Mashrabaمشربة

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One passage at a time. Each column is a commentator; each row gathers the comments on the same words, so readings and emphases can be compared.

فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶15 in the text

15 · 43 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فَلَا يَزَالُ فِي حِجَابٍ لَا يُرْفَعُ مَعَ عِلْمِهِ بِأَنَّهُ مُتَمَيِّزٌ عَنْ مُوُجِدِهِ بِافْتِقَارِهْ وَلَكِنْ لَا حَظََّ لَهُ فِي الوُجُوبِ الذَّاتِيِّ الَّذِي لِوُجُودِ الحَقِّ فَلَا يُدْرِكُهُ أَبَدًا فَلَا يَزَالُ الحَقُّ مِنْ هَذِهِ الحَقِيقَةِ غَيْرَ مَعْلُومٍ عِلْمَ ذَوْقٍ وَشُهُودٍ لِأَنَّهُ لَا قَدَمَ لِلْحَادِثِ فِي ذَلِكَ

So it [the cosmos] never ceases to be in a veil that is not lifted, even though it knows that it is distinct from the One who brings it into existence by its need. But it has no share in the essential necessity that belongs to the existence of the Real, so it never perceives Him. Thus, from this standpoint, the Real never ceases to be unknown with a knowledge of tasting and witnessing, because the temporally originated has no footing in that.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فلا يزال في حجاب لا يرفع﴾

من هذا الوجه

from this respect (wajh)

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فلا يزال في حجاب لا يرفع﴾

أي، فلا يزال العالم في حجاب لا يرفع، بمعنى أنه محجوب عن الحق بإنيته، ولا يقدر على حق معرفته ولا على معرفة نفسه، فإنه لو عرف نفسه لعرف ربه، لأن ذاته عين الذات الإلهية وما فاز بهذه المعرفة إلا الإنسان الكامل، لذلك صار سيد العالم و خليفة عليه

That is, the world remains in a veil that is not lifted, meaning that it is veiled from the Real by its ipseity (inniyya), and it is not capable of true knowledge of Him nor of knowledge of itself. For if it knew itself, it would know its Lord, since its essence is identical with the Divine Essence; and none has attained this knowledge save the Perfect Human, and therefore he became the master of the world and vicegerent over it.

Ibn Turka

﴿فلا يزال في حجاب لا يرفع﴾

لامتناع رفع الشيء عن نفسه، فالعالم أبدا في حجاب نفسه

"So it remains in a veil that is not lifted" — because it is impossible for a thing to be lifted from itself; thus the world (al-ʿālam) is forever in the veil of itself.

Jāmī

﴿فلا يزال … في حجاب﴾

أي في حجاب تعينه وأنيته عن إدراك الحق

i.e., in the veil of his taʿayyun (entification) and his anniyya (I-ness), [which veils him] from perceiving the Real

Bālī Zāde

﴿فلا يزال … في حجاب لا يرفع﴾

وإلا لانعدم العالم . كما قال : "إن الله تعالی سبعین ألف حجاب من نور وظلمة لو كشفها لاحرقت سبحات وجهه ما انتهى إليه بصره من خلقه"

Otherwise the world would cease to exist. As he said: "Indeed God has seventy thousand veils of light and darkness; were He to unveil them, the glories (subuḥāt) of His Face would burn up whatever His sight reached of His creation."

Words 5–6 · 1 of 7

لَا يُرْفَعُ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿لا يرفع﴾

ذلك الحجاب عنه بحيث لم يصر مانعة عن الشهود ولم يبق له حكم فيه. فإنه وإن أمكن أن يرتفع تعينه عن نظر شهودي لكن يكون حكمه باقية فيه ويكون شهوده بحسبه لا بحسب ما هو المشهود عليه . فلا يرفع الحجاب بالكلية

That veil is not lifted from him such that it ceases to be a barrier to witnessing (shuhūd) and no longer retains any ruling (ḥukm) within it. For even if it is possible for his taʿayyun to be lifted from the witnessing-gaze (naẓar shuhūdī), its ruling nevertheless remains present within it, and his witnessing would then be according to it, not according to that which is [truly] witnessed. Hence the veil is not lifted altogether

al-Qāshānī

﴿مع علمه﴾

أي مع أنه محجوب بحجاب آخر وهو علمه

i.e., along with the fact that he is veiled by another veil, namely his knowledge

al-Qayṣarī

﴿مع علمه بأنه متميز عن موجده بسبب افتقاره إليه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، لا يزال العالم في الحجاب، مع علم العالم بأنه متميز عن موجده بسبب افتقاره إليه. والعلم بامتيازالشئ عن غيره يوجب العلم بهما، فالعالم عالم بالحق من حيث إنه غنى وواجب بالذات. ولما كان العالم مفتقرا إليه ومتصفا بالإمكان، وإن كان متصفا بالصفات الإلهية. استدرك بقوله

That is, the world remains in the veil, together with the world's knowledge that it is distinguished from its Originator by reason of its need for Him. Knowledge of the distinctness of a thing from another necessitates knowledge of both; so the world knows the Real insofar as He is Independent (ghanī) and Necessary by Essence. And since the world is in need of Him and characterized by contingency, even though it is [also] characterized by the Divine Attributes, he qualified this by his saying:

al-Tilimsānī

﴿مع علمه﴾

قلت: يعني أن العالم أو الإنسان يعلم أنه ممتاز عن موجده فقد عاد إلى إشارته إلى تمايز الأعيان الثابتة التي هي الممکنات المفتقرة، وما بعد هذا ظاهر مما سبق إلى قوله: فأنشأ صورته الظاهرة من حقائق العالم وصوره وأنشأ صورته الباطنة على صورته تعالى . ولذلك قال فيه : «كنت سمعه وبصره» ، ما قال: كنت عينه وأذنه . ففرق بين الصورتين وهكذا هو في كل موجود من العالم بقدر ما تطلبه حقيقة ذلك الموجود. قلت: يعني بصورة الحق الباطنة، حقائق الأسماء الإلهية والكليات التي هي صور علمه أزلا وأبدا. قال: ولما كان باطن آدم على صورة حقائق الأسماء من العلم والحياة والإرادة والقدرة والسمع والبصر. قال تعالى: «كنت سمعه وبصره» ولو كان ظاهر جسم آدم على صورة الحق تعالى لقال «كنت عينه وأذنه» ، ففرق بين الصورتين. قال في جميع الموجودات أي هو سمع كل سامع وبصر کل مبصر وفي بعض المناجاة أنه تعالى قال: «لولای ما أبصرت العيون مناظرها، ولا رجعت الأسماع بمسامعها» قوله: لكن ليس لأحد مجموع ما للخليفة، فما فاز إلا بالمجموع. فلولا سريان الحق في الموجودات بالصورة ما كان للعالم وجود كما أنه لولا تلك الحقائق المعقولة الكلية ما ظهر حكم في الموجودات العينية. ومن هذه الحقيقة كان الافتقار من العالم إلى الحق في وجوده یعنی شعر: فالکل مفتقر ما الكل مستغن …… هذا هو الحق قد قلناه لا نکنی فإن ذکرت غنيا لا افتقار به …… فقد علمت الذي في قولنا نعني فالكل بالکل مربوط فليس له …… عنه انفصال خذوا ما قلته عني قلت: يعني أن حقائق أسمائه تعالی موجودة في كل موجود وسمي وجودها في كل موجود سريانا. فقال: ولولا سريان الحق في الموجودات بالصورة الأسمائية لانعدم العالم دفعة واحدة بل ما كان يوجد أبدا كما أنه لولا تلك الكليات المعقولة ما ظهر في الموجودات حكم. قال: ومن هذه الحقيقة كان افتقار العالم إلى الحق تعالى في وجوده ، لأن الكليات هي صور علمه فطلبت بلسان الحال من الحق تعالى وجودها بلسان الفقر والشيخ قد أسر هنا سرا إلهيا لكن أشار إليه إشارة مبهمة في هذه الأبيات. وهي قوله : فالکل مفتقر ما الكل مستغن . وموضع إبهامه هو قوله: فإن ذكرت غنيا لا افتقار له. فأنه سکت عن الجواب، لأنه لو أجاب فإما أن يقول لا بد من الفقر في الحضر تین وحينئذ يقع عليه الرد من المحجوبين، فأشار إشارة لا يتنبه لها إلا من له کشف فإن الذي يعني بقوله. هو قوله: الكل مفتقر ما الكل مستغن ، إلا أن فقر الرازق إلى المرزوق في أن يتحقق رازقيته بالفعل، ما هو مثل فقر الممكن في وجوده إلى الواجب ومن شهد أن الحضرتين الإلهية والكونية تجمعهما الإحاطة الذاتية. فما يعزب عنه أن يعلم أن فقر الشيء إلى نفسه ما هو فقر أصلا، لأنه ما هناك إلا الحق وأسمائه وصفاته وأفعاله والكل يرجع إلى ذاته تعالى ونحن حقائق أفعاله أعني وجودنا في اصطلاحه لا أعياننا الثابتة التي تجمعها الكليات. وأما في اصطلاح صاحب المواقف فهو أمر غير هذا بوجه ما وإن كان المعنى يرجع إلى حقيقة لا تختلف، وما ذكره بعد هذا فهو ظاهر إلى قوله اتقوا ربكم. قوله بعد الشعر : فقد علمت حكمة نشأة جسد آدم أعني صورته الظاهرة، وقد علمت نشأة روح آدم أعني صورته الباطنة، فهو الحق الخلق. وقد علمت نشأة رتبته وهي المجموع الذي به استحق الخلافة. فآدم هو النفس الواحدة التي خلق منها هذا النوع الإنساني، وهو قوله تعالى: "يا أيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة وخلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا ونساء" (النساء: 1). فقوله تعالى: اتقوا ربكم أي اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم، واجعلوا ما بطن منكم، وهو ربكم وقاية لكم، فإن الأمر ذم وحمد فكونوا وقايته في الذم واجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد تكونوا أدباء عالمين.) قلت: يعني اتقوا سوء الأدب مع ربكم بأن تعتمدوا معه الأدب الذي يليق بكم معه والمراد: ان كل واحد من ولد آدم له أيضا جمعيته" في ذاته للأسماء الإلهية باطنة وله جسم ظاهر ولا بد لكل أحد أن يمدح أو يذم في وقت ما فيجب عليه بأن يعطي المدح منه لما فيه من الأسماء الإلهية فإن المدح يصلح لها وأما ظاهره وهو جانب الكون منه. فلو أعطى المدح بظاهره مع كون المدح لجانب الحق لزمه أن يكون شريكا للحق تعالى في صفاته، فلما صرف هو المدح لمستحقه وقاه الحق تعالی عن نقيضه أن يظهر بصفة مشاركة ربه، عز وجل. الذي من ادعاها فهو ظالم، لوضعه الشيء في غير موضعه، فإن الظلم في لغة العرب هو وضع الشيء في غير موضعه، فيستحق اللعنة بقوله تعالى: «ألا لعنة الله على الظالمين" (هود: 18). فنعود ونقول وأن يعطى الذم لظاهره وقد كان الذي ذمه أو شتمه إنما يذم أو يشتم جملته، فيجب عليه أن يخصص الذم بظاهره دون باطنه. فيكون وقاية لربه تعالى ولأسماء ربه، تعالی عن أن يصل إليها ذلك الذم، وإذا فعل هذا كان أديبا عالما. أما أنه أديب: فظاهر، وأما أنه عالم: فلأنه علم مواضع الصفتين، فوضع كل صفة في موضعها وكان عالما بالأدب أيضا. قوله: (ثم إنه تعالى أطلعه على ما أودع فيه وجعل ذلك في قبضتيه: القبضة الواحدة فيها العالم، والقبضة الأخرى آدم وبنوه. وبين مراتبهم فيه. ولما أطلعني الله في سرى على ما أودع في هذا الإمام الوالد الأكبر، جعلت في هذا الكتاب منه ما حد لي لا ما وقفت عليه، فإن ذلك لا يسعه کتاب ولا العالم الموجود الآن فمما شهدته مما نودعه في هذا الكتاب كما حده لي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: حكمة إلهية في كلمة آدمية، وهو هذا الباب. ثم حكمة نفثية في كلمة شيئية. ثم حكمة سبوحية في كلمة نوحية. ثم حكمة قدوسية في كلمة إدريسية. ثم حكمة مهيمية في كلمة إبراهيمية. ثم حكمة حقية في كلمة إسحاقية. ثم حكمة علية في كلمة إسماعيلية. ثم حكمة روحية في كلمة يعقوبية. ثم حكمة نورية في كلمة يوسفية. ثم حكمة أحدية في كلمة هودية. ثم حكمة فاتحية في كلمة صالحية. ثم حكمة قلبية في كلمة شعيبية. ثم حكمة ملكية في كلمة لوطية. ثم حكمة قدرية في كلمة عزيرية. ثم حكمة نبوية في كلمة عيسوية. ثم حكمة رحمانية في كلمة سليمانية. ثم حكمة وجودية في كلمة داودية. ثم حكمة نفسية في كلمة يونسية. ثم حكمة غيبية في كلمة أيوبية. ثم حكمة جلالية في كلمة يحياوية. ثم حكمة مالكية في كلمة زکریاوية. ثم حكمة إيناسية في كلمة إلياسية. ثم حكمة إحسانية في كلمة لقمانية. ثم حكمة إمامية في كلمة هارونية. ثم حكمة علوية في كلمة موسوية. ثم حكمة صمدية في كلمة خالدية. ثم حكمة فردية في كلمة محمدية. وفص كل حكمة، الكلمة التي تنسب إليها. فاقتصرت على ما ذكرته من هذه الحكم في هذا الكتاب على حد ما ثبت في أم الكتاب. فامتثلت ما رسم لى، ووقفت عند ما حد لي، ولو رمت زيادة على ذلك ما استطعت، فإن الحضرة تمنع من ذلك والله الموفق لا رب غيره.) قلت: قوله، ثم إنه تعالى أطلعه على ما أودع فيه. يعني آدم.. قوله: وجعل ذلك في قبضتيه. قلت: يعني قبضتي الحق تعالى وقد تقدم شرح معنى القبضتين أيضا، وهما هنا: العالم في قبضة وآدم وبنوه في قبضة، وبين مراتبهم وباقي الكلام مفهوم إلى قوله: وفص كل حكمة الكلمة التي نسبت الحكمة إليها. وأم الكتاب هنا القلم الأعلى والكتاب هو اللوح المحفوظ والحضرة التي ذكر أنها تمنع عن ذلك هي حضرة الحق تعالى في مراتب الأكوان المحجوبة فإن أفهام المحجوبين قاصرة والأدب مع الله تعالى في مثل ذلك أن لا يتجاوز إلى ذكر ما لا يقدر الضعفاء أن يفهموه أو يقبلوه وقد ورد في بعض التنزلات ما صورته "یا عبد إذا رأيت من لا يراني فاسترني عنه بحكمتي فإن لم تفعل وضل أخذتك به ."

I say: this means that the cosmos (al-ʿālam) or the human being knows that he is distinct from his Originator (mūjid), for he has returned to his indication of the differentiation of the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita), which are the needy possible things (al-mumkināt al-muftaqira). What follows this is clear from what preceded, up to his statement: 'So He brought into being his manifest form (ṣūra) from the realities of the cosmos and its forms, and He brought into being his nonmanifest form according to His own form, Exalted is He.' Therefore He said concerning him: 'I was his hearing and his sight' — He did not say 'I was his eye and his ear.' Thus He distinguished between the two forms, and so it is in every existent thing of the cosmos, according to what the reality of that existent thing requires. I say: by 'the nonmanifest form of the Real' he means the realities of the divine names and the universals, which are the forms of His knowledge, eternally and everlastingly (azalan wa-abadan). He said: Since the nonmanifest reality of Adam was upon the form of the realities of the names — knowledge, life, will, power, hearing, and sight — He, Exalted, said: 'I was his hearing and his sight.' Had the manifest body of Adam been upon the form of the Real, Exalted is He, He would have said: 'I was his eye and his ear.' Thus He distinguished between the two forms. He said [this holds] in all existent things — that is, He is the hearing of every hearer and the sight of every seer. In one of the intimate discourses (munājāt) it is [related] that He, Exalted, said: 'Were it not for Me, eyes would not have beheld their objects of vision, nor would ears have attained their objects of hearing.' His statement: 'But no one possesses the totality of what belongs to the vicegerent (khalīfa); none attains felicity except through this totality.' For were it not for the pervasion (sarayān) of the Real in existent things through form, the cosmos would have no existence, just as, were it not for those intelligible universal realities, no ruling property (ḥukm) would appear in the concrete existent things. And from this reality arises the neediness (iftiqār) of the cosmos toward the Real in its existence — that is, [as expressed in] verse: All are needy; none is self-sufficient — this is the truth; we have stated it without dissimulation. If you speak of one self-sufficient, without neediness in him, then you have understood what we mean by our words. All is bound to all; it has no separation from it — take what I have said from me. I say: this means that the realities of His names, Exalted, exist in every existent, and their existence in every existent is termed 'pervasion' (sarayān). He said: were it not for the pervasion of the Real in existent things through the form pertaining to the names, the cosmos would cease to exist all at once — rather, it would never have come into existence at all — just as, were it not for those intelligible universals, no ruling property would appear in existent things. He said: and from this reality arose the neediness of the cosmos toward the Real, Exalted, in its existence, because the universals are the forms of His knowledge, and so they sought, by the tongue of the state (lisān al-ḥāl), their existence from the Real, Exalted, by the tongue of neediness (lisān al-faqr). The Shaykh has concealed here a divine secret, yet he alluded to it with an obscure allusion in these verses — namely his statement: 'All are needy, none is self-sufficient.' The locus of his obscurity is his statement: 'If you speak of one self-sufficient, without neediness in him' — for he fell silent regarding the answer. Had he answered, he would either have had to say that neediness is necessary in both presences (al-ḥaḍratayn) — in which case he would meet rejection from the veiled (al-maḥjūbīn) — [or otherwise]. So he alluded with an allusion that only one possessing unveiling (kashf) would notice. For what he means by his statement — 'all are needy, none is self-sufficient' — is that the neediness of the Provider (al-rāziq) toward the provided-for (al-marzūq), in that His being-a-Provider is actualized in act, is not like the neediness of the possible thing (al-mumkin) in its existence toward the Necessary (al-wājib). Whoever witnesses that the two presences — the divine and the cosmic — are encompassed together by essential all-encompassingness (al-iḥāṭa al-dhātiyya), it will not escape him to know that the neediness of a thing toward itself is not neediness at all, for there is nothing there but the Real and His names, attributes, and acts, and all returns to His Essence, Exalted is He. And we are the realities of His acts — I mean our existence, in his [Ibn ʿArabī's] terminology — not our fixed entities (aʿyān thābita), which are comprehended by the universals. As for the terminology of the author of al-Mawāqif, it is something different from this in a certain respect, even though the meaning reverts to a reality that does not differ. What he mentions after this is clear, up to his statement 'Fear your Lord.' His statement after the poetry: 'You have now known the wisdom of the origination (nashʾa) of Adam's body — I mean his manifest form — and you have known the origination of Adam's spirit — I mean his nonmanifest form — for he is the Real/creature (al-ḥaqq al-khalq). And you have known the origination of his rank (rutba), which is the totality (al-majmūʿ) by which he deserved vicegerency.' For Adam is the single soul (al-nafs al-wāḥida) from which this human species was created — this is His statement, Exalted: 'O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from a single soul and created from it its mate, and dispersed from the two of them many men and women' (Q. 4:1). His statement, Exalted, 'Fear your Lord' means: make what is manifest of you a protection (wiqāya) for your Lord, and make what is nonmanifest of you — which is your Lord — a protection for you. For the matter [that befalls one] is either blame or praise; so be His protection in blame, and make Him your protection in praise, and you will be well-mannered and knowing (udabāʾ ʿālimīn). I say: this means, guard against ill manners toward your Lord, by adopting toward Him the proper conduct (adab) befitting you in relation to Him. What is meant is: each one of the children of Adam likewise possesses in his own essence the comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya) of the divine names, nonmanifestly, and possesses a manifest body. Every individual must inevitably be praised or blamed at some time; so it is incumbent upon him to attribute the praise to that within him which pertains to the divine names, for praise is fitting for them. As for his manifest [aspect], which is the cosmic side of him — were he to attribute the praise to his manifest [aspect], while praise belongs [properly] to the side of the Real, it would necessitate that he be a partner to the Real, Exalted, in His attributes. So when he directs the praise to the one deserving of it, he thereby protects the Real, Exalted, from its opposite — from appearing with an attribute sharing [in divinity] with his Lord, Mighty and Majestic. Whoever claims [such partnership] is a wrongdoer (ẓālim), for placing a thing in other than its proper place; for wrongdoing (ẓulm) in the Arabic language is the placing of a thing in other than its proper place. He thus deserves the curse, by His statement, Exalted: 'Unquestionably, the curse of God is upon the wrongdoers' (Q. 11:18). We return and say: he should attribute blame to his manifest [aspect] — for whoever blames or reviles him is in fact blaming or reviling his total person (jumlatihi); so it is incumbent upon him to specify the blame to his manifest aspect, not his nonmanifest aspect. Thus he becomes a protection for his Lord, Exalted, and for the names of his Lord — [which are] exalted above having that blame reach them. When he does this, he is well-mannered and knowing. That he is well-mannered is evident; and that he is knowing is because he knows the proper places of the two attributes, and so places each attribute in its [proper] place — and he is thus also knowledgeable in matters of proper conduct. His statement: 'Then He, Exalted, disclosed to him [Adam] what He had deposited within him, and placed that within His two grasps (qabḍatayn): the one grasp containing the cosmos, and the other grasp containing Adam and his progeny. And He distinguished their ranks within it. When God disclosed to me, in my innermost secret (sirrī), what was deposited in this Imam, the Greatest Forefather [Adam], I set down in this book of it what was delimited for me, not what I [fully] came to know, for that could not be contained by any book, nor by the cosmos as it presently exists. So among what I witnessed, of what we deposit in this book, as it was delimited for me by the Messenger of God, God bless him and grant him peace: a divine wisdom (ilāhiyya) in an Adamic word; then an outbreathing wisdom (nafathiyya) in a Sethian (Shīthiyya) word; then a glorification-wisdom (subbūḥiyya) in a Noahic word; then a holiness-wisdom (quddūsiyya) in an Idrīsian word; then an overseeing-wisdom (muhaymiyya) in an Abrahamic word; then a truth-wisdom (ḥaqqiyya) in an Isaacian word; then a sublimity-wisdom (ʿaliyya) in an Ishmaelian word; then a spiritual-wisdom (rūḥiyya) in a Jacobian word; then a light-wisdom (nūriyya) in a Josephan word; then a oneness-wisdom (aḥadiyya) in a Hūdian word; then an opening-wisdom (fātiḥiyya) in a Ṣāliḥian word; then a heart-wisdom (qalbiyya) in a Shuʿaybian word; then a sovereignty-wisdom (malikiyya) in a Lotian word; then a power-wisdom (qadariyya) in an Ezra-ian (ʿUzayrian) word; then a prophetic-wisdom (nabawiyya) in a Jesus-ian word; then a mercy-wisdom (raḥmāniyya) in a Solomonic word; then an existential-wisdom (wujūdiyya) in a Davidic word; then a psychic wisdom (nafsiyya) in a Jonahan word; then an unseen-wisdom (ghaybiyya) in a Jobian word; then a majesty-wisdom (jalāliyya) in a Johnian (Yaḥyā) word; then a sovereign-ownership-wisdom (mālikiyya) in a Zachariahan word; then a companionship-wisdom (īnāsiyya) in an Eliasian (Ilyās) word; then an excellence-wisdom (iḥsāniyya) in a Luqmanian word; then a leadership-wisdom (imāmiyya) in an Aaronic word; then a loftiness-wisdom (ʿulwiyya) in a Mosaic word; then an eternal-refuge-wisdom (ṣamadiyya) in a Khālidian word; then a singularity-wisdom (fardiyya) in a Muhammadan word. And the bezel (faṣṣ) of each wisdom is the word to which it is ascribed. I have confined myself to what I have mentioned of these wisdoms in this book, according to what is established in the Mother of the Book (Umm al-Kitāb). So I complied with what was prescribed for me, and I stopped at what was delimited for me. Had I sought to add to that, I would not have been able, for the [Divine] Presence (al-ḥaḍra) prevents that. God is the Grantor of success (al-muwaffiq); there is no Lord but He.' I say: his statement, 'Then He, Exalted, disclosed to him what He deposited within him' — means Adam. His statement: 'and placed that within His two grasps' — I say: this means the two grasps of the Real, Exalted. The meaning of the two grasps has already been explained previously as well; and here they are: the cosmos in one grasp, and Adam and his progeny in the other grasp, with their ranks distinguished. The rest of the discourse is intelligible up to his statement: 'and the bezel of each wisdom is the word to which the wisdom is ascribed.' Here, the 'Mother of the Book' is the Supreme Pen (al-qalam al-aʿlā), and the 'Book' is the Preserved Tablet (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ). The Presence which he mentioned as preventing that is the Presence of the Real, Exalted, in the ranks of the veiled cosmic levels, for the understandings of the veiled ones (al-maḥjūbīn) are deficient. Proper conduct (al-adab) with God, Exalted, in such a matter is that one not overstep into mentioning what the weak are unable to comprehend or accept. And it has been transmitted in one of the [divine] descents (tanazzulāt), in the following form: 'O servant, when you see one who does not see Me, conceal Me from him by My wisdom; and if you do not do so, and he goes astray, I will take you to task for it.'

Ibn Turka

﴿مع علمه بأنّه متميّز عن موجده بافتقاره﴾

إليه واستغنائه عنه . وهذا معنى تسبيح الأشياء للحقّ، فهو إنّما يعلم الموجد بصفة الاستغناء من وراء حجاب الكبرياء، فعلمه به من حيث الأوصاف العدميّة، لا غير

together with its knowledge that it is distinguished from its Originator by its need (iftiqār) for Him and His independence (istighnāʾ) from it. This is the meaning of the glorification (tasbīḥ) of things for the Real: for it knows the Originator only through the attribute of independence, from behind the veil of Majesty (al-kibriyāʾ); so its knowledge of Him is only in respect of the negative attributes (al-awṣāf al-ʿadamiyya), nothing more.

Jāmī

﴿مع علمه … بأنه متميز عن موجده بافتقاره﴾

إليه وعدم افتقار موجده إليه لغناه ووجوبه الذاتي . فيعلم موجده بعدم افتقاره ووجوبه الذاتي

for Him, and [through] his Originator's lack of need for him, owing to His self-sufficiency (ghinā) and His essential necessity (wujūb dhātī). Thus he comes to know his Originator through [the Originator's] lack of need and essential necessity

Bālī Zāde

﴿مع علمه بأنه متميز عن موجده بافتقاره﴾

يعني أن هذا الحجاب لا يمنع علمه بأن الله واجب بالذات وغني عن العالم والعالم بذاته مفتقر إليه تعالى. قوله

That is, this veil does not prevent his knowledge that God is necessary by Essence (wājib bi-l-dhāt) and independent of the world, while the world is by its very essence in need of Him, exalted is He. His saying—

al-Qāshānī

﴿بأنه متميز عن موجده بافتقاره ولكن لا حظ له في الوجوب الذاتي الذي لوجود الحق فلا يدركه أبدا﴾

أي ولكن لا يعلم من علمه بافتقاره الوجوب الذاتي الذي للحق إذ لا حظ له منه بوجه ، وما ليس فيه شيء منه لم يدركه إدراك ذوق وشهود

that is: but he does not know, from his knowledge of his poverty (iftiqār), the essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī) that belongs to the Real, since he has no share in it whatsoever; and that in which there is nothing of a thing cannot be apprehended by way of tasting and witnessing (dhawq wa-shuhūd)

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ولكن لا حظ له في الوجوب الذاتي الذي لوجود الحق﴾

أو استدراك من قوله

Or it is an exception (istidrāk) from his saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿لكن لا حظَّ له في وجوب الوجود الذاتي الذي﴾

هو من الأوصاف الثبوتيّة

but it has no share in the essential Necessity of Existence (wujūb al-wujūd al-dhātī), which belongs to the positive attributes (al-awṣāf al-thubūtiyya).

Jāmī

﴿ولكن لا حظ له﴾

أي للعالم في الوجوب الذاتي الذي الوجود الحق سبحانه فلا يدرکه). أي العالم الحق من حيث وجوبه ، أو لوجوب إدراك شيء

i.e., the cosmos (al-ʿālam) has no share in the essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī) which is the true Existence, glory be to Him, so he does not perceive it — i.e., the cosmos does not perceive the Real from the standpoint of His necessity, or [this refers] to the necessity of perceiving anything [at all in that respect]

Bālī Zāde

﴿ولكن لا حظ له﴾

أي لا علم للعالم علم ذوق

that is, the world has no experiential knowledge (ʿilm dhawq) [of it].

Bālī Zāde

﴿في الوجوب الذاتي الذي لوجود الحق﴾

استدراك عن قوله مع علمه فإذا لم يكن له حظ في الوجوب الذاتي

This is a qualification of his statement "along with his knowledge." So if he has no share in the essential necessity—

Words 22–23 · 1 of 7

لِوُجُودِ الحَقِّ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿لوجود الحقّ﴾

لما نبّهت عليه أن علمه إنّما يتعلَّق بالأوصاف التنزيهيّة ، ولا دخل له في الأوصاف الثبوتيّة أصل

...for the Existence of the Real, as I have already drawn attention to, since its knowledge pertains only to the transcendent attributes (al-awṣāf al-tanzīhiyya), and it has no access whatsoever to the positive attributes.

Ibn Turka

﴿فلا يدركه أبدا … فلا يزال الحقّ من هذه الحقيقة﴾

يعني الوجوب الذاتي وما يستتبعه من الأوصاف الثبوتيّة المختصّة بالحق

so it never grasps Him... Thus the Real, in respect of this reality — meaning the essential Necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī) and what follows upon it of the positive attributes proper to the Real —

Bālī Zāde

﴿فلا يدركه أبدا﴾

أي فلا يدرك العالم الحق تعالی أبدأ . علم ذوق من هذا الوجه. فإن ذوق الشيء شيئا في غيره فرع ذوقه ذلك الشيء في نفسه . فإذا لا يدركه من هذه الحيثية

that is, the world never perceives the Real, exalted is He, by experiential knowledge in this respect. For one's tasting of a thing in another is a branch of one's tasting that thing in itself. So he does not perceive Him from this standpoint.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فلا يزال الحق من هذه الحيثية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي من هذا الوجه

that is, from this respect (wajh)

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فلا يزال الحق من هذه الحيثية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، من حيث الوجوب الذاتي

That is, from the respect of Essential Necessity

Jāmī

﴿فلا يزال الحق من هذه الحيثية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي الوجوب الذاتي أو من أجل هذا الحكم الحقيقي الذي هو أن العالم لا حظ له في الوجوب الذاتي

i.e., from the respect of essential necessity, or on account of this true ruling (ḥukm ḥaqīqī), namely, that the cosmos has no share in essential necessity

Bālī Zāde

﴿فلا يزال الحق من هذه الحيثية غير معلوم علم ذوق وشهود لأنه لا قدم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

بفتح القاف أي في الاتصاف

— with fatḥa on the qāf — meaning, in being so qualified [i.e., a 'footing,' not qidam, 'eternity']

Bosnevî

﴿فلا يزال الحق من هذه الحقيقة غير معلوم ابدا علم ذوق وشهود لانه لاقدم للحادث في ذلك﴾

پس حق تعالی بو حیثیتله ابدا علم ذوق وشهود ایله غیر معلوم اولمقدن ذائل اولمز زیرا شان بودرکه حادث ایچون وجودذاتی وجو بنده قدم بوقدر زبرا عالم حقدن برشی ادراک ایده من الاکندی نفسنده متصف اولد بغی شی ایله* پس عالم وجوب ذاتی ایله منصف اولما مغله وجوب ذاتی ابله حقی ادراک ایده من پس حق عالم ایله محتجب اولمقدن واطیف وکثیف بیننده . اولان عالک وجودی دخی حقدن کندی نفسیله محجوب اولمقدن زائل اولمز) (فاجمع الله آدم بین یدیه الانشر بفا)* پس الله تعا آدمی یدینی بیننده که 6 صورت الهیه وصورت کونیه درجمع ایتمدی یعنی آدمک طینتنده . بونلرک ل** فص # خواصی تخمیر ایتمدی الااکا تشر یفدن او تری زیراحق احدیت جمعه مخصوصه اولان کمالات الیهیه نک کلیسنی فائض اولمز الاصفتین مذکورتین اولان یدین مبار کتینک احدیتی جمعندن (ولهذا) یعنی آدم جمعیت الهیه ایله مشرف اولوب یدین مبارکتین ایله مخلوق اولد یغی اجلدن اوتری (قال لابلیس (الذی هو جزء من العالم

So the Real, the Exalted, in this respect never ceases to be unknown by a knowledge of dhawq (tasting) and shuhūd (witnessing). For the case is that the originated has no footing in essential wujūd (being) [and] in the necessity of it. For the ʿālam (world) cannot perceive anything of the Real except by that with which it is itself qualified. So, since the world is not qualified by essential necessity, it cannot perceive the Real by essential necessity. So the Real does not cease to be veiled by the world, and the being of the world, which is between subtle and dense, also does not cease to be veiled from the Real by its own self. ("So God did not gather Adam between His two hands except to honour him.") So God the Exalted did not gather Adam between His two hands, which are the divine form and the engendered form. That is, He did not knead the properties of these into Adam's clay except for the sake of honouring him. For the Real does not effuse the totality of the divine perfections that are specific to aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ (the unity of all-comprehensiveness) except from the unity of the gathering of the two blessed hands, which are the two attributes mentioned. […] ("And for this reason"), that is, because Adam was honoured with the divine all-comprehensiveness and was created with the two blessed hands, ("He said to Iblīs, who is a part of the world")

al-Qāshānī

﴿غير معلوم … علم ذوق وشهود لأنه لا قدم … للحادث في ذلك﴾

أي في الوجوب الذاتي البتة . قوله

that is, in the essential necessity absolutely; the entire dictum applies

al-Qayṣarī

﴿غير معلوم علم ذوق وشهود، لأنه لا قدم للحادث في ذلك﴾

وإنما قيد بقوله

He qualified it with his saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿غير معلوم … علم ذوق وشهود﴾

فإنّه إنّما يعلم إذا علمه علم تقليد واستدلال ، ومن ثمّة يرى العقل من حيث هو هو لا يجاوزهما ، فإنّ العالم من حيث هو عالم لا يمكن له استحصال العلم الذوقي

remains unknown ... [namely] by the knowledge of tasting (dhawq) and witnessing (shuhūd). For it knows Him, when it does know Him, only through the knowledge of imitation (taqlīd) and rational inference (istidlāl); and hence reason (al-ʿaql), as such, is seen not to go beyond these two, for the world (al-ʿālam), qua world, cannot attain to the knowledge of tasting.

Jāmī

﴿غير معلوم علم ذوق وشهود لأنه لا قدم للحادث في ذلك﴾

يعني الوجوب فلا يدركه إدراك ذوق وشهود نعم يدرکه إدراكا تصورية يكفي في الحكم به على الحق سبحانه . وإذ قد عرفت المعنى المراد من اليدين وجمعهما في خلق آدم

— meaning in [essential] necessity — so he does not perceive it with a perception of tasting and witnessing. Yes, he does perceive it with a conceptual perception (idrāk taṣawwurī) sufficient for passing judgment concerning the Real, glory be to Him. And now that you have understood the meaning intended by 'the two hands' and their combination in the creation of Adam...

Words 35–37 · 1 of 7

عِلْمَ ذَوْقٍ وَشُهُودٍ

Only al-Qayṣarī comments here.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿علم ذوق وشهود﴾

لأن الذوق والشهود يقتضى اتصاف الذائق بما يذوقه حالا، بخلاف العلم التصوري، فإنه بمجرد الاطلاع على الوجوب الذاتي وماله ذلك، يقدر على الحكم بأنه متصف به

because tasting and witnessing require that the one who tastes be actually characterized by what he tastes, unlike conceptual knowledge (al-ʿilm al-taṣawwurī), for merely being apprised of Essential Necessity and of what possesses it enables one to judge that it is so characterized.

Ibn Turka

﴿لأنّه لا قدم للحادث في ذلك﴾

فمن علم منهم تلك الحقيقة فإنّما يعلمها بالحق من نوره الفائض من صورته ، لا من صورة العالم . الإنسان الكامل هو الخليفة وإذ قد ظهر معنى اليدين وشمولهما لصنوف المتقابلين

because the temporally originated (al-ḥādith) has no footing in that. So whoever among them knows that reality knows it only through the Real (bi-l-Ḥaqq), from His light which overflows from His form, not from the form of the world. The perfect human (al-insān al-kāmil) is the vicegerent (al-khalīfa); and now that the meaning of the two hands and their encompassing of the varieties of opposites has become manifest...

Words 41–43 · 1 of 7

لِلْحَادِثِ فِي ذَلِكَ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿للحادث في ذلك﴾

الوجوب الذاتي حتى يعلم الحادث الحق علم ذوق وشهود من هذه الحيثية ولو كان ذلك الحادث من أهل الله تعالى . فقد لزم من هذا الكلام مسالة مهمة لم تجيء بيانها في الكتاب وهي أنه كما لا حظ له في الوجوب الذاتي . كذلك لا حظ له في الصفات القديمة إذ لا يتصور قدم الصفات مع حدوث الموصوف فلا يدرك العالم الحق أبدأ فلا يزال الحق من حيث القدم غير معلوم علم ذوق وشهود . لأنه لا قدم للحادث في القدم فعلم الحادث للقديم من حیث القدم ليس من المعلوم الذوقية بل بمجرد الاطلاع. فإذا لم يكن للحادث قدما في الوجوب الذاتي لم يكن جامعة لجميع الصفات الإلهية. وقد كان الله جمع لآدم بين يديه

essential necessity — such that the temporally originated one might know the Real by experiential and witnessed knowledge in this respect — even if that temporally originated one were among the people of God, exalted is He. Now there follows from this discussion an important matter whose explanation has not come in the book, namely: just as he has no share in essential necessity, likewise he has no share in the eternal attributes (al-ṣifāt al-qadīma), since the eternity (qidam) of the attributes cannot be conceived together with the temporal origination (ḥudūth) of that which is qualified by them. So the world never perceives the Real at all; the Real, from the standpoint of eternity (qidam), remains ever unknown by experiential and witnessed knowledge, for the temporally originated one has no footing (qadam) in eternity (qidam). Thus the temporally originated one's knowledge of the Eternal, from the standpoint of eternity, is not among experiential knowledges but merely a matter of [bare intellectual] awareness (iṭṭilāʿ). So since the temporally originated one has no footing (qadam) in essential necessity, he is not comprehensive of all the divine attributes. Yet God did gather for Adam [all of them] between His two Hands

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)

Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).

Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.

Licence: Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.