Mashrabaمشربة

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فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶19 in the text

19 · 91 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ حِكْمَةَ نَشْأَةِ جَسَدِ آدَمَ أَعْنِي صُورَتَهُ الظَّاهِرَةَ وقَدْ عَلِمْتَ نَشْأَةَ رُوحِ آدَمَ أَعْنِي صُورَتَهُ البَاطِنَةَ فَهُوَ الحَقُّ الخَلْقُ وقَدْ عَلِمْتَ نَشْأَةَ رُتْبَتِهِ وهِيَ المَجْمُوعُ الذي بِهِ اسْتَحَقَّ الخِلافَةَ فآدَمُ هوَ النَّفْسُ الواحِدَةُ التي خُلِقَ مِنْها هذا النَّوْعُ الإنسانيُّ وهوَ قَوْلُهُ تعالى ٱلنَّاسُ ٱتَّقُوا۟ رَبَّكُمُ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَٰحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا وَبَثَّ مِنْهُمَا رِجَالًا كَثِيرًا وَنِسَآءً فَقَوْلُهُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ اجْعَلُوا ما ظَهَرَ مِنْكُم وِقايةً لِرَبِّكُم واجْعَلُوا ما بَطَنَ مِنْكُم وهوَ رَبُّكُم وِقايةً لَكُم فإنَّ الأَمْرَ ذَمٌّ وحَمْدٌ فَكُونُوا وِقايتَهُ في الذَّمِّ واجْعَلُوهُ وِقايتَكُم في الحَمْدِ تَكُونُوا أُدَباءَ عالِمِينَ

So you have come to know the wisdom of the configuration of Adam's body, I mean his manifest form; and you have come to know the configuration of Adam's spirit, I mean his nonmanifest form. So he is the Real [and] the creation. And you have come to know the configuration of his rank, which is the sum-total by which he merited the vicegerency. Adam, then, is the single soul from which this human species was created. That is His saying (exalted is He): "[O] people, be wary of your Lord who created you from a single soul, and created from it its mate, and spread forth from the two of them many men and women" [Q 4:1]. So His saying "be wary of (ittaqū) your Lord" [means]: make what is manifest of you a protection (wiqāya) for your Lord, and make what is nonmanifest of you, which is your Lord, a protection for you. For the matter is [both] blame and praise. So be His protection in [matters of] blame, and make Him your protection in [matters of] praise, and you will be courteous [and] knowing.

al-Jandī

﴿فقد علمت حكمة نشأة جسد آدم أعني صورته الظاهرة﴾

التي هي أحدية جمع جميع الحقائق المظهرية الخلقية روحانيّتها العقلية والنفسيّة ، وجسمانيّتها الطبيعية والعنصرية والمثالية والبرزخية والحشرية

which is the oneness gathering together (aḥadiyyat jamʿ) all the manifesting created realities — their spiritual [aspect], intellective and psychic, and their corporeal [aspect], natural, elemental, imaginal, intermediate (barzakhī), and resurrectional (ḥashrī).

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فقد علمت حكمة نشأة جسد آدم،أعني صورته الظاهرة﴾

وبـ (الصورة الباطنة) روحه وقلبه والقوى الروحانية المتصفة بصفات الحق وأسمائه. (ولذلك قال فيه: كنت سمعه وبصره. وما قال: كنت عينه وأذنه

and by (the nonmanifest form) [is meant] his spirit, his heart, and the spiritual faculties characterized by the attributes of the Real and His Names. (And that is why He said concerning him: "I was his hearing and his sight," and did not say: "I was his eye and his ear.")

﴿فقد علمت حكمة نشأة جسد آدم، أعني صورته الظاهرة﴾

وتلك الحكمة هي ظهور أحكام الأسماء والصفات فيها. قوله

That wisdom is the manifestation of the properties (aḥkām) of the Names and Attributes within it. His saying

Jāmī

﴿فقد علمت حكمة نشأة آدم أعني … صورته الظاهرة﴾

وهي أحدية جمع جميع الحقائق المظهرية الجسمانية والعنصرية والحكمة فيها . أن تكون أنموذجا لحقيقة العالم في كونها مظهرة لأحكام الروح المدبر لها كما أن العالم مظهر الآثار الأسماء الإلهية المتصرفة فيه

which is the unitary synthesis (aḥadiyyat jamʿ) of all the corporeal and elemental manifest realities, and the wisdom in it is that it should be a paradigm (unmūdhaj) for the reality of the world in its being a locus of manifestation for the properties of the spirit that governs it, just as the world is the locus of manifestation of the effects of the divine names that act within it.

Bosnevî

﴿فقد علمت حكمة نشأة جسد آدم اعني صورته الظاهرة﴾

پس تحقیق مذکوردن سن بیلدک جسدآدم نشئه سنک حکمتنی جسد آدم نشئه سندن مرادم انک صورت ظاهره سیدر . یعنی تحقیق مذکور دن بیلدککه آدمک صورت ظاهره سی عقل عقل کلدن علی طریق سلسلة الترتیب موجوداتک آخری اولان نوعه وارنجه اولان حقایق مظهر یه خلقیه جمعنک احدیتی صورتیدر

So indeed, from what has been mentioned, you have known the wisdom of the configuration (nashʾa) of Adam's body. By the configuration of Adam's body I mean his outward form. That is, you have known from what has been mentioned that Adam's outward form is the form of the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿ (gathering) of the created ḥaqāʾiq (realities) that are maẓhar (loci of manifestation), [extending] from the Universal Intellect [text repeats: “intellect”], by way of the chain of order, down to the species which is the last of the existents.

Words 3–6 · 1 of 7

حِكْمَةَ نَشْأَةِ جَسَدِ آدَمَ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿حكمة نشأة … آدم أعني صورته الظاهرة﴾

التي هي من إحدى اليدين

which is from one of the two hands

Words 7–9 · 1 of 7

أَعْنِي صُورَتَهُ الظَّاهِرَةَ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿أعني صورته الظاهرة﴾

تفسير لنشأة الجسد لا لحكمة النشاة . فكذلك قوله

is an explanation of the constitution (nash'a) of the body, not of the wisdom of the constitution. Likewise his saying

al-Jandī

﴿وقد علمت نشأة روحانيّة آدم ، أعنى صورته الباطنة ، فهو الحق الخلق﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي باطنه حق ، وظاهره خلق

that is, his nonmanifest [aspect] is the Real, and his manifest [aspect] is creation.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وقد علمت … نشأة روح آدم، أعني صورته الباطنة﴾

أي، حكمة نشأة روح آدم، وهي الربوبية والخلافةعلى العالم

that is, the wisdom of the constitution of Adam's spirit, which is lordship (rubūbiyya) and vicegerency (khilāfa) over the world

Ibn Turka

﴿وقد علمت﴾

مما سبق في بيان حقيقة العالم وجهتيه الاشتراكيّة والاختصاصيّة

from what preceded in the exposition of the reality of the world and its two aspects, the shared (ishtirākī) and the specific (ikhtiṣāṣī)

﴿وقد علمت﴾

مما ذكر في الحقّ وأوصافه الاشتراكيّة والاختصاصيّة

from what was mentioned concerning the Real and His shared and specific attributes

Jāmī

﴿قد علمت نشأة روح آدم﴾

يعني حكمة نشأة روحه (اعني) بروحه

meaning the wisdom of the constitution of his spirit (I mean by his spirit)

Bālī Zāde

﴿وقد علمت نشأة روح آدم﴾

وهي قوله : وأنشأ صورته الباطنة على صورته. قوله

which is his saying: 'And He constituted his nonmanifest form upon his form.' His saying

Bosnevî

﴿وقد علمت نشأة روح آدم اعني صورته الباطنة﴾

ودخی تحقیق آدمک روحی نشئه سنک حکمتی بیلدک مرادم آدمک صورت باطنه سید ر که اسماء الهیه جمعنک احدیتی صورتیدر

And indeed you have also known the wisdom of the configuration (nashʾa) of Adam's spirit. I mean Adam's inward form, which is the form of the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿ (gathering) of the divine names.

Ibn Turka

﴿نشأة روح آدم ، أعني صورته الباطنة﴾

التي هي من اليد الأخرى

which is from the other hand

Jāmī

﴿صورته الباطنة﴾

التي هي أحدية جمع جميع الحقائق الروحانية العقلية والنفسية. وحكمتها كونها أنموذجا وظل للأسماء الإلهية باعتبار التصرف والتأثير . فكما أن الأسماء الإلهية منصرفة في يده في العالم كذلك الروح مؤثر متصرفي في يديه

which is the unitary synthesis of all the spiritual, intellective, and psychic realities. Its wisdom is that it should be a paradigm and shadow for the divine names with respect to disposal (taṣarruf) and influence (taʾthīr). For just as the divine names are disposed in his [Adam's] hand within the world, so too the spirit is the influencing, disposing agent in his two hands.

Bālī Zāde

﴿أعني صورته الباطنة﴾

تفير لنشأة الروح وإنما فسر ليعلم أن المراد بأدم الروح الكلي المحمدي لا آدم الذي خلق من طين (فهو الحق في الخلق)

is an explanation of the constitution of the spirit. He only explained it so that it be known that what is meant by Adam is the Universal Muhammadan Spirit, not the Adam who was created from clay (for he is the Real in creation)

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فهو الحق الخلق﴾

يعنى، فآدم هو الحق باعتبار ربوبيته للعالم واتصافه بالصفات الإلهية، والخلق باعتبار عبوديته ومربوبيته. أو هو الحق باعتبار روحه، والخلق باعتبار جسده. كما قال الشيخ

meaning, Adam is the Real in respect of his lordship over the world and his being characterized by the divine attributes, and the creation in respect of his servanthood and being under lordship (marbūbiyya). Or he is the Real in respect of his spirit, and the creation in respect of his body. As the Shaykh said

Ibn Turka

﴿فهو الحق الخلق … وقد علمت … نشأة رتبته ، وهي المجموع الذي به استحقّ الخلافة﴾

من الظهور بصورة المستخلف والاحتياز لجميع مطالب الرعايا

through manifesting in the form of the One who appointed [him] vicegerent, and through his comprehending all the requirements of the subjects

Bosnevî

﴿فهو الحق والخلق﴾

پس آدم صورت باطنه سیله حق وصورت ظاهره سیله مخلوقدر)

So Adam is the Real by his inward form and created by his outward form.)

al-Qāshānī

﴿وقد علمت نشأة رتبته وهي المجموع الذي استحق به الخلافة﴾

وفي بعض النسخ بها حملا على المعنى وهو الرتبة .. أي كونه واسطة بين الحق والخلق بمجموعه الذي استحق به الخلافة ، ليعرف صورة العالم وحقائقه بظاهره وصورة الحق وأسمائه الذاتية بباطنه ، ويتحقق له رتبة الخلافة بالجمع بين الصورتين

In some copies it occurs with the feminine pronoun (bihā), construed according to the meaning, i.e., 'the rank' — that is, his being an intermediary between the Real and creation through his totality by which he deserved the vicegerency, so that he might know the form of the world and its realities through his manifest (ẓāhir) aspect, and the form of the Real and His essential names through his nonmanifest (bāṭin) aspect, and thus the rank of vicegerency would be realized for him through the combination of the two forms.

al-Jandī

﴿وقد علمت نشأة رتبته وهي المجموع الذي به استحقّ الخلافة .فآدم هو النفس الواحدة التي خلق منها هذا النوع الإنساني .وهو قوله : " يا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ من نَفْسٍ واحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْها زَوْجَها وَبَثَّ مِنْهُما رِجالًا كَثِيراً وَنِساءً "﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قال العبد : اعلم :أنّ أبانا عليه السّلام صورته ظاهرية أحدية جمع جميع الجمعيات ، وهو أوّل الختوم في المرتبة الظاهرة ، به ختم صور الأنواع الوجودية ، وهو بمثابة البشرة من وجه الصورة الإلهية ، ولهذا كان أبا البشر ، وجميع الصور البشرية بهذه المثابة من صورة اللاهوت .ولمّا كان صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم صورة ظاهرية أحدية جمع جميع الجمعيات الإلهية والكونية المنبعثة من جمعية التعين الأوّل الحقيقية والطبيعية الكلَّية والنفسية العمائية .فهو صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم أوّل صورة أحدية جمع الجمع بين الحقائق الوجوبية بالفعل والتأثير وبين الحقائق الكونية بالانفعال والتأثّر ، وذلك في أوّل النشأة الأحدية الجمعية .وإنّما كان نفسا واحدة لأنّ الواحد أصل العدد ومنشؤه ولعدم صدور غير الواحد عن الواحد .ولمّا كان المراد من خلق آدم وجود الخليفة على الوجه الأكمل الأجمع بين المجموع والمفصّل.أخرج الله من هذا الأصل بعدد ذرّيّته وعدد ما يحويه النفس الواحدة الكلية الإلهية ، صورة أحدية جمع جميع الحقائق الانفعالية القابلة صور الجمعيات الكمالية وسمّاها « حوّاء » من الحواية وهي الجمع على صورة آدم من الطينة الطبيعيّة التي لها الجانب الأيسر . كنى عن هذه الحقيقة بأنّها خلقت من ضلع أعوج لأنّ الطبيعة من حقيقتها الاعوجاج إلى الظهور والتعيّن ، فأظهر الله من هذين الأبوين صور كليات صور أحديات جمعيات جميع الحقائق الجمعية المظهرية الإنسانية . فكانت حوّاء تنتج للأب ولدين في كل بطن بمقتضى الأصل الذي كان في بطنه صور الحقائق الفعلية والانفعالية معا وهو حقيقة الحقائق والتعيّن الأوّل ، فافهم إن شاء الله تعالى .ثم قال رضي الله عنه

. The servant [i.e., the author] says: Know that our father [Adam], peace be upon him — his manifest form is a oneness gathering together (aḥadiyyat jamʿ) all the [various] collectivities (jamʿiyyāt); he is the first of the seals in the manifest degree, by whom the forms of the existential species were sealed. He stands, with respect to the divine Form, in the position of the outer skin (bashara); and for this reason he was the father of mankind (abū l-bashar), all human forms being, in this respect, [derived] from the form of the Godhead (al-lāhūt). And since he [the Prophet], may God bless him and grant him peace, was a manifest form gathering together, in oneness, all the divine and cosmic collectivities emanating from the collectivity of the First Entification (al-taʿayyun al-awwal) — the real, the universal-natural, and the psychic-cloud [ʿamāʾī] — he, may God bless him and grant him peace, was the first form gathering, in oneness, between the necessary realities through actuality and effecting influence, and the cosmic realities through receptivity and being affected; and that was in the first of the unitive, collective constitutions. And he was but a single self, because the one is the root of number and its source, and because nothing but the one can proceed from the one. And since what was intended by the creation of Adam was the existence of the vicegerent in the most complete and comprehensive manner, uniting the collective and the differentiated — God brought forth from this root, in a number corresponding to his progeny and to what the single universal divine self contains, a form gathering in oneness all the receptive realities capable [of receiving] the forms of the perfective collectivities, and named it "Eve" (Ḥawwāʾ), from ḥawāya [containment/gathering], which is the gathering, in the form of Adam, from the natural clay that belongs to the left side. He alluded to this reality by [saying] that she was created from a crooked rib, because it is of the very reality of nature to be crooked in its emergence into manifestation and determination (taʿayyun). Thus God manifested, from these two parents, universal forms — forms of the unitive collectivities of all the manifesting human collective realities. And so Eve would produce for the father two children in every womb-bearing, in accordance with the root that was in his [Adam's] inner depths — the forms of the active and receptive realities together — and that is the Reality of realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq) and the First Entification. So understand, God willing. Then he, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وقد علمت نشأة رتبته وهي المجموع الذي به استحق الخلافة﴾

إنما جعل (الخلافة للمجموع) لأنه بالنشأة الروحانية آخذ من الله، وبالنشأة الجسمانية مبلغ إلى الخلق، وبالمجموع تتم دولته وتكمل مرتبته، كما قال الله: "فلو جعلناه ملكا لجعلناه رجلا وللبسنا عليهم ما يلبسون". أي، ليجانسكم فيبلغكم أمري

He made (the vicegerency belong to the totality) only because through the spiritual constitution he receives from God, and through the corporeal constitution he conveys to creation, and through the totality his dominion is completed and his rank perfected, as God said: "Had We made him an angel, We would have made him a man, and We would have clothed upon them that which confuses them." That is, so that he might be of the same genus as you, and thus convey My command to you

Jāmī

﴿وقد علمت نشأة رتبته﴾

أي حكمة نشأة رتبته (وهي) ، أي نشأة رتبته هي (المجموع) . أي مجموع صورتيه الظاهرة والباطنة

that is, the wisdom of the constitution of his rank (which is) — i.e., the constitution of his rank is (the aggregate) — i.e., the aggregate of his two forms, the manifest and the nonmanifest.

Bālī Zāde

﴿وقد علمت نشأة رتبته وهي المجموع الذي به استحق الخلافة فآدم﴾

أي أدم كبير وهو الخليفة وهو العقل الأول

, which is the totality (majmūʿ) by which he deserved the vicegerency (khilāfa). So Adam is the greater Adam, who is the Vicegerent (khalīfa) and the First Intellect

Bosnevî

﴿وقد علمت نشأة رتبته وهي المجموع الذي به استحق الخلافة﴾

ومن آدمک رتبتی نشئه سنی بیلد ک که انک رتبتی شول مجموع درکه اول انکله خلافته مستحق اولدی یعنی آدمک رتبتی نشئه سی صورت حقله صورت عالم جمعیتیدرکه صورتین بیننده اولان جمعیتی سببیله خلافته مستحق اولدیکه صورت باطنه سیله حقدن اخذ ابدر وصورت ظاهره سیله عالمه ایصال ایدوب انی حفظ ایدر

And you have known the configuration (nashʾa) of Adam's rank: that his rank is that sum by which he became deserving of khilāfa (vicegerency). That is, the configuration of Adam's rank is the jamʿiyya (comprehensiveness) of the form of the Real and the form of the ʿālam (world). By reason of his comprehensiveness between the two forms he became deserving of vicegerency, so that by his inward form he takes from the Real, and by his outward form he conveys to the world and preserves it.

Words 27–29 · 1 of 7

الذي بِهِ اسْتَحَقَّ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿الذي به استحق﴾

آدم (الخلافة) و توصیف النشأة الرتبية باستحقاق الخلافة. إشارة إلى حكمتها فإن الحكمة في الجمع بين صورتيه الظاهرة والباطنة أن يناسب بالجهة الباطنة المستخلف و بالجهة الظاهرة المستخلف عليهم فيستفيض بالجهة الأولى ويفيض بالأخرى فيتم أمر الخلافة. (فآدم) أبو البشر

Adam (the vicegerency/khilāfa), and the description of the constitution of the rank by the deserving of vicegerency is an indication of its wisdom. For the wisdom in combining his two forms, manifest and nonmanifest, is that he should correspond, by his nonmanifest aspect, to the One who appoints the vicegerent (al-mustakhlif), and by his manifest aspect, to those over whom he is made vicegerent (al-mustakhlaf ʿalayhim). Thus he receives effusion (yastafīḍ) by the first aspect and bestows effusion (yufīḍ) by the other, so that the affair of vicegerency is completed. (So Adam) the father of mankind

al-Qāshānī

﴿فآدم هو النفس الواحدة﴾

أي حقيقة الإنسان من حيث هو . وهو روح العالم

That is, the reality of the human being as such (min ḥaythu huwa). And he is the spirit of the world (rūḥ al-ʿālam).

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فآدم هو النفس الواحدة التي خلق منها هذا النوع الإنساني﴾

أي، إذا علمت أن آدم هو الخليفة على العالم ومدبره، فآدم في الحقيقة هو النفس الواحدة. وهوالعقل الأول الذي هو الروح المحمدي في الحقيقة الظاهر في هذه النشأة العنصرية المشار إليه بقوله، صلى الله عليه وسلم: "أول ما خلق الله نوري". الذي منه يخلق هذا النوع الإنساني بل جميع الأنواع مخلوق منه، وبقوله: "كنت نبيا وآدم بين الماء والطين". وذلك لأن للحقيقة الإنسانية مظاهر في جميع العوالم: فمظهرهالأول في عالم الجبروت، هو الروح الكلى المسمى بـ (العقل الأول) فهو آدم أول، و (حواه) النفس الكلية التي خلقت من ضلعه الأيسر الذي يلي الخلق، فإن يمينه هو الجانب الذي يلي الحق. وفي عالم الملكوت، هو النفس الكلية التي يتولد منها النفوس الجزئية الملكوتية، وحواه الطبيعة الكلية التي في الأجسام. وفي عالم الملك هو آدم أبو البشر. قال الشيخ

that is, once you know that Adam is the vicegerent over the world and its administrator, then Adam in reality is the single soul (al-nafs al-wāḥida). And he is the First Intellect, which is in reality the Muhammadan Spirit, manifest in this elemental constitution, alluded to in his saying, God bless him and grant him peace: "The first thing God created was my light," from which this human species — indeed all species — is created; and in his saying: "I was a prophet while Adam was between water and clay." This is because the human reality has loci of manifestation (maẓāhir) in all the worlds: its first locus of manifestation, in the world of Jabarūt, is the Universal Spirit called (the First Intellect), so he is Adam the First, and his Eve (Ḥawwāʾ) is the Universal Soul, created from his left rib, which is adjacent to creation, for his right side is the side adjacent to the Real. And in the world of Malakūt, it is the Universal Soul from which the particular malakūtī souls are generated, and his Eve is the Universal Nature which is in bodies. And in the world of Mulk, it is Adam, the father of mankind. The Shaykh said

Ibn Turka

﴿فآدم هو النفس الواحدة﴾

بالوحدة الحقيقيّة الإطلاقيّة الجمعيّة

by the true, absolute, all-comprehensive oneness

Jāmī

﴿هو النفس الواحدة التي خلق منها هذا النوع الإنساني﴾

أي خلق منها زوجها ومن ازدواجهما أولادهما و من ازدواج أولاده أولاد أولاده إلى ما شاء الله . فهو منشأ تكثير هذا النوع، وهذا هو المراد بقوله : خلق منها هذا النوع بأدني مسامحة. فإنه قائم مقام قوله : خلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا ونساء. فالمراد بالنوع الإنساني أولاد آدم من هذا النوع . واعلم أن لكل مرتبة آدم هو مبدأها كالعقل الكل للمعقول والنفس الكل للنفوس. ولكل آدم زوج بث من أزواجهما نتائج. وحمل بعض الشارحين آدم في هذا المقام على العقل الكلي وبعضهم عن النفس الكلي. ولا يخفى على المستبصر أن كلام الشيخ رضي الله عنه فيما تقدم وفيما تأخر صريح في أن المراد بآدم ههنا هو أبو البشر. أنه صريح في نقش الفصوص بأن المراد بأدم وجود النوع الإنساني (وهو) ، أي كون آدم هو النفس الواحدة المذكورة . ما يدل عليه قوله تعالى

that is, from it his spouse was created, and from their union their children, and from the union of his children the children of his children, unto what God willed. So he is the source of the multiplication of this species, and this is what is meant by His saying: "created from it this species," with a certain tolerance of expression. For it stands in the place of His saying: created from it its spouse, and dispersed from the two of them many men and women. So what is meant by the human species is the children of Adam from this species. And know that for every level (martaba) there is an Adam who is its principle, as the Universal Intellect is for the intelligible, and the Universal Soul is for souls. And for every Adam there is a spouse from whose union results are dispersed. Some commentators have interpreted Adam in this context as the Universal Intellect, and others as the Universal Soul. But it is not hidden from the discerning that the Shaykh's words — may God be pleased with him — both before and after this passage, are explicit that what is meant by Adam here is the father of mankind. Indeed it is explicit in the engraving (naqsh) of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam that what is meant by Adam is the existence of the human species (and this) — i.e., that Adam is the aforementioned single soul — is what is indicated by His saying, the Exalted:

Bālī Zāde

﴿هو النفس الواحدة التي خلق منها هذا النوع الإنساني﴾

وهو آدم أبو البشر وبنوه. (وهو) أي قولنا معنى (قوله تعالى :" يا أيها الناس") أي النوع الإنساني"اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة" وهي الخليفة المسمى بالإنسان الكامل والعقل الأول

, namely Adam, the father of mankind, and his sons. (And it) — that is, our statement — is the meaning of (His saying, Exalted is He: 'O mankind') that is, the human species, ('fear your Lord, who created you from a single soul'), which is the Vicegerent named the Perfect Human and the First Intellect

Bosnevî

﴿فادم هو النفس الواحدة التي خلق منها هذا النوع الانساني﴾

پس صورت حقله صورت عالم جمعنک احدیتی اولان آدم شول نفس واحده درکه اندن نوع انسانی خلق اولندی* شویله پیلکه آدم علیه السلام جمیع جمعیات جمعی احد یتنک ظاهر بنیدر ومرتبه ظاهره ده ختومک اولیدر زیرا صورت نوعیه وجودیه بو نکله ختم اولندی وصور بشریه انسانیه بونکله فتح اولندی* وآدم صورت الهیه وجهندن بشره مشابه سنده در انکیچون ابوالبشر اولدی* پس وقتا کیم آدم جمعیات الهیه وکونیه جمعی احد یتنک صورت ظاهرسی اولدی ایسه* پس فعل وتأثیر ایله متصفه اولان حقایق وجوبیه بینیله انفعال وتأثیرایله متصفه اولان حقایق کونیه بیننده جمع جمع احد یتنک اولکی صورتی اولدی (وهو قوله (یعنی آدمک نفس واحده اولد یغنک دلیلی الله تعالینک

So Adam, who is the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿ (gathering) of the form of the Real and the form of the ʿālam (world), is that single soul from which the human species was created. Know this: Adam (upon him be peace) is the ẓāhir (manifest aspect) of the unity of the gathering of all gatherings, and the first of the seals in the manifest martaba (level). For the existential specific form was sealed with him, and the human, bashar forms were opened with him. And Adam, in respect of the divine form, is in the position […] to mankind (bashar); therefore he became the father of mankind. So since Adam became the outward form of the unity of the gathering of the divine and engendered gatherings, he became the first form of the unity of the gathering of gathering between the necessary ḥaqāʾiq (realities), which are qualified by act and influence, and the engendered realities, which are qualified by receptivity and being influenced. (And it is his words:) that is, the proof that Adam is the single soul is God Most High's

al-Qāshānī

﴿التي خلق منها هذا النوع الكامل الإنسانى﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي أفراد النوع وإلا فالنفس الواحدة هي حقيقة النوع بدليل قوله ( وهو قوله " يا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ من نَفْسٍ واحِدَةٍ " . فإن الخطاب للأفراد المخلوقة من النفس الواحدة

That is, the individuals of the species; otherwise the single soul is itself the reality of the species, as evidenced by his saying — that is, His saying, "O mankind, fear your Lord who created you from a single soul" — for the address is to the individuals created from the single soul.

Ibn Turka

﴿التي خلق منها هذا النوع الإنساني﴾

أعني الشجرة الوجوديّة الكاملة الحائزة لجميع المراتب بأجناسها وأنواعها ولوازمها وأعراضها المثمرة للنوع الحقيقي الإنساني. القابل عند التأثر أن ينبثّ منهما أشخاص من صنفي الأبوين أعني أهل الصورة وأرباب المعنى. قال رضي الله عنه : ( و ) ذلك ( هو ) مؤدّى

— I mean the complete existential tree possessing all levels with their genera, species, concomitants, and accidents, bearing fruit as the true human species, receptive, when acted upon, to having individuals of the two parental kinds disseminate from the two of them, I mean the people of form and the masters of meaning. He (may God be pleased with him) said: (and) that (is) the purport of

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وهو قوله تعالى: "يا أيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة وخلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا ونساء".﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

الضمير عائد إلى المعنى الذي ذكره من قوله: "فآدم هو النفس الواحدة" إلى آخره. أي، هذا المعنى المذكور هو معنى قوله تعالى: (يا أيها الناس %~% ) - الآية. ومعناها بالنسبة إلى عالم الجبروت

The pronoun refers back to the meaning he mentioned in his saying: "For Adam is the single soul," to the end. That is, this meaning mentioned is the meaning of His saying, exalted is He: "O mankind..." — the verse. And its meaning in relation to the world of Jabarūt

Ibn Turka

﴿قوله : " يا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ من نَفْسٍ واحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْها زَوْجَها وَبَثَّ مِنْهُما رِجالًا كَثِيراً وَنِساءً "﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

هذا هو المناسب لما مهّد في تحقيق معنى آدم ولا يخفى على من له أدنى وقوف عليه أنّه لا يمكن أن يحمل آدم هاهنا على الروح الكلي والعقل الأوّل ، كيف وقد بيّن إحاطته بسائر المراتب والنشآت ، واشتماله على تمام اليدين و ظهوره بالصورة الجسديّة نعم ، يمكن أن يكون ذلك وجها من وجوه تأويلات الآية. ولو أفيض فيها أمكن استخراج وجوه أعلى من ذلك : منها أن يجعل « النفس الواحدة » إشارة إلى الحقيقة المحمّديّة التي هي مبدأ الكلّ ، وزوجها الذي خلق منها خاتم الولاية ، المنبثّ منهما أعيان الصور والمعاني ، وممّا يؤيّد هذا الوجه ذكر خلق الزوج منها بعد خلق الأعيان والأشخاص . ومنها أن يجعل النفس الواحدة إشارة إلى المبدء الفاعل ، وزوجها هو القابل المنبثّ منهما سائر الحقائق من مواليد العالم . ومنها أن يجعلها إشارة إلى الطبيعة الكلَّية التي هي هيولى العالم عند المحقّقين والزوج هي الصورة المشخّصة المنبثّ منهما سائر الجواهر والأعراض . إلى غير ذلك من الوجوه ، كالجنس والفصل بالنسبة إلى الأنواع ، والماهيّة والتشخّص بالقياس إلى الأشخاص ، والجوهر والعرض بالقياس إلى الأعيان . تلويح عددي وقد لوّح في المقدّمة على وجوه عالية من التلويحات التي لآدم ، ولهذا الموضع دقيقة منها لا بدّ من التلويح عليه ، وهو أنّ آدم باشتماله على العقد الكامل قد انطوى على المرتبة الجامعة لسائر مراتب الكثرة . ولذلك ترى النفس والواحد الكاشفين عنه قد ظهر فيها ذلك العقد ولذلك فيما خلق منها يعني النوع الإنساني فإنّه مشتمل على تلك المرتبة بعينها من وجه وعلى ضعفها من حيث الزوجيّة ، فإنّ زوج الشيء صورة ضعفيّته . تأمّل . تأويل التقوى والأدب مع الله تعالى ثمّ إذ قد أفاد هذا البيان من الإجمال ما لا يخفى على الفطن ، حان أن يشرع في تفصيله ، فقال مستنبطا من نفس تلك الآية

— this is what is fitting for what was laid down in verifying the meaning of Adam; and it is not hidden from one who has even the slightest acquaintance with it that Adam here cannot be taken to mean the Universal Spirit and the First Intellect — how could it, when his encompassing of the other levels and constitutions (nashaʾāt), his comprising the totality of the two hands, and his manifesting in bodily form have [already] been explained? Yes, that could be one of the possible interpretations (taʾwīlāt) of the verse. But were one to expand upon it, higher aspects than this could be extracted: among them, that "the single soul" be made to point to the Muhammadan Reality (al-ḥaqīqa al-Muḥammadiyya), which is the principle of the whole, and its mate, created from it, the Seal of Sainthood (khātam al-walāya), from the two of which the entities of forms and meanings are disseminated — and what supports this aspect is the mention of the creation of the mate from it after the creation of the entities and individuals. Among them also, that the single soul be made to point to the active principle, and its mate the receptive [principle], from the two of which all the other realities among the world's engendered things are disseminated. Among them also, that it be made to point to the universal nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya), which is, according to the Verifiers (muḥaqqiqūn), the prime matter (hayūlā) of the world, and the mate the specified form, from the two of which all the other substances and accidents are disseminated — and so on with other aspects, such as genus and differentia in relation to species, quiddity and specification in relation to individuals, and substance and accident in relation to entities. A Numerical Indication (talwīḥ ʿadadī) Indications had already been given in the introduction concerning exalted aspects pertaining to Adam, and this locus contains a subtlety among them that must be indicated: namely, that Adam, by his comprising the complete decad (al-ʿaqd al-kāmil), has enfolded within himself the all-comprehensive rank of all the ranks of multiplicity. Hence you see that the soul and the one — the two [terms] disclosing him — have had that decad manifest within them; and likewise in what was created from it, meaning the human species, for it comprises that very same rank from one respect, and its doubling (ḍiʿf) from the respect of coupledness (zawjiyya), for the mate of a thing is the form of its doubling. Reflect. The Interpretation of God-Wariness (taqwā) and Comportment (adab) with God, Exalted Then, since this exposition has conveyed, in summary, what is not hidden from the discerning, the time has come to embark upon its elaboration. So he said, deriving from that very same verse,

Jāmī

﴿"يأيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة"﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي ذات واحدة يعني آدم

that is, a single essence (dhāt wāḥida), meaning Adam

Bosnevî

﴿ياايها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة وخلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا ونساء﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قولید ریعنی ای عهود سابقه بی ناسی اولوب ماسوای حقله مونس ومأنوس اولان ناس شول ربکزدن اتقا ایدک که سزی نفس واحدهدن خلق ایتدی واول نفسدن زوجنی خلق ایتدی* ودخی ایکیسندن رجال کثیر ایله نسائی بث ایلدی 0 پس آدمک نفس واحـــده اولدیغی وصورت بشریه نک فاتحی اولدیغی بوآیت کریمه ایله مدللدر ونفس واحده اولدیغی بودر* زیرا واحد عددک اصلی ومنشائی اولدیغی کبی آدم دخی نوع انسانی عددینک اصلی ومنشأ بدر* پس وقتاکیم خلق آدمدن مراد خلیفهنک وجودی اولدیسه بین المجموع والمفصل اکمل واجمع اولان وجه اوزره* پس حق تعالی بواصل واحددن جمیع حقایق انفعالیه جمعی احدیتنک صور تنی اخراج ایتدیکه صور جمعیات کمالیه یه قابله اوله واول صورته حوی تسمیه ایتدی «حوی دخی حوایتدن جمعدره وانی آدمک صورتی اوزره اخراج ایتدی انک طبیعتی طی تندنکه انکیچون جانب ایسر درز یراروح جانب ایمند ندر وبوحقیقتدن کنایه اولندی که ضلع اعوجدن خلق اولندی* زیرا ظهورده اعوجاج طبیعتک حقیقتندندر* پس حق تعالی بوابو یندن جمیع حقایق مظهریه انسانیه جمعیاتی احدیتنک صور کلیه سنی اظهارا ایتدی* پس حوی بطن واحدهده ذکروانثی دن اب ایچون ایکیشر ولد انتاج ایدردی ادمک بطننده ویاخود حوانک بطننده حقایق فعلیه وانفعا لیه صورینک اصلی اولدیغندن او تری واول اصل تعین اول ایله حقایق کیانیه نک حقیقتیدر زیرا حوی آدمک صورتی اوزره در آدم دخی تعین اول مشتمل اولد یغی اسماء الهیه نک حقایق فعلیه سن جامع وحقیقت حقایق کیا نیه یی حاوی اولوب صور وجود به نک حقایق انفعالیه سن مشتمل اولدی• پس حوی اول صورت اوزره اولمغله باطننده بالقوه اولان صفات فعلیه وانفعالیه بالفعل اندن ظهور ایتدی

[These are] His words, that is: O people (nās), who, having forgotten (nāsī) the former covenants, have become intimate and familiar with what is other than the Real, fear your Lord who created you from a single soul (nafs wāḥida) and created from that soul its mate, and also spread from the two of them many men and women. So the fact that Adam is the single soul and the opener of the human form is proven by this noble verse. And his being the single soul is this: just as one is the root and origin of number, Adam too is the root and origin of the number of the human species. So when the aim of the creation of Adam was the wujūd (being) of the vicegerent (khalīfa), in the manner most perfect and most comprehensive between the aggregate and the detailed, God Most High brought forth from this single root the form of the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿ (gathering, all-comprehensiveness) of all the receptive realities (ḥaqāʾiq infiʿāliyya), so that it would be receptive to the forms of the perfectional comprehensivenesses (jamʿiyyāt kamāliyya). And He named that form Eve (Ḥawwā); Ḥawwā, too, is from ḥawāya (containing). And He brought her forth upon the form of Adam, from the clay of his nature; for that reason [she is] the left side, for the spirit is from the right side. And this ḥaqīqa (reality) was alluded to [in saying] that she was created from a crooked rib, for crookedness in ẓuhūr (manifestation) belongs to the reality of nature. So God Most High, from these two parents, manifested the universal forms of the aḥadiyya of the comprehensivenesses of all the human realities of maẓhar (locus of manifestation). So Eve, in a single womb, would produce for the father two children each, male and female, in Adam's womb or in Eve's womb, because it is the root of the forms of the active and receptive realities; and that root, through the first taʿayyun (determination), is the reality of the engendered (kiyānī) realities. For Eve is upon the form of Adam; and Adam too, gathering the active realities of the divine names which the first determination comprises, and containing the reality of the engendered realities, came to comprise the receptive realities of the existential forms. So, since Eve is upon that form, the active and receptive attributes that were in her interior in potency became manifest from her in act.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، من عين واحدة، هو العقل الأول

that is, from a single entity (ʿayn wāḥida), which is the First Intellect

al-Qāshānī

﴿وخلق منها زوجها﴾

أي خلق من الروح الكلى التي هي النفس الواحدة زوجها . وهي النفس الكلية والرجال والنساء المبثوثة منها قوله تعالى " وبَثَّ مِنْهُما رِجالًا كَثِيراً ونِساءً ". هي أشخاص النوع قوله في تفسير قوله تعالى

That is, He created from the universal spirit, which is the single soul, its mate — namely, the universal soul (al-nafs al-kulliyya) — and the men and women dispersed from it, [as in] His saying, Most High: "and dispersed from the two of them many men and women" — these are the individuals of the species. His saying, in explanation of His saying, Most High...

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وخلق منها زوجها﴾

التي هي النفس الكلية

which is the Universal Soul

Jāmī

﴿"وخلق منها"﴾

أي من ضلعها الأيسر ("زوجها ") ، متن نص فصوص الحكم : وَ بَثَّ مِنْهُما رِجالًا كَثِيراً وَ نِساءً». فقوله اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم، و اجعلوا ما بطن منكم، وهو ربكم، وقاية لكم: فإن الأمر ذمٌ و حمدٌ: فكونوا وقايته في الذم و اجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد تكونوا أدباء عالمين. ثم إنه سبحانه و تعالى أطْلَعَهُ على ما أوْدع فيه و جعل ذلك في قبضتَيْه: القبضةُ الواحدة فيها العالم، و القبضة الأخرى فيها آدم و بنوه. و بيَّن مراتبهم فيه. شرح الجامي : يعني حواء

that is, from his left rib ("its spouse") — the text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam continues: "and dispersed from the two of them many men and women." As for His saying "fear your Lord": make what is manifest of you a protection (wiqāya) for your Lord, and make what is nonmanifest of you — which is your Lord — a protection for you. For the affair is both blame and praise: so be His protection in blame, and make Him your protection in praise, and you will be disciplined ones, possessed of knowledge. Then He, glory and exaltation be His, disclosed to him what He had deposited within him, and placed that in his two grasps (qabḍatayn): the one grasp containing the world, and the other grasp containing Adam and his progeny, and He clarified their ranks within it. [Jāmī's commentary]: that is, Eve.

Bālī Zāde

﴿وخلق منها زوجها﴾

النفس الكلية

, the Universal Soul

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا ونساء﴾

أي عقولا ونفوسا مجردة. وبالنسبة إلى عالم الملكوت: خلقكم من ذات واحدة، هي النفس الكلية، وخلق منها زوجها، أي الطبيعة الكلية، وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا، وهي النفوس الناطقة المجردة، ونساء، وهي النفوس المنطبعة، وباقي القوى. وبالنسبة إلى عالم الملك فظاهر

that is, disengaged intellects and souls. And in relation to the world of Malakūt: He created you from a single essence (dhāt wāḥida), which is the Universal Soul, and created from it its mate, that is, the Universal Nature, and spread forth from the two many men, who are the disengaged rational souls, and women, who are the imprinted (embodied) souls and the rest of the faculties. And in relation to the world of Mulk, it is evident

Jāmī

﴿"وبث منهما"﴾

من أدم وزوجه بالتوالد والتناسل

from Adam and his spouse, through procreation and propagation

Bālī Zāde

﴿" وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا "﴾

عقول ("ونساء") نفوس . (فقوله " واتقوا ربكم" ) معناه

— intellects — ('and women') — souls. (So His saying 'and fear your Lord') means

Words 57–59 · 1 of 7

رِجَالًا كَثِيرًا وَنِسَآءً

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿"رجالا كثيرا ونساء"﴾

ثم نبه رضي الله عنه على بعض معاني الآية بما لم يتنبه له أهل الظاهر فقال

Then he — may God be pleased with him — drew attention to some of the meanings of the verse that the exoteric scholars (ahl al-ẓāhir) had not noticed, saying:

al-Qāshānī

﴿فقوله : " اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ ". اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم واجعلوا ما بطن منكم وهو ربكم وقاية لكم ، فإن الأمر ذم وحمد فكونوا وقايته في الذم ، واجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد تكونوا أدباء عالمين﴾

معناه اتخذوا وقاية لأنفسكم تتقون بها من يربكم . ولما كان الرب هو الظاهر والباطن كانت ربوبيته لظواهركم من اسمه الظاهر بإمداد الحفظ والرزق وجميع ما يتعلق بالرحمة الرحمانية من الأسماء وربوبيته لبواطنكم من اسمه الباطن بإمداد العلم والحكمة وجميع ما يتعلق بالرحمة الرحيمية من الأسماء ، فعليكم بالاستمداد بالربوبية وتهيؤ الاستعداد القابلة من الوجهين . وذلك بالتأدب بين يديه بآداب الحضرة فاتخذوا وقاية لأنفسكم مما ظهر منكم تتقون بها ربكم الظاهر أن يمنع ألطافه الظاهرة من الرزق والحفظ وأمثالهما . وينتقم منكم في سوء أدبكم بنسبة الشرور والمعاصي إليه فتحرموا مدد الحفظ والرزق . وفي الجملة ألطاف الربوبية الظاهرة لفساد المربوبية بظهور صفات النفس ونسبة الشرور إليه ، واتخذوا وقاية لأنفسكم مما بطن منكم تتقون بها ربكم الباطن أن يمنع ألطافه الباطنة من الرحمة الرحيمية بسوء أدبكم بنسبة الكمالات المعنوية والمعارف والحكم إلى أنفسكم فتحجبوا بصفاتكم وظهورها عن قبول أنوار صفاته . وتحرموا إمداد الفيض العلوي والألطاف الباطنة لفساد استعداد المربوبية بحسب الباطن . فظهر أن لفظ الاتقاء يساعده ما فسره الشيخ رضى الله عنه به من المعنى لاشتقاقه من الوقاية ، يقال اتقاه فاتقى أي اتخذ الوقاية يتقى بها بمعنى حذره . فحذر إذ الحذر هو اتخاذ الوقاية ، قال تعالى " خُذُوا حِذْرَكُمْ " . كأن الحذر آلة تتقى بها كالترس ونحوه مما يتقى به . والوقاية مصدر سمى به ما يتقى به وقوله

Its meaning is: take up a protection for yourselves by which you guard against Him who is your Lord (man yarubbukum). Since the Lord (al-Rabb) is both the manifest and the nonmanifest, His lordship over your outward aspects proceeds from His manifest name through the bestowal of protection, sustenance, and everything pertaining to the names of the Merciful mercy (al-raḥma al-raḥmāniyya); and His lordship over your inward aspects proceeds from His nonmanifest name through the bestowal of knowledge, wisdom, and everything pertaining to the names of the Compassionate mercy (al-raḥma al-raḥīmiyya). It is therefore incumbent upon you to seek aid through lordship (al-rubūbiyya) and to prepare the receptive preparedness (istiʿdād) from both aspects — and that is by comporting yourselves properly before Him with the courtesies (ādāb) of the [Divine] Presence (al-ḥaḍra). So take up a protection for yourselves from what is manifest of you, by which you guard against your manifest Lord withholding His manifest graces of sustenance, protection, and the like, and taking vengeance on you for your ill conduct by ascribing evils and sins to Him, so that you are deprived of the aid of protection and sustenance. In sum, the manifest graces of lordship [are withheld] on account of the corruption of the state of being-lorded-over (al-marbūbiyya) through the manifestation of the attributes of the self (al-nafs) and the ascription of evils to Him. And take up a protection for yourselves from what is nonmanifest of you, by which you guard against your nonmanifest Lord withholding His nonmanifest graces of the Compassionate mercy, through your ill conduct in ascribing spiritual perfections, gnoses (maʿārif), and wisdoms (ḥikam) to yourselves, so that you are veiled by your own attributes and their manifestation from receiving the lights of His attributes, and deprived of the aid of the exalted effusion (al-fayḍ al-ʿulwī) and the nonmanifest graces, owing to the corruption of the preparedness (istiʿdād) of the state of being-lorded-over with respect to the nonmanifest aspect. It thus becomes evident that the word ittiqā' (guarding oneself) supports the meaning which the Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, gave it, given its derivation from wiqāya (protection). One says ittaqāhu fa-ttaqā, meaning: he took up a protection by which to guard himself, in the sense of being wary of him (ḥadhirahu) — so he was wary, since wariness (al-ḥadhar) is the taking up of protection, as He, Most High, said: "Take your precaution (ḥidhrakum)." It is as though wariness were an instrument by which one protects oneself, like a shield or the like used for protection; and wiqāya is a verbal noun (maṣdar) applied to that which is used for protection. And His saying...

al-Jandī

﴿فقوله : " اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ " اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربّكم ، واجعلوا ما بطن منكم وهو ربّكم وقاية لكم فإنّ الأمر ذمّ وحمد ، فكونوا وقايته في الذمّ ، واجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد تكونوا أدباء عالمين﴾

قال العبد :لمّا كان ظاهرية آدم من مجموع العالم الكياني ، والعالم من حجابيته مجمع النقائص والمذامّ الخصيصة بالمقام الإمكاني ، فالأفعال والأخلاق والأحكام الصادرة عن الإنسان ، إن كانت قبيحة يستحقّ عليها المذمّة إمّا عرفا أو عقلا أو شرعا . فالأحرى والأليق أن ينسبها إلى نفسه أدبار وتحقيقا ، ناظرا في ذلك نظرا دقيقا فإنّ الصادر من الحق خير محض ، وهو الواحد لا غير فإنّه بالنسبة إلى من وجد به خير محض ، والنقائص والقبائح راجعة إلى الكيان من حضرة الإمكان .والعدم الذي يلي أحد جانبي الإمكان بالنسبة إليه أولى ، وما كان فيها من الكمال والفضائل والمحاسن والمحامد أضاف إلى الحق لأنّها في الحقيقة راجعة إلى الوجود الحق .وحينئذ يكون العبد قد جعل نفسه وقاية للحق في إضافته المذامّ إلى نفسه كما قال : " ما أَصابَكَ من حَسَنَةٍ فَمِنَ الله وَما أَصابَكَ من سَيِّئَةٍ فَمِنْ نَفْسِكَ " .والحقّ أنّ الحقّ وقاية لنفسه في إضافة المحامد إليه ونفي المذامّ عنه من وجهين وباعتبارين جمعا وفرادى ، وإليه يرجع عواقب الثناء ، وهذا مقتضى التحقيق الأتمّ ، والكشف الأعمّ ، والأدب الكامل الأهمّ ، ولمثل ذلك فليعمل العاملون .قال رضي الله عنه

blame and praise: so be His protection in [what merits] blame, and make Him your protection in [what merits] praise, that you may be learned in proper conduct (adab)]. The servant says: Since Adam's manifest aspect derives from the totality of the cosmic world (al-ʿālam al-kiyānī), and the world, by virtue of its veiling nature, is the locus of deficiencies and blameworthy traits proper to the station of possibility (al-maqām al-imkānī) — then the acts, characters, and judgments proceeding from the human being, if they are ugly and merit blame, whether by convention, reason, or the [Divine] Law, it is more fitting and proper that he attribute them to himself, as a matter of proper conduct (adab) and verification (taḥqīq), looking into this with a precise and discerning eye. For what proceeds from the Real is pure good, and He is the One alone; for with respect to the one who exists through Him, [what proceeds] is pure good, while the deficiencies and ugliness revert to the cosmic existent (al-kiyān) from the presence of possibility. And nonexistence, which is adjacent to one of the two sides of possibility, is more fitting with respect to it. As for whatever perfection, virtues, excellences, and praiseworthy qualities are found in [the human being], these are attributed to the Real, because in reality they revert to the Real Existence. In this way, the servant makes himself a protection for the Real by attributing blameworthy things to himself, as He said: "Whatever good befalls you is from God, and whatever evil befalls you is from yourself." And the truth is that the Real is a protection for Himself in attributing praiseworthy things to Himself and negating blameworthy things from Himself, from two aspects and in two respects — collectively and individually — and to Him revert the outcomes of praise. This is what is required by the most complete verification, the most comprehensive unveiling, and the most important, most perfect adab (proper conduct); and let those who act, act accordingly. He, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فقوله اتقوا ربكم اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم، و اجعلوا ما بطن منكم، وهو ربكم، وقاية لكم: فإن الأمر ذم و حمد: فكونوا وقايته في الذم و اجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد تكونوا أدباء عالمين﴾

لما استشهد بالآية، ذكر مطلعها وعلم السالك التأدب بين يدي الله تعالى لتزداد نوريته ولا يقع في مهالك الإباحة. فإن توحيد الأفعال يقتضى إسناد الخير والشر إلى الله تعالى. فالسالك إذا أسندهما إليه قبل زكاء النفس وطهارتها، يقع في الإباحة. وبعد طهارتها، يكون مسيئا للأدب بإسناد القبائح إليه. ولكون (الاتقاء) مأخوذا من (وقى، يقي) كما يقال: وقيته وقاء فاتقى. أي، إتخذ الوقاية. فسر (اتقوا) بقوله

: make what is manifest of you a guard/protection (wiqāya) for your Lord, and make what is nonmanifest of you — which is your Lord — a guard/protection for you: for the command comprises both blame and praise: so be His protection in [matters of] blame, and make Him your protection in [matters of] praise, and you will be learned men of proper conduct (udabāʾ ʿālimīn)] Since he adduced the verse as evidence, he mentioned its opening and taught the wayfarer proper conduct (adab) before God, exalted is He, so that his luminosity might increase and he not fall into the destructive pitfalls of antinomianism (ibāḥa). For the doctrine of the unity of acts (tawḥīd al-afʿāl) requires ascribing good and evil to God, exalted is He. So if the wayfarer ascribes both to Him before the purification and cleansing of the soul, he falls into antinomianism. And after its purification, he would be lacking in proper conduct by ascribing base things to Him. And because (ittiqāʾ, "being wary/taking as protection") is derived from (waqā, yaqī), as one says: "I protected him with a protection (wiqāʾ), so he took protection (ittaqā)," that is, he took up a means of protection. He explained ("be wary") by his saying

Ibn Turka

﴿فقوله : " اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ " أي اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وهو النسب العدميّة الإمكانيّة كالافتقار والاحتياج وأمثاله

— namely the privative, possible relations (al-nisab al-ʿadamiyya al-imkāniyya), such as need, dependency, and the like —

Jāmī

﴿فقوله : " اتقوا"﴾

أمر من الاتقاء بمعنی جعل الشيء وقاية لشيء. و الشيئان ههنا المخاطبون والرب تعالى . فإن جعلت الشيء الأول المخاطبينو الشيء الثاني: الرب لاحظت إضافة الوقاية إليه . كان المعنى: اجعلوا أنفسكم وقاية ربكم. وإن جعلت الشيء الأول الرب والشيء الثاني المخاطبين. كان المعنى : اجعلوا ربكم وقاية أنفسكم. فلما كانت الآية تحتمل المعنيين جمعهما الشيخ رضي الله عنه . كما هو رأيهم في الآيات القرآنية في الجمع بين جميع المعاني المحتملة التي لا يمنع من إرادتها الشرع والعقل. فعلى هذا يكون معنى قوله :" اتقو (ربكم) الذي خلقكم" آية 1 سورة النساء. أي أوجدكم باختفائه بصوركم فأنتم ظاهره وهو باطنكم

it is an imperative from ittiqāʾ, meaning making one thing a protection for another thing. And the two things here are the addressees and the Lord, the Exalted. For if you make the first thing the addressees and the second thing the Lord, considering the ascription of protection to Him, the meaning would be: make yourselves a protection for your Lord. And if you make the first thing the Lord and the second thing the addressees, the meaning would be: make your Lord a protection for yourselves. Since the verse admits of both meanings, the Shaykh — may God be pleased with him — combined them both, as is their [the Sufis'] view regarding Qurʾānic verses: to combine all the possible meanings that neither the Law nor reason precludes being intended. On this basis, the meaning of His saying "fear (your Lord) who created you" (Qurʾān 4:1) is: He brought you into existence by concealing Himself within your forms, so that you are His manifest aspect and He is your nonmanifest aspect.

Bosnevî

﴿فقوله اتقوا ربكم واجعلو ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم واجعلوا ما بطن منكم وهو ربكم وقاية لكم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

یعنی شیخ رضی الله تعالی عنه درکه حقک اتقوار بکم قولی اجعلوا ما ظهر منکم وقایة لربکم دیمکدر یعنی سزدن ظاهر اولان شبی یعنی سزک ظاهر کزی ربکزه وقایه ایدک وسزدن باطن اولان شبی یعنی سزک باطنکزیکه اول سزک ربکزدر کندی نفوسکزه وقایه ایدک زیرا آدمک ظاهر یتی عالم کیانینک مجموعندندر وعالم ما بیتندن نقایض ومذامک مجمعیدرکه مقام امکانی یه خصیصه در* پس انسانده صادره اولان افعال وأخلاق واحکامی اگر قبیحه اوله جق اولورسه انلری نفسنه استاد ایدوب نفسی حقه وقایه ایتمک کرکدر واکر محمود اوله جق اولور سه انلری حقه اسناد ایدوب حقی نفسه وقایه ایتمک کرکدر

That is, the Shaykh (may God Most High be pleased with him) says that the Real's words 'fear your Lord' mean 'make what is manifest of you a protection for your Lord', i.e., make the thing that is manifest of you, i.e., your outward, a protection for your Lord; and make the thing that is hidden of you, i.e., your inward, which is your Lord, a protection for your own selves. For Adam's outwardness is of the totality of the engendered ʿālam (world), and the world, by its quiddity, is the gathering-place of deficiencies and blameworthy things, which are particular to the martaba (level) of possibility. So, if the acts, character traits and judgments issuing in the human being are to be ugly, one must attribute them to oneself and make oneself a protection for the Real; and if they are to be praiseworthy, one must attribute them to the Real and make the Real a protection for oneself.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿إجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم﴾

أي، آلة الوقاية. كما قال تعالى: "خذوا حذركم". أي آلة الحذر،كالترس وغيره من السلاح. فالمراد بـ

that is, an instrument of protection. As He, exalted is He, said: "Take your precaution," that is, an instrument of precaution, like a shield or other weapon. What is meant by

﴿ما ظهر﴾

هو الجسد مع النفس المنطبعة فيه. أي، انسبوا النقائص إلى أنفسكم لتكونوا وقايته في الذم. واجعلوا ما بطن منكم، وهو الروح الذي يربكم وقاية لكم في الحمد. أي، انسبوا الكمالات إلى ربكم، كما قال عن لسان الملائكة: "سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا". وعند نسبة الكمالات إلى الله تعالى يكون لكم الخلاص من ظهور إنياتكم وأنفسكم، ولا يكون للشيطان عليكم سلطان. وإنما جعل الظاهر وقاية للباطن في الذم، والباطن وقاية للظاهر في الحمد، وأثبت الربوبية للباطن: فإن الظاهر من حيث النفس المنطبعة منبع النقائص ومحل التصرفات الشيطانية، وهو عبد مربوب أبدا. والباطن منبع الأنوار ومرأة التجليات الرحمانية، فله ربوبية من حيث اتصافه بالكمالات وإن كان له عبودية من حيث إنه يستفيض من الرب المطلق دائما. فلا يقال، إنه جعل الرب آلة الاتقاء، لأن المتقى اسم مفعول. لأن الباطن الذي جعله آلة الاتقاء هو عبد من وجه. وأيضا، جعل الباطن تارة آلة الاتقاء والظاهر متقى، وأخرى الظاهر آلة الاتقاء والباطن متقى. والظاهر والباطن كلاهما حق، فهو المتقى والمتقى به،كما قال، عليه السلام: "أعوذ بك منك."

is the body together with the imprinted (embodied) soul within it. That is, ascribe deficiencies to yourselves so that you may be His protection in [matters of] blame. And make what is nonmanifest of you — which is the spirit that is your Lord — a protection for you in [matters of] praise. That is, ascribe perfections to your Lord, as He said on the tongue of the angels: "Glory be to You, we have no knowledge except what You have taught us." And upon ascribing perfections to God, exalted is He, you attain deliverance from the manifestation of your egoities (inniyyāt) and your selves (anfus), and Satan will have no authority over you. And He made the manifest a protection for the nonmanifest in [matters of] blame, and the nonmanifest a protection for the manifest in [matters of] praise, and He affirmed lordship for the nonmanifest, because the manifest, in respect of the imprinted soul, is the source of deficiencies and the locus of satanic promptings, and it is ever a servant under lordship (marbūb). Whereas the nonmanifest is the source of lights and the mirror of the Merciful self-disclosures (tajalliyāt); it possesses lordship in respect of its being characterized by perfections, even though it possesses servanthood in respect of its perpetually receiving effusion (fayḍ) from the Absolute Lord. So it should not be said that he made the Lord an instrument of protection-seeking, for "the one protected" (al-muttaqā) is a passive participle — because the nonmanifest, which he made an instrument of protection-seeking, is, from one aspect, a servant. Also, he made the nonmanifest, at one time, an instrument of protection-seeking and the manifest the one protected, and at another time the manifest an instrument of protection-seeking and the nonmanifest the one protected. And the manifest and the nonmanifest are both the Real, so He is both the one who takes protection and that by which protection is taken, as he, peace be upon him, said: "I take refuge in You from You."

Jāmī

﴿اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم﴾

وهو أحدية جمع روحكم وبدنكم (وقاية ربكم) ، أي ألة ووقاية . كما في قوله تعالى : "خذوا حذركم "آية 71 سورة النساء . أي آلة حذركم

— which is the unitary synthesis of your spirit and your body — (a protection for your Lord), that is, an instrument and a protection, as in His saying "take your precaution" (Qurʾān 4:71), meaning: take the instrument of your precaution.

Bālī Zāde

﴿اجعلوا ما ظهر منكم وقاية لربكم﴾

أي انسبوا ما فعلتم من النقائص والشرور إلي أنفسكم و نزهوا ربكم عنها

— that is, ascribe (ansibū) what you have done of deficiencies and evils to yourselves, and declare your Lord transcendent above them

Words 66–67 · 1 of 7

مِنْكُم وِقايةً

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿وقاية لربكم﴾

عن أن يصيبه شيء من تلك النسب والإضافات

against His being touched by any of those relations and attributions

Ibn Turka

﴿واجعلوا ما بطن منكم وهو ربّكم﴾

يعني الوجود الحقيقي وما يستتبعه من الأوصاف الوجوديّة

— meaning the true existence (al-wujūd al-ḥaqīqī) and what it entails of existential attributes —

Jāmī

﴿واجعلوا ما بطن منكم وهو ربكم وقابة لكم فإن الأمر﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

المنسوب إلى ربكم بوجه وإليكم بوجه من الصفات والأفعال. إم (ذم) يذم به لم ينسب إليه (و) إم (حمد) يحمد به . بتصف به وكل واحد منهما كما يقتضيه توحيد الصفات والأفعال مسند إلى الله تعالى. لكن إسناد المذام إليه قبل زكاء النفس وطهارتها وقوع في الإباحة وبعدهما إساءة للأدب

— that which is ascribed to your Lord in one respect and to you in another respect, of attributes and acts — is either (blame), by which He is blamed though it is not ascribed to Him, or (praise), by which He is praised, being characterized by it. Each of the two, as required by the doctrine of the unity of attributes and acts (tawḥīd al-ṣifāt wa-l-afʿāl), is referred back to God, the Exalted. However, ascribing blameworthy things to Him — before the purification and cleansing of the soul — falls into license (ibāḥa), and after them, into a breach of proper conduct (adab).

Bālī Zāde

﴿واجعلوا ما بطن منكم وهو ربكم وقاية لكم﴾

أي انسبوا الكمالات إلى ربكم لا إلى أنفسكم

— that is, ascribe the perfections to your Lord, not to yourselves

Words 74–75 · 1 of 7

رَبُّكُم وِقايةً

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿وقاية لكم﴾

عن أن ينسب إليكم

against its being attributed to you

Ibn Turka

﴿فإنّ الأمر ذمّ وحمد﴾

لأنّ ما نسب إلى الشيء فعلا كان أو صفة لا يخلو من أن يكون مبدأ تلك النسبة هو الإمكان أو الوجوب والأوّل يسمّى الذم ، والثاني الحمد

blame or praise,] because whatever is attributed to a thing, whether act or attribute, must have as the principle of that attribution either possibility (imkān) or necessity (wujūb); the first is called blame, and the second, praise

Bālī Zāde

﴿فإن الأمر ذم وحمد فكونوا وقايته في الذم واجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد تكونوا أدباء عالمين﴾

فقد ظهر أن المراد بتفسير الآية الأدب السالكين. (ثم) أي بعدما أوجده على ما ذكر (أنه تعالى أطلعه) أي أطلع الله هذ الوالد الأكبر لأن الخليفة يجب أن يطلع على ما اختزنه الحق تعالى فيه ما تطلبه الرعايا التي استخلف عليها فيعطي كل ذي حق حقه بأمر الله تعالى

— it has thus become clear that what is meant by the interpretation of the verse is the proper conduct of the wayfarers (sālikīn). (Then) — that is, after He had brought him into being as described — (He, Exalted, apprised him) — that is, God apprised this Greater Father — for the Vicegerent must be apprised of what the Real, Exalted, has deposited within him of what is required by the subjects (raʿāyā) over whom he has been made vicegerent, so that he may give every possessor of a right his due, by the command of God, Exalted is He

Bosnevî

﴿فان الامر ذم وحمد فكونوا وقاية في الذم واجعلوه وقا يتكم في الحمد﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

زیرا تحقیق امر ذمدر وحمددر* پس سزذمده حقک وقایتی اولک یعنی هرشیکه انده ذم ونقص اوله انی نفوسکزه اسنادایدک حقه اسناد ایتمک وربکزی حدده کندی نفوسکره وقایه ایدک یعنی هر شیکه انده حمد اوله { عنایت) عنایت وتوفیقدن واعطاء خیردن الی نفوسکزه اسناد ایتمیوب حقه اسناد ایدک

For verily the matter is blame and praise. So be a protection for the Real in blame, i.e., every thing in which there is blame and deficiency, attribute it to your own selves [rather than] attributing [it] to the Real; and make your Lord a protection for your own selves in praise, i.e., every thing in which there is praise, of favour (ʿināya) and granting of success (tawfīq) and the bestowal of good, do not attribute it to your own selves, but attribute it to the Real.

Ibn Turka

﴿فكونوا وقايته في الذم ، واجعلوه وقايتكم في الحمد ، تكونوا أدباء﴾

في وقايتكم له في الذم ، (عالمين) في وقايته لكم في الحمد . آدم صاحب القبضتين ثمّ بعد تبيين ما اشتمل عليه آدم من أجزائه الوجوديّة وتفصيل ما تضمّنته نشأة ظهوره لا بدّ من الإبانة عن مراتبه الشهوديّة وتحقيق مراقي كمالاته الشعوريّة تكميلا لما هو بصدده . لذلك قال

in your shielding Him in blame, (and knowers) in His shielding you in praise. Adam, Possessor of the Two Grasps (al-qabḍatayn) Then, after clarifying what Adam comprises of his existential parts, and detailing what the constitution of his manifestation entails, it is necessary to elucidate his witnessed ranks (marātib shuhūdiyya) and to verify the ascending stages of his perceptual perfections (kamālāt shuʿūriyya), as a completion of what is intended. For that he said:

Jāmī

﴿فكونوا وقايته﴾

عن نسبة النقص إليه

against the ascription of deficiency to Him

Words 82–83 · 1 of 7

وِقايتَهُ في

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿في الذم﴾

بأن تنسبوه لكم لا إليه

by ascribing it to yourselves, not to Him

Words 84–85 · 1 of 7

الذَّمِّ واجْعَلُوهُ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿واجعلوه وقايتكم﴾

عن ظهور أنياتكم

against the manifestation of your egoities (aniyyāt)

Words 86–87 · 1 of 7

وِقايتَكُم في

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿في الحمد﴾

بأن تنسبوه إليه لا إليكم

by ascribing it to Him, not to yourselves

Jāmī

﴿تكونوا أدباء﴾

حين تنسبون المذام إلى أنفسكم لا إليه (عالمين) بحقيقة الأمر على ما هو عليه حين تنسبون المحامد إليه تعالی. فإن الأمور كلها مستندة إليه تعالى بالحقيقة، وتحذرون مما يلحقكم بإسنادها إلى أنفسكم من ظهور أنياتكم (ثم إنه تعالى أطلعه) ، أي آدم

when you ascribe blameworthy things to yourselves and not to Him — (possessed of knowledge) of the reality of the matter as it truly is, when you ascribe praiseworthy things to Him, the Exalted. For all affairs are, in reality, referred back to Him, the Exalted; and you are warned against what would befall you through ascribing them to yourselves, namely the manifestation of your egoities. (Then He, the Exalted, disclosed to him) — that is, to Adam

Bosnevî

﴿تكونوا ادباء عالمين﴾

(ادبا وعالمین اولور سکز زیرا محامدی نفسه استاد اتمکده حقی نفسه وقایه ایدوب محامدی حقه اسناد ومذامی حقه اسناد اتمکده نفسی حقه وقایه ایدوب مذامی نفسه اسناد ایتمک ادبا وعلما دأبیدر زیرا بی عار وبی ادب اولان ملا حده وزنادقه کمالات ومحامدی کندی نفوسنه ومذام ونقایضی حقه اسناد ایدرلر مشیت الهیه تعلق ایتمسه بویله اولمزدی دیو کندی نفوسی مرادلری اوزره ارتکاب ایتدکاری افعال قبیحه یی مشبت الهیه یه حواله ایدرلر . اما انلرک یدلری اوزره برکسه یه برخیر اصابت ایتسه بلکه محض شردن غیری نفسلرندن نسنه صادر اولسه عالمده واقعه اولان تصرفات الهیه یی کندی نفسلرینه استاد ایدرلر مشیت الهیه یه اسناد ایتمزلر* امدی وقتاکیم آدمک صورت ظاهره سی عالمک صورتی اوزره اولدیسه عالمک کثافتی وحقدن حجابیتی حیثیتیله عالم مجمع مذامدر زیرا نقایض ومذام عالم امکانه مخصوصه ددر* پس نوع انساندن صادره اولان افعال واخلاق واحکام اگر قبیحه اولورسه که عرفا ویا عقلا ویا شرعا مذمته مستحقه اولدیسه پس متأدبه اولی بودرکه تأدبا وتحققا انلری نفسته اسناد ایلیه حقه اسناد ایتمیه زیرا حقدن صادر اولان محض خیردر یعنی افاضه وجوددر قبائح ومذام بقعه امکانه وامکانک احد جانبینی اولان عدمه راجعه در وکذلک نفسنده اولان کمالات ومحامدی حقه اسناد ایتمیه زیرا فی الحقیقه انلر وجود حقه راجعه در پس عبد متأدب کندی نفسنی حقه وقایه ایدر مذامی نفسنه اسناد ایتمکله وحتی کندی نفسنه وقایه ایدر محامد وکمالاتی حقه اسناد ایتمکله (قال الله تعالی ما اصابک من حسنة فن الله وما اصابک من سیئة فمن نفسک ولکن (قل کل من عند الله) ایکن مذامی نفسنه ومحامدی حقه اسنادک حکمتی بودرکه نقایض ومذام نفسک مقتضیات یدر نفسک تقاضاسی حسبله اسم مضل اکا امداد ایدر* پس نفسک تقاضاسی حسبیله انده ظاهر اولان فعل نقض نفسه اسناد اولنور ومحامد حقه اسناد اولنور زیرا وجود مطلقده اسم هادی حضرتندن فیض الهی مظهر انسانی کمالی یه نازل اولدقده طهارت محل آنی تغییر ایتمیوب طهارت اصلیه اوزره ظاهر اولمغله حقه اسناد اولنور پس کل من عند الله در امداد وافاضه جهتیله واما مذام پس محل فیض الهی یی تغییرا ایتمکله مذام محلنه یعنی نفسه اسناد اولنور

You will be people of courtesy and knowers. For, in [the matter of] attributing praiseworthy things to oneself, to make the Real a protection for oneself and attribute the praiseworthy things to the Real, and, in [the matter of] attributing blameworthy things to the Real, to make oneself a protection for the Real and attribute the blameworthy things to oneself, is the custom of the people of courtesy and of the learned. For the heretics and freethinkers, who are shameless and discourteous, attribute perfections and praiseworthy things to their own selves, and blameworthy things and deficiencies to the Real; saying 'had the divine will not attached [to it], it would not have been so,' they refer to the divine will the ugly acts they committed according to the desires of their own selves. But if some good reaches someone at their hands, indeed if anything other than pure evil issues from their selves, they attribute to their own selves the divine operations occurring in the world, and do not attribute them to the divine will. Now, since the outward form of Adam is upon the form of the ʿālam (world), the world, in respect of its density and its being a veil from the Real, is the gathering-place of blameworthy things; for deficiencies and blameworthy things are particular to the world of possibility. So if the acts, character traits and judgments issuing from the human species are ugly, such that they deserve blame by custom, by reason or by religious law, then what is most fitting for the courteous one is that, out of courtesy and realization, he attributes them to himself and does not attribute them to the Real; for what issues from the Real is pure good, that is, the effusion of wujūd (being); ugly and blameworthy things go back to the domain of possibility and to non-being, which is one of the two sides of possibility. And likewise he should attribute [text: 'not attribute'] to the Real the perfections and praiseworthy things that are in himself, for in reality they go back to the being of the Real. So the courteous servant makes himself a protection for the Real by attributing blameworthy things to himself, and makes the Real a protection for himself by attributing praiseworthy things and perfections to the Real. (God Most High said: 'Whatever good befalls you is from God, and whatever evil befalls you is from yourself' (Q 4:79); but, while [it is so that] 'Say: all is from God' (Q 4:78), the wisdom of attributing blameworthy things to the self and praiseworthy things to the Real is this: deficiencies and blameworthy things are among the requirements of the self; according to the demand of the self, the name al-Muḍill (the Misleader) assists it. So the deficient act that becomes manifest in it according to the demand of the self is attributed to the self, and praiseworthy things are attributed to the Real; for when the divine effusion (fayḍ) in absolute being descends from the ḥaḍra (presence) of the name al-Hādī (the Guide) upon the perfect human maẓhar (locus of manifestation), the purity of the locus does not alter it, and since it is manifest according to its original purity, it is attributed to the Real. So all is from God in respect of assistance and effusion; but as for blameworthy things, since the locus alters the divine effusion, the blameworthy things are attributed to their locus, that is, to the self.

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)

Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).

Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.

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The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.