Sources and provenance

How we establish texts →

Every claim in the reader is marked with where it comes from. A green tick marks material taken from a published source. A dashed amber badge marks material generated by AI (Claude, Anthropic): word glosses, English renderings of each root's core sense, and the four lenses. AI material explains and connects the sources; it never supplies grammar, and it is not scholar-reviewed.

Quran and lexicons

• Quran text: Tanzil Project

  Uthmani script, reproduced verbatim.

  Free to use with attribution and a link to tanzil.net; the text may not be modified.

• Morphology: Quranic Arabic Corpus v0.4 (Kais Dukes)

  Part of speech, segments, roots, lemmas, verb forms and inflection for every word, from the verbatim v0.4 file (checked identical to the official download, SHA-256 a1d12923…8c46); our data is a separate layer keyed by location.

  GNU GPL; verbatim copies only ("changing it is not allowed"); source must be indicated with a link to corpus.quran.com. The corpus FAQ restricts commercial use.

• Translation: M. M. Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (1930)

  Verse translation of the text being read, from the 1930 original (Wikisource transcription, validated against the scan).

  Published 1930; public domain in the United States (and in the EU/UK, author d. 1936).

• Translation in the usage lists: Pickthall, Tanzil revision

  Verses quoted from elsewhere in the Quran, in the usage/concordance lists. A later revision of Pickthall, not the 1930 text.

  Tanzil translations: non-commercial use only. To be replaced with the 1930 text throughout.

• Recitation: word by word (Quran.com / Quranic Universal Library)

  Each Quran word can be heard, streamed from the Quran.com audio CDN (nothing re-hosted).

  Quran data provided by Quran Foundation. Their Developer Terms allow display in free apps through the API; before launch the audio links must come from a registered API key rather than being built by hand.

• Recitation: verse by verse, Mishary Rashid al-ʿAfasy (EveryAyah)

  Each verse can be heard, streamed from everyayah.com (nothing re-hosted).

  Served through our own route, which uses the Quran Foundation API once our developer project is approved (“Quran data provided by Quran Foundation.”); until then it falls back to EveryAyah, which publishes no licence for its recordings.

• Texts read aloud: machine voices (Microsoft Azure AI Speech, ar-SA-HamedNeural and en-GB-RyanNeural)

  Every text can be heard in Arabic (the vowelled text) and in English (the AI translation), with each word highlighted as it is read. A reading aid, not a recitation.

  Generated on Azure's paid tier, whose terms allow the audio output to be published.

• Ibn Fāris, Muʿjam Maqāyīs al-Lugha (d. 395/1004)

  The original sense (aṣl) of each root. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn edition, digitised by OpenITI.

  Classical text; OpenITI digital text under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (non-commercial, share-alike).

• E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon (1863–93)

  Full lexical entries per root.

  Original public domain; digital text CC BY-SA 3.0 US. Text provided by Perseus Digital Library, with funding from The U.S. Department of Education and The Max Planck Society. XML restructuring by Winfried H. Leclaire (quranic-research.net); proofreading by Naveed Ul Islam.

More dictionaries and glossaries

Entries are located automatically by root; a few may be misfiled where the digital text's headings are irregular.

• al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad, Kitāb al-ʿAyn (d. c. 170/786)

  The earliest Arabic dictionary.

  Classical text; OpenITI digital text (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

• al-Jawharī, al-Ṣiḥāḥ (d. c. 393/1003)

  Dictionary of 'sound' usage.

  Classical text; OpenITI digital text (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

• al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Mufradāt (d. c. 502/1108)

  Quranic vocabulary by root.

  Classical text; OpenITI digital text (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

• Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab (d. 711/1311)

  The great compendium (entries shortened in the reader).

  Classical text; OpenITI digital text (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

• Ibn ʿArabī, Iṣṭilāḥ al-Ṣūfiyya

  Ibn ʿArabī's own glossary of Sufi technical terms, matched to roots automatically.

  Classical text; OpenITI (barzakh).

• al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt (d. 816/1413)

  Definitions of technical terms, matched to roots automatically.

  Classical text; OpenITI digital text (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

The letters, the nature of language, and the grammarians' reasons

Short exact excerpts, each linked to its line (or Stephanus section) in the digital text; English is AI translation.

• Sībawayh, al-Kitāb

  How each letter is made (/letters/[letter], and the Letters & sound rows on root pages).

  Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796); ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn (Cairo: al-Khānjī), vol. 4, pp. 431–436. Digital text 0180Sibawayhi.KitabSibawayhi.Shamela0023018-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb

  How each letter is made (/letters/[letter], and the Letters & sound rows on root pages).

  Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002); Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya (as recorded by OpenITI), vol. 1. Digital text 0392IbnJinniMawsili.SirrSinacatIcrab.Shamela0012017-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Ibn Jinnī, al-Khaṣāʾiṣ

  The “What is language?” ring (/grammar/nahw-sarf).

  Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002); ed. Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Najjār (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub). Digital text 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Khasais.JK001302-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Ibn Fāris, al-Ṣāḥibī fī fiqh al-lugha

  The “What is language?” ring (/grammar/nahw-sarf).

  Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004); print edition not recorded by OpenITI. Digital text 0395IbnFarisQazwini.Sahibi.JK010092-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• al-Suyūṭī, al-Muzhir fī ʿulūm al-lugha wa-anwāʿihā

  The “What is language?” ring (/grammar/nahw-sarf).

  al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505); ed. Fuʾād ʿAlī Manṣūr (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya). Digital text 0911Suyuti.MuzhirFiCulumLugha.Shamela0006936-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• al-Fārābī, Kitāb al-Ḥurūf

  The “What is language?” ring (/grammar/nahw-sarf).

  al-Fārābī (d. 339/950); print edition not recorded by OpenITI; its paragraph numbers are kept in the text. Digital text 0339AbuNasrFarabi.Huruf.JK010697-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Plato, Cratylus

  The “What is language?” ring (/grammar/nahw-sarf).

  Plato (d. 348/347 BC); ed. John Burnet, Platonis Opera vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905; public domain). Digital text urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg005.perseus-grc2 (Perseus Digital Library, canonical-greekLit). CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus digitisation).

• al-Zajjājī, al-Īḍāḥ fī ʿilal al-naḥw

  The “Why?” line in “In the classics” on 12 grammar topics: the grammarians' own reason for the rule.

  al-Zajjājī (d. 337/949); ed. Māzin al-Mubārak (Beirut: Dār al-Nafāʾis, 5th ed., 1406/1986). Digital text 0337IbnIshaqZajjaji.IdahCilalNahw.Sham19Y0143170-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Ibn al-Anbārī, al-Inṣāf fī masāʾil al-khilāf bayna al-naḥwiyyīn al-Baṣriyyīn wa-l-Kūfiyyīn

  The “Disputed” line in “In the classics”: 28 of its questions between Basra and Kufa, on 19 grammar topics.

  Ibn al-Anbārī (d. 577/1181); ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr; year not recorded by OpenITI). Digital text 0577AbuBarakatAnbari.InsafFiMasail.JK001424-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz

  The “Meaning in arrangement” ring (naẓm) on /grammar/jumla and /grammar/mubtada-khabar.

  ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078); ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir, 3rd ed. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Madanī; Jeddah: Dār al-Madanī, 1413/1992); § = Shākir's paragraph numbers. Digital text 0471CabdQahirJurjani.DalailIcjaz.Shamela0012055-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, Asrār al-balāgha

  The “Meaning in arrangement” ring (naẓm) on /grammar/jumla and /grammar/mubtada-khabar.

  ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078); Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Madanī; Jeddah: Dār al-Madanī (editor not recorded in OpenITI's metadata). Digital text 0471CabdQahirJurjani.AsrarBalagha.Shamela0008187-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Ibn Jinnī, Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ

  The metre line under each verse of the poems and the Alfiyya: the definition of each metre, quoted from his chapter on it.

  Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002); ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

• Modern research cited (not reproduced)

  • Wolfgang Köhler, Gestalt Psychology (New York: Liveright, 1929)
  • V. S. Ramachandran and E. M. Hubbard, 'Synaesthesia: a window into perception, thought and language', Journal of Consciousness Studies 8, no. 12 (2001): 3–34
  • Mark Dingemanse, Damián E. Blasi, Gary Lupyan, Morten H. Christiansen and Padraic Monaghan, 'Arbitrariness, iconicity, and systematicity in language', Trends in Cognitive Sciences 19, no. 10 (2015): 603–615
  • Damián E. Blasi, Søren Wichmann, Harald Hammarström, Peter F. Stadler and Morten H. Christiansen, 'Sound–meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages', PNAS 113, no. 39 (2016): 10818–10823
  • Georges Bohas, Matrices, étymons, racines: éléments d'une théorie lexicologique du vocabulaire arabe (Leuven and Paris: Peeters, 1997; Orbis Supplementa 8)

Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

• Ibn ʿArabī, Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: base text

  Mohamed Haj Yousef's digital text of the Fuṣūṣ, in a vowelled working copy divided into reading passages.

  Classical text (d. 638/1240). Digital text and vowelling used for private, non-commercial study; re-check before public launch.

• Witnesses used for checking

  OpenITI barzakh IAC00077 (typed) and OpenITI Kraken OCR of an Afifi-based edition. Every correction is listed on the text's notes page.

  OpenITI: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

• Word analysis: CAMeL Tools 1.6 (NYU Abu Dhabi)

  Automatic morphological analysis of the Fuṣūṣ (lemma, root, part of speech, clitics), steered by the text's vowelling. Shown with a grey 'Automatic' badge.

  Code MIT; calima-msa-r13 database GPL v2 (used offline to produce our analysis layer, not redistributed).

• Translation, glosses and lenses for the Fuṣūṣ

  Generated by Claude from the Arabic and the sourced data above. No published translation (Austin, Dagli, Abrahamov, Burckhardt) is reproduced.

  AI-generated; marked with the amber AI badge wherever it appears.

• Commentary: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

  OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

  OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc). Print edition: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition. Taken from ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

• Commentary: ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

  Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked). Print edition: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315). Taken from HathiTrust. Shown beside the Fuṣūṣ chapters (each comment links to its line or page).

  Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.

The visionary recitals

• Ibn Sīnā, Risālat Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān and Risālat al-Ṭayr: base text

  A. F. Mehren, Traités mystiques d'Avicenne I (Leiden 1889) and II (1891), transcribed from the page images and proofread twice. Vowels are added by AI and shown in amber; every correction of the print is listed.

  Published 1889–91; public domain.

• Published translations consulted (not reproduced)

  Henry Corbin, Avicenna and the Visionary Recital (Princeton 1960; repr. 1990): Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān pp. 137–150, the Recital of the Bird pp. 186–192, and the old Persian commentary on Ḥayy (Part II). W. M. Thackston, The Mystical and Visionary Treatises of Suhrawardi (London 1982): A Tale of Occidental Exile. Our AI translations were checked against these privately; none of their wording is reproduced here.

  In copyright; cited only.

• al-Suhrawardī, Qiṣṣat al-ghurba al-gharbiyya: base text

  Aḥmad Amīn, Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān li-Ibn Sīnā wa-Ibn Ṭufayl wa-l-Suhrawardī (Cairo 1952), from an Escorial manuscript. Only the medieval text is transcribed; Amīn's preface, study and notes are not reproduced.

  The medieval text is public domain. Amīn (d. 1954) is out of copyright in Egypt; his own editorial matter remains protected in the US until 2047 and is not used.

Every text in the library

The base witness of each text and the status of what is shown. Each text's about page gives its full record.

• The Openingالفاتحة

  The Quran (sūra 1)

  Tanzil Uthmani text (verbatim, with attribution) · Quranic Arabic Corpus morphology (GPL) · Pickthall 1930 (public domain)

• The Ringstone of Adamفص حكمة إلهية في كلمة آدمية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy, Evkaf 1933) wherever both critical editions agree; elsewhere M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A). Vowels: a vowelled working copy, corrected to both editions.

  Classical text; working edition checked against two critical editions (comparison private) · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Ringstone of Sethفص حكمة نفثية في كلمة شيثية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A) via a vowelled working copy, re-based on the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy) wherever Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad's critical edition differs and a second reading confirmed it. Vowels: the working copy, corrected to that edition.

  Classical text; working edition, readings adopted from a critical edition cited one by one · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Ringstone of Noahفص حكمة سبوحية في كلمة نوحية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A) via a vowelled working copy, re-based on the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy) wherever Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad's critical edition differs and a second reading confirmed it. Vowels: the working copy, corrected to that edition.

  Classical text; working edition, readings adopted from a critical edition cited one by one · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Ringstone of Enochفص حكمة قدوسية في كلمة إدريسية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A) via a vowelled working copy, re-based on the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy) wherever Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad's critical edition differs and a second reading confirmed it. Vowels: the working copy, corrected to that edition.

  Classical text; working edition, readings adopted from a critical edition cited one by one · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Ringstone of Abrahamفص حكمة مهيمية في كلمة إبراهيمية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A) via a vowelled working copy, re-based on the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy) wherever Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad's critical edition differs and a second reading confirmed it. Vowels: the working copy, corrected to that edition.

  Classical text; working edition, readings adopted from a critical edition cited one by one · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Ringstone of Isaacفص حكمة حقية في كلمة إسحاقية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A) via a vowelled working copy, re-based on the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy) wherever Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad's critical edition differs and a second reading confirmed it. Vowels: the working copy, corrected to that edition.

  Classical text; working edition, readings adopted from a critical edition cited one by one · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Ringstone of Jesusفص حكمة نبوية في كلمة عيسوية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: Consonants: M. Haj Yousef's text (witness A) via a vowelled working copy, re-based on the manuscript read before Ibn ʿArabī (al-Qūnawī's copy) wherever Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad's critical edition differs and a second reading confirmed it. Vowels: the working copy, corrected to that edition.

  Classical text; working edition, readings adopted from a critical edition cited one by one · OpenITI witnesses CC BY-NC-SA

• The Meccan Openingsالفتوحات المكية

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: OpenITI JK009237 (Dār Iḥyāʾ al-turāth al-ʿarabī, Beirut 1998), corrected line by line against the Konya autograph (second recension, safar 1), every change recorded with folio

  OpenITI text (CC BY-NC-SA) corrected against the Konya autograph and the Būlāq print (public domain)

• The Book of Circlesإنشاء الدوائر

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: H. S. Nyberg (ed.), Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-ʿArabī (Leiden: Brill, 1919), Arabic text pp. 3–38; transcribed from the page images (archive.org kitabinshaaldawa00ibna), proofread twice

  Nyberg, Leiden 1919: public domain; nothing held back

• The Spirit of Holinessروح القدس

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: OpenITI barzakh IAC00030 (from ibnalarabi.com), digital, unvowelled

  OpenITI text checked against the Cairo lithograph of 1281/1865 (public domain)

• The Interpreter of Desiresترجمان الأشواق

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: R. A. Nicholson (ed.), The Tarjumán al-Ashwáq (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1911), Arabic text, from MS N with variants of Leiden L and M; transcribed from the page images (archive.org tarjumanalashwaq00ibnaiala, public domain)

  Nicholson, London 1911 (Arabic and English): public domain

• The Litanies of Sundayأوراد الأسبوع: ليلة الأحد ويومه

  Ibn ʿArabī (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: L = Awrād layālī wa-ayyām al-usbūʿ, Istanbul lithograph 1299/1882, fully vowelled (archive.org 1299_20221213, Public Domain Mark); transcribed from the page images, two readings

  Istanbul lithograph 1299/1882 (public domain), with MS Nafiz Paşa 702; modern editions cited only

• The Prayer of the Highest Circuitحزب الدور الأعلى

  Ibn ʿArabī (attributed) (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: D = Ottoman illuminated naskh MS, «دور الأعلى», ff. 1b–5b (archive.org 20260319_20260319_0108; library and shelfmark not stated; undated, no colophon; a wird of Abū Bakr b. ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿAydarūs follows on f. 5b); transcribed from the page images, two readings

  Ottoman manuscript and Qāwuqjī's commentary (Damascus 1301/1884): public domain; modern editions cited only

• The Prayer of Effusionالصلاة الفيضية

  Ibn ʿArabī (attributed) (560–638/1165–1240)

  Base: NB = Yūsuf al-Nabhānī, Afḍal al-ṣalawāt ʿalā sayyid al-sādāt, Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, n.d. [19--] (Bibliotheca Alexandrina scan, archive.org AAlexandrina-090727), no. 37, printed pp. 88–92; transcribed from the page images, two readings

  Nabhānī, Afḍal al-ṣalawāt (Cairo, Ḥalabī, n.d.): public domain in most countries; the reprint's own status unverified

• The Epistle on Sufismالرسالة القشيرية

  al-Qushayrī (376–465/986–1072)

  Base: OpenITI 0465IbnHawazinQushayri.RisalaQushayriyya.Shamela0009953-ara1 (ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd & Maḥmūd b. al-Sharīf, Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif; digitised from al-Maktaba al-Shāmila, book 9953), OpenITI/0475AH commit cc9beb0d

  OpenITI text of the Maḥmūd–Sharīf edition (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0); English by AI (no public-domain translation exists)

• The Conference of the Birdsمنطق الطیر

  Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār (d. c. 618/1221)

  Garcin de Tassy's Persian text (Paris 1857, public domain), transcribed from the BnF images · FitzGerald's Bird-Parliament (1889, public domain) · AI English and glosses marked

• The Wine Odeالخمرية

  Ibn al-Fāriḍ (576–632/1181–1235)

  Base: Sharḥ Dīwān Ibn al-Fāriḍ (commentaries of Ḥasan al-Būrīnī and ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī, compiled by Rushayd ibn Ghālib al-Daḥdāḥ), Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Miṣriyya 1289/1872, II 174–196; transcribed from the page images

  Cairo 1289/1872 and Nicholson 1921: public domain

• The Aphorismsالحكم العطائية

  Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī (d. 709/1309)

  Base: the aphorisms as quoted in Ibn ʿAbbād al-Rundī's Sharḥ ʿalā matn al-Ḥikam (Ghayth al-mawāhib al-ʿaliyya), with al-Sharqāwī's commentary in the margin, Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿĀmira al-Adabiyya, Muḥarram 1319/May 1901 (public domain), transcribed from the page images

  The matn as quoted in Ibn ʿAbbād's commentary (Cairo 1319/1901, public domain), transcribed from the page images and read twice · Ibn ʿAbbād's opening glosses (public domain) · AI English, marked

• The Rose-Garden of Mysteryگلشن راز

  Maḥmūd Shabistarī (d. 720/1320 or c. 740/1339–40)

  Whinfield's Persian text (London 1880, public domain), transcribed from the archive.org page images · Whinfield's English (1880, public domain) · AI English, glosses and transliteration marked

• Flashes of Lightلوایح

  ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (817–898/1414–1492)

  Whinfield & Kazvīnī, London 1906 (public domain): English and a facsimile of the Persian manuscript

• Epistles of the Brethren of Purityرسائل إخوان الصفاء

  Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (the Brethren of Purity) (4th/10th century)

  Base: OpenITI 0375IkhwanSafa.Rasail.Hindawi095926405Vols-ara1 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0): the Hindawi Foundation's digitisation of al-Ziriklī's edition, Cairo 1347/1928 (public domain in the US)

  OpenITI text (Hindawi, CC BY-NC-SA) of al-Ziriklī's Cairo 1928 edition (public domain in the US), checked against the print · AI English, marked

• The Recital of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓānرسالة حي بن يقظان

  Ibn Sīnā (370–428/980–1037)

  Base: A. F. Mehren, Traités mystiques d'Avicenne I (Leiden 1889), public domain, from MSS Leiden, British Museum and Bodleian; transcribed from the page images and read twice

  Mehren, Leiden 1889, with Ibn Zayla's commentary: public domain

• The Recital of the Birdرسالة الطير

  Ibn Sīnā (370–428/980–1037)

  Base: A. F. Mehren, Traités mystiques d'Avicenne II (Leiden 1891), public domain, from MSS British Museum (B, B²) and Leiden (A, A²); transcribed from the page images and read twice

  Mehren, Leiden 1891: public domain

• The Treatise on Loveرسالة في العشق

  Ibn Sīnā (370–428/980–1037)

  Base: A. F. Mehren, Traités mystiques d'Avicenne III (Leiden 1894), public domain, from the MSS British Museum and St Petersburg (Asiatic Museum); transcribed from the page images and read twice

  Mehren, Leiden 1894: public domain · Mehren's French summary (1894, public domain) beside the text · AI English, marked

• The Ode on the Soulالقصيدة العينية

  Ibn Sīnā (370–428/980–1037)

  Base: Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa, ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ, ed. Imruʾ al-Qays ibn al-Ṭaḥḥān [A. Müller], Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Wahbiyya 1299/1882, II 10–11; transcribed from the page images

  Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa, ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ (Cairo 1882): public domain

• The Niche of Lightsمشكاة الأنوار

  al-Ghazālī (450–505/1058–1111)

  Base: al-Jawāhir al-ghawālī min rasāʾil al-Ghazālī (Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿArabiyya, 1st ed. 1343 AH, publ. Muḥyī al-Dīn Ṣabrī al-Kurdī), pp. 99–138; transcribed from the page images

  Cairo 1343/1924: public domain; later editions compared (counts only)

• The Tale of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓānحي بن يقظان

  Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 581/1185)

  Base: Aḥmad Amīn (Cairo 1952), transcribed from the page images

  Amīn, Cairo 1952 (medieval text only): public domain; Gauthier 1936 compared privately

• The Occidental Exileقصة الغربة الغربية

  Suhrawardī (549–587/1154–1191)

  Base: Aḥmad Amīn (Cairo 1952), from an Escorial manuscript; transcribed from the page images

  Amīn, Cairo 1952 (medieval text only): public domain; Corbin's edition compared privately

• The Temples of Lightهياكل النور

  Suhrawardī (549–587/1154–1191)

  Base: Hayākil al-nūr, Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda 1335/1917 (Bibliotheca Alexandrina copy, archive.org AAlexandrina-127634), pp. 8–48; transcribed from the page images

  Cairo 1335/1917: public domain; modern editions compared privately

• The Sanctification of the Sunتقديس الشمس

  Suhrawardī (549–587/1154–1191)

  Base: MS AyaSofya 2144 (652/1254), ff. 19b–21b; our transcription from a reproduction

  MS AyaSofya 2144 (652/1254): public domain; the critical edition compared privately, readings cited only

• The Keys of the Kingdomالمقاليد الملكوتية

  Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī (d. after 361/971)

  Base: OpenITI 0361AbuYacqubSijistani.Maqalid.Kraken210622021812-ara1 (Kraken OCR, 2021, of the edition by Ismail K. Poonawala, Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1432/2011), OpenITI/0375AH master (fetched 2 Oct 2026)

  OpenITI OCR of Poonawala's edition (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), corrected by AI with every correction logged; English by AI (no public-domain translation exists)

• The Book of Illuminationروشنائی نامه

  Nāṣir-i Khusraw (b. 394/1004, d. after 465/1073)

  The Kāviyānī edition (Berlin 1921–22, after Ethé's critical text), public domain in the US, transcribed from the archive.org page images · Ethé's German verse translation (ZDMG 1880, public domain) · AI English, glosses and transliteration marked

• The Dīvān: odesدیوان ناصر خسرو

  Nāṣir-i Khusraw (b. 394/1004, d. after 465/1073)

  The Taqavī edition (Tehran 1925–28), public domain in the US, transcribed from the archive.org page images, which the reader shows · Browne's English verse (1905, public domain) · AI English, glosses and transliteration marked

• Diotima's SpeechΣυμπόσιον

  Plato (c. 428–348 BCE)

  Burnet's Greek via Perseus and GLAUx morphology (CC BY-SA 4.0) · nine public-domain translations (English, Latin, German, French) · AI English marked

• The Winged SoulΦαῖδρος

  Plato (c. 428–348 BCE)

  Burnet's Greek via Perseus and GLAUx morphology (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Jowett 1892 and Fowler 1914 (public domain)

• The Sun, the Line and the CaveΠολιτεία

  Plato (c. 428–348 BCE)

  Burnet's Greek via Perseus and GLAUx morphology (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Jowett 1892 (public domain)

• Alcibiades I: Know YourselfἈλκιβιάδης α

  Plato (c. 428–348 BCE)

  Burnet's Greek via Perseus and GLAUx morphology (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Jowett 1892, Sydenham–Taylor 1804 (public domain), Lamb 1927 (public domain in the US) · Proclus and Olympiodorus in Creuzer's Greek (public domain) · AI English, marked

• On BeautyΠερὶ τοῦ καλοῦ

  Plotinus (c. 204/5–270 CE)

  Volkmann's Greek via First1KGreek and GLAUx morphology (CC BY-SA 4.0) · MacKenna 1917, Guthrie 1918 and Taylor 1792 (public domain)

• On the Good, or the OneΠερὶ τἀγαθοῦ ἢ τοῦ ἑνός

  Plotinus (c. 204/5–270 CE)

  Volkmann's Greek via First1KGreek and GLAUx morphology (CC BY-SA 4.0) · MacKenna 1930 (PD in the US), Guthrie 1918 and Taylor 1817 (PD) · AI English marked

• PoimandresΠοιμάνδρης

  Hermes Trismegistus (attributed) (anonymous, probably 2nd–3rd century CE)

  Scott's Greek (1924) via First1KGreek (CC BY-SA 4.0), lemmas looked up in GLAUx (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Mead 1906 and Scott 1924 (public domain) · AI glosses marked

• The Hymn of the Pearlܡܕܪܫܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ ܬܐܡܐ

  Anonymous, in the Acts of Thomas (probably 3rd century CE)

  Syriac from the Digital Syriac Corpus (CC BY 4.0), checked against Bevan 1897 · Wright, Bevan, Mead, James and Bonnet's Greek (public domain) · AI analysis and English marked

• The Great Learning of the Pure and Real清真大學

  Wang Daiyu 王岱輿 (c. 1584–c. 1658)

  1934 print, National Library of China scan on Wikimedia Commons (public domain), collated with the 1794 woodblock · AI English marked

• Nature and Principle in Islam天方性理

  Liu Zhi 劉智 (c. 1670–after 1724)

  CADAL scans and the 1923 photoreprint on Wikimedia Commons (public domain) · checked against zh.wikisource (CC BY-SA) · Ma Lianyuan's Arabic as printed in Murata et al. 2009 (public domain text, proofreading pending) · Unihan (Unicode licence), cjk-decomp (Apache-2.0), Kangxi via Wikisource · AI English marked

• The Ājurrūmiyyaالآجرومية

  Ibn Ājurrūm (d. 723/1323)

  OpenITI digital text (Shamela 0011371) · vowelling, English and term notes by AI (marked)

• Qaṭr al-nadāقطر الندى وبل الصدى

  Ibn Hishām (d. 761/1360)

  OpenITI digital text (Shamela 0011376) · vowelling and English by AI (marked)

• The Alfiyyaالألفية

  Ibn Mālik (d. 672/1274)

  OpenITI digital text (Shamela 0008522) · vowelling and English by AI (marked)

• Shudhūr al-dhahabشذور الذهب

  Ibn Hishām (d. 761/1360)

  OpenITI digital text (Shamela 0096770)

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