Section [on substituting and weakening the weak letters wāw and yāʾ, and related changes]
فَصْلٌ
Verses 964–990 · chapter 76 of 78
This section covers the main rules of iʿlāl, the changing of the weak letters wāw and yāʾ. It explains when wāw and yāʾ are exchanged for each other, when they become alif, when their vowel moves to a preceding consonant, and when they stay sound. It ends with further changes: nūn becoming mīm before bāʾ, the tāʾ of iftiʿāl becoming tāʾ, ṭāʾ or dāl, and the regular dropping of the first radical wāw, of the hamza of afʿala, and of a doubled radical. AI
Topic:Sound and weak roots
- 964
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
When the pattern faʿlā is a noun, wāw replaces a yāʾ that is its lām [third radical], as in taqwā [from w-q-y, for *taqyā]. This substitution is the usual case.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 964Arabic
تبدل الواو من الياء الواقعة لام اسم على وزن فعلى نحو تقوى وأصله تقيا لأنه من تقيت فإن كانت فعلى صفة لم تبدل الياء واوا نحو صديا وخزيا ومثل تقوى فتوى بمعنى الفتيا وبقوى بمعنى البقيا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8291 · vol. 4, p. 225 ↗واحترز بقوله غالبا مما لم تبدل الياء فيه واوا وهي لام اسم على فعلى كقولهم للرائحة ريا
- 965
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The reverse happens to the lām of fuʿlā when it is an adjective: an original wāw becomes yāʾ, as in dunyā and ʿulyā [from d-n-w and ʿ-l-w]. Quṣwā [keeping its wāw] is plainly rare [the regular form is quṣyā].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 965Arabic
أي تبذل الواو الواقعة لاما لفعلى وصفا ياء نحو الدنيا والعليا وشذ قول أهل الحجاز القصوى فإن كان فعلى اسما سلمت الواو كخزوى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8297 · vol. 4, p. 225 ↗ - 966
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If a wāw and a yāʾ meet, the first of them has sukūn, the two are joined [in one word], and both [the letters and the sukūn] are free of anything accidental,
AI note on the transcription: وَاتَّصَلَا وَمِنْ عُرُوضٍ عَرِيَا — the transcription has عزيا with zāy. The standard text has عَرِيَا ('the two were free of'), from the root ع ر ي. The condition is that neither the weak letter nor its sukūn is accidental, so ruwyā from ruʾyā [with its hamza lightened] is excluded.
- 967
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
then change the wāw into yāʾ and assimilate it [into the other yāʾ]: sayyid from *saywid, mayyit from *maywit, ṭayy from *ṭawy. A word treated otherwise than this rule describes is irregular, such as ḍaywan ['tomcat'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 966–967Arabic
إذا اجتمعت الواو والياء في كلمة وسبقت إحداهما بالسكون وكان سكونها أصليا أبدلت الواو ياء وأدغمت الياء في الياء وذلك نحو سيد وميت والأصل سيود وميوت فاجتمعت الواو والياء وسبقت إحداهما بالسكون فقلبت الواو ياء وأدغمت الياء في الياء فصار سيد وميت
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8302 · vol. 4, p. 226 ↗فإن كانت الياء والواو في كلمتين لم يؤثر ذلك نحو يعطى واقد وكذا إن عرضت الياء أو الواو للسكون كقولك في رؤية روية وفي قوى قوى
وشذ التصحيح في قولهم يوم أيوم وشذ أيضا إبدال الياء واوا في قولهم عوى الكلب عوة
- 968
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Replace with alif a wāw or yāʾ that originally carries a vowel and directly follows a fatḥa: qāla from *qawala, bāʿa from *bayaʿa,
- 969
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
provided the letter after it has a vowel. If that following letter has sukūn, it blocks the change when the weak letter is anything other than the lām [e.g. bayān, ṭawīl, khawarnaq stay sound]. When the weak letter is the lām, its change is not blocked
- 970
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
by a following letter with sukūn, unless that letter is alif or a yāʾ that is normally doubled. [So yakhshawna comes from *yakhshayūna, while ramayā, ghazawā and ʿalawiyy stay sound.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 968–970Arabic
إذا وقعت الواو والياء متحركة بعد فتحة قلبت ألفا نحو قال وباع أصلهما قول وبيع فقلبت الواو والياء ألفا لتحركها وانفتاح ما قبلها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8313 · vol. 4, p. 228 ↗هذا إن كانت حركتهما أصلية فإن كانت عارضة لم يعتد بها كجيل وتوم أصلهما جيأل وتوأم نقلت حركة الهمزة إلى الياء والواو فصار جيلا وتوما
فلو سكن ما بعد الياء أو الواو ولم تكن لاما وجب التصحيح نحو بيان وطويل فإن كانتا لاما وجب الإعلال ما لم يكن الساكن بعدهما ألفا أو ياء مشددة كرميا وعلوى وذلك نحو يخشون أصله يخشيون فقلبت الياء ألفا لتحركها وانفتاح ما قبلها ثم حذفت لالتقائها ساكنة مع الواو الساكنة
- 971
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The ʿayn [second radical] stays sound in the verbal noun faʿal and in the verb faʿila when that verb has an adjective of the pattern afʿal, like aghyad and aḥwal: ghayida, ḥawila, and the verbal nouns ghayad, ḥawal [they do not become *ghāda, *ḥāla].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 971Arabic
كل فعل كان اسم الفاعل منه على وزن أفعل فإنه يلزم عينه التصحيح نحو عور فهو أعور وهيف فهو أهيف وغيد فهو أغيد وحول فهو أحول وحمل المصدر على فعله نحو هيف وغيد وعور وحول
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8322 · vol. 4, p. 229 ↗ - 972
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If iftaʿala expresses the meaning of tafāʿala [reciprocal action] and its ʿayn is wāw, the wāw stays sound and is not weakened: ijtawarū, meaning tajāwarū ['they were neighbours to one another'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 972Arabic
إذا كان افتعل معتل العين فحقه أن تبدل عينه ألفا نحو اعتاد وارتاد لتحركها وانفتاح ما قبلها فإن أبان افتعل معنى تفاعل وهو الاشتراك في الفاعلية والمفعولية حمل عليه في التصحيح إن كان واويا نحو اشتوروا فإن كانت العين ياء وجب إعلالها نحو ابتاعوا واستافو أي تضاربوا بالسيوف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8326 · vol. 4, p. 229 ↗ - 973
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If two letters in a word both qualify for this change [to alif], the first is kept sound [and the second changed]: ḥawā, ṭawā from *ḥawaya, *ṭawaya. The reverse sometimes applies, as in āya [on one analysis].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 973Arabic
إذا كان في كلمة حرفا علة كل واحد متحرك مفتوح ما قبله لم يجز إعلالهما معا لئلا يتوالى في كلمة واحدة إعلالان فيجب إعلال أحدهما وتصحيح الآخر والأحق منهما بالإعلال الثاني نحو الحيا والهوى والأصل حيى وهوى فوجد في كل من العين واللام سبب الإعلال فعمل به في اللام وحدها لكونها طرفا والأطراف محل التغيير وشد إعلال العين وتصحيح اللام نحو غاية
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8332 · vol. 4, p. 230 ↗ - 974
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The ʿayn must stay sound in a word that has an ending found only on nouns added at its end, such as the -ān of jawalān and hayamān.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 974Arabic
إذا كان عين الكلمة واوا متحركة مفتوحا ما قبلها أو ياء متحركة مفتوحا ما قبلها وكان في آخرها زيادة تخص الاسم لم يجز قلبها ألفا بل يجب تصحيحها وذلك نحو جولان وهيمان وشذ ماهان وداران
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8338 · vol. 4, p. 231 ↗ - 975
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Before bāʾ, change nūn into mīm when the nūn has sukūn, as in man batta [pronounced mam batta] and inbidh [pronounced imbidh].
AI note on the transcription: وَقَبْلَ بَا اقْلِبْ مِيمًا النُّونَ إِذَا — the transcription has يا. The standard text has بَا (the letter bāʾ). The rule concerns nūn before bāʾ, as both examples man batta and inbidh show.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 975Arabic
لما كان النطق بالنون الساكنة قبل الباء عسرا وجب قلب النون ميما ولا فرق في ذلك بين المتصلة والمنفصلة ويجمعهما قوله من بت أنبذا أي من قطعك فألقه عن بالك وأطرحه وألف انبذا مبدلة من نون التوكيد الخفيفة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8342 · vol. 4, p. 231 ↗ - 976
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Move the vowel of a weak letter that is the ʿayn of a verb onto a preceding sound consonant with sukūn, as in abin ['make clear!', from *abyin]. Likewise yaqūlu from *yaqwulu and yabīʿu from *yabyiʿu.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 976Arabic
إذا كانت عين الفعل ياء أو واوا متحركة وكان ما قبلها ساكنا صحيحا وجب نقل حركة العين إلى الساكن قبلها نحو يبين ويقوم والأصل يبين ويقوم بكسر الياء وضم الواو فنقلت حركتهما إلى الساكن قبلهما وهو الباء والقاف وكذلك في أبن
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8348 · vol. 4, p. 232 ↗فإن كان الساكن غير صحيح لم تنقل الحركة نحو بايع وبين وعوق
- 977
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
This applies unless the verb is a verb of wonder [mā aqwamahu, aqwim bihi], or has a doubled final like ibyaḍḍa, or, like ahwā, has a weak lām.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 977Arabic
أي إنما تنقل حركة العين إلى الساكن الصحيح قبلها إذا لم يكن الفعل للتعجب أو مضاعفا أو معتل اللام فإن كان كذلك فلا نقل نحو ما أبين الشيء وأبين به وما أقومه وأقوم به ونحو أبيض واسود ونحو أهوى
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8354 · vol. 4, p. 233 ↗ - 978
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A noun that resembles the imperfect verb [in pattern] and carries a mark that sets it apart from the verb is treated like the verb in this change: maqām from *maqwam [like yaʿlam, distinguished by its mīm].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 978Arabic
يعني أنه يثبت للاسم الذي يشبه الفعل المضارع في زيادته فقط أو في وزنه فقط من الإعلال بالنقل ما يثبت للفعل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8358 · vol. 4, p. 233 ↗فالذي أشبه المضارع في زيادته فقط تبيع وهو مثال تحلئ من البيع الأصل تبيع بكسر التاء وسكون الباء فنقلت حركة الياء إلى الباء فصار تبيع
والذي أشبه المضارع في وزنه فقط مقام والأصل مقوم فنقلت حركة الواو إلى القاف ثم قلبت الواو ألفا لمجانسة الفتحة
فإن أشبهه في الزيادة والزنة فإما أن يكون منقولا من فعل أولا فإن كان منقولا منه أعل كيزيد وإلا صح كأبيض وأسود
- 979
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Mifʿal is kept sound, like mifʿāl: miqwal, miqwāl, mikhyaṭ, mikhyāṭ. As for the alif of ifʿāl and istifʿāl,
- 980
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
drop it because of this change, and add tāʾ [ta marbūṭa] as a required compensation: iqāma from *iqwām, istiqāma from *istiqwām. Omitting the tāʾ is transmitted in a few cases, as in iqāma l-ṣalāt [Q 24:37, iqāmi l-ṣalāti, in iḍāfa].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 979–980Arabic
لما كان مفعال غير مشبه للفعل استحق التصحيح كمسواك وحمل أيضا مفعل عليه لمشابهته له في االمعنى فصحح كما صحح مفعال كمقول ومقوال
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8369 · vol. 4, p. 235 ↗وأشار بقوله وألف الإفعال واستفعال أزل إلى آخره إلى أن المصدر إذا كان على وزن إفعال أو استفعال وكان معتل للعين فإن ألفه تحذف لالتقائها ساكنة مع الألف المبدلة من عين المصدر وذلك نحو إقامة واستقامة وأصله إقوام واستقوام فنقلت حركة العين إلى الفاء وقلبت الواو ألفا لمجانسة الفتحة قبلها فالتقى ألفان فحذفت الثانية منهما ثم عوض منها تاء التأنيث فصار إقامة واستقامة وقد تحذف هذه التاء كقولهم أجاب إجابا ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ وأقام الصلاة ﴾
- 981
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The passive participle mafʿūl also takes the dropping and vowel transfer that ifʿāl takes,
- 982
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
as in mabīʿ from *mabyūʿ and maṣūn from *maṣwūn. Keeping the form sound is rare with wāw [maṣwūn] and well known with yāʾ [mabyūʿ, makhyūṭ, in the dialect of Tamīm].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 981–982Arabic
إذا بنى مفعول من الفعل المعتل العين بالياء أو الواو وجب فيه ما وجب في إفعال واستفعال من النقل والحذف فتقول في مفعول من باع وقال مبيع ومقول والأصل مبيوع ومقوول فنقلت حركة العين إلى الساكن قبلها فالتقى ساكنان العين وواو مفعول فحذفت واو مفعول فصار مبيع ومقول وكان حق مبيع أن يقال فيه مبوع لكن قلبوا الضمة كسرة لتصح الياء وندر التصحيح فيما عينه واو قالوا ثوب مصوون والقياس مصون ولغة تميم تصحيح ما عينه ياء فيقولون مبيوع ومخيوط ولهذا قال المصنف رحمه الله تعالى وندر تصحيح ذى الواو وفي ذى اليا اشتهر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8380 · vol. 4, p. 236 ↗ - 983
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Keep the passive participle sound when it comes from verbs like ʿadā [wāw-final, faʿala]: maʿdūw. You may weaken it [maʿdiyy] if you are not aiming at the better form.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 983Arabic
إذا بنى مفعول من فعل معتل اللام فلا يخلو إما أن يكون معتلا بالياء أو بالواو
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8389 · vol. 4, p. 238 ↗فإن كان معتلا بالياء وجب إعلاله بقلب واو مفعول ياء وإدغامها في لام الكلمة نحو مرمى والأصل مرموى فاجتمعت الواو والياء وسبقت إحدهما بالسكون فقلبت الواو ياء وأدغمت الياء في الياء وإنما لم يذكر المصنف رحمه الله تعالى هذا هنا لأنه قد تقدم ذكره
وإن كان معتلا بالواو فالأجود التصحيح إن لم يكن الفعل على فعل نحو معدو من عدا ولهذا قال المصنف من نحو عدا ومنهم من يعل فيقول معدى فإن كان الواوى على فعل فالصحيح الإعلال نحو مرضى من رضى قال الله تعالى ﴿ ارجعي إلى ربك راضية مرضية ﴾ والتصحيح قليل نحو مرضو
- 984
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fuʿūl likewise has two possible forms when its lām is wāw, whether it occurs as a plural or as a singular: plural ʿuṣiyy or ʿuṣuww [weakening preferred], singular ʿutuww or ʿutiyy [the sound form preferred].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 984Arabic
إذا بنى اسم على فعول فإن كان جمعا وكانت لامه واوا جاز فيه وجهان التصحيح والإعلال نحو عصى ودلى في جمع عصا ودلو وأبو ونجو جمع أب ونجو والإعلال أجود من التصحيح في الجمع وإن كان مفردا جاز فيه وجهان الإعلال والتصحيح والتصحيح أجود نحو علا علوا وعتا عتوا ويقل الإعلال نحو قساقسيا أي قسوة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8400 · vol. 4, p. 239 ↗ - 985
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Forms like nuyyam are common in place of nuwwam [plural of nāʾim, 'sleeping']. Forms like nuyyām [for nuwwām] are reported as irregular.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 985Arabic
إذا كان فعل جمعا لما عينه واو جاز تصحيحه وإعلاله إن لم يكن قبل لامه ألف كقولك في جمع صائم صوم وصيم وفي جمع نائم نوم ونيم
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8406 · vol. 4, p. 240 ↗فإن كان قبل اللام ألف وجب التصحيح والإعلال شاذ نحو صوام ونوام ومن الإعلال قوله
359 … فما أرق النيام إلا كلامها %
- 986
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A weak letter that is the fāʾ [first radical] in iftiʿāl is replaced by tāʾ: ittaṣala from *iwtaṣala, ittasara from *iytasara. With a first radical hamza this is irregular, as with iʾtakala [said as ittakala].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 986Arabic
إذا بنى افتعال وفروعه من كلمة فاؤها حرف لين وجب إبدال حرف اللين تاء نحو اتصال واتصل ومتصل والأصل فيه اوتصال واوتصل وموتصل فإن كان حرف اللين بدلا من همزة لم يجز إبداله تاء فتقول في افتعل من الأكل ائتكل ثم تبدل الهمزة ياء فتقول ابتكل ولا يجوز إبدال الياء تاء وشذ قولهم اتزر بإبدال الياء تاء
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8413 · vol. 4, p. 241 ↗ - 987
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The tāʾ of iftiʿāl is turned into ṭāʾ after an emphatic letter [ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ]: iṣṭabara, iḍṭaraba. In iddāna, izdad and iddakir it has become dāl [after d, z, dh].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 987Arabic
إذا وقعت تاء افتعال بعد حرف من حروف الإطباق وهي الصاد والضاد والطاء والظاء وجب إبداله طاء كقولك اصطبر واضطجع واظطعنوا واظطلموا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8420 · vol. 4, p. 243 ↗والأصل اصتبر واضتجع واظتعنوا واظتلموا فأبدل من تاء الافتعال طاء
وإن وقعت تاء الافتعال بعد الدال والزاي والذال قلبت دالا نحو ادان وازدد وادكر
والأصل ادتان وازتد واذتكر فاستثقلت التاء بعد هذه الحروف فأبدلت دالا وأدغمت الدال في الدال
- 988
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Drop the fāʾ of the imperative and of the imperfect of verbs like waʿada: ʿid, yaʿidu. This dropping is also regular in verbal nouns like ʿida [from *wiʿd, with tāʾ as compensation].
- 989
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The hamza of afʿala is regularly dropped in the imperfect and in the two participle forms [active and passive]: yukrimu, mukrim, mukram [from *yuʾakrimu, etc.].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 988–989Arabic
إذا كان الفعل الماضي معتل الفاء كوعد وجب حذف الفاء في الأمر والمضارع والمصدر إذا كان بالتاء وذلك نحو عد ويعد وعدة فإن لم يكن المصدر بالتاء لم يجز حذف الفاء كوعد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8430 · vol. 4, p. 244 ↗وكذلك يجب حذف الهمزة الثانية في الماضي مع المضارع واسم الفاعل واسم المفعول نحو قولك في أكرم يكرم والأصل يؤكرم ونحو مكرم ومكرم والأصل مؤكرم ومؤكرم فحذفت الهمزة في اسم الفاعل واسم المفعول
- 990
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Ẓiltu and ẓaltu are used for ẓaliltu. Qirna is used for iqrirna, and qarna [for iqrarna, Q 33:33] has been transmitted. [A doubled verb may drop one of its identical radicals before a subject suffix that begins with a consonant.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 990Arabic
إذا أسند الفعل الماضي المكسور العين إلى تاء الضمير أو نونه جاز فيه ثلاثة أوجه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 8437 · vol. 4, p. 245 ↗أحدها إتمامه نحو ظللت أفعل كذا إذا عملته بالنهار
والثاني حذف لامه ونقل حركة العين إلى الفاء نحو ظلت
والثالث حذف لامه وإبقاء فائه على حركتها نحو ظلت
وأشار بقوله وقرن في أقررن إلى أن الفعل المضارع المضاعف الذي على وزن يفعلن إذا اتصل بنون الإناث جاز تخفيفه بحذف عينه بعد نقل حركتها إلى الفاء وكذا الأمر منه وذلك نحو قولك في يقررن يقرن وفي أقررن قرن
وأشار بقوله وقرن نقلا إلى قراءة نافع وعاصم ﴿ وقرن في بيوتكن ﴾ بفتح القاف وأصله أقررن من قولهم قر بالمكان يقر بمعنى يقر حكاه ابن القطاع ثم خفف بالحذف بعد نقل الحركة وهو نادر لأن هذا التخفيف إنما هو للمكسور العين
- إِعْلَالٌ iʿlāl · weakening; the change, transfer, or dropping of a weak letter (wāw, yāʾ, alif) · علل
- إِبْدَالٌ ibdāl · substitution of one letter for another · بدل
- تَصْحِيحٌ taṣḥīḥ · keeping a weak letter unchanged (treating it as sound) · صحح
- إِدْغَامٌ idghām · assimilation of one letter into a following identical letter, producing a doubled letter · دغم
- نَقْلٌ naql · transfer of a vowel from a weak letter to a preceding letter with sukūn · نقل
- عُرُوضٌ ʿurūḍ · accidentalness; a feature that is not original to the word · عرض
- لِينٌ līn · weakness of a letter; wāw, yāʾ and alif as 'soft' letters · لين
- مُطْبَقٌ muṭbaq · emphatic (velarized) letter: ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ · طبق
- عِوَضٌ ʿiwaḍ · compensation; a letter added in place of one dropped · عوض
- حَذْفٌ ḥadhf · deletion of a letter · حذف
- شُذُوذٌ shudhūdh · irregularity; a form transmitted against the rule · شذذ
- مُضَارِعٌ muḍāriʿ · the imperfect verb · ضرع
- وَصْفٌ waṣf · adjective; a descriptive word · وصف