Mashrabaمشربة

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فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ

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2 · 64 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

وَقَدْ كَانَ الحَقُّ أَوْجَدَ العَالَمَ كُلَّهُ وُجُودَ شَبَحٍ مُسَوًّى لَا رُوحَ فِيهِ فَكَانَ كَمِرْآةٍ غَيْرِ مَجْلُوَّةٍ وَمِنْ شَأْنِ الحُكْمِ الإِلَهِي أَنَّهُ مَا سَوَّى مَحَلًّا إِلَّا وَلَا بُدَّ أَنْ يَقْبَلَ رُوحًا إِلَهِيًّا عَبرَ عَنْهُ بِالنَّفْخِ فِيهِ وَمَا هُوَ إِلَّا حُصُوُلُ الاِسْتِعْدَادِ مِنْ تِلْكَ الصُّورَةِ المُسَوَّاةِ لِقَبُولِ الفَيْضِ التَّجَلِّيِ الدَّائِمِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَزَلْ وَلَا يَزَالُ وَمَا بَقِيَ إِلَّا قابِلٌ وَالقَابِلُ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا مِنْ فَيْضِهِ الأَقْدَسِ

The Real had [already] brought the whole cosmos into existence as the existence of a proportioned shape with no spirit in it, so it was like an unpolished mirror. It belongs to the nature of the divine decree that it never proportions a locus without that [locus] necessarily receiving a divine spirit, which He expressed as 'blowing into it'. That is nothing other than the attainment, by that proportioned form, of the preparedness to receive the perpetual effusion of self-disclosure, which has never ceased and will never cease. Then nothing remains but a receptacle, and the receptacle comes to be only from His most holy effusion.

On the whole passage · 3 of 8

al-Jandī

﴿ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي أنّه ما سوّى محلَّا إلَّا ولا بدّ أن يقبل روحا " إلهيا عبّر عنه بالنفخ فيه وما هو إلَّا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسوّاة لقبول الفيض التجلَّي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال . وما بقي إلَّا قابل ، والقابل لا يكون إلَّا من فيضه الأقدس﴾

يعني رضي الله عنه : ليست تسوية الحقّ للمحلّ لقبول الروح إلَّا حصول الاستعداد ، ف " هو " في قوله : « وما هو لسان الحكم الإلهي » .وفي قوله : " عبّر عنه " يعود الضمير إلى الروح ، لا بمعنى أنّ الروح هو النفخ ، بل بمعنى أنّ الله ذكر تعيّن الروح في المحلّ بعد التسوية بهذه العبارة ، فقال :" وَنَفَخْتُ فِيه ِ من رُوحِي " .ثمّ اعلم : أنّ تسوية الحق للمحلّ أن يعطيه الاستعداد والقابلية ، أي يظهر استعداده الذاتيّ غير المجعول ، فإنّه إن لم يكن له استعداد ذاتي لقبول هذا الاستعداد المجعول هذه الصورة المذكورة هيولى مستعدّة لقبول صورة بعدها إلى أن تنتهي في الصورة الإنسانية الكمالية * ( ."ثُمَّ الله يُنْشِئُ النَّشْأَةَ الآخِرَةَ " 29 سورة العنكبوت. وكلّ هذه الصور صور مراتب التسوية والإعداد لقبول تجلّ بعدها .وكذلك صورة الحنطة هيولى مسوّاة لقبول صورة الدقيق ، وهي هيولى لصورة العجين ، وهي أيضا هيولى مسوّاة لصورة الخبز ، وهي هيولى لصورة الكيلوس أو الكيموس.وكذلك إلى الصورة الدمويّة ، ثم اللحمية والعظمية وغيرها ممّا يطول ذكرها ، كذلك العالم صورة مسوّاة لقبول تجلّ كلَّي فرقاني تفصيلي أسمائي .وبعده يستعدّ لقبول تجلّ كلَّي إنساني قرآني إلهي ذاتي ، وأسمائي جمعي بين الجمع والتفصيل أحديّ ، وهذا السرّ سار في جميع الصور ، فتدبّرها تدقيقا وتحقيقا ، إن شاء الله .ثمّ اعلم : أنّ التسوية والتعديل لا يكونان إلَّا بأحدية فيما به الاشتراك بين الأجزاء الكلَّية ، المتميّز بعضها عن البعض بالذات والخصوصيات .وتوحّد الجميع لسراية الوجود بالوحدة في حقائق المراتب ، وتوحيد تعديداتها وتمييزاتها بالوجود الواحد الظاهر بها والظاهرة هي به وفيه .فإذا توحّدت الآحاد والأفراد بالوجود الواحد الموحّد بسرّ أحدية الجمع السارية في حقائق القابل والمقبول ، والحامل والمحمول ، والظاهر والمظهر ، والمتجلَّي والمجلى ، اضمحلَّت أحكام ما به المباينة والامتياز والاثنينيّة .وتلاشت آثار النسب التعديدية حين استعداد القابل لقبول نفخ الروح الإلهي بالتوجّه النفسي الرحماني ، فلمّا ظهر الحق بأسمائه في العالم بصورة الكثرة الفرقانية التفصيلية ، استعدّ لنفخ روح الأحدية الجمعية الإنسانية ، فما بعد التفصيل إلَّا الجمع ، فافهم .وقول الشيخ رضي الله عنه

He, may God be pleased with him, means: the Real's forming of the locus for the acceptance of the spirit is nothing but the attainment of preparedness. So 'it' (huwa) in his statement 'and it is...' is the expression (lisān) of the divine ruling. And in his saying 'expressed as it' (ʿubbira ʿanhu), the pronoun refers back to the spirit—not in the sense that the spirit is itself the breathing-in, but in the sense that God mentioned the determination (taʿayyun) of the spirit in the locus after the forming by this expression, saying: 'and I breathed into him of My spirit.' Then know: that the Real's forming of the locus [means] that He gives it preparedness and receptivity—that is, He manifests its essential, non-fashioned (ghayr majʿūl) preparedness. For if it did not have an essential preparedness to receive this fashioned preparedness—this mentioned form being prime matter (hayūlā) prepared to receive a form after it—until it culminates in the perfected human form. * ('Then God brings forth the next configuration,' Q 29:20, al-ʿAnkabūt). And all these forms are forms of the levels of forming and preparation for accepting a self-disclosure after them. Likewise the form of wheat is a formed prime matter prepared to receive the form of flour, which is a prime matter for the form of dough, which is likewise a formed prime matter for the form of bread, which is a prime matter for the form of chyle (kaylūs) or chyme (kaymūs). And likewise onward to the form of blood, then flesh and bone and other things too lengthy to mention. Likewise the world is a formed image prepared to receive a universal, differentiating, nominal self-disclosure (tajallin kullī farqānī tafṣīlī asmāʾī). And after it, it is prepared to receive a universal, human, Qurʾānic, divine, essential self-disclosure, and a nominal, all-comprehensive one combining gathering and differentiation, unitary (aḥadī). And this secret runs through all the forms, so reflect upon it with precision and verification, God willing. Then know: that the forming and the proportioning occur only through a oneness (aḥadiyya) in that wherein the universal parts share in common, [parts] distinguished one from another by essence and specific properties, and the unification of all [occurs] through the pervasion of existence with oneness in the realities of the levels, and the unification of their multiplicities and distinctions by the one existence that is manifest through them, and they are manifest by it and in it. So when the units and individuals are unified by the one, unifying existence through the secret of the oneness of all-comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) pervading the realities of the receiver and the received, the bearer and the borne, the manifest and the locus of manifestation, the self-discloser and the place of self-disclosure—then the properties of that whereby there is differentiation, distinction, and duality vanish, and the traces of the multiplicity-relations (al-nisab al-taʿdīdiyya) dissolve at the moment the receiver is prepared to accept the breathing-in of the divine spirit through the Merciful essential turning-toward. So when the Real became manifest through His names in the world in the form of differentiating multiplicity, it became prepared for the breathing-in of the spirit of the human all-comprehensive oneness (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ al-insāniyya). For after differentiation there is nothing but gathering (jamʿ). So understand. And the Shaykh's, may God be pleased with him, saying:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وقد كان الحق أوجد العالم كله وجود شبح مسوى لا روح فيه، فكان … كمرآة غير مجلوة. ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي أنه ما سوى محلا إلا ولا بد أن يقبل روحا إلهيا عبر عنه بالنفخ فيه، وما هو إلا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسواة لقبول الفيض التجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال﴾

إعتراض وقعبين الشرط والجزاء، على أن قوله: (فاقتضى) جواب (لما) . (الواو) للحال. وقوله

— this is a parenthetical clause occurring between the conditional clause and its apodosis, given that his statement 'so it required/necessitated' (fa-qtaḍā) is the apodosis of 'lammā.' The wāw is a wāw of circumstance (ḥāl). And his statement

al-Tilimsānī

﴿وقد كان الحق أوجد العالم كله وجود شبح مسوي لا روح فيه، فكان كمرآة غير مجلوة ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي أنه ما سوی محلا إلا ولا بد أن يقبل روحا إلهيا عبر عنه بالنفخ فيه، وما هو إلا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسواة لقبول الفيض التجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قلت: معناه أن الحق تعالی اقتطع قطعة من نوره بسيطة لاصورة فيها وسماها القلم الأعلى وهي، والله أعلم، التي تسميها الحكماء «العقل الأول» الذي زعموا أنه أول صادر عنه تعالی وسماه شبحا للعالم لأنه مبدأ العالم. ومعنى لا روح فيه، أنه تعين أول ومن شأن القدرة الإلهية أن كل ما استعد لشيء تعلق به من الصور، ما هو روح له بحسب استعداده. فإن ذلك الشبح المشار إليه هو القلم الأعلى وأنه استعد أن يظهر فيه روح تخصه، وتلك الروح هنا هي اللوح المحفوظ والحكم الذي يتعين في القابل نفس حصوله في تلك الحالة هو بمدد إلهي هو المسمى بالنفخ. وقوله: ما هو إلا حصول الاستعداد معناه ما الشأن والقصة إلا حصول الاستعداد لقبول التجلي المسمى نفخا وذلك هو تجل دائم لم يزل ولا يزال والضمير الذي في قوله: ما هو إلا، يرجع إلى النفخ. قوله: وما بقى إلا قابل والقابل لا يكون إلا من فيضه الأقدس والأمر كله منه، ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه "وإليه يرجع الأمر كله" (هود: 123) كما ابتدأ منه. قلت: هذا جواب عن سؤال مقدر تقديره أن يقال: هذا الاستعداد المشار إليه من أين هو؟ فأجاب لسان الحال: أنه من الفيض الإلهي الأقدس فإذا القابل والمقبول والقبول الجميع منه تعالى رحمة إيجادية. وأقول في بسط حال هذا الشبح المسوي: إن الحق تعالى من الحضرة الذاتية المقدسة قال بلسان حال ذاتي لنور من أنوار قدسه، و أنوار قدسه نور واحد بسيط لا يوصف بالنهاية فقال له: «کن» أولا لآخر، فحصل له من قوله «کن» تعين فقط لا أكثر من ذلك فيتحقق فيه الأولية. ولو كان فيه أكثر من حقيقة ذلك التعين لكانت الأولية لأحدهما دون الآخر. أو يكون كل واحد منهما أولا فيكون القول منه تعالی برز لاثنين لا لواحد، فإذن ما حصل لذلك النور إلا تعينه فقط لكن حقيقته الأولية تستدعي آخرا وإلا لم يتحقق الأولية ولا بد منها ليظهر حكم «کن» فحصل لذلك النور بالتعين المذكور أن يتميز عن بقية الأنوار. وأن يكون فيه قابلية للظهور بصورة ثاني يكون لأوليته ذلك الثاني آخرا كما قلنا، فتعين ذلك النور تعينا آخر فكان كون آخر غيره فسمي النور في مرتبة التعين الأول قلما أعلى . وسمي هو بعينه في مرتبة التعين الثاني لوحا محفوظ. لكن التعين الأول الذي هو القلم الأعلى شهد في قول الحق تعالی له: «کن» أولا لآخر، يعني تهيئة لظهور اللوح المحفوظ منك. فقالت ذاته بلسان الحال: سمعا وطاعة. فإن القول في تلك المراتب ليس إلا بلسان الحال فقول الحق تعالی له: تهيئا هو المعنى الذي عبر عنه. بأنه قال له: أقبل فأقبل وأدبر فأدبر. فقال له تعالى: "وعزتي وجلالي ما خلقت خلقا هو أكرم علي منك، فبك آخذ وبك أعطي". هكذا نقل الناقلون، فذلك التهيؤ منه هو قبول صور العالم وسري معنى ذلك التهيؤ المذكور في اللوح المحفوظ، فكان تھیوه تسوية أخرى، فقبل اللوح بهذه التسوية المختصة به روحا هي مادة الجسم قبل ظهور صورته، فسميت كتابة معنوية من ذلك القلم الأعلى في اللوح المحفوظ ثم ظهرت حروف تلك الكتاب جسمان فكانت هي الكرات وهي أكوان حصلت كلها من معنوية قوله: "کن" وبمعنوية "كن" حصل المدد من القلم الأعلى فيضا مستمرا، كان اللوح المحفوظ يقبله في ذاته، ثم يسترسل من ذاته في ذات المادة المذكورة. فلما حصل لتلك المادة الجمود الذي به صارت أجراما جسمية اقتضى اليبوسة الحاصله لها من جهة الحقيقة الجسمية أن لا تقبل ذلك المدد في ذواتها كله بل مقدار ما يدوم لها وجودها به فقط. فبقي باقي المدد يطلب النفوذ في حقيقة الجسم، فمنعه الجسم ذلك لجموده فقهره المدد بقوته فأدار الأفلاك ومخضها مخضا، فاندفع منها كل جزء إلى مشابهة فأخذت كل كرة ما ناسبها وبقي الثقل السخيف. فاندفع إلى الوسط لما استدارت عليه الأفلاك، فکانت منه الأرض لكن الأرض لما اندفعت إلى حقيقة الوسط استصحب بعض اللطائف وهي كثيفة فاقتضى الحال أن ينفصل منها ما لا يلائمها. فأول ما انفصل منها ما هو أقرب إلى شبهها في الكثافة وكانت البحار فتميزت البحار عنها، إلا أن الماء وجد في ذاته ما هو ألطف منه، فلم يمكن أن يبقى معه فتصعد بخارا وهو الهواء، إلا أنه فيه بعد بعض كثافة الماء، فتميز ذلك البخار فما كان كثيفا يشبه الماء، دفعته الرياح التي هي في الحقيقة هواء، إلا أنها متدافعة فجمعت ذلك الكثيف الذي يشبه الماء، فانضم بعضه إلى بعض، فازداد كثافة ألحقته بالماء في الكثافة. فنزل أمطارا فالتحق بكرة الماء، وكان قد انكشف من الأرض بعضها، فأصاب ذلك البعض من الأمطار ما رأيتهم واستمر الحال، فكل ما كثف من الهواء بواسطة ما يصعد إليه انعكس أمطارا. ثم إن ذلك الهواء رقي منه لطيفه إلى سطح المقعر من باطن السماء الدنياء، واحتد لسخافته ورقته وقرب حركة فلك القمر منه، فسمى نارا لذلك الاحتداد الذي حصل له، فحصل في باطن سماء الدنياء أربعة أفلاك سماها الحكماء : نارا وهواء وماء وترابا. هذا ومدد القلم الأعلى متصل وكلما اتصل، اتصل دوران الأفلاك وكانت في الأفلاك أجرام هي أصفى جوهرا في الجسمية من بقية الأجسام الفلكية، فكانت هي الكواكب، و لصفاء جوهرها صارت لها أشعة فوقعت الأشعة على سطح الأرض وسطح الماء. فأثرت في الماء فصعد البخار من البحار وأثرت في التراب تسخينه فقط، فسرت حرارة ذلك التسخين في باطن الأرض، فوجدت باطنها قابلا للتكوين المودع في ذلك المدد مما أودعه الله في القلم الأعلى فتكون في باطن الأرض أكوان أربعة: "الكون الأول" : أكثفه الجماد المعدني، فتحركت المعادن بالحركة الايجادية في بطن الأرض ومنعتها الكثافة أن تشق الأرض وتخرج منها إلا النادر. والكون الثاني: النبات فإنه تكون تحت الأرض ولم يكن فيه كثافة المعدن ولا بلغ من اللطافة ما يفصله عن الأرض، فشق الأرض وخرج إلى الهواء، ولكن بقي رأسه في الأرض، فاغتذي برأسه منها وجسمه كله في الهواء. والكون الثالث: هو الحيوان فإنه تكون في بطن الأرض وتحرك فيه كما تحرك المعدن والنبات بالحركة الإيجادية وزاد على النبات بأنه شق الأرض كما شقها النبات وخرج منها كما خرج النبات، وحصلت له زيادة وهي الانتقال من مكان إلى مكان فوق سطح الأرض، وتخلص رأسه من الأرض لكن ما بعد رأسه عنها، بل بقي مكبوبا منحنيا، فاغتذي من وجه الأرض وشرب من الماء كما شرب النبات. والكون الرابع: هو آدم، عليه السلام، فإنه تكون أيضا تحت الأرض وتحرك كما تحركت الأكوان الثلاثة، وزاد عليها أنه تخلص رأسه تخلصا كاملا فانتصب وانتهى إليه الإيجاد. فأعطاه القلم الأعلى معناه وهو العقل، وحقيقة اللوح المحفوظ وهو النفس، لأنها هي التي تقبل الكتابة وهي العلوم، وحقيقة المادة وصورتها الجسمية وهو جسم آدم، عليه السلام، وحقيقة الأركان الأربعة وهي النار والهواء والماء والتراب. وذلك هو الصفراء التي في جسمه المشابهة للنار في الحرارة واليبوسة، والدم الذي هو مشابه للهواء في حرارته ورطوبته، والبلغم الذي هو مشابه للماء في برودته ورطوبته، والسوداء التي هي مشابهة للتراب في برودته ويبوسته. وفيه أيضا ما يشابه المولدات منها وهي الثلاثة: ففيه العظام كالمعادن. والنبات كالشعر. والحيوان كجسمه المحس. ففيه صور العالم الكبير مجملة وأما ما فيه من المعاني والأسماء فسوف نذكره إن شاء الله تعالی. قوله

I say: its meaning is that the Real, exalted is He, cut off a portion of His light, simple, having no form in it, and named it the Supreme Pen (al-qalam al-aʿlā). This is—God knows best—what the philosophers (al-ḥukamāʾ) call 'the First Intellect,' which they claimed to be the first thing to proceed from Him, exalted is He. He named it a specter of the world because it is the principle of the world. And the meaning of 'no spirit in it' is that it is a first entification (taʿayyun). And it is of the nature of the divine power that whatever is prepared for something becomes attached to it in terms of forms—whatever spirit belongs to it in accordance with its preparedness. For that specter referred to is the Supreme Pen, and it was prepared such that a spirit proper to it would appear within it. That spirit here is the Preserved Tablet (al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ), and the decree that becomes entified in the receptacle—the very occurrence of this in that state—comes through a divine support (madad) which is called the breathing-in (nafkh). His statement 'it is nothing but the attainment of preparedness' means: the matter and the whole affair is nothing but the attainment of preparedness for receiving the self-disclosure called the breathing-in, and that is a perpetual self-disclosure which has never ceased and never will cease. The pronoun in his statement 'it is nothing but' refers to the breathing-in. His statement: 'and nothing remains but a receptacle, and the receptacle comes only from His most holy effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas), and the whole affair proceeds from Him—its beginning and its end—"and to Him the whole affair returns" (Hūd 11:123)—just as it began from Him.' I say: this is an answer to a presupposed question, its purport being: from where does this preparedness referred to come? So the tongue of the state (lisān al-ḥāl) answered: it is from the most holy divine effusion. Thus the receptacle, the received, and the receiving are all from Him, exalted is He, as an existentiating mercy. And I say, in elaborating the condition of this proportioned specter: the Real, exalted is He, from the sanctified Presence of the Essence (al-ḥaḍra al-dhātiyya al-muqaddasa), said by the tongue of an essential state to one light among the lights of His holiness—and the lights of His holiness are one simple light, not describable by any limit—He said to it 'Be' (kun), a first for a second, and there resulted for it from His saying 'Be' only an entification (taʿayyun), nothing more than that, so that firstness (awwaliyya) is realized in it. For if there had been in it more than the reality of that single entification, firstness would belong to one of the two rather than the other, or each of the two would be a first, in which case the saying from Him, exalted is He, would have issued forth for two, not for one. So, then, nothing resulted for that light except its entification alone; yet its reality of firstness demands a second—otherwise firstness would not be realized, and it is indispensable for the decree of 'Be' to appear. So there resulted for that light, through the entification mentioned, that it be distinguished from the rest of the lights, and that there be in it a receptivity for appearing in a second form, such that for its firstness that second would be a 'last' (ākhir), as we have said. So that light became entified with another entification, and thus there was another being (kawn) distinct from it. So the light in the rank of the first entification was named the Supreme Pen, and it itself, in the rank of the second entification, was named the Preserved Tablet. But the first entification, which is the Supreme Pen, witnessed in the Real's saying to it, exalted is He, 'Be,' a first for a second—meaning: a preparation for the appearance of the Preserved Tablet from you. So its essence said, by the tongue of the state: 'Hearing and obedience.' For the saying in those ranks is only by the tongue of the state; so the saying of the Real, exalted is He, to it—'prepare yourself'—is the meaning expressed by His saying to it: 'Advance,' and it advanced; 'Withdraw,' and it withdrew. And He, exalted is He, said to it: 'By My might and My majesty, I have not created a creature more noble to Me than you; by you I take and by you I give.' Thus the transmitters have transmitted. So that preparedness from it is the reception of the forms of the world, and the meaning of that mentioned preparedness proceeded (saray) into the Preserved Tablet, so its preparedness was another proportioning (taswiya), and the Tablet received, through this proportioning proper to it, a spirit which is the matter of the body prior to the appearance of its form. So it was named an intelligible writing (kitāba maʿnawiyya) from that Supreme Pen upon the Preserved Tablet. Then the letters of that writing appeared as two bodies, and these were the celestial spheres (al-kurāt), which are existents (akwān), all resulting from the intelligible reality of His saying 'Be.' And through the intelligible reality of 'Be,' support (madad) resulted from the Supreme Pen as a continuous effusion, which the Preserved Tablet would receive within itself, then it would flow forth from itself into the essence of the aforementioned matter. Then, when that matter attained the solidification (jumūd) by which it became corporeal masses, the dryness that resulted for it, from the aspect of corporeal reality, required that it not receive that support within its essence entirely, but only the measure by which its existence would persist. So the remaining support continued seeking penetration into the reality of the body, but the body, due to its solidity, prevented this; so the support overpowered it by its force and set the celestial spheres in motion, churning them thoroughly. So every part was driven off toward its like, and each sphere took what was proper to it, while the base heaviness remained. So it was driven to the center, since the spheres revolved around it, and from it the earth came to be. But when the earth was driven to the reality of the center, it retained some subtle elements (laṭāʾif) though they were dense (kathīfa); so the situation required that whatever did not suit it be separated from it. The first thing to separate from it was what was closest in resemblance to it in density, and these were the seas, so the seas became distinguished from it. However, water found within itself something subtler than itself, so it could not remain with it; thus it rose as vapor, which is air—though there remained in it some of the density of water. So that vapor became distinguished: what was dense, resembling water, was driven by the winds, which are in reality air, though in mutual contention; so they gathered that density resembling water, and part of it joined with another part, increasing in density until it approached water in density. So it descended as rains and joined the sphere of water. Some of the earth had already been uncovered, and that portion was struck by the rains as you have observed, and the situation continued: whatever of the air became dense through what rose to it turned back as rain. Then the subtle part of that air ascended to the concave surface of the inner side of the lowest heaven, and it grew hot due to its rarity, its subtlety, and the proximity of the motion of the sphere of the moon to it; so it was named fire, on account of that heat which resulted for it. Thus within the inner side of the lowest heaven there came to be four spheres which the philosophers named: fire, air, water, and earth. Now, the support of the Supreme Pen is continuous, and whenever it continues, the revolution of the spheres continues with it. And there were, among the spheres, bodies purer in substance, in respect of corporeality, than the rest of the celestial bodies; these were the stars, and due to the purity of their substance they possessed rays. These rays fell upon the surface of the earth and the surface of the water, affecting the water such that vapor rose from the seas, and affecting the earth merely by heating it. So the heat of that heating penetrated into the interior of the earth, and its interior was found receptive to the generation (takwīn) deposited within that support—from what God had deposited in the Supreme Pen. So four existents (akwān) came to be within the interior of the earth: The First Existent: the densest, mineral inanimate matter. So the minerals moved with the existentiating motion within the belly of the earth, and their density prevented them from splitting the earth and emerging from it, except rarely. The Second Existent: plant life. For it came to be beneath the earth, and it did not possess the density of minerals, nor did it attain such subtlety as would separate it from the earth. So it split the earth and emerged into the air, but its root remained in the earth, so it was nourished through its root from it while its whole body was in the air. The Third Existent: this is animal life. For it came to be within the belly of the earth and moved within it just as minerals and plants moved with the existentiating motion, and it exceeded plant life in that it split the earth as plants split it and emerged from it as plants emerged, and there resulted for it an additional feature—namely, movement from one place to another upon the surface of the earth—and its head became freed from the earth, though what lay beyond its head did not become distant from it, but remained bent and inclined; so it was nourished from the surface of the earth and drank water as plants drink. The Fourth Existent: this is Adam, peace be upon him. For he too came to be beneath the earth and moved as the three existents moved, and he exceeded them in that his head became fully freed, so he stood upright, and existentiation culminated in him. So the Supreme Pen gave him its meaning, which is intellect (ʿaql); and the reality of the Preserved Tablet, which is the soul (nafs)—for it is that which receives the writing, which is the sciences; and the reality of matter and its corporeal form, which is the body of Adam, peace be upon him; and the reality of the four elements (al-arkān al-arbaʿa), which are fire, air, water, and earth. And this is the yellow bile (al-ṣafrāʾ) in his body, resembling fire in heat and dryness; and the blood, which resembles air in its heat and moisture; and the phlegm, which resembles water in its coldness and moisture; and the black bile (al-sawdāʾ), which resembles earth in its coldness and dryness. And in him too is that which resembles the three generated kingdoms (al-muwalladāt): in him are the bones, like minerals; the hair, like plants; and his sensible body, like animals. So in him are the forms of the macrocosm (al-ʿālam al-kabīr) in summary form. As for what is in him of meanings and names, we shall mention this, God willing. His statement

al-Qāshānī

﴿وقد كان الحق أوجد العالم كله وجود شبح مسوى لا روح فيه وكان كمرآة غير مجلوة﴾

جملة اعتراضية بين الشرط وجوابه والشرط مشيئته لرؤية أعيان الأسماء أو عينه في كون جامع ، والأسماء مقتضية لوجود العالم اقتضاء كل اسم جزءا منه ، فقد كان العالم موجدا باقتضائها له قبل وجود الإنسان الذي هو الكون الجامع . لأن كل اسم يطلب بانفراده ظهور ما اشتمل عليه وهو الذات مع صفة ما : أي وجودا مخصوصا بصفة ، والاسم الآخر وجودا مخصوصا بصفة أخرى ، فلم يكن لشيء من الأسماء اقتضاء وجود اتحد به جميع الصفات إذ ليس لأحد من الأسماء أحدية الجمع بين الصفات ، فلم يكن للعالم مظهرية أحدية جميع الوجود ولذلك شبهه قبل وجود الإنسان فيه بأمرين شبح مسوى لا روح فيه أو مرآة غير مجلوة ، إذ لم يظهر فيه وجه الله بل وجوه أسمائه ، فوجود شبح نصب على المصدر أي أوجده وجودا مثل وجود شبح مسوى لا روح فيه

This is a parenthetical clause (jumla iʿtirāḍiyya) inserted between the conditional clause (al-sharṭ) and its apodosis. The condition is His will (mashīʾa) to see the entities of the Names, or His own entity, in an all-comprehensive engendered being (kawn jāmiʿ). The Names necessitate the existence of the world, each Name necessitating a part of it. Thus the world had already come into existence through their necessitation of it, prior to the existence of the human being who is the all-comprehensive engendered being. For each Name, by itself, demands the manifestation of what it comprises — namely, the Essence together with some attribute: that is, an existence specified by that attribute — while another Name demands an existence specified by another attribute. So no single Name necessitated an existence in which all the attributes were united together, since none of the Names possesses the oneness that gathers together (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) among the attributes. Hence the world did not possess the locus-of-manifestation (maẓhariyya) of the oneness that gathers together the whole of existence. For this reason he likened it, prior to the existence of the human being within it, to two things: a proportioned specter with no spirit in it, or an unpolished mirror — since the Face of God did not appear in it, but rather the faces of His Names. "The existence of a specter" is set in the accusative as a verbal noun (maṣdar), meaning: He brought it into existence in a manner resembling the existence of a proportioned specter with no spirit in it.

al-Jandī

﴿وقد كان الحقّ سبحانه أوجد العالم وجود شبح مسوّى لا روح فيه ، فكان كمرآة غير مجلوّة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

يعني رضي الله عنه : أنّ المراد المطلوب والعلَّة الغائيّة المقصودة من إيجاد العالم ظهور الحق وإظهاره نفسه لنفسه ظهورا وإظهارا فعليا تفصيليا كما اقتضت ذاته المطلقة تكميلا لمرتبتي الجمع والفرقان ، والغيب والشهادة ، والإخفاء والإعلان ، فكمال الجلاء والاستجلاء وإحاطة الشهود بالغيب والشهادة هو السرّ المطلوب والعلَّة الغائيّة من العالم .فإذا لم يحصل كمال الظهور والإظهار على النحو المطلوب ، لم يكن له سرّ وروح ، والعالم كلَّه أعلاه وأسفله ، وأمره وخلقه ، ظلمانيته ونورانيته كما قلنا مظاهر الأسماء الإلهية ، فما من موجود منها إلَّا والغالب على وجوده حكم بعض الأسماء على سائرها .فذلك البعض سنده وإليه مستنده ، والحق من حيث ذلك الاسم ربّه ومعبوده ، ومن حضرته فاض عليه وجوده وهو عند التجلَّي مشهوده .فظهور الحق وإن وجد قبل الكون الجامع والمظهر الكامل والمجلى الشامل نحوا من الظهور تفصيليا فرقانيا ، ولكنّ المطلوب بالقصد الأوّل هو كمال الجلاء والاستجلاء ، فحيث لم يوجد كمال الظهور في المظهر الأكمل ، لم يحصل المراد المطلوب من إيجاد العالم لعدم قابلية العالم بدون الإنسان لذلك ، وقصوره عن كمال مظهريته تعالى ذاتا وصورة جمعا وتفصيلا ، ظاهرا وباطنا ، فكان كمرآة غير مجلوّة ، أي غير قابلة لروح التجلَّي المطلوب والمراد المقصود المرغوب ، فكان العالم بمنزلة شبح مسوّى لا روح فيه لأنّ الروح إنّما يتعيّن في المحلّ بعد التسوية ، كما قال تعالى مقدّما للتسوية على النفخ في قوله : " فَإِذا سَوَّيْتُه ُ وَنَفَخْتُ فِيه ِ من رُوحِي ".فالتسوية عبارة عن حصول القابلية في المحلّ للنفخ الإلهي ، وهو عبارة عن التوجّه النفسي الرحماني بالفيض الوجودي والنور الجودي. كما قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

He, may God be pleased with him, means: that the intended object and the final cause (al-ʿilla al-ghāʾiyya) sought from the bringing-into-existence of the world is the manifestation of the Real and His making Himself manifest to Himself—a manifestation and a making-manifest that is actual and differentiated (tafṣīlī), as required by His absolute Essence, in fulfillment of the two levels of gathering and differentiation (al-jamʿ wa'l-farqān), the Unseen and the witnessed (al-ghayb wa'l-shahāda), the concealing and the disclosing. So the perfection of clarity and self-clarification, and the encompassing of witnessing by the Unseen and the witnessed, is the sought secret and the final cause of the world. If the perfection of manifestation and making-manifest in the manner sought were not attained, [the world] would have no secret and no spirit. And the world entirely—its higher and its lower, its command and its creation, its darkness and its luminosity—is, as we have said, the loci of manifestation (maẓāhir) of the divine names. There is no existent among them but that the ruling property of some names over the rest predominates in its existence. That particular [name] is its support and its point of reference, and the Real, from the perspective of that name, is its lord and object of worship, and from His presence its existence flowed forth (fāḍa), and it is, at the moment of self-disclosure (tajallī), its witnessed object. So the manifestation of the Real, even though it existed before the all-comprehensive engendered being (al-kawn al-jāmiʿ) and the perfect locus of manifestation (al-maẓhar al-kāmil) and the all-inclusive place of self-disclosure (al-majlā al-shāmil)—a kind of differentiated, distinguishing manifestation—nevertheless what is sought by the primary intent is the perfection of clarity and self-clarification. So since the perfection of manifestation was not found in the most perfect locus of manifestation, the intended object sought from the bringing-into-existence of the world was not attained, due to the incapacity of the world without the human being for that, and its falling short of the perfection of being a locus of manifestation for Him, Exalted, in both essence and form, in gathering and differentiation, in the manifest and the nonmanifest. So it was like an unpolished mirror—that is, incapable of [receiving] the spirit of the sought self-disclosure and the intended, desired object. So the world was in the position of an unformed corpse without spirit in it, because the spirit only becomes determined (yataʿayyanu) in the locus after the forming (taswiya), as He, Exalted, said, giving precedence to the forming over the breathing-in, in His saying: 'So when I have formed him and breathed into him of My spirit.' So the forming (taswiya) is an expression for the attainment of receptivity (qābiliyya) in the locus for the divine breathing-in, which is an expression for the essential Merciful turning-toward (al-tawajjuh al-nafsī al-raḥmānī) with the existential effusion and the generous light. As the Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وقد كان الحق أوجد العالم﴾

%~% والأول أظهر. ومشيئته تعالى عبارة عن تجليه الذاتي والعناية السابقة لإيجاد المعدوم، أو إعدام الموجود. وإرادته عبارة عن تجليه لإيجاد المعدوم. فالمشيئة أعم من الإرادة. ومن تتبع مواضع استعمالات (المشية) و (الإرادة) في القرآن يعلم ذلك، وإن كان بحسب اللغة يستعمل كل منهما مقام الآخر، إذ لا فرق بينهما فيه والمراد بالأسماء الحسنى، الأسماء الكلية والجزئية، لا التسعة والتسعون فقط المروية في الحديث. لذلك قال

%~% and the former is more manifest. His exalted Will (mashīʾa) is an expression for His essential self-disclosure (tajallī dhātī) and the prior solicitude (ʿināya) for bringing the non-existent into existence, or bringing the existent into non-existence. His Volition (irāda) is an expression for His self-disclosure for bringing the non-existent into existence. Thus Will (mashīʾa) is more general than Volition (irāda). Whoever traces the places where 'Will' (mashīʾa) and 'Volition' (irāda) are used in the Qur'an will know this, even though linguistically each of the two is used in the place of the other, there being no difference between them in that respect. What is meant by 'the Beautiful Names' are the universal and particular Names, not merely the ninety-nine transmitted in the hadith. For this reason he said

Ibn Turka

﴿وقد كان الحقّ أوجد العالم كلَّه﴾

جملة حاليّة ، لا اعتراضيّة فإنها مبيّنة لأمر الكون المذكور بأنّه موجود بمادّته ، فلا بدّ مما يجعله بالفعل ، وهي الصورة ، وهو أوّل الأمرين الموقوف عليهما ظهور السرّ . والتعبير عنه بالماضي إشارة إلى ما للمادّة من التقدّم الذاتي ، وأنّ الفاعل عند تحصيل هذه الغاية الكماليّة وإظهارها مشغول عن جعل المادّة وإيجادها إلى تصويرها بالفعل ، فلذلك ما نسب الإيجاد بإطلاقه إلى العالم بل خصّصه و من ها هنا اختصّ مباشرة اليد بآدم في قوله : "خمّرت طينة آدم بيدي" . ثمّ إنّه كما أنّ لآدم كمالا بحسب الإظهار وله منزلة التجلية للمرآة ، له الكمال بحسب الظهور أيضا ، وله منزلة الروح في الشبح . فقوله

This is a circumstantial clause (ḥāliyya), not a parenthetical one, for it clarifies the state of the aforementioned cosmos: that it exists in its matter, so there must be something that actualizes it, namely form — and this is the first of the two things upon which the manifestation of the secret depends. The expression of it in the past tense points to the essential precedence (taqaddum dhātī) belonging to matter, and to the fact that the Agent, upon achieving this perfective end and manifesting it, is [already] occupied — away from making and bringing matter into existence — with giving it form in actuality. For this reason existence-bringing (al-ījād) in its unqualified sense was not attributed to the cosmos but was rather specified [to Adam]; and it is from here that the direct handling by the [divine] Hand was specific to Adam, in His saying: "I kneaded the clay of Adam with My two hands." Then, just as Adam has a perfection in respect of manifestation-bringing (iẓhār) and holds the rank of the polishing of the mirror, he also has perfection in respect of manifestation itself (ẓuhūr), and holds the rank of the spirit within the frame. So his saying

Jāmī

﴿وقد كان الحق سبحانه أوجد العالم كله﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أی أفاض علی أعيانه الثابتة وجوداً يماثل

That is, He effused upon its fixed entities (aʿyān thābita) an existence resembling

Bālī Zāde

﴿وقد كان الحق أوجد العالم كله﴾

من العلم إلى العين قبل إيجاد آدم

from knowledge into entified existence, before the creation of Adam

Bosnevî

﴿وقد كان الحق او جد العالم كله وجود شبح مسوي لاروح فيه فكان كمرأة غير محلوة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وحالبوکه وحال بوکه کون جامع مظهر نده اسماء حسنا نک اعیانی رؤیتنه مشیتک تعلقندن اول حق تعالی عالمک کلیسنی شبح مسوی کبی که انده روح بوقدر ایجاد اتمشیدی» پس عالم جلا اولنمش آینه کی ایدی زیراکون جامعک ایجادندن مقدم ایجاد اولنان عالمت کلیسی اعلی واسفلی وظلمانی ونورانیسی وعالم امری وخلقی اولسون اسماء الهیه مظاهر بدر* پس بونلردن برموجود یوقدر الاآنک وجودی اوزره بعض اسمائک حکمی سائر اسما اوزره غالبدر واول موجود اول اسمه مظهر واکامستنددر واول اسم حیثیتیله حق آنک رب خاصی و معبو دیدر واول اسم حضر تندن حق آنک اوزره وجود نی افاضه ایتدی وعند التجلی اول اسم آنک مشهودیدر* پس کون جامع ومظهر شامل اولان انسان کاملدن اول اگرچه کمعالم وجوددن برنوع وجودایله موجود اولدیسه وحق وجود تفصیلی وفرقانیله انده ظاهر اولدیسه ولکن قصداول ایله ایجاد عالمدن مطلوب اولان کمال جلا واستجلادر* پس مظهر اکلده کمال ظهور بولنمدیغی حیثیله ایجادعالمدن مطلوب اولان مراد حاصل اولدی . زیرا انسانسز عالمک کمال ظهوره قابلیتی بوقدر• وذاتا وصورة جمعا وتفصیلا ظاهر او باطنا حقک کمال مظهر یتندن قاصر اولدیغندن اوتری* پس انساندن اول عالم ظهور کلی انسانی روحی ایچون تسویه اولنمش برجسد کی ایدی وانسا نک وجودی جلاسی ایله جلا اولنمغه قابل جلا اولنممش برآینه کبی ایدی* وجود شبح قولی مصدر اولمق اوزره منصو بدر ویامفعول محذوفک صفتیدر ای اوجده مثل وجود شبح ویاخود نزع خافضیت اوزره منصو بدرای اوجده کوجودشبح)

And whereas, before the will attached to the seeing of the entities of the most beautiful names in the maẓhar (locus of manifestation) of the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), the Real Most High had brought the whole of the ʿālam (world) into existence like a shaped form (shabaḥ musawwā) in which there is no spirit, the world was like a mirror [not] polished. For the whole of the world brought into existence before the bringing-into-existence of the kawn jāmiʿ, its higher and its lower, its dark and its luminous, be it the world of command or [the world] of creation, are loci of manifestation of the divine names. So there is no existent among them but that, over its being, the ruling of one of the names prevails over the other names. That existent is a locus of manifestation of that name and rests upon it. In respect of that name the Real is its particular lord and the object of its worship. From the ḥaḍra (presence) of that name the Real effused its being upon it, and at the tajallī (self-disclosure) that name is what it witnesses. So before the insān kāmil (perfect human), who is the kawn jāmiʿ and the all-embracing locus, the world came to exist with a kind of being out of being [...], and the Real was manifest in it with His detailed and discriminating (furqānī) wujūd (being). Even so, what was sought, by the first intention, from the bringing-into-existence of the world is the perfection of jalāʾ (polishing, manifesting) and istijlāʾ (self-viewing). So, insofar as perfect manifestation was not found in the most perfect locus […], the intent sought from the bringing-into-existence of the world was attained. For without the human the world has no receptivity for perfect manifestation, since it falls short of being the perfect locus of the Real in essence and form, in gathering and detail, outwardly and inwardly. So before the human, the world was like a body shaped for the human spirit of universal manifestation. It was like an unpolished mirror capable of being polished by the polishing that is the human's being. His words "wujūda shabaḥin" (the being of a shaped form) are in the accusative as a verbal noun (maṣdar). Or [they are] the attribute of an elided object, i.e. "He brought it into existence like the being of a shaped form". Or they are in the accusative through removal of the preposition, i.e. "He brought it into existence as the being of a shaped form".

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وجود شبح﴾

صفة مصدر محذوف. أي، أعطى وجودا مثل وجود شبح. ومعناه: أن الحق تعالى قد كان أوجد الأعيان الثابتة التي للعالم الكبيردون الصغير الإنساني بالوجود العيني مفصلا كالموجود الذي لا روح فيه، والمرآة التي لا جلاء لها. وكان من شأن الحق وحكمة الإلهي وسنته أنه ما أوجد شيئا وسواه إلا ولا بد أن يكون ذلك الموجود قابلا للروح الإلهي، ليكون به حياته ويترتب عليه كمالاته وتظهر به الربوبية فيه، وذلك القبول هو المعبر ب (النفخ) فيه. قال تعالى، في آدم، عليه السلام: (فإذا سويته ونفخت فيه من روحيفقعوا له ساجدين) . فنفخه تعالى إعطاؤه القابلية والاستعداد. وقوله

['the existence of a form (shabaḥ)'] is a description of an elided verbal noun (maṣdar), that is: He gave an existence like the existence of a form. Its meaning is: the Real, exalted, had brought the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita) belonging to the macrocosm (al-ʿālam al-kabīr), as distinct from the microcosm of the human (al-ṣaghīr al-insānī), into concrete existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaynī) in detail, like an existent thing having no spirit, and like a mirror having no polish. And it was of the nature of the Real, and of the divine wisdom and His custom (sunna), that whenever He brought something into existence and proportioned it, that existent thing necessarily had to be receptive to the divine spirit, so that by it his life would come to be, his perfections would follow upon it, and lordship (rubūbiyya) would become manifest through it in him — and that reception is what is expressed by 'breathing' into it. The Exalted said, concerning Adam, peace be upon him: 'When I have proportioned him and breathed into him of My spirit, then fall down before him in prostration.' So His breathing, exalted, is His giving of receptivity and preparedness (istiʿdād). And his statement

Ibn Turka

﴿وجود شبح مسوّى لا روح فيه﴾

إشارة إلى الثاني "آدم". وقوله

refers to the second [term], "Adam." And his saying

Jāmī

﴿وجود شبح مسوّى … لا روح فيه﴾

فإن كلاً من الموجودين يستتبع وجود أمر آخر فوجوب العالم يستتبع الكون العالم . ووجود الشبح المسوي يستتبع وجود الروح و نفخه فيه (فكان) ، أي العالم بلا وجود الكون الجامع الذي هو بمنزلة الروح له (كمرآة غیر مجلوة) ، لأن الروح للشبح المسوى بمنزلة الجلاء للمرأة إذ بهماً كمالهما. ثم أنه رضي الله عنه بين حال الممثل به ليعلم حال الممثل له . فقال

For each of the two existents necessarily entails the existence of another matter: the necessity of the cosmos entails the [existence of the] comprehensive being (al-kawn al-jāmiʿ), and the existence of the proportioned form entails the existence of the spirit and its being breathed into it. (So it was) — that is, the cosmos without the existence of the comprehensive being, which stands to it in the position of the spirit — (like an unpolished mirror), for the spirit stands to the proportioned form as the polishing stands to the mirror, since the perfection of each of the two is achieved through the other. Then he (may God be pleased with him) set forth the state of that which serves as the likeness (al-mumaththal bihi), so that the state of that which is likened (al-mumaththal lahu) might be known. He said:

Bālī Zāde

﴿وجود شبح مسوی لا روح فيه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

مثل الطين في حق آدم والنطفة في حق أولاده وهو ظلمة وخلق محض لا يهتدي به إلى شيء وإنما أوجده أولا على هذا الطريق ثم جلي بآدم لأن المرآة لا تكون غير مجلوه إلا من كثيف ظلماني ولطيف نوراني (فكان) العالم بدون آدم

, like clay in the case of Adam and the sperm-drop in the case of his offspring — and it is darkness and pure creation, by which nothing is guided. Rather, He brought it into existence first in this manner, then it was polished through Adam, because a mirror becomes unpolished only through something dense and dark, [as opposed to] something subtle and luminous. (Thus) the world without Adam was

Ibn Turka

﴿فكان كمرآة غير مجلوّة﴾

إلى الأوّل "العالم كله" تطبيقا لصورة مسألته بالمثال مادّة وصورة . ثمّ لمّا بيّن وجود المادّة وتقدّمها الذاتي موميا إلى أنّها من حيث هو قابل فارغ عنه الفاعل ، غير محتاج هو إليه كما ستطلع على تحقيقه أشار إلى بيان نسبة الإيجاد من الفاعل ، والقبول من القابل بحيث ينطبق على ما ذهب إليه من التوحيد الذاتي ، ويوافق ما أشار إليه في صدر الفصّ من تسوية العبارتين في مادة الشبح المسوّى ، الغالب عليه قهرمان الكثرة . وهو أنّ من مقتضى الأمر الإيجادي

refers to the first [term], "the whole cosmos," applying the form of the matter under discussion to the analogy of matter and form. Then, having clarified the existence of matter and its essential precedence — indicating that, insofar as it is a receptacle, the Agent is free of any need for it, He having no need of it, as will become clear upon verification — he turned to clarifying the relation (nisba) of existence-bringing from the Agent and reception from the receptacle (qābil), in such a way as to accord with what he holds regarding essential unity (tawḥīd dhātī), and to agree with what he indicated at the opening of the Fuṣṣ concerning the equivalence of the two expressions in the matter of the "proportioned frame," over which the dominion of multiplicity holds sway. This is that it belongs to the requirement of the existence-bringing command

Bālī Zāde

﴿كمرآة غير مجلوة ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي﴾

أي وقد كان من اقتضاء حكم الحق (أنه ما سوی محلا إلا ولا بد أن يقبل) ذلك المحل روحا إلهية بسبب تسوية الله تعالى

— that is, it was among the requirements of the ordinance of the Real (that He fashioned no locus except that it must necessarily receive) that locus a divine spirit, by virtue of God's (exalted is He) fashioning [it]

al-Qāshānī

﴿ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي أنه ما سوى محلا إلا ولا بد أن يقبل روحا إليها عبر عنه بالنفخ فيه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

معناه موقوف على معرفة حكمه وهو أن حكم الله تعالى أمره أي إيجاد الأشياء بقوله كن والله عين الوجود المحض المطلق الذي هو أظهر الأشياء ونور الأنوار فهو يتجلى بذاته لذاته دائما فتسويته للمحل ظهوره في صورة اسم . وذلك الاسم هو عينه مقيدا بصفة من الصفات القابلية فلا يظهر فيه إلا عينه ، وذلك الظهور قبوله للروح وعينه هو الموصوف بكل صفة إلا أنه لا يظهر في ذلك المحل إلا بصفة واحدة من الصفات الفاعلية ، وذلك هو الخلق باليدين فهو روح إلهى ومعنى النفخ فيه هو الظهور فيه بتلك الصفة ولذلك قال

Its meaning depends upon knowledge of His ordinance (ḥukm), which is that God's command (amr) — that is, His bringing things into existence by His word 'Be' (kun) — [note that] God is the very essence of pure absolute existence, which is the most manifest of things and the Light of lights; He discloses Himself by His Essence to His Essence perpetually. His proportioning of the locus, then, is His manifestation in the form of a Name. That Name is His own entity (ʿayn) qualified by one of the receptive attributes, so that nothing appears in it save His entity; and that manifestation is [the locus's] reception of the spirit. His entity is that which is qualified by every attribute, yet it appears in that locus only through a single attribute among the active attributes — and that is 'creation by the two hands.' It is thus a divine spirit, and the meaning of 'breathing into it' is manifestation within it through that attribute. Hence he said—

Ibn Turka

﴿ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي أنّه ما سوّى﴾

(محلَّا) أي ما عدّل مزاج (إلَّا ولا بدّ أن يقبل روحا إلهيّا ، عبّر عنه) في العبارة النبويّة المرسل به

(a locus), i.e. whatever It balances in constitution, (must necessarily receive a divine spirit, expressed) in the prophetic utterance transmitted concerning it

Jāmī

﴿ومن شأن الحكم الإلهي﴾

وإجراء سنته (أنه تعالی ما سوی محلاً) ، أي مزاجاً يصلح لفيضان الروح عليه. وإنما قيدنا بذلك ليصح قوله لا بد وأن يقبل روحاً إلهياً، فإن

and the running of His wont (sunna), (that He, exalted, fashioned no locus) — that is, no composition (mizāj) fit for the effusion of the spirit upon it — [except that it must necessarily accept a divine spirit]. We have qualified it thus only so that his statement 'it must necessarily accept a divine spirit' would be sound, for indeed

Bosnevî

﴿ومن شان الحكم الالهي انه ماسوي محلا الاولابدان يقبل روحا اليها عبر عنه بالنفخ﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وحکم الهینک شانندندرکه تحقیق اول بر محلی تسویه ایتمدی الا ولا بددر که اول محلی برروح الهی بی قبول ایدر که اول زوح الهیدن نفخله تعبیر اولندی عبر قولی مفعول ایجون مبنی اولمق اوزره وفاعل ایجون مبنی اولمق دخی جأزدر یعنی الله تعالی اول روح الهیدن نفخله تعبیر ایلدی* یعنی روح الهی بی قبول ایدن محل مسواده روحک تعینندن وانده آنک مقبول اولمسندن الله تعالی) ونفخت فیه من روحی) قولنده نفخله تعبیر ایلدی* عبرعنه قولنده ضمیر روحه عائد اواور ولکن روح نفخک عینی اولق معناسنه دکلدر بلکه محل مسواده روحک تعینی حق تعالی (ونفخت فیه من روحی) عبارتیله ذکر ایتدیکی* ل* معنایه دربعنی حقی تعالی بن محل مسوایه روحی نفخ ابتدم قولیله محل مسواده روحک تعینندن تعبیرایلدی واکثر نسخده بالنفخ فیه واقع اولدی* پس ضمیر محله راجع اولور وعند البعض عبر عنه قولنده عنه ضمیری قبوله راجعـــدر

It is of the nature of the divine decree that it has not shaped a locus but that it is necessary that that locus receive a divine spirit, which divine spirit was expressed by "breathing". [The verb] "ʿubbira" (was expressed) is in the passive voice, and it is also permissible for it to be in the active voice. That is, God Most High expressed that divine spirit by breathing. That is, by "breathing", in His words "And I breathed into him of My spirit" (Q 15:29; Q 38:72), God Most High expressed [two things]: the taʿayyun (determination) of the spirit in the shaped locus that receives the divine spirit, and its being received in it. The pronoun in his words "ʿubbira ʿanhu" (was expressed) refers back to the spirit. But this is not in the sense that the spirit is identical with the breathing. Rather, it is in the sense that the Real Most High mentioned the determination of the spirit in the shaped locus with the expression "And I breathed into him of My spirit". That is, by His words "I breathed the spirit into the shaped locus" the Real Most High expressed the determination of the spirit in the shaped locus. In most copies it occurs as "by the breathing into it"; the pronoun then refers back to the locus. According to some, the pronoun of "ʿanhu" in his words "ʿubbira ʿanhu" refers back to the receiving.

Words 30–31 · 1 of 8

رُوحًا إِلَهِيًّا

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿روحا إلهيا﴾

يتكون عند التسوية ويتعلق بالمسوّى كالأرواح الجزئية لجمهور الناس. أو يتخلق به عند التسوية بعلم ما كا موجوداً قبلها كالأرواح الكلیهٔ أی يتكمل من أولياء الله تعالی

which comes into being at the [moment of] proportioning (taswiya) and attaches itself to the proportioned [form], like the particular spirits of the generality of people; or which becomes qualified by it at the [moment of] proportioning, through a [prior] knowledge that was already existent before it, like the universal/perfected spirits — that is, [the spirits] that attain perfection among the friends of God, exalted.

Words 32–33 · 2 of 8

عَبرَ عَنْهُ

Jāmī

﴿عبر عنه﴾

اي عن ذلك القبول

that is, that acceptance

Bālī Zāde

﴿عبر عنه﴾

أي عن الروح الإلهي

— that is, concerning the divine spirit

Words 34–35 · 3 of 8

بِالنَّفْخِ فِيهِ

Ibn Turka

﴿بالنفخ فيه﴾

أي خروج نوعيّته الكماليّة من القوّة إلى الفعل . وهو المعبّر عنه في لسان البرهان العقلي بالاستعداد المستجمع لتمام شرائط الخروج المذكور ، فهو آخر مراتب القابليّة وأنهى درجات القوّة ، المتّصلة بالفعل اتّصالا اتحاديّا لا مجال للتغاير والتفرقة فيه أصلا على ما ستطلع على بيانه . والحاصل أنّ الإيجاد من الفاعل هو الذي عبّر عنه لسان السنّة بالنفخ منه في القابل

i.e. the emergence of its perfective specific reality from potentiality into actuality. This is what is expressed, in the language of rational demonstration, as the preparedness (istiʿdād) that gathers together the completion of the conditions for the aforementioned emergence — it being the final degree of receptivity (qābiliyya) and the ultimate rank of potentiality, joined to actuality with a unitive conjunction admitting no room whatsoever for otherness or differentiation, as will become clear in its exposition. The upshot is that the existence-bringing from the Agent is what the language of the Sunna expressed as "breathing" from Him into the receptacle

Jāmī

﴿بالنفخ فيه﴾

أي في المحل المسوّى، وفيه مسامحة. لأن قبول الروح لازم للنفخ لا عينه، فاللائق به أن يجعل عبارة عن إفاضة الروح ، لا عن قوله لأن النفخ صفة النافخ لا المنفوخ فيه . متن نص فصوص الحكم : الفيض التجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل و لا يزال. و ما بقي إلا قابل، و القابل لا يكون إلا من فيضه الأقدس. فالأمر كله منه، ابتداؤه و انتهاؤه، "و إليه يرجع الأمر كله" 123 سورة هود ، كما شرح الجامي : وقال الشيخ مؤيد الدین الجندي رحمه الله فى قوله : و عبر عنه ، یعود الضمیر إلی الروح لا بمعنى أن الروح هو النفخ بل بمعنى أن الله تعالى ذكر تعين الروح في المحل بعد التسوية بهذه العبارة فقال تعالى : " و نفخت فيه من روجى " 29 سورة الحجر

that is, into the proportioned locus. And there is a leniency [of expression] here, for the acceptance of the spirit is a necessary concomitant of the breathing, not identical with it; what befits [the matter] is that [this expression] be made to stand for the effusion of the spirit, not [taken literally] — because breathing is an attribute of the one who breathes, not of that into which the breathing occurs. [Text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam]: 'The effusion is the perpetual self-disclosure (tajallī) that has never ceased and will never cease. Nothing remains but a receptacle (qābil), and the receptacle comes to be only from His most holy effusion (fayḍ aqdas). So the whole matter is from Him, its beginning and its end: "and to Him the whole matter returns" (Q. 11:123)' — as al-Jāmī has explained. And Shaykh Muʾayyid al-Dīn al-Jandī, may God have mercy on him, said concerning his statement 'and He expressed it': the pronoun refers back to the spirit — not in the sense that the spirit is [identical with] the breathing, but in the sense that God, exalted, indicated the entification (taʿayyun) of the spirit in the locus after the proportioning by this expression, saying, exalted is He: "and I breathed into him of My spirit" (Q. 15:29).

Bālī Zāde

﴿بالنفخ فيه﴾

وأما القول بإرجاع ضمير عنه إلى القبول فليس بمناسب إذ القبول صفة المحل القابل والنفخ بمعنى إعطائه القابلية والاستعداد صفة لله تعالى . لا بمعنى إخراج الهواء من جوف النافخ وإدخاله في جوف المنفوخ فيه فإنه محال في حقه تعالى فلا يعبر أحدهما بالآخر

. As for the view that refers the pronoun in 'it' back to 'reception,' this is not fitting, since reception is an attribute of the receiving locus, whereas breathing — in the sense of granting it receptivity and preparedness — is an attribute of God (exalted is He), not in the sense of expelling air from the interior of the breather and inserting it into the interior of what is breathed into, for that is impossible with respect to Him (exalted is He). Hence neither term may be substituted for the other

al-Qāshānī

﴿وما هو إلا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسواة لقبول الفيض التجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال﴾

أي لقبول الفيض الذي هو التجلي الدائم فهو بمعنى اسم الإشارة كما في قول رؤبة : فيها خطوط من سواد وبلق %~% كأنه في الجلد توليع البهق أي كان ذلك بمعنى وما ذلك وهو إشارة إلى ما ذكر من قوله ما سوى محلا إلا ولا بد أن يقبل روحا إلهيا ، أي اقتضاء تسوية المحل لقبول الروح الإلهي ، مثاله الشهب وهي الأبخرة المستعدة للاشتعال في حيز النار إذ ولا بد لها من الاشتعال ، ولما ذكر الاستعداد والفيض لزم وجود المستعد الذي هو القابل . قوله

That is: for the reception of the effusion, which is the perpetual self-disclosure. It [the particle] thus functions as a demonstrative, as in the verse of Ruʾba: 'In it are streaks of black and piebald, / as though on the skin were the mottling of vitiligo' — meaning 'that was,' in the sense of 'and that.' It refers back to what was mentioned in his statement, 'It leveled a locus only for it necessarily to receive a divine spirit' — that is, the necessitation, through the proportioning of the locus, of the reception of the divine spirit. Its example is the meteors (shuhub), which are the vapors prepared for ignition within the sphere of fire, since they must inevitably ignite. Now, since preparedness and effusion have been mentioned, it necessarily follows that there exists something prepared, namely the recipient (qābil). His statement—

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وما هو﴾

أي، ليس ذلك (النفخ) إلا حصول الاستعداد من الصورة المسواة، أي، من ذلك الموجود لقبول الفيض المقدس الذي هو التجلي الدائم الحاصل عليه وعلى غيره لم يزل ولا يزال، إذ لو فرض انقطاعه آنا واحدا لعدم الأشياء كلها، سواء كانت موجودة بالوجود العلمي أو العيني. ف (التجلي) بدل الكل من (الفيض) . وفي بعض النسخ: (لقبول فيض التجلي) بالإضافة. فمعناه: لقبول الفيض الحاصل من التجلي. ولا يكون ذلك الفيض نفس التجلي حينئذ بل حاصلا منه، ولا ينبغي أن يتوهم أن هذه الأعيان كانت موجودة زمانا من الأزمنة والإنسان معدوم فيه مطلقا، وإلا يلزم وجودها مع عدم روحها. وأيضا، الإنسان أبدى بحسب النشأة الأخروية، وكل ما هوأبدى فهو أزلي كعكسه. بل لا بد أن يعلم أنه من حيث النشأة العنصرية بعد كلموجود بعدية زمانية ، لتوقفها على حصول الاستعداد المزاجي الحاصل من الأركان العنصرية بالفعل والانفعال والتربية. كما أشار إليه بقوله تعالى: "خمرت طينة آدم بيدي أربعين صباح" وإنه من حيث النشأة العلمية قبل جميع الأعيان لأنها تفاصيل الحقيقة الإنسانية، كما مر بيانه في المقدمات. ومن حيث النشأة الروحانية الكلية أيضا قبل جميع الأرواح، كما أشار إليه النبي، صلىالله عليه وسلم، بقوله: "أول ما خلق الله نوري". ومن حيث النشأة الروحانية الجزئية التي في العالم المثالي أيضا من قبيل المبدعات، وإن كان متأخرا عن العقول والنفوس الفلكية تأخرا ذاتيا لا زمانيا، فلا يكون معدوما في الخارج مطلقا،لذلك قيل في حقه قبل نشأته العنصرية: "أتجعل فيها من يفسد فيها ويسفك الدمء". وأخرج من الجنة بالمخالفة لأمر الله تعالى. هذا مع أن صاحب الشهود والمحقق العارف بمراتب الوجود، يعلم أنه موجود في جميع المظاهر السماوية والعنصرية، ويشاهده فيها بالصور المناسبة لمواطنها ومراتبها عند التنزل من الحضرة العلمية إلى العينية ومن العينية إلى الشهادة المطلقة قبل ظهوره في هذه الصورة الإنسانية الحادثة الزمانية، شهودا محققا. ولا يحيط بما أشرنا إليه إلا من أحاط بسر قوله تعالى: "وقد خلقكم أطوارا." قوله: "وما بقى إلا قابل، والقابل لا يكون إلا من فيضه الأقدس" تتميم لما ذكره. لأن القابل الذي يقبل الروح الإلهي هو أيضا يستدعى من يستند وجوده إليه، لأنه بالنظر إلى ذاته معدوم. ولما كان كذلك، بين أنه أيضا مستند إلىالحق تعالى فائض منه، لذلك قال: "والقابل لا يكون" أي، لا يحصل إلا من " فيضه الأقدس" أي، الأقدس من شوائب الكثرة الأسمائية ونقائص الحقائق الإمكانية. وقد علمت فيما مر من المقدمات أن الأعيان التي هي القوابلللتجليات الإلهية كلها فائضة من الله ب "الفيض الأقدس". وهو عبارة عن التجلي الحبى الذاتي الموجب لوجود الأشياء واستعداداتها في الحضرة العلمية، ثم العينية كما قال: "كنت كنزا مخفيا فأحببت أن أعرف %~% ". و "الفيض المقدس" عبارة عن التجليات الأسمائية الموجبة لظهور ما يقتضيه استعدادات تلك الأعيان في الخارج. ف "الفيض المقدس" مترتب على "الفيض الأقدس". وإذا علمت هذا، علمت أن لا منافاة بين هذا القول وبين قوله في "الفص العزيري" وغيره: (إن علم الله في الأشياء على ما أعطته المعلومات بما هي عليه مننفسها) . وقوله: (فلله الحجة البالغة). وقوله: (فالمحكوم عليه حاكم على الحاكم أن يحكم عليه بذلك). وقوله، صلى الله عليه وسلم: "من وجد خيرا، فليحمد الله. ومن وجد دون ذلك، فلا يلومن إلا نفسه." قوله

['and it is nothing but...'] that is, that 'breathing' is nothing but the attainment of preparedness (istiʿdād) from the proportioned form — that is, from that existent thing — for the reception of the holy effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas), which is the perpetual self-disclosure (tajallī) occurring upon it and upon other than it, without ceasing and without end. For were its interruption supposed for even a single instant, all things would pass into non-existence, whether they existed with knowledge-existence (al-wujūd al-ʿilmī) or with concrete existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaynī). So 'the self-disclosure' is a substitution of the whole for 'the effusion.' In some copies it reads: 'for the reception of the effusion of the self-disclosure' (fayḍ al-tajallī), in construct form (iḍāfa). Its meaning then is: for the reception of the effusion resulting from the self-disclosure — in which case that effusion would not be the self-disclosure itself but something resulting from it. And one should not imagine that these entities (aʿyān) existed for some period of time while the human (al-insān) was absolutely non-existent therein — for that would entail their existing while their spirit was non-existent. Moreover, the human is eternal-in-futurity (abadī) with respect to the eschatological configuration (al-nash'a al-ukhrawiyya), and whatever is eternal-in-futurity is eternal-in-pretemporality (azalī), as its converse holds too. Rather, one must know that, with respect to the elemental configuration (al-nash'a al-ʿunṣuriyya), he comes after every existent thing in a temporal posteriority, since it depends upon the attainment of the humoral preparedness (al-istiʿdād al-mizājī) resulting from the elemental constituents (al-arkān al-ʿunṣuriyya) through action, passion, and cultivation — as is indicated by His saying, exalted: 'The clay of Adam was leavened by My hand for forty mornings.' And that, with respect to the knowledge-configuration (al-nash'a al-ʿilmiyya), he precedes all the entities (aʿyān), since they are the details of the human reality, as was explained before in the introductory sections (al-muqaddamāt). And with respect to the universal spiritual configuration (al-nash'a al-rūḥāniyya al-kulliyya) also, he precedes all spirits, as the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, indicated by his saying: 'The first thing God created was my light.' And with respect to the particular spiritual configuration (al-nash'a al-rūḥāniyya al-juz'iyya) that is in the imaginal world (al-ʿālam al-mithālī), he too belongs to the category of the originated things (al-mubdaʿāt), even though he is posterior to the celestial intellects and souls in an essential, not temporal, posteriority. Hence he is not absolutely non-existent externally — and for this reason it was said concerning him, before his elemental configuration: 'Will You place therein one who will work corruption therein and shed blood?' And he was expelled from the Garden for contravening the command of God, exalted. This is so, even though the possessor of witnessing (shuhūd) and the realized knower (al-muḥaqqiq al-ʿārif) of the levels of existence knows that he exists in all the heavenly and elemental loci of manifestation, and witnesses him therein in forms appropriate to their stations and levels, in the descent from the Presence of Knowledge to that of concrete existence, and from the concrete to absolute sensible witnessing, prior to his manifestation in this temporally originated human form — a realized witnessing. And none can encompass what we have indicated except one who has encompassed the secret of His saying, exalted: 'And He has created you in stages.' His statement: 'and nothing remained but a recipient, and the recipient can only come to be from His Most Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas)' is a completion of what he mentioned. For the recipient which receives the divine spirit likewise requires something to which its existence is ascribed, since with respect to its own essence it is non-existent. This being so, he clarified that it too is ascribed to the Real, exalted, and effused from Him — hence he said: 'and the recipient can only come to be' — that is, can only occur — 'from His Most Holy Effusion,' that is, the effusion most holy, purified of the admixtures of the multiplicity of the Names and the deficiencies of the possible realities. You have already learned, from what preceded in the introductory sections, that the entities (al-aʿyān), which are the recipients (qawābil) for the divine self-disclosures, all flow forth from God through 'the Most Holy Effusion' (al-fayḍ al-aqdas). This is an expression for the essential love-self-disclosure (al-tajallī al-ḥubbī al-dhātī) that necessitates the existence of things and their preparednesses (istiʿdādāt) in the Presence of Knowledge, and then in the concrete Presence — as He said: 'I was a hidden treasure and I loved to be known %~%.' And 'the Holy Effusion' (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas) is an expression for the self-disclosures pertaining to the Names (al-tajalliyyāt al-asmāʾiyya) which necessitate the manifestation of what the preparednesses of those entities require, externally. So 'the Holy Effusion' is consequent upon 'the Most Holy Effusion.' Once you have learned this, you will know that there is no incompatibility between this statement and his statement in 'The Ezraic Bezel' (al-faṣṣ al-ʿUzayrī) and elsewhere: 'God's knowledge of things is in accordance with what the known things themselves give of themselves.' And his statement: 'To God belongs the conclusive argument.' And his statement: 'The one judged is himself the judge over the Judge, that He should judge him thus.' And his saying, God bless him and grant him peace: 'Whoever finds good, let him praise God; and whoever finds other than that, let him blame none but himself.' His statement

Ibn Turka

﴿وما هو إلَّا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسوّاة لقبول الفيض﴾

قبولا ل ينفكّ عن التسوية ، ويلزمها لزومه للفيض الذي هو عبارة عن

a reception that is inseparable from the proportioning, and that is as necessarily entailed by it as the effusion (fayḍ) — which is an expression for

Jāmī

﴿وما هو … إلا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسوّاة﴾

وفيه أيضاً مسامحة . فإن حصول قوله : المسوّاة ، وجعله الشیخ الجنید رحمه الله تعالی لسان الحكم الإلهي . وفيه بعد اللام في قوله

Here too there is a leniency [of expression]. For the occurrence [meant by] his statement 'the proportioned [form],' — al-Jandī, may God Almighty have mercy on him, made it the tongue (lisān) of the divine ordinance. And there is [a point to note] after the lām in his statement

Bālī Zāde

﴿وما هو﴾

أي ليس ذلك القبول

— that is, that reception is nothing

Bosnevî

﴿وماهو الامر حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المسواة لقبول الفيض المجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

هواسم اشارت معناسنه در ذکر اولنان ماسوی محلا الاولابدان یقبل روحا الهیاقولنه اشارت ایدر والتجلی عن الفیض قولندن بدلدر ویاخود عطف بیا ندر* یعنی وحال بوکه روح الهی بی قبول اتمک ایجون تسویه محل دکلدر الالم یزل ولایزال اولان تجلی دائم فیضنی قبول اتمک ایجون تسویه اولنان صور تدن استعداد ک حصو لیدر یعنی کون جا معدن مقدم ایجاد اولنان عالمک روح الهی بی قبول اتمک ایجون تسویه اولنمسی تسویه اولنان عالمک صورتندن استعدادک حصو لیدر* کون جامعک وجودی روحن قبول ایتمک ایجونکه مظهر فیض تجلی دائمدر (فاذاسویته ونفخت فیه من روحی (فحواسی اوزره جسد عالم تسویه اولند قده کون جامع وجود یله اکانفخ روح اولوب کمال جلا و استجلا حاصل اولدی* وتجلی دا ئم اولان فیض الهی که لم یزل ولا یزالد رآنک مظهر ندن ظهور ایتدی* امدی شویله معلوم اوله که تسویه نفخ ایچون محل مسواده قابلیتـک حصو لندن عبار تدر یعنی محل مسواده ذاتی اولان استعداد غیر مجعولی اظهار ایتمکدر زیرا اکر محلک استعداد مجعول وجودی بی قبول اتمکه استعداد ذاتیسی اولمبیدی فیض دائمی قبول اتمکه مستعد اولمزدی* زیرا تسویه که استعداد مجعولک حصولیدر ناظرک صور تن قبول ایتمک ایجون سطح مرأتک صقالتی منز له سنده در* پس بر محلک که مرأت اولمغه استعداد ذاتیسی اولیه تسویه ایله استعداد مجعولی تحصیل ایدوب ناظرک صورتن قبول ایده من* زیرا صورتی قبول اتمکه اول محلک ذاتنده استعدادی یوقدر» پس محل مسواد . ه قابل فیض اولان یعنی فیضی قبول ایدن اول محل مسوانک عین ثابته سنده غیر مجعول اولان استعداد ذاتیله متعین اولان فیض الهی ووجود حقانیدرکه اول شیئک ماهیتنده انک تعینی حیثیتیله مرة اولیده مقبول ایدی* پس مره ثانیه ده اول محل مسوی اوزره وارد اولان تجلی وجودی عینی بی قبول ایدن ینه اول محلک ماهیتنده متعین اولان وجود حقدر* پس بواجلدن او تری لقبول الفیض التجلی الدائم قولنده التجلی قولی قبول ایجون مفعول اولمق اوزره منصوب اولمق والدائم قولی التجلی قولی ایچون صفت اولمق اوزره منصوب اولمق جازدر* یعنی حقی قبول ایدن ینه حقدر* زیرا فیض اولکه قابل مر : اولیده انکله موجود اولدی لم یزل ولا یزال اولان تجلی دائمی قبول ایدر* زیراحق اقتضاء ذاتیسی حسبیله دائم التجلیدر (ومابقی الاقابل) بوقول وقد کان الحق اوجد العالم کله قولنه معطوفدر* وما بین زیاده بیان وایضاح ایچون واقعدر یعنی حق تعالی عالمی تجلیات الهیه ایله ایجاد ایلدی* محل مسواده فیضی قبول ایدن قابلدن غیری حدا یجاددن خارج برشی باقی قالمدی* زیرا قابلک وجودی تجلیات الهیه ایجادی ایله دکلدر* بلکه فیض اقدسدن واقعدر* انکیجون شیخرضی الله عنه

His word "huwa" (it) is in the sense of a demonstrative and refers to the aforementioned words "He never levels a locus except that it must receive a divine spirit." And his word "al-tajallī" (the self-disclosure) is a substitute (badal) for his word "al-fayḍ" (the effusion), or else an explicative apposition (ʿaṭf bayān). That is: whereas the levelling (taswiya) of a locus for receiving the divine spirit is nothing but the attainment of preparedness, istiʿdād (preparedness), from the levelled form for receiving the effusion of the perpetual tajallī (self-disclosure), which has never ceased and will never cease. That is, the levelling of the ʿālam (world), which was brought into existence before the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), for receiving the divine spirit is the attainment of preparedness from the form of the levelled world, in order to receive as its spirit the wujūd (being) of the all-comprehensive being, which is the maẓhar (locus of manifestation) of the effusion of the perpetual self-disclosure. In accordance with the purport of "When I have levelled him and breathed into him of My spirit" (Q 15:29), when the body of the world was levelled, spirit was breathed into it through the being of the all-comprehensive being, and perfect jalāʾ (polishing) and istijlāʾ (self-viewing) were attained. And the divine effusion that is the perpetual self-disclosure, which has never ceased and will never cease, became manifest from its locus of manifestation. So let it be known that levelling for the breathing consists of the attainment of receptivity in the levelled locus; that is, it is making manifest the uncreated (ghayr majʿūl) preparedness that is essential to the levelled locus. For if the locus had no essential preparedness for receiving the made (majʿūl), existential preparedness, it would not be prepared to receive the perpetual effusion. For levelling, which is the attainment of the made preparedness, is in the position of the polish of a mirror's surface for receiving the form of the viewer. So a locus that has no essential preparedness to be a mirror cannot, by acquiring made preparedness through levelling, receive the viewer's form, for there is no preparedness in the essence of that locus for receiving the form. So that which is receptive of the effusion in the levelled locus, that is, which receives the effusion, is the divine effusion and the Real's wujūd (being), determined by the uncreated essential preparedness in the ʿayn thābita (fixed entity) of that levelled locus. [This effusion], in respect of its taʿayyun (determination) in the quiddity of that thing, was the received [thing] the first time. Then the second time, that which receives the concrete existential self-disclosure arriving upon that levelled locus is again the being of the Real determined in that locus's quiddity. For this reason, in his words "li-qabūl al-fayḍ al-tajallī al-dāʾim", it is permissible for "al-tajallī" to be in the accusative as the object of "qabūl", and for "al-dāʾim" to be in the accusative as an adjective of "al-tajallī". That is, that which receives the Real is again the Real. For the effusion by which the receptacle came to exist the first time receives the perpetual self-disclosure which has never ceased and will never cease. For the Real, according to His essential requirement, is perpetually self-disclosing. ("And there remained only a receptacle"): these words are conjoined to his words "And the Real had brought the whole world into existence", and what lies between occurs for further explanation and clarification. That is, God Most High brought the world into existence by the divine self-disclosures. In the levelled locus nothing remained outside the bounds of bringing-into-existence except the receptacle that receives the effusion. For the being of the receptacle is not by the bringing-into-existence of the divine self-disclosures; rather it occurs from the fayḍ aqdas (most holy effusion). For this reason the Shaykh (raḍiya llāhu ʿanhu)

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا حصول الاستعداد من تلك الصورة المساواة لقبول الفيض التجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

فالعالم المسوی بدون الروح الإلهي بمنزلة المرآة الغير الصقيلة وبالروح الإلهي بمنزلة الصقيلة فكما أن المرأة بسبب جلاله تقبل صورة من يحاذيها وتعطيها لصاحبها . كذلك العالم بسبب قبول الروح الإلهي يقبل التجلي الدائم الذي هو ظهور عينه إليه في ذلك المحل المكمل

. For the fashioned world, without the divine spirit, is in the position of an unpolished mirror, whereas with the divine spirit it is in the position of a polished one. Just as the mirror, by virtue of its polish, receives the form of whatever faces it and presents it to its possessor, so too the world, by virtue of its reception of the divine spirit, receives the perpetual self-disclosure, which is the manifestation of its entity (ʿayn) to it in that perfected locus

al-Jandī

﴿لقبول الفيض التجلَّي الدائم﴾

إن كان"الدائم" مجرورا ، فـ "التجلَّي" بدل عن « الفيض » .بمعنى أنّ التجلَّي الدائم هو الفيض ، أو عطف بيان ، ويسوغ إسقاط لام التعريف من « الفيض » وإضافته إلى « التجلَّي » فيقال :لقبول فيض التجلَّي ويجوز أيضا إبقاء اللام في « الفيض » بحالها ونصب الياء من" التجلَّي " ورفع محلّ " الفيض " المجرور بإضافة « قبول » إليه.يعني أنّ الفيض الأوّل المعدّ لقبول التجلَّي يكون هو القابل للتجلَّي ثانيا .والفيض بعد تعيّنه في قابلية الماهية القابلة له بحسبها يستعدّ استعدادا ثانيا وجوديا قابلا للتجلَّي ، فيكون حينئذ قابل الحقّ إنّما هو الحقّ .والفيض الأوّل الذي وجد به القابل أوّل مرّة يقبل التجلَّي الدائم الذي لم يزل ولا يزال لكون الحق المتجلَّي دائم التجلَّي بالاقتضاء الذاتي ، فإنّه فيّاض النور أبدا الآبدين .وقوله رضي الله عنه

If 'al-dāʾim' (perpetual) is in the genitive case, then 'al-tajallī' (self-disclosure) is a substitute (badal) for 'al-fayḍ' (effusion)—meaning that the perpetual self-disclosure is the effusion; or it is an explanatory apposition (ʿaṭf bayān). And it is permissible to drop the definite article from 'al-fayḍ' and place it in annexation to 'al-tajallī,' so that one would say: 'li-qabūl fayḍ al-tajallī' (to accept the effusion of the self-disclosure). It is also permissible to keep the article on 'al-fayḍ' as it is, and put 'al-tajallī' in the accusative, with 'al-fayḍ' being the [true] genitive object governed by [the verbal noun] 'qubūl' (acceptance) annexed to it. This means that the first effusion, prepared to accept the self-disclosure, is itself the receiver of the self-disclosure a second time. And the effusion, after its determination within the receptivity of the quiddity that receives it according to its own measure, acquires a second, existential preparedness receptive of the self-disclosure. So at that point, the receiver of the Real is none other than the Real [Himself]. And the first effusion, by which the receiver came into existence for the first time, receives the perpetual self-disclosure that has never ceased and will never cease, since the Real who self-discloses is perpetual in self-disclosure by essential necessity, for He is eternally, forever, the effuser of light. And his saying, may God be pleased with him:

Jāmī

﴿لقبول الفيض﴾

متعلق بالاستعداد . وقوله

connected to [the word] 'preparedness.' And his statement

Ibn Turka

﴿التجلي الدائم الذي لم يزل﴾

فيضان الرحمة والجود منه في أوّل الأزل من الآزال

the outpouring of mercy and generosity from Him from the first of the pre-eternities (al-āzāl)

Jāmī

﴿التجلي الدائم الذي لم یزل … ولا يزال﴾

أي الی الأبد بدل من الفیضك بدل الكل . والفیض مفعول للقبول وفاعله الصورة المسوّاة. ومعنى قبولها الفيض أعني التجلي المذكور، وإن كانت موجودة إن ذلك المتجلی هيولانی الوصف وإنما ی تعبیر ويتقيد بحسب المتجلی له. فإذا كان المتجلى له عيناً ثابتة غير موجودة يكون هذا التجلى بالنسبة إليه تجلياً وجودياً. وإن كان وجوداً خارجاً كالصورة المسواة، يكون التجلي بالنسبة إليها بالصفات وتفيد صفة غير الوجود كصفة الحياة ههنا . وفي بعضی النسخ فیضك التجلي بدون اللام فالإضافة بيانية والمعنى ما سبق أولاً منه . والفیض عبارة عما یفید التجلی المذكور للصور المسؤاة من صفة الحياة ، وع كیك الروح المفاض إليها المتعلق بها. ونصب التجلي الدائم على أن يكون مفعولاً للقبول، والفیض فاعلا له لا تظاهر صحة معناه إلا بتكلف و تعسف. ولما كان أمر الوجود دائرا بين الفاعل والقابل والفعل والأثر واستناد كل من الفاعل والفعل والأثر إلى الحق سبحانه ظاهر مما سبق. فلم يبق غير مستند إليه سبحانه إلا القابل أعني الأعيان الثابتة القابلة من الفاعل الحق وتجليه الدائم الذي هو فعله قبض الوجود. فلذا قال

that is, forever — [this] is an appositive (badal) for 'the effusion,' an appositive of the whole (badal al-kull). 'The effusion' is the object of 'acceptance,' and its agent is the proportioned form. The meaning of its 'accepting the effusion' — namely the aforementioned self-disclosure — even though [the form] is existent, is that this self-disclosure is hylic (hayūlānī) in description, and the expression is qualified according to the one to whom the self-disclosure occurs. If the one to whom it occurs is a fixed entity not [yet] existent, then this self-disclosure is, with respect to it, an existential self-disclosure (tajallī wujūdī). But if it is an external existent, like the proportioned form, then the self-disclosure with respect to it is by way of attributes, conferring an attribute other than existence — such as the attribute of life here. In some copies it reads 'His effusion, the self-disclosure' without the lām, in which case the annexation (iḍāfa) is explicative (bayāniyya), and the meaning is as given at first. 'The effusion' is an expression for what the aforementioned self-disclosure confers upon the proportioned forms — namely, the attribute of life — together with the spirit effused unto them and attached to them. As for construing 'the perpetual self-disclosure' in the accusative, such that it is the object of 'acceptance' and 'the effusion' its agent, the soundness of this meaning cannot be sustained except by forced and strained interpretation. Now, since the matter of existence revolves between the agent (fāʿil) and the receptacle (qābil), and the act (fiʿl) and its effect (athar), and the ascription of the agent, the act, and the effect to the Real, glory be to Him, is evident from what has preceded — nothing remains unascribed to Him, glory be to Him, except the receptacle, namely the fixed entities that receive from the Real Agent and from His perpetual self-disclosure, which is His act, [namely] the bestowal of existence. Hence he said:

Words 52–53 · 1 of 8

وَلَا يَزَالُ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿ولا يزال﴾

كذلك إلى آخر الأبد من الآباد ، فإنّ الزمان بمعزل عن ترتّب الفيض على القبول ، كما هو المتبادر لأوهام العامّة . وبيان الفيض بالتجلَّى إشارة إلى الكمالين على طبق ما في المثال المذكور، وكذلك قوله: « لم يزل ولا يزال » فإنّ الأزل صورة مبدئية الكمال الظهوري من الزمان ، كما أنّ الأبد صورة معادية الكمال الإظهاري منه . وبيان هذه القضيّة وتحقيق هويّتها التي يتوقّف فيها أكثر الأفهام أنّ النفخ في الظاهر عبارة عن إخراج الهواء البخاريّ من الباطن على كيفيّة معيّنة وصورة مخصوصة مستحصلة من القوى الفاعلة والهيئات المنفعلة . وبيّن أنّه إذا سئل عن الحد الجامع بين تلك الأجزاء التي من شتات المقولات ب «ما هو» لا يصلح للجواب إلَّا حصول الاستعداد من الصورة المسوّاة لقبول الفيض . الذي هو خروج الوحدة الوجوديّة من الباطن ، فإنّه لا جامع أتمّ من ذلك ، وهو الدالّ على مبادي كلّ ماله دخل في تلك الهويّة الجمعيّة ، فإنّ الصورة المسوّاة قد جمعت من صنوف الكثرة السينيّة ما تمّ به النسبة الكماليّة الوجهيّة غير عائزة إلى الخارج عنه . وتحقيق هذا الأصل : أنّ تسوية المحلّ وتعديل المزاج عبارة عن تصحيح أمر النسبة الكماليّة والهيئة الاعتداليّة في الكثير الذي هو المحل بحيث يترتّب عليه الخصائص الفاضلة والأوصاف الوجوديّة . وذلك هو الوحدة الجمعيّة التي هي مبدأ الآثار الوجوديّة ومصدر الشعور والإشعار ، وهي المعبّر عنها بالروح الإلهي ، وبيّن أنّ تصحيح أمر النسبة في الكثير من حيث هو كثير إنّما يتوقّف على إبانة تمام النسبة الاعتداليّة الأصليّة . وتعيين موضوعات كلّ منها بما يليق به ويستحقّه من الكميّات المقداريّة والكيفيّات الامتزاجيّة ، فإذا عدّلت الموضوعات بكمّياتها وظهرت الكيفيّات الامتزاجيّة بكمالها فقد قبلت الروح للخروج من الباطن ، وهو المعبّر عنه بالنفخ فيه . وتمام تحقيق هذا الكلام وبيان لمّيته يحتاج إلى علوم عزيزة ومقدّمات غريبة عن أكثر الطباع والأذهان ، قد بيّن شيء من أصولها في المفاحص فلنكتف منه ها هنا بتلويح . وهو أنّه وإن كانت الستة هي الفاتحة لأمر تمام النسبة الاعتداليّة الفاضلة ولكن ما لم يظهر في العشرات المشعرة بتفاصيل الأحكام لم يتحقّق الإبانة المذكورة ، ولم يعلم ما لكلّ من موضوعات تلك النسب بخصوصه ، وفي تعبيره عن المراتب الثلاث بما عبّر أعني : سوّى ، ويقبل ، ونفخ ما يطلعك على هذا التلويح. ثمّ إنّه كما عرفت هذه الدقائق فلا تغفل عن أصل التقريب ومقصوده الأوّل من هذا الكلام وتدبّر في بيانه هذا كيف نظَّم أصول فنون التفرقة أعني الفاعل ، والقابل ، وما بينهما من النسبة والزمان في سلك الجمعيّة والوحدة الذاتيّة التي أشار إليها في مطلع كلامه بتسوية العبارتين . وذلك لأنّه إذا تقرّر أنّ الإيجاد من الفاعل هو عين تام قابليّة القابل ( فما بقي ) حينئذ في حيّز المغايرة ومطمورة السوي

likewise, unto the last of the post-eternities (al-ābād). For time stands apart from the sequencing of effusion upon reception, contrary to what commonly occurs to the imaginations of the generality [of people]. The clarification of the effusion by "self-disclosure" points to the two perfections in accordance with what was in the aforementioned analogy; likewise his saying "has never ceased, nor will ever cease," for pre-eternity is the inaugural form, [drawn] from time, of the perfection of manifestation-appearance (kamāl ẓuhūrī), just as post-eternity is the recurring/return form, [drawn] from time, of the perfection of manifestation-bringing (kamāl iẓhārī). The clarification of this matter and the verification of its true identity — over which most understandings falter — is that "breathing" in its outward sense is an expression for the expelling of vaporous air from within, according to a specific quality and particular form, produced from the active powers and the passive dispositions. And it is clear that if one is asked about the comprehensive definition (ḥadd) uniting those parts belonging to scattered categories, by [the question] "what is it?," nothing is adequate as an answer except: the attainment of preparedness, from the proportioned form, for receiving the effusion — which is the emergence of existential unity (al-waḥda al-wujūdiyya) from within. For there is no more complete unifier than this, and it points to the principles of everything that has a role in that collective identity (al-huwiyya al-jamʿiyya). For the proportioned form has gathered together, from the varieties of the multiplicity of letters/elements (al-kathra al-sīniyya), that by which the perfective relation of the [divine] Face is completed, without need of recourse to anything external to it. The verification of this principle is: that the proportioning of the locus and the balancing of constitution is an expression for the correct establishment of the perfective relation and the equilibrated disposition within the multiplicity that constitutes the locus, such that the excellent properties and existential attributes are consequent upon it. And that is the collective unity (al-waḥda al-jamʿiyya) which is the principle of existential effects and the source of consciousness and awareness-giving, and it is what is expressed as the "divine spirit." And it is clear that the correct establishment of the relation within the multiple, qua multiple, depends only upon the manifesting of the complete original equilibrated relation, and the determination of the subjects of each [element] according to what befits and is due to it in quantitative measures and admixtural qualities. So when the subjects are balanced in their quantities and the admixtural qualities appear in their completeness, then the spirit has been received so as to emerge from within — and this is what is expressed as "breathing into it." The complete verification of this discourse and the clarification of its causal ground requires rare sciences and premises foreign to most natures and minds; something of their foundations has been set forth in the Mafāḥiṣ, so let us content ourselves here with an allusive indication (talwīḥ). It is that although the "six" is what opens the matter of the complete excellent equilibrated relation, yet so long as it has not appeared in the "tens" indicative of the details of the rulings, the aforementioned clarification is not realized, nor is what belongs specifically to each of the subjects of those relations known. And in his expressing the three ranks as he did — namely, "proportioned," "receives," and "breathed" — there is that which will disclose to you this allusive indication. Then, having come to know these subtle points, do not be heedless of the root of the approximation (taqrīb) and its primary purpose in this discourse; reflect upon how, in this exposition, he has arranged the principal foundations of the varieties of differentiation — namely, the Agent, the receptacle, and the relation and time between them — within the thread of the collectivity and essential unity (al-waḥda al-dhātiyya) to which he pointed at the opening of his discourse by the equivalence of the two expressions. For this is because, once it is established that the existence-bringing from the Agent is the very completion of the receptivity of the receptacle, [then] nothing remains

al-Qāshānī

﴿وما بقي إلا قابل﴾

اعتراض منه على نفسه كأنه قيل إذا كان الاستعداد والفيض منه فما المستعد القابل فقال

This is an objection he raises against himself, as though it were said: if the preparedness and the effusion are both from Him, then what is the prepared recipient? So he said—

al-Jandī

﴿وما بقي إلَّا قابل ، والقابل من فيضه الأقدس﴾

بعد ذكر ما ذكر وإن أوهم أهل الوهم أنّه كالتكرار ، ولكن ليس كذلك ، ولكن ما ذكر إنّما ذكر بالضمن .وهذا عطف على قوله : « وكان الحق أوجد العالم » وما بقي إلَّا قابل .وما ذكر في البين هو حشو اللوزينج لزيادة البيان .ولمّا كان الفيض دائما والقبول كذلك أيضا ، وجب لقابل الفيض أن يقبل بعد التلبّس بأحكام ماهية العالم وحقيقته ، والانصباغ بأحكام حقائقه تجلَّيات أخر لا تتناهى دائما أبدا الآبدين فإنّ ما دخل في الوجود ، وصار واجب الوجود بالوجود الحق الدائم ، فإنّه لا ينقلب عدما ، ولكنّ التعيّنات والظهورات والنشآت تنقلب عليه .فإنّ قيل : قوله تعالى : " كُلُّ من عَلَيْها فانٍ "، وانقراض المشهود من الدنيا دليل صريح على انعدام الموجودات .قلنا : متعلَّق الانعدام والفناء إنّما هو التعيّن الشخصي لا الوجود المتعيّن في الحقيقة المعيّنة ، فيفنى تعيّن الوجود في مادّة تعيّن ، ويظهر في أخرى برزخيّ وحشريّ وجناني ، أو جهنّمي أو كينيّ ، هكذا إلى الأبد .فالقابل والمقبول باقيان دائمان بالحق الدائم الباقي ، فافهم إن شاء الله تعالى فهاهنا مزلَّة أقدام الكثيرين من الأوّلين والآخرين ، والله يثبّتنا وإيّاك بالقول الثابت الحق إنّه عصمة المعتصم به وهو حسبنا وكفى ، والحمد لله .وأمّا كون القابل من فيضه الأقدس فهو ، يعني : أنّ الحقائق والأعيان الثابتة في العلم الإلهي الأزلي قوابل الفيض الوجودي العيني ، وهي شؤون ذاتية وتجلَّيات ذاتيات اختصاصيات ، وتعيّنات علميات ، فإنّ مبدأ تعيّنات التجلَّيات الذاتيات .هذه التعيّنات العلمية بأعيان العالم ، وحقائقها ومعنوياتها معان مجرّدة ونسب علمية متمايزة بالخصوصيات ، كتمايز النصفيّة والثلثية والربعية والخمسية في علم العالم بالواحد في مراتب العدد فتعيّن بهذا التجلَّي العلمي تميّز كلّ عين عين من الأعيان عن غيرها بموجب الخصوصيات الذاتية.فتعيّن المعلومات في العلم الأزلي أزلا إنّما هو بالفيض الذاتي الأوّل الأقدس أوّلا ، فحصلت بهذا الفيض الأقدس الأوّل على وجود علمي وثبوت أزلي .أعني تحقّق العلم بالمعلومات المعيّنة ، فتعيّنت الأعيان الثابتة من عين الأعيان بهذا الفيض الأوّل الأقدس ، كما أشرنا إلى ذلك في الغرّاء التائيّة بقولنا شعر :وإذ عيّن الأعيان في علم ذاته %~% على صور علمية أزليةتعيّن بي معنى المعاني بعينه %~% وعيني حرف الأحرف المعنويةثم تعلَّقت النسبة المخصّصة للإيجاد ، وهي المشيّة والإرادة الكليّة الذاتية ، وهي التعرّف والظهور التّام ثم تعلَّقت النسبة الاقتدارية أيضا بمتعلَّقها وهو المقدور بالتدبير والإعداد للتمكَّن عن قبول ما يفيض عليه النسبة الجودية الوهبيّة الذاتية للإيجاد.ثم تداخلت كلَّيات النسب في أمّهاتها ، واشتكت وانتسبت الصورة الإلهية بأسمائها .وتمثّلت الصورة المثلية المثالية فرقانية تفصيلية في مثال العالم ، وقرآنية جمعية كمالية في الصورة التي حذي عليها آدم ، فوجدت العوالم في أعيانها ، وشهدت الحقائق ، وزهرت الأنوار والأزهار والشقائق ، في الدرج والدقائق .وثبتت الحروف في ألواح الوجود ، وارتسمت بحسب ما تعيّنت في صفحة أمّ الكتاب العلمي الأنفس بالفيض النفسي القدسي ، وارتقمت فكتبت الآيات البيّنات ، وسطرت الكلمات التامّات والسور الكاملات ، وملئت الصحف الزاهرات الطاهرات ، بالألسنة الإلهية الوجودية الظاهرات.فالفيض الأوّلي في أوّل الانبعاث النفسي الرحماني ، تجلّ ذاتي نفسيّ في حضرتي العلم والشهود الذاتيين للحق ، وكما تعلَّقت النسبة العلمية والنسبة الشهودية بالمعلومات والمشهودات ، علم الحق بعضها قابلا للوجود ، وشهده حريّا بالفيض والإحسان والجود .فأعطاه التمكَّن من القبول ، والتهيّؤ والاستعداد لقبول الوجود العيني الكمالي ، حتى قبل الوجود في عينه لنفسه ، وفي التجلَّي العلمي الأوّل كان وجوده وتحقّقه للحق في الحق لا في عينه ولا لعينه فالفيض الوجودي الأوّل العيني المقبول هو القابل ثانيا للتجلَّي الوجودي العيني الوارد عليه ، فافهم .فهذا معنى قوله : " والقابل من فيضه الأقدس " فإنّ الأقدسية مبالغة في القدس وهو النزاهة والطهارة والتجليات الأسمائية الموجبة لوجود العالم كلَّها قدسيّة ، ولكنّ التجلَّي الذاتيّ والفيض الغيبيّ من غيوب الشؤون الذاتية وهو الفيض الأقدس ، فافهم .قال رضي الله عنه

After what has been mentioned—even though it may give the illusion, to those given to illusion, of being a repetition—it is not so; rather, what was mentioned was mentioned only parenthetically. This is conjoined to his statement 'and the Real had brought the world into existence...' [followed by] 'and nothing remains but a receiver,' and what was mentioned in between is like the stuffing of the lawzīnaj [pastry]—[included] for further clarification. Since the effusion is perpetual, and likewise the reception, it is necessary for the receiver of the effusion, after being clothed in the properties of the quiddity of the world and its reality, and being dyed with the properties of its realities, to receive other self-disclosures without end, perpetually, forever. For whatever has entered into existence and become necessary of existence (wājib al-wujūd) through the perpetual real existence does not revert to nonexistence; rather, it is the determinations (taʿayyunāt), manifestations, and configurations (nashaʾāt) that are transformed upon it. If it be said: His saying, Exalted: 'Everyone upon it [the earth] is passing away' (Q 55:26), and the disappearance of the witnessed [things] from this world, is explicit proof of the nonexistence of existents— We say: the object of nonexistence and passing-away is only the individual determination (al-taʿayyun al-shakhṣī), not the existence determined within the determined reality. So the determination of existence passes away in the matter of one determination and appears in another—isthmic (barzakhī), resurrectional (ḥashrī), and paradisal, or infernal, or [pertaining to mere] being (kaynī)—and so on forever. So the receiver and the received both remain, perpetual through the perpetual, abiding Real. So understand, God willing, the Exalted. Here is a place where the feet of many, both the ancients and the moderns, have slipped. May God make firm both us and you with the firm, true word; indeed He is the refuge of him who takes refuge in Him, and He suffices us, and praise be to God. As for the receiver being from His most holy effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas)—this means: that the realities and the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita) in the eternal divine knowledge are the receivers of the existential, concrete effusion (al-fayḍ al-wujūdī al-ʿaynī), and they are essential affairs (shuʾūn dhātiyya), specific essential self-disclosures, and epistemic determinations (taʿayyunāt ʿilmiyya). For the origin of the determinations of the essential self-disclosures—these epistemic determinations by the entities of the world, their realities, and their intelligible meanings—are abstract meanings and epistemic relations (nisab ʿilmiyya) distinguished by specific properties, like the distinction between the half, the third, the quarter, and the fifth in the knowledge of the knower of the one in the levels of number. So by this epistemic self-disclosure, each individual entity among the entities is distinguished from the others by virtue of essential specific properties. So the determination of the known things in the eternal knowledge, in eternity, is only through the first, most holy essential effusion (al-fayḍ al-dhātī al-awwal al-aqdas), firstly. And through this first, most holy effusion, they attained an epistemic existence and an eternal fixity—that is, the realization of the knowledge of the determined known things. So the fixed entities were determined from the 'entity of entities' (ʿayn al-aʿyān) by this first, most holy effusion, as we alluded to in the Ghazāl-poem rhyming in tāʾ (al-Gharrāʾ al-Tāʾiyya), in our saying, in verse: 'And when He determined the entities in the knowledge of His Essence, upon eternal epistemic forms— the meaning of meanings was determined through me, its very self, and my entity is the letter of letters of the meaningful [realities].' Then the specifying relation for bringing-into-existence became attached—namely, the universal essential will and volition (al-mashīʾa wa'l-irāda al-kulliyya al-dhātiyya), which is [the movement of] self-recognition (al-taʿarruf) and complete manifestation. Then the relation of [divine] power (al-nisba al-iqtidāriyya) also became attached to its object, namely the thing subject to power (al-maqdūr), through governance (tadbīr) and preparation, enabling it to accept what flows upon it of the generous, gift-giving, essential relation (al-nisba al-jūdiyya al-wahbiyya al-dhātiyya) for bringing-into-existence. Then the universal relations interpenetrated in their matrices (ummahāt), and the divine Form, with its names, became interwoven and interrelated. And the exemplary, imaginal form (al-ṣūra al-mithliyya al-mithāliyya) was represented—differentiating and distinguishing in the exemplar of the world, and all-comprehensive, perfective, and Qurʾānic in the form according to which Adam was fashioned (ḥudhiya ʿalayhā). So the worlds came into existence in their entities, and the realities bore witness, and the lights, the flowers, and the anemones blossomed in the [various] degrees and subtleties (al-daraj wa'l-daqāʾiq). And the letters were fixed upon the tablets of existence, and were inscribed according to what was determined on the page of the epistemic, essential Mother of the Book (umm al-kitāb) through the holy, essential effusion (al-fayḍ al-nafsī al-qudsī), and were engraved; and thus the clear signs (āyāt) were written, and the perfect words (kalimāt) and complete chapters (suwar) were set down in lines, and the radiant, pure pages were filled with the manifest, existential divine tongues. So the first effusion, at the first onset of the Merciful, essential self-movement (al-inbiʿāth al-nafsī al-raḥmānī), is an essential, self-directed self-disclosure (tajallin dhātī nafsī) in the two presences of knowledge and witnessing that belong essentially to the Real. And just as the epistemic relation and the relation of witnessing became attached to the known things and the witnessed things, the Real knew some of them as receptive to existence, and witnessed them as worthy of the effusion, favor, and generosity. So He granted it the capacity for reception, and the readiness and preparedness to receive the perfective, concrete existence, until it received existence in its own entity for itself. And in the first epistemic self-disclosure, its existence and its realization were for the Real, in the Real, not in its own entity nor for its own entity. So the first concrete, existential effusion that was received is itself the receiver, a second time, of the existential, concrete self-disclosure that comes upon it. So understand. This, then, is the meaning of his saying: 'and the receiver is from His most holy effusion.' For 'most holy' (al-aqdasiyya) is an intensive form of holiness (al-quds)—that is, purity and cleanliness. And the nominal self-disclosures (al-tajalliyāt al-asmāʾiyya) that necessitate the existence of the world are all holy; but the essential self-disclosure (al-tajallī al-dhātī) and the unseen effusion (al-fayḍ al-ghaybī), from among the unseen aspects of the essential affairs (shuʾūn dhātiyya), is the most holy effusion. So understand. He, may God be pleased with him, said:

Jāmī

﴿وما بقي﴾

غير مستند إلى الحق سبحانه

unascribed to the Real, glory be to Him,

Bālī Zāde

﴿وما بقي﴾

شيء من المذكور لم يعلم حاله

of what was mentioned whose state is unknown

Ibn Turka

﴿إلا قابل … والقابل لا يكون﴾

ولا يحصل على أصولهم المؤسسة

nor is it attained, upon their established principles,

Jāmī

﴿إلا قابل﴾

وهو الأعيان الثابتة ألقابلة للتجلى الوجودي الدائم

which is the fixed entities receptive to the perpetual existential self-disclosure

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا قابل﴾

فإنه لما ذكر ولم يبين أنه أثر للحق أم الإلزام بيانه حتي پنكشف حقيقة الحال. فقال (والقابل) في المادة القابلة للتسوية واستعدادها للروح الإلهي وقبولها لها وغير ذلك من لوازمها الذاتية . كل ذلك

. For when he mentioned it without clarifying whether it is an effect of the Real, [he left] the obligation of clarifying it until the reality of the matter should be unveiled. So he said ("and the receiver") — meaning the receptive matter [capable] of fashioning, and its preparedness for the divine spirit, and its reception of it, and other than that among its essential concomitants. All of that

al-Qāshānī

﴿والقابل لا يكون إلا من فيضه الأقدس﴾

وقد فسر الفيض بالتجلى ، فكأنه قال له تجليان ذاتى وهو ظهوره في صورة الأعيان الثابتة القابلة في الحضرة العلمية الأسمائية وهي الحضرة الواحدية ، فذلك الظهور ينزل عن الحضرة الأحدية إلى الحضرة الواحدية وهو فيضه الأقدس أي تجلى الذات بدون الأسماء الذي لا كثرة فيه أصلا فهو الأقدس أي أقدس من التجلي الشهودى الأسمائى الذي هو بحسب استعداد المحل لأن الثاني موقوف على المظاهر الأسمائية التي هي القوابل بخلاف التجلي الذاتي لأنه لا يتوقف على شيء فيكون أقدس ، فمنه الابتداء بالتجلى الذاتي كما ذكر في المقدمة وإليه الانتهاء بالتجلى الشهودى ( فالأمر ) أي الشأن وهو الإيجاد والتصريف والتكميل

He has explained the effusion as self-disclosure (tajallī), as if he had said: He has two self-disclosures — an essential one (dhātī), which is His manifestation in the form of the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita), the receptive [entities] within the presence of knowledge and the Names, namely the Presence of Oneness (al-wāḥidiyya). That manifestation descends from the Presence of Unicity (al-aḥadiyya) to the Presence of Oneness (al-wāḥidiyya), and this is His Most Holy Effusion — that is, the self-disclosure of the Essence without the Names, in which there is no multiplicity whatsoever. It is thus 'most holy,' i.e., more holy than the witnessed self-disclosure bound to the Names (al-tajallī al-shuhūdī al-asmāʾī), which occurs according to the preparedness of the locus — for the latter depends upon the loci of manifestation of the Names, which are the recipients — unlike the essential self-disclosure, which depends upon nothing, and is therefore more holy. From it is the beginning, through the essential self-disclosure, as mentioned in the introduction, and to it is the end, through the witnessed self-disclosure. 'So the matter (al-amr)' — that is, the affair — namely, the bringing into existence, the directing, and the perfecting—

Jāmī

﴿والقابل لا يكون إلا من فيضه الأقدس﴾

من شوائب الكثرة . وهو عبارة عن التجلي الحبى الذاتى الموجب لوجود الأشياء واستعداداتها فى الحضرة العلمية. والفيض المقدس عبارة عن التجلی الوجودي الموجب لظهور مما تقتضیه تلك الاستعدادات في الخارج (فالأمر) ، أي من أمر الوجود

— free from the taints of multiplicity. This is an expression for the essential self-disclosure of love (al-tajallī al-ḥubbī al-dhātī) that necessitates the existence of things and their preparednesses (istiʿdādāt) in the Presence of Knowledge (al-ḥaḍra al-ʿilmiyya). The holy effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas), [by contrast], is an expression for the existential self-disclosure that necessitates the manifestation, in the external [world], of what those preparednesses require. (So the matter) — that is, [something] of the matter of existence —

Bālī Zāde

﴿لا يكون … إلا من فيضه﴾

أي من تجليه (الأقدس ) من الكثرة الإسمائية فهذه كلها غير مجعولة إذ كل ما حصل من التجلي الأقدس غير مجعول كالماهيات و استعداداتها الحاصلة منه . وأما استعدادها لقبول التجلي الدائم الذي من الفيض المقدس فهو مجعول إذ لا يحمل هذا الاستعداد إلا من قبول الروح الإلهي وهر أي نفخ الروح من الفيض المقدس. والمراد بالفيض كون الجود الإلهي سببا لحدوث أنوار الوجود في كل ماهية قابلة للوجود بلا انفصال من الله تعالى . واتصال إلى الماهية القابلة كفيضان الصورة على المرآة فإن صورة الإنسان مثلا سبب لحدوث صورة تماثلها في المرآة المقابلة بمحاذاة الصورة فليس فيهما انفصال واتصال. وكذلك نور الشمس سبب لحدوث شيء يناسبه في النورية على الحائط لا بمعنى أنه ينفصل شعاع من جرم الشمس ويتصل بالحائط ويبسط عليه وهو خطأ. وأما فيضان الماء من الإناء على اليد فإنه انفصال جزء من الماء عن الإناء واتصاله على اليد هذا ما ذكره الإمام محمد الغزالي قدس سره . (فالأمر) أي كل الموجود سوى الله تعالى من الموجودات العلمية والعينية (كله) تأكيد للاستغراق (منه) أي حصل من الله تعالى على الوجه المذكور

— that is, from His most holy self-disclosure (al-tajallī al-aqdas), out of the multiplicity of the divine names. All of these [preparednesses] are thus uncreated (ghayr majʿūl), since everything that results from the most holy self-disclosure is uncreated, like the quiddities (māhiyyāt) and their preparednesses that result from it. As for their preparedness to receive the perpetual self-disclosure, which is from the holy effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas), it is created, since this preparedness is borne only through the reception of the divine spirit — that is, the breathing of the spirit — from the holy effusion. What is meant by 'effusion' (fayḍ) is that the divine bounty is the cause of the occurrence of the lights of existence in every quiddity receptive of existence, without separation from God (exalted is He) and connection to the receptive quiddity — like the effusion of a form upon a mirror: for the form of a human being, for instance, is the cause of the occurrence of a resembling form in the mirror facing it, through the form's confrontation [with it], there being in the two [cases] neither separation nor connection. Likewise the light of the sun is the cause of the occurrence of something corresponding to it, in luminosity, upon a wall — not in the sense that a ray separates from the body of the sun and connects with the wall and spreads over it, for that would be an error. As for the effusion of water from a vessel onto a hand, this does involve the separation of a portion of the water from the vessel and its connection to the hand. This is what Imam Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (may his secret be sanctified) stated. (Thus the matter) — that is, everything existent besides God (exalted is He), among existents both epistemic (ʿilmī) and entified (ʿaynī) — (all of it), [this being] an emphasis of comprehensiveness — (is from Him), that is, it came to be from God (exalted is He) in the manner mentioned

Bosnevî

﴿والقابل لا يكون الامن فيضه الاقدس﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

دیدی یعنی وحال بوکه قابل واقع اولمز الاحقک فیض اقد سندنکه تجلی ذاتیدر* زیرا فیض اقدس حضرت علمیه اسمائیه ده اولان اعیان قابله نک صور تده ذاتک تجلیسیدر* پس اعیان ثابته وحقایق علیه فیض اقدسک قوابلیدر* وتجلیات ذاتیه تعینا تنک مبدائی تعینات علمیه در که اعیان ثابته دن هر برعین فیض اقدس ایله حضرت علم وشهودده . متعینه اولدی وخصوصیت ذاتیه سیله بری برندن متمیزه اولدی* واحدده نصفیت وثلثیت وربعیت نسبی نسبتده بری برندن متمیزه اولدیغی کی• پس علم ازلیده اولان معلومات علیه فیص ذاتی اولان فیض اقدس ایله متعینه اولد یکه* اول نفس رحمانیتک حضرت علم وشهودده اولان اول انبعائیدر* پس نسبت علیه ونسبت شهود یه معلومات ومشهوداته تعلق ایدوب معلومات قابله نک بعضینی حق تعالی وجوده مائل بلوب فیض وجوده قابل مشاهده ابتد کده وجود عینی فیضنی قبول ایتمکه استعداد وتهیؤ وقبولدن اکا تمکین اعطا ایلدیکه کندی نفسنده کندی نفسی ایچون وجودی قبول ایلیه* اما تجلی علمیده وجودی وتحقق حقیجون حقد . ه ایدی* کندی عیننده وکندی عینی ایچون دکل ایدی* پس شول فیض وجودیکه حضرت علیه ده اعیان قابله نک اولامقبولی ایدی آنک اوزره وارد اولان تجلی وجودی غینیه بی ثانیا قابل اوادی* یعنی حضرت علمیه ده که معلومات علمیه فیض اقدس ایله متعینه اولوب اعیاندن هر برعین فیض اقدسی قابل اولدی* وفیض اقدس آنک مقبولی اولدی• حضرت شهودده تجلی شهودی ایچون قابل اولان یعنی تجلی شهودیی قبول ایدن اعیان علمیه ده مقبول اولان فیض اقدسدرودخی مایقی الاقابل قولی ومن شان الحکم الالهی الی آخره قولنک تتمیمی اولمق جائزدر* یعنی محلی تسویه ایدن حق ایدوکن وتجلی دائم اولان فیض دخی حقک تجلیسی ایدوکن بیان ایتدکد نصکره قابلدن غیری بیان ایده جک برشی قالمغله ومابقی الاقابل دیدی* یعنی اول محل مسواده فیض وجودی قبول ایدن قابلدن غیری باقی قالمدی وحالبوکه قابل دخی فیض اقدسدندر* پس قابل ینه حقدر* شویله معلوم اوله که فیض اقدس شول تجلی ذاتیدن عبار تدرکه اولا حضرت علمیه ده بعده حضرت عینیه ده اشیانک ودخی استعداداتنک وجود نی موجب اوله* وفیض اقدس مظاهر اسمائیه یه موقوف دکلدر* اسمانک کثر تندن اقدسدر* بلکه حضرت احد یتدن حضرت واحدیة اولان حضرت علمیة اسمائیه حقک نزولی واعیان قابله نک صورنده ظهوریدر* وفیض مقدس دخی بحسب المحل اولان تجلی شهودی اسمائیدرکه مظاهر اسمائیه اولان قوابله موقوفدر* پس فیض مقدس اعیانک استعداداتی اقتضا ایتدیکی شیئک خارجده ظهورنی موجب اولان تجلیات اسمائیه در

said [this]. That is: whereas the receptacle does not come to be except from the Real's fayḍ aqdas (most holy effusion), which is the essential tajallī (self-disclosure). For the most holy effusion is the self-disclosure of the Essence in the form of the receptive entities that are in the ḥaḍra (presence) of knowledge and of the names. So the aʿyān thābita (fixed entities) and the ḥaqāʾiq (realities) of knowledge are the receptacles of the most holy effusion. And the origin of the taʿayyunāt (determinations) of the essential self-disclosures is the determinations of knowledge, in that each entity among the fixed entities became determined in the presence of knowledge and witnessing through the most holy effusion, and became distinguished from one another by its essential particularity, just as, in the one, halfness, thirdness and quarterness are distinguished from one another by relative proportion. So the objects of knowledge in pre-eternal knowledge became determined through the most holy effusion, which is the essential effusion, which is that first emanation of the nafas raḥmānī (Breath of the All-Merciful) in the presence of knowledge and witnessing. Then, the relation of knowledge and the relation of witnessing having attached to the objects of knowledge and of witnessing, when God Most High knew some of the receptive objects of knowledge to be inclined toward wujūd (being) and witnessed [them] as receptive of the effusion of being, He granted it capacity through preparedness, readiness and receptivity to receive the effusion of concrete being, so that it would receive being in itself and for itself. But in the self-disclosure of knowledge its being and realization were in the Real, for the Real; not in its own entity and for its own entity. So the existential effusion which was, first, the received [thing] of the receptive entities in the presence of knowledge became, second, the receptor of the concrete existential self-disclosure arriving upon it. That is, in the presence of knowledge, where the objects of knowledge became determined through the most holy effusion, each entity among the entities became receptive of the most holy effusion, and the most holy effusion became its received [thing]. In the presence of witnessing, that which is receptive of the witnessing self-disclosure, that is, which receives the witnessing self-disclosure, is the most holy effusion that was received in the entities of knowledge. It is also permissible that his words "And there remained only a receptacle" be the completion of his words "And it belongs to the divine decree" to the end. That is, after explaining that the one who levels the locus is the Real, and that the effusion which is the perpetual self-disclosure is also the self-disclosure of the Real, since nothing remained to explain but the receptacle, he said "And there remained only a receptacle." That is, nothing remained in that levelled locus other than the receptacle that receives the existential effusion; and yet the receptacle too is from the most holy effusion. So the receptacle is again the Real. Let it be known that the most holy effusion consists of that essential self-disclosure which necessitates the being of things, and also of their preparednesses, first in the presence of knowledge, then in the concrete presence. And the most holy effusion does not depend on the maẓāhir (loci of manifestation) of the names; it is holier than the multiplicity of the names. Rather it is the descent of the Real from the presence of aḥadiyya (unity) to the presence of wāḥidiyya (oneness), which is the presence of knowledge and of the names, and His ẓuhūr (manifestation) in the forms of the receptive entities. And the fayḍ muqaddas (holy effusion) is the witnessing self-disclosure of the names according to the locus, which depends on the receptacles that are the loci of manifestation of the names. So the holy effusion is the self-disclosures of the names which necessitate the manifestation outside [i.e. in external existence] of that which the preparednesses of the entities require.

Words 61–64 · 1 of 8

إِلَّا مِنْ فَيْضِهِ الأَقْدَسِ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿إلَّا من فيضه الأقدس﴾

أي أقدس عن أن يكون الفيض مغايرا للمفيض ، كما في الفيض المقدّس وما يتنزّل عنه ، وذلك في التعيّن الأوّل على ما اطَّلعت عليه . لا يقال : إنّما يتصوّر القابل حيث يعتبر الفاعل وفعله ،وهذه الحضرة ليس الفعل منها في شيء؟ لأنّ المراد تحقيق ذات القابل من حيث هي هي ومبدأ ظهورها مطلقا قبل ظهور ثنويّة المتقابلين ، ومن أراد زيادة استبصار وتمام استيضاح لهذا المعنى فعليه بالتدبّر في معاني الإمكان المقول عليها في عرف الميزان . هو الأول والآخر

i.e., too holy for the effusion to be other than the Effuser, as in the case of the "holy effusion" (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas) and what descends from it — and that is at the First Entification (al-taʿayyun al-awwal), as you have already come to know. It may not be objected: the receptacle is only conceivable where the agent and its act are taken into consideration, and this [divine] Presence has nothing of act in it at all — because what is intended is the verification of the essence of the receptacle in itself, qua itself, and the principle of its manifestation absolutely, prior to the appearance of the duality of the two correlatives. And whoever desires further insight and complete clarification of this meaning, let him reflect upon the meanings of possibility (al-imkān) as predicated in the terminology of the [logical] Balance (al-mīzān). He is the First and the Last.

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)

Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).

Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.

Licence: Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.