كل فعل اعتلت عينه نحو صام صياما وقام قياما والأصل صوام وقوام فأعلت الواو في المصدر حملا له على فعله
فلو صحت الواو في الفعل لم تعتل في المصدر نحو لاوذ لواذا وجاور جوارا
وكذلك تصح إذا لم يكن بعدها ألف وإن اعتلت في الفعل نحو حال حولا
- 956
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Take the plural of a word whose ʿayn has been weakened [dār → diyār, dīma → diyam] or whose ʿayn has sukūn [sawṭ → siyāṭ, rawḍ → riyāḍ; here an alif must follow]. Apply this same weakening to it wherever it occurs.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 956Arabic
أي متى وقعت الواو عين جمع وأعلت في واحده أو سكنت وجب قلبها ياء إن انكسر ما قبلها ووقع بعدها ألف نحو ديار وثياب أصلهما دوار وثواب فقلبت الواو ياء في الجمع لانكسار ما قبلها ومجيء الألف بعدها مع كونها في الواحد إما معتلة كدار أو شبيهة بالمعتل في كونها حرف لين ساكنا كثوب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8247 · vol. 4, p. 220 ↗ - 957
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
They kept the fiʿala plural sound [kūz → kiwaza, zawj → ziwaja]. For the fiʿal plural there are two options, and weakening is preferable, as in ḥiyal [plural of ḥīla, alongside ḥiwal].
AI note on the transcription: وَجْهَانِ وَالإِعْلاَلُ أَوْلَى كَالْحِيَلْ — the transcription has خ in place of ح. Khayl ('horses') is not a fiʿal plural. The example is al-ḥiyal, plural of ḥīla, which is the reading of the standard text.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 957Arabic
إذا وقعت الواو عين جمع مكسورا ما قبلها واعتلت في واحده أو سكنت ولم يقع بعدها الألف وكان على فعلة وجب تصحيحها نحو عود وعودة وكوز وكوزة وشذ ثور وثيرة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8252 · vol. 4, p. 220 ↗ومن هنا يعلم أنه إنما تعتل في الجمع إذا وقع بعدها ألف كما سبق تقريره لأنه حكم على فعلة بوجوب التصحيح وعلى فعل بجواز التصحيح والإعلال فالتصحيح نحو حاجة وحوج والإعلال نحو قامة وقيم وديمة وديم والتصحيح فيها قليل والإعلال غالب
- 958
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A wāw that is the lām and comes after a fatḥa [as the fourth letter or later] turns into yāʾ, as in al-muʿṭayān and yurḍayān [from ʿ-ṭ-w and r-ḍ-w]. It is also obligatory
AI note on the transcription: كَالْمُعْطَيَانِ يُرْضَيَانِ وَوَجَبْ — the transcription has lost the ك (and the alif of the article). The hemistich introduces examples, which needs the particle of comparison كَـ. Standard editions read كَالْمُعْطَيَانِ, and the metre stands with that reading.
- 959
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
to replace an alif that follows a ḍamma with wāw [bāyaʿa → passive būyiʿa; ḍārib → diminutive ḍuwayrib]. The same is recognized for a [sākin] yāʾ after ḍamma, as in mūqin [from *muyqin].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 958–959Arabic
إذا وقعت الواو طرفا رابعة فصاعدا بعد فتحة قلبت ياء نحو أعطيت أصله أعطوت لأنه من عطا يعطو إذا تناول فقلبت الواو في الماضي ياء حملا على المضارع نحو يعطى كما حمل اسم المفعول نحو معطيان على اسم الفاعل نحو معطيان وكذلك يرضيان أصله يرضوان لأنه من الرضوان فقلبت واوه بعد الفتحة ياء حملا لبناء المفعول على بناء الفاعل نحو يرضيان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8261 · vol. 4, p. 221 ↗وقوله ووجب إبدال واو بعد ضم من ألف معناه أنه يجب أن يبدل من الألف واو إذا وقعت بعد ضمة كقولك في بايع بويع وفي ضارب ضورب
وقوله يا كموقن بذالها اعترف …
معناه أن الياء إذا سكنت في مفرد بعد ضمة وجب إبدالها واوا نحو موقن وموسر أصلهما ميقن وميسر لأنهما من لأيقن وأيسر فلو تحركت الياء لم تعل نحو هيام
- 960
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In a plural, however, the letter with ḍamma is given kasra instead [so the yāʾ remains], as one says hīm when forming the plural of ahyam ['thirsty'; likewise bīḍ, plural of abyaḍ].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 960Arabic
يجمع فعلاء وأفعل على فعل بضم الفاء وسكون العين كما سبق في التكسير كحمراء وحمر وأحمر وحمر فإذا اعتلت عين هذا النوع من الجمع بالياء قلبت الضمة كسرة لتصح الياء نحو هيماء وهيم وبيضاء وبيض ولم تقلب الياء واوا كما فعلوا في المفرد كموقن استثقالا لذلك في الجمع
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8272 · vol. 4, p. 222 ↗ - 961
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Turn yāʾ into wāw after a ḍamma whenever it is found as the lām of a verb [nahuwa from *nahuya] or before a tāʾ,
- 962
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
such as the tāʾ of someone who builds from ramā a form like maqdura [marmuwa]. The same holds if he shapes it like subuʿān [ramuwān].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 961–962Arabic
إذا وقعت الياء لام فعل أو من قبل تاء التأنيث أو زيادتى فعلان وانضم ما قبلها في الأصول الثلاثة وجب قلبها واوا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8278 · vol. 4, p. 223 ↗فالأول نحو قضو الرجل
والثاني كما إذا بنيت من رمى اسما على وزن مقدرة فإنك تقول مرموة
والثالث كما إذا بنيت من رمى اسما على وزن سبعان فإنك تقول رموان
فتقلب الياء واوا في هذه المواضع الثلاثة لانضمام ما قبلها
- 963
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If [the yāʾ] is the ʿayn of fuʿlā used as an adjective, it is found in their usage with both treatments [ṭūbā or ṭībā, ḍūqā or ḍīqā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 963Arabic
إذا وقعت الياء عينا لصفة على وزن فعلى جاز فيها وجهان
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8285 · vol. 4, p. 224 ↗أحدهما قلب الضمة كسرة لتصح الياء
والثاني إبقاء الضمة فتقلب الياء واوا نحو الضيفى والكيسى والضوقى والكوسى وهما تأنيث الأضيق والأكيس
- الإِبْدَالُ al-ibdāl · substitution; putting one letter in the place of another · بدل
- الإِعْلَالُ al-iʿlāl · weakening; changing a weak letter by substitution, transfer of vowel, or deletion · علل
- المُعْتَلُّ al-muʿtall · a weak word or verb, one containing wāw, yāʾ or alif among its root letters · علل
- الهَمْزَةُ al-hamza · the glottal stop consonant · همز
- المَدُّ al-madd · a long vowel letter (ā, ī, ū) · مدد
- اللَّيِّنُ al-layyin · a soft letter; wāw or yāʾ (especially with sukūn after fatḥa) · لين
- الزَّائِدُ al-zāʾid · augment; a letter added to the root · زيد
- التَّصْغِيرُ al-taṣghīr · the diminutive · صغر
- المَصْدَرُ al-maṣdar · verbal noun · صدر
- التَّأْنِيثُ al-taʾnīth · feminine marking · أنث
- الوَصْفُ al-waṣf · adjective; a word describing a quality · وصف
- الصَّحِيحُ al-ṣaḥīḥ · sound; left unchanged, not subjected to weakening · صحح