Mashrabaمشربة

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فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ

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3 · 111 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فَالأَمْرُ كُلُّهُ مِنْهُ ابْتِدَاؤُهُ وَانْتِهَاؤُهُ وَإِلَيْهِ يُرْجَعُ ٱلْأَمْرُ كُلُّهُۥ كَمَا ابْتَدَأَ مِنْهُ فَاقْتَضَى الأَمْرُ جَلَاءَ مِرْآةِ العَالَمِ فَكَانَ آدَمُ عَيْنَ جَلاَءِ تِلْكَ المِرْآةِ وَرُوحَ تِلْكَ الصُّورَةِ وَكَانَتْ المَلَائِكَةُ مِنْ بَعْضِ قُوى تِلْكَ الصُّورَةِ الَّتِي هِيَ صُورَةُ العَالَمِ المُعَبَّرِ عَنْهُ فِي اصْطِلَاحِ القَوْمِ بِالِإنْسَانِ الكَبِيرِ فَكَانَتْ المَلَائِكَةُ لَهُ كَالقُوَى الرُّوحَانِيَّةِ وَالحِسِّيَةِ الَّتِي فِي النَّشْأَةِ الإِنْسَانِيَّةِ وَكُلُّ قُوَّةٍ مِنْهَا مَحْجُوبَةٌ بِنَفْسِهَا لَا تَرَى أَفْضَلَ مِنْ ذَاتِهَا وَأَنَّ فِيهَا فِيمَا تَزْعُمُ الأَهْلِيَّةَ لِكُلِّ مَنْصِبٍ عَالٍ وَمَنْزِلَةٍ رَفِيعَةٍ عِنْدَ اللهِ لِمَا عِنْدَهَا مِنْ الجَمْعِيَّةِ الإِلٰهِيَّةِ بَيْنَ مَا يَرْجِعُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى الجَنَابِ الإِلَهِيِّ وَإِلَى جَانِبِ حَقِيقَةِ الحَقَائِقِ وَ فِي النَّشْأَةِ الحَامِلَةِ لِهَذِهِ الأَوْصَافِ إِلَى مَا تَقْتَضِيهِ الطَّبِيعَةُ الكُلِّيَةُ الَّتِي حَصَرَتْ قَوَابِلَ العَالَمِ كُلِّهِ أَعْلَاهُ وَأَسْفَلَهُ

So the whole affair is from Him, its beginning and its end, «and to Him the affair, all of it, is returned» [Q 11:123], just as it began from Him. The affair therefore required the polishing of the mirror of the cosmos, and Adam was the very polishing of that mirror and the spirit of that form. The angels were among certain of the faculties of that form, which is the form of the cosmos, designated in the technical usage of the Folk [the Sufis] as 'the great human.' So the angels were to it like the spiritual and sensory faculties that are in the human configuration. Each faculty among them is veiled by itself: it sees nothing more excellent than its own essence, and [it holds] that there is in it, as it claims, fitness for every high office and lofty rank with God. [It holds this] because of the divine all-comprehensiveness it possesses, [which ranges] between what pertains, of that, to the divine side, and to the side of the Reality of Realities, and (in the configuration that carries these attributes) to what is required by universal Nature, which has encompassed the receptacles of the entire cosmos, its highest and its lowest.

al-Qāshānī

﴿كله منه ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه وإليه يرجع الأمر كله كما ابتدأ منه … فاقتضى الأمر جلاء مرآة العالم﴾

جواب لما ، ولما وسط بين لما وجوابه علة المشيئة وانجر الكلام إلى اقتضاء أسمائه تعالى وجود العالم المحتاج إلى الجلاء وجب إيراد فاء السببية في جوابه ، لأن تعليل المشيئة المخصوصة تسبب للجلاء وإن كان لما لم يقتض ذلك لأنها تقتضي مقارنة الشرط والجزاء فحسب فجمع بين السببية والمقارنة

is the apodosis of 'lammā' (when). 'Lammā' interposed between the protasis and its apodosis the causal explanation of the [divine] will, and the discourse proceeded to [explain] how His Names, exalted is He, required the existence of the world in need of polishing. It was necessary to introduce the fāʾ of causation in its apodosis, because the causal explanation of the specific will is itself a cause of the polishing—even though 'lammā' [by itself] does not require this, since it only requires the concurrence of the condition and its consequent. Thus [the author] combined causation with concurrence.

al-Jandī

﴿فالأمر كلَّه منه ، ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه " وَإِلَيْه ِ يُرْجَعُ الأَمْرُ كُلُّه ُ " ، كما ابتدأ منه﴾

يعني رضي الله عنه : مبدأ أمر الوجود ومنتهاه من الحق ، وهذا غير مناف لكون المنتهى إليه فإنّه منه بدأ وإليه يعود ، وما ثمّ إلَّا هو ، فهو القابل من حيث ظاهريته ومظهريته ، وهو المقبول من حيث باطنه وعينه ، فالوجود المقبول المتعيّن ، والمرتبة القابلة المتعيّنة له للمتبيّن.والأمر محصور بين الوجود والمرتبة ، والمرتبة المظهر ، والمتعيّن بها الظاهر الوجود الحقّ الباطن ، والظاهر مجلى للباطن ، والباطن عين الظاهر بالمظاهر وفيها ، والكلّ من العين الغيبيّة .ثم دائما من الغيب إلى الشهادة ، ومن الشهادة إلى الغيب ، ومن العلم إلى العين ومن العين إلى العين ، وما ثمّ إلَّا هو ، هو هو ، إليه المصير .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

—just as it began from Him] He (may God be pleased with him) means: the origin of the affair of existence and its terminus are both from the Real. This is not contrary to the terminus being toward Him, for it began from Him and returns to Him, and there is nothing there but He. So He is the receiver (al-qābil) in respect of His manifestness (ẓāhiriyya) and His being a locus of manifestation (maẓhariyya), and He is the received (al-maqbūl) in respect of His nonmanifestness (bāṭin) and His entity (ʿayn). So existence is the received, entified (mutaʿayyin), and the receptive level (al-martaba) is entified for it, for that which becomes discernible. The affair is confined between existence and the level; the level is the locus of manifestation (al-maẓhar), and that which is entified by it is the manifest—existence being the Real, the nonmanifest (al-bāṭin). The manifest is a locus of self-disclosure (majlā) for the nonmanifest, and the nonmanifest is the very identity of the manifest through the loci of manifestation and within them, and the whole is from the unseen entity (al-ʿayn al-ghaybiyya). Then always [there is passage] from the Unseen (al-ghayb) to the witnessed (al-shahāda), and from the witnessed to the Unseen, and from knowledge to the entity, and from the entity to the entity, and there is nothing there but He—He is He—to Him is the return (al-maṣīr). The Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فالأمر كله منه، ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه، وإليه يرجع الأمر كله، كما ابتدأ منه﴾

جواب شرط مقدر. أي، إذا كان القابل ما يترتب عليه من الاستعدادات والكمالات والعلوم والمعارف وغيرها فائضا من الحق تعالى حاصلا منه، فالأمر،أي الشأن بحسب الإيجاد والتكميل، كله منه ابتداء وانتهاء. والمراد ب (الأمر) المأمور بالوجود بقول (كن). كما قال: (إنما أمره إذا أراد شيئا أن يقول له كن فيكون). وكما كان هو (أولا) ومبدء لكل شئ، كذلك كان (آخرا) ومرجعا لكل شئ. قال تعالى

This is the apodosis of a suppressed conditional. That is: if the receptacle (al-qābil) — meaning what results from it in the way of preparednesses (istiʿdādāt), perfections, sciences, gnoses (maʿārif), and other things — is an effusion (fayḍ) from the Real, Exalted, proceeding from Him, then the affair — that is, the matter in respect of bringing-into-existence and perfecting — is wholly from Him, in beginning and in end. What is meant by "the affair" is that which is commanded into existence by the word "Be" (kun), as He said: "His affair, when He wills a thing, is only to say to it 'Be,' and it is." And just as He was "the First" (al-awwal) and the origin of everything, so too was He "the Last" (al-ākhir) and the point of return for everything. The Exalted said:

Ibn Turka

﴿فالأمر كلَّه منه ، ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه ، وإليه يرجع الأمر كلَّه كما ابتدأ منه﴾

هذا القول منه إفصاح بالمقصود الأوّل بما يدلّ على ذلك بتفصيل لطيف ، حيث عبّر عنه بكلّ من الأمرين المشار بهما إلى قوسي النزول والرجوع ، المنبّه فيهما بطرفيهما ، تحقيقا للتوحيد الذاتي ، على ما هو المستفاد من جوامع الكلم الختميّة من الجمع بين الأوّل والآخر ، وإبانة أحدهما في عين الآخر ، كما قد اطَّلعت عليه . وبيّن أنّ الغالب على قوس النزول منهما هو الإجمال، فإنّ انتظام المراتب فيه إنّما ابتنى على ظهور الوحدة وغلبة سلطانها على الكثير، متدرجا في أطوارها، إلى أن يتمّ أمرها. كما أن الغالب على قوس الرجوع التفصيل، إذ نظام المراتب فيه إنّما هو على اتّساق ظهور الكثرة وانتزاع وجوهها من الواحد إلى أن يتمّ الوجوه الإظهاريّة بكنهها . فلذلك أجمل في الأوّل حيث جعل الابتداء والانتهاء متعلَّقهما واحدا ، وأتي بصورة الاسم ذي الثبات والاستقرار دون الثاني ، فإنّه قد فصّل بين المتعلَّقين ب « من » و « إلى » وبين متعلَّقيهما بما لا تقابل بينهما ظاهرا وهو أيضا ضرب من التفرقة والتفصيل وأتى بالجملة الفعليّة الدالة على التجدد والتدرّج التفصيلي . تلويح من الرقوم : تقابل الوجود العلمىّ والعينيّ اعلم أنّ القابل للتعيّنات - من العين الشامل إلى الكون الكامل إذا انضمّ إليه من نقط النطق ما به يخرج من مكامن الثنويّة التقابليّة الإمكانيّة إلى مجالي الاتّحاد الوجودي الوجوبي ، يصير قائلا بتلك الكلمات من الحروف العاليات ، إلى ما اندرج في السطور السافلات ، كما أنّ العالم الجامع لتلك التعيّنات إذا انقلب ما انفتح به أبواب تفاصيلها وتبطن ذلك يصير عالما بتلك المعلومات . آدم جلاء مرآة العالم ثمّ إنّ قوله

This statement from him is a clarification of the primary intent, indicating that with a subtle elaboration, where he expressed it with each of the two matters pointing to the two arcs of descent (nuzūl) and return (rujūʿ), alerted to by their two extremities, verifying the essential unity (tawḥīd al-dhātī), in accordance with what is derived from the comprehensive words of the Seal [of Prophets/Saints] combining the First and the Last, and manifesting one of them within the very essence of the other, as you have already been apprised of. And it is clear that what predominates in the arc of descent between the two is summary treatment (ijmāl), for the ordering of the levels within it is built upon the manifestation of unity and the dominance of its authority over multiplicity, proceeding gradually through its phases until its affair is completed. Just as what predominates in the arc of return is detailed elaboration (tafṣīl), since the ordering of the levels within it is based upon the coherent manifestation of multiplicity and the extraction of its aspects from the One, until the manifesting aspects are completed in their full essence. Therefore he treated the first summarily, making the beginning and the end share a single referent, and employed the form of the noun possessing fixity and stability rather than the second [form], for in the second he distinguished between the two referents by 'from' and 'to' and between their two referents in a manner that shows no apparent correspondence between them — which is itself a kind of differentiation and elaboration — and he employed the verbal clause indicating renewal and gradual elaboration. An indication from the Signs: The correspondence of knowledge-based existence (al-wujūd al-ʿilmī) and entified existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaynī). Know that the recipient of the determinations (taʿayyunāt) — from the all-encompassing entity (al-ʿayn al-shāmil) to the perfect engendered being (al-kawn al-kāmil) — when joined to it, from the points of articulation, that by which it emerges from the hidden recesses of possible dualistic opposition into the manifestations of necessary existential unification, becomes one who speaks those words from the elevated letters down to what is comprised within the lowly lines. Just as the world, which comprehends those determinations, when what opened the doors of its particulars is reversed and that becomes interiorized, becomes one who has knowledge of those known things. Adam as the polishing of the mirror of the world. Then his statement

Jāmī

﴿كله منه﴾

أي من الحق سبحانه (ابتداؤه) بحسب فيضه الأقدس وتجلية تصور الأعيان الثابتة في العلم (و) منه (انتهاؤه) أيضا بحسب فيضه المقدس وتجلية تصوّر الأعيان الموجودة في العين

i.e., from the Real, glory be to Him: (its beginning) is in accordance with His Most Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas) and the self-disclosure of the conception of the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita) in [His] knowledge; (and) from Him (likewise its ending), in accordance with His Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas) and the self-disclosure of the conception of the entities existing in concrete actuality

Bosnevî

﴿فالامر كله منه ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه﴾

پس امرک کلیسی حقدند ر امرک ابتداسی وانتهاسی یعنی امر وجودک ابتداسی تجلی ذات ایله حقد ندرکه اولا نسب علمیه اولان اعیان ثابتهده ذاتک تجلیسیدر وتجلی اعیانده مقبول اولوب اعیان ثابته ایله تجلینیک تعینیدر بعده تجلیات اسماء الهیه ایله عوالمک ایجادی وظهور کلی ایله حقت ظهوری ایچون محلی تسویه ایتمک وبعد التسویة تجلی دائم ایله انده ظاهر اولمق حقدندر* وامر وجودک انتهاسی دخی تجلی شهود ایله حقد ندرکه محل «مسواده اولان تجلی شهود نک قابلی اولدز که اکا منتهی اولور وانکله نهایت بولور

So the whole of the affair is from the Real: the beginning of the affair and its end. That is, the beginning of the affair of wujūd (being) is from the Real through the tajallī (self-disclosure) of the Essence, which is, first, the self-disclosure of the Essence in the aʿyān thābita (fixed entities), which are relations of knowledge; and the self-disclosure, being received in the entities, is the taʿayyun (determination) of the self-disclosure through the fixed entities. Then the bringing-into-existence of the worlds through the self-disclosures of the divine names, and the levelling of the locus for the ẓuhūr (manifestation) of the Real through universal manifestation, and, after the levelling, being manifest in it through the perpetual self-disclosure, are from the Real. And the end of the affair of being is also from the Real through the self-disclosure of witnessing, in that [He] became the receptor of the self-disclosure of witnessing that is in the levelled locus, so that it ends in Him and comes to its conclusion through Him.

Bālī Zāde

﴿ابتداؤه وانتهاؤه وإليه يرجع الأمر كله﴾

باستهلاكه بتجلي الحق كل آن أو بتجليه عند القيمة الكبرى فبقي مجردة عن اللواحق العارضة ويتصل إليه تعالى

through its annihilation (istihlāk) by the self-disclosure (tajallī) of the Real at every instant, or by His self-disclosure at the Greatest Resurrection (al-qiyāma al-kubrā), so that it remains stripped of accidental accretions and is connected to Him, exalted is He.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وإليه يرجع الأمر كله﴾

أي، ما حصل بالأمر. وهذا الرجوع إنما يتحقق عند القيامة الكبرى بفناء الأفعال والصفات والذات فيأفعاله وصفاته وذاته الموجب لرفع الإثنينية وظهور حكم الأحدية. هذا إنجعلن

That is, what came to be through the affair. This return is only actualized at the Greater Resurrection, through the annihilation (fanāʾ) of the acts, attributes, and essence in His acts, His attributes, and His Essence (al-dhāt) — which necessitates the removal of duality and the manifestation of the ruling property of oneness (aḥadiyya). This, if we take it...

﴿وإليه يرجع الأمر كله﴾

تكرارا مؤكدا للأول. وإن حملناه على التجليات الفائضة بالفيض المقدس كل حين، فنقول أن الحق يتجلى بحكم (كل يوم هو في شأن). كل لحظة، بل عند كل آن، لعباده، فينزل الأمر الإلهي من الحضرة الأحدية، ثم الواحدية إلى المرتبة العقلية الروحية، ثم اللوحية، ثم الطبيعة الكلية، ثم الهيولى الجسمية، ثم العرش، ثم الكرسي والسماوات السبع منحدرا من المراتب الكلية إلى الجزئية، إلى أن ينتهى إلى الإنسان منصبغا بأحكام جميع ما مر عليه، في آن واحد من غير تخلل زمان، كذلك إذا انتهى إليه وانصبغ بأحكام الغالبة عليه، ينسلخ منه انسلاخا معنويا ويرجع إلى الحضرة الإلهية. فإن كان المنتهى إليه من الكمل، فالنازل يكون قد تم دائرته وصارت آخريته عين أوليته لأنه مظهر المرتبة الجامعة الإلهية. وإن كان من السائرين الذين قطعوا بعض المنازل والمقامات، أو الباقين في أسفل السافلين والظلمات، فيكون قطع نصف الدائرة أو أكثر، ثم انسلخ ورجع إلى الحضرة بالحركة المعنوية. فمعنى قوله

This is a repetition confirming the first [statement]. If we construe it as referring to the self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) flowing forth through the Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas) at every moment, then we say that the Real discloses Himself, in accordance with the ruling of "Every day He is upon some task," at every instant — indeed at every moment — to His servants. Thus the Divine Command descends from the Presence of Oneness (al-aḥadiyya), then Unicity (al-wāḥidiyya), down to the intellective-spiritual degree, then the tablet-degree (al-lawḥiyya), then the Universal Nature, then the corporeal hyle (al-hayūlā al-jismiyya), then the Throne, then the Footstool and the seven heavens, descending from the universal degrees to the particular, until it terminates in the human being, tinged with the properties of all that it has passed through, in a single instant without any intervening time. Likewise, when it reaches him and becomes tinged with the properties that predominate over him, it divests itself from him in a supra-formal divestment (insilākh maʿnawī) and returns to the Divine Presence. If the one in whom it terminates is among the perfect ones (al-kummal), then the descending [reality] will have completed its circle, and its lastness (ākhiriyya) becomes identical with its firstness (awwaliyya), since he is the locus of manifestation of the All-Comprehensive Divine Degree. But if he is among the wayfarers who have traversed some of the waystations and stations, or among those who remain in the lowest of the low and in darknesses, then it will have traversed half the circle or more, then divested itself and returned to the Presence by supra-formal motion. Thus the meaning of his statement:

﴿وإليه يرجع الأمر كله﴾

أي، إلى الله يرجع الأمر التجلي الإلهي النازل كللحظة إلى العالم الإنساني، كما ابتدأ منه. قوله

That is, to God returns the affair — the Divine self-disclosure (tajallī) descending at every moment upon the human world — just as it began from Him. His statement:

Jāmī

﴿وإليه يرجع الأمر كله﴾

بالفناء فيه متن نص فصوص الحكم : ابتدأ منه . اقتضى الأمر جلا، مرأة العالم، فكان آدم عين جلاء تلك المرأة وروح تلك التنورة. وكانت الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بـ : الإنسان الكبير. فكانت الملائكة له كالقوى الروحانية والجنسية التي هي النشأة الإنساني . وكل قوة محجوبة بنفسها لا ترى أفضل من ذاتها. وأن فيها فيما تزعم، الأهلية لكل منصب عالي ومرتبة رفيعة عند الله ما عندها شرح الجامي : آخر

through annihilation (fanāʾ) in Him — the text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: It began from Him. So the Command required the polishing of the mirror of the cosmos, and Adam became the very locus of that mirror's polishing and the spirit of that form. And the angels were among certain of the powers of that form which is the form of the cosmos, expressed in the technical vocabulary of the folk as: the Great Human (al-insān al-kabīr). Thus the angels stood to it as the spiritual and sensory faculties which belong to the human constitution. And every faculty is veiled by itself, seeing nothing more excellent than itself, and supposes — in its self-claim — that it possesses fitness for every lofty station and exalted rank with God that no other possesses. — end of al-Jāmī's commentary

Bosnevî

﴿واليه رجع الأمر كله كما ابتدأ منه﴾

(وامر وجودک کلیسی اکارجوع ایدر نته کم اندن ابتدا ایتدیسه یعنی نسب واضافاتک رفعی وتوحید ذاتک ظهوری قتنده امر وجود اکا رجوع ایدر جمیع صور کونیه وتعینات اسمائیه کثرتی ذات احد یتده مضمحله ومتلاشیه اولمغله* پس جمیع اشیانک اولی ومبدائی وآخری ومرجعی حقدر وجمیع اشیانک مظهر یتنده ظاهر وقابل وجمله سنده باطن ومقبول حقدر) فهو الاول والآخر والظاهر والباطن) (هولا اله الاهو والیه تصیر الاامور) وقد کان الحق قولندن کما ابتدأ منه قولنه منتهی اولیجه واقع اولان کلام شرط ایله جواب بیننده اعتراضدر وشرط لماشاء قولیدر وجوابی

(And the whole of the affair of wujūd (being) returns to Him, just as it began from Him. That is, at the lifting of relations and attributions and the manifestation of the unification of the Essence, the affair of being returns to Him, since the multiplicity of all the engendered forms and of the taʿayyunāt (determinations) of the names becomes dissolved and annihilated in the Essence of aḥadiyya (unity). So the first, the origin, the last and the place of return of all things is the Real; and the manifest and receptive in the maẓhariyya (being-a-locus-of-manifestation) of all things, and the hidden and received in all of them, is the Real.) "So He is the First and the Last, the Manifest and the Hidden" (Q 57:3). "He, there is no god but He, and to Him all affairs come." The speech occurring from his words "And the Real had" until it ends at his words "just as it began from Him" is a parenthesis between the condition and the answer; the condition is his words "When [the Real] willed", and its answer is

Jāmī

﴿كما ابتدأ منه﴾

عند الوجود عن عدم أول

at the [moment of] existentiation from a prior nonexistence

Bālī Zāde

﴿كما ابتدأ منه﴾

يعني على الهيئة التي تكون الابتداء عليها يعني أن ذوات الأشياء وأحوالها من الابتداء والانتهاء والرجوع إليه تعالى. كل ذلك من الله تعالى، ويلزم على أرباب العقول أن يقال : إذا كان جميع ذوات الأشياء وجميع أحواله من الأوصاف والأفعال والأقوال من الله تعالی يلزم الجبر المحض وهو خلاف ما ذهب إليه أهل السنة. فنقول: إنما يلزم ذلك أن لو كان القوابل من الفيض المقدس وليس كذلك وقد صرح بقوله: والقابل لا يكون إلا بالفيض الأقدس وإنما لم يقل وما بينهما تحقيقا لما ذهب إليه من أن العالم كله عرض لا يبقى زمانين إذ لا بين حينئذ . وهو ابتداء وانتهاء بالجهتين ومقصوده رضي الله عنه من هذا الكلام بيان كمال إحاطة الحق للأشياء . ليزول ما ذهب إليه من العقول الضعيفة من أن الكون إذا كان سببا لرؤية الحق عينه كان محتاجا إليه للحق تعالى في حصول ذلك الكمال له. تعالى عن الاحتياج إلى ما سواه وليزول الشبهة المعارضة لها من أن ما ذكرتم من القوابل ليس بأثر للحق تعالى لأن القوابل هي الماهيات والماهيات ليست بمجعولة فلم يجز في استكمال بعض كمالاته أن يتخذ أسبابة مغايرة لذاته تعالى خارجة عن صنعه. فلما قال : وما بقي إلا قابل إلى قوله : فاقتضى الأمر زالت الشبهتان معا لثبوت أن كونه محتاجا إليه من الله تعالى . وأن القوابل فائضة منه بالفيض الأقدس فالله تعالى قادر بذاته على إيجاد الكمالات التي توجد بسبب الغير لكن وجودها به أكمل من وجودها بدونه.ولذلك وقعت به ولم تقع بدونه . فلا نقص في حق الله تعالى في استكمال ذلك الكمال بالعالم بل هو من أكمل كمالانه إذ كله صنيع الحق سواء كان فائضا بالفيض الأقدس أو المقدس . فسبحان الله دبر العالم بالعالم كما لا نقص في احتياجه إلى صفاته في إيجاد الخلق إذ كلها ليس غير ذاته تعالى . والتعبير بلفظ الاحتياج في حقه تعالى وإن كان سوء الأدب لكن يقتضي بيان المحل لتلك العبارة والله أعلم. واعلم أن الله تعالى حزم على الإنسان بعض الأفعال وأحل بعضها فإذا فعلت فعلا شرعا وجد منه شيء وجود شبح مسوي لا روح فيه وهو بمنزلة . قوله : وقد كان أوجد العالم كله وجود شبح مسوی لا روح فيه فاقتضى الأمر جلاء ذلك الموجود وهو بمنزلة. قوله : فاقتضى الأمر جلاء مرآة العالم فكان جلاوه ونور الاسم الذي يحكم عليك في صدور هذا الفعل منك . وهو بمنزلة قوله : فكل آدم عين جلاء تلك المرآة فحينئذ رأيت نفسك في فعلك فإذا رأيت نفسك رأيت ربك لأنك تعريفه الرسمي . فإذا رأيت ربك فقد رأى ربك نفسه في مرآة فعلك كما رأى في مرآة العالم، فعلى هذا يجري فعلك على طريق فعل الله تعالى وينتج نتيجة فعله وإذا تحققت بأخلاقه وفعلت ما أمره وأعطيته ما طلبه منك وهو المرأة على نوع مخصوص بحسب الفعل المخصوص والوقت المعين . فقد وجدت سعادة بسبب إطاعتك الشرع لا غير لأجل هذا أمر منها ما أمر بخلاف ما إذ ارتكب المعاصي فإنه وإن كان يوجد شيء منها لكن لا يمكن به السلوك بهذا المسلك فلا يكون مرآة لصاحبها وربه . والمقصود منك ليس إلا هو لذلك نهي منها ما نهى فتحفظ. فإن هذه المسألة روح الشريعة وركن الطريقة فمن عرفها على وجه اليقين بريء عن شبهات المباحین

meaning: in the manner in which the beginning occurred — that is, the essences (dhawāt) of things and their states, from beginning to end and return to Him, exalted is He, are all from God, exalted is He. It necessarily follows for the possessors of intellects to say: if all the essences of things and all their states — of attributes, acts, and sayings — are from God, exalted is He, then pure compulsion (jabr) would necessarily follow, which is contrary to what the people of the Sunna hold. We say: that would only follow if the receptacles (qawābil) too were from the Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas), but that is not the case. He has stated explicitly: 'the receptacle (al-qābil) comes only through the Most Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas).' He did not say 'and what is between them,' in confirmation of his view that the entire cosmos is an accident (ʿaraḍ) that does not persist for two moments, since there would then be no interval — it has [only] a beginning and an end in both directions. His intent, may God be pleased with him, in this discourse is to demonstrate the perfection of the Real's encompassing of things, so as to dispel what weak intellects have held — namely, that if the cosmos is the cause of the Real's seeing His own entity (ʿayn), then the Real, exalted is He, would be in need of it for the attainment of that perfection for Himself — He is exalted above need for anything other than Himself — and so as to dispel the counter-doubt that what has been mentioned regarding the receptacles is not an effect (athar) of the Real, exalted is He, because the receptacles are the quiddities (māhiyyāt), and the quiddities are not created (majʿūla); so it would not be permissible, in the perfecting of some of His perfections, for Him to take as causes things other than His own Essence, exalted is He, external to His making. So when he said, 'and nothing remained but a receptive [locus]...' up to his statement 'so the matter required...,' both doubts were dispelled together, by the establishment that His being in need of it is itself from God, exalted is He, and that the receptacles emanate from Him through the Most Holy Effusion. God, exalted is He, is capable by His own Essence of bringing into existence the perfections that otherwise come to exist by means of another; but their existence through that other is more perfect than their existence without it, and for that reason they occurred through it and did not occur without it. So there is no deficiency with respect to God, exalted is He, in His perfecting of that perfection through the cosmos — rather it is among His most perfect perfections, since all of it is the Real's own making, whether it emanates through the Most Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas) or the Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-muqaddas). Glory be to God, who governs the cosmos through the cosmos, just as there is no deficiency in His need for His attributes in bringing creation into existence, since they are nothing other than His Essence, exalted is He. The expression of 'need' with respect to Him, exalted is He, though it is a breach of proper etiquette (adab), nevertheless serves to clarify the locus (maḥall) intended by that expression. And God knows best. Know that God, exalted is He, has forbidden certain acts to the human being and permitted others. So when a person performs an act in accordance with the Law, something of him comes into existence — the existence of a shaped form (shabaḥ musawwā) without spirit in it — and this is analogous to his saying: 'He had brought the whole cosmos into existence as a shaped form without spirit in it, so the matter required the polishing of that existent thing' — which is analogous to his saying: 'so the matter required the polishing of the mirror of the cosmos.' Then its polishing and the light of the Name that governs you in the issuing of this act from you is analogous to his saying: 'so each Adam is the very polishing of that mirror.' At that point you see yourself in your act; and if you see yourself, you see your Lord, because you are His formal definition (taʿrīf rasmī). And if you see your Lord, then your Lord has seen Himself in the mirror of your act, just as He saw [Himself] in the mirror of the cosmos. On this basis your act proceeds along the path of God's act, exalted is He, and produces the result of His act. And when you become realized (taḥaqqaqta) with His character-traits and do what He has commanded and give Him what He has asked of you — that being the mirror in a specific mode according to the specific act and the determined time — then you have attained felicity by virtue of your obedience to the Law alone; for this reason He commanded what He commanded from it. Unlike the case when one commits transgressions — for although something of him does come into existence thereby, one cannot travel this path by means of it, so it is not a mirror for its possessor and his Lord. And what is sought from you is nothing but Him; for that reason He forbade from it what He forbade — so be watchful. For this matter is the spirit of the Law (sharīʿa) and the pillar of the Path (ṭarīqa); whoever knows it with certainty is absolved of the doubts of the libertines (mubāḥīn).

al-Jandī

﴿فاقتضى الأمر جلاء مرآة العالم ، فكان آدم عين جلاء تلك المرآة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

قال العبد : ولمّا كان المراد بالإيجاد هو كمال الجلاء والاستجلاء ولم يحصل إلَّا بالإنسان وفي الصورة الإنسانية المثلية الكمالية الإلهية التي حذاها الله حذو صورته المقدّسة.كما قال رسول الله صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم : " خلق الله آدم على صورته ". وفي رواية " على صورة الرحمن ".وجاء في أوّل التوراة كما ذكرنا أوّلا : " نريد أن نخلق إنسانا على مثالنا وشكلنا وصورتنا ".كما قال الله تبارك وتعالى ، وكما أنّ صورة الرحمن مستوية على عرش الوجود .كذلك صورة الله مستوية على عرش قلب العبد المؤمن ، كشفا وشهودا وإيمانا وصدقا وحقّا موجودا . قال رسول الله صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم حكاية عن الله تعالى : "ما وسعني أرضي ولا سمائي ووسعني قلب عبدي المؤمن ".فالعبد المؤمن هو القابل للكلّ ، والكون الجامع الإلَّيّ الذي يظهر به الأسماء والصفات والذات على ما هي عليها من الكمال يؤمن بقابليّته الكلَّية المحيطة .ويعطي الأمان صور الذات والأسماء والصفات الظاهرة في مظهريته عن التغيّر والتحريف ، فيظهر صورها في مرآته الكاملة كاملة ومؤمن أيضا ، أي معطي الأمان صور النسب وحقائقها أيضا من عدم ظهور آثارها من خفاء حكم الغيب والعدم .بإظهارها في محالّ أحكامها وأسرارها في حقائق مظهرياته المعنوية والروحانية والطبيعية والعنصرية والمثالية .فالإنسان هو المظهر الكلَّي والمقصد الغائي الأصلي ، حامل الأمانة الإلهية ، وصاحب الصورة المثلية المنزّهة عن المثلية .فقبوله للتجلَّي الإلهي أكمل القبول ، لأنّه ما من قابل من القوابل يقبل الفيض على نحو من القبول وتعيّن الصورة الإلهية بمظهريته إلَّا وفي الإنسان الكامل مثال ذلك على الوجه الأكمل والأتمّ فروحانيته أتمّ الروحانيات وأكملها ، وطبيعته العنصرية أجمع الأمزجة وأعدلها .ونشأته أوسع النشآت وأفضلها وأشملها ، واستعداده لظهور الحق وتجلَّيه أعمّ المظهريات والاستعدادات وأقبلها .وتعيّن صورة الحق والخلق في مظهريته أكمل التعيّنات وأجلَّها ، وبه حصل كمال الجلاء والاستجلاء ، وبه اتّصل كمال الذات بكمال الأسماء .وكان آدم عليه السّلام أوّل الصورة الإنسانية العنصرية ، فهو عين جلاء تلك المرآة المسوّاة شبحا لا روح فيه قبل وجود هذه النشأة الإنسانية الكمالية ، وجلى الحقّ هذا المجلى الأتمّ والمظهر الأعمّ ، وجلا به الصدأ الذي كان في شخص العالم .وتجلَّى له فيه تجلَّيا كاملا ، فرأى نفسه فيه ، كما تقتضيه ذاته الكمالية ، وظهر لنفسه فيه ظهورا جامعا بين الكمال الأسمائي والكمال الذاتي ، وكمل به العالم أيضا .فظهر الحق به على أكمل صورة لأنّه على صورة آدم الذي هو على صورة الحق ، فكان آدم عين قابلية العالم وإنسان عينه وعين جلاء قلبه القابل للتجلَّي الكمالي الجمعي الإلهي. فالصورة الإلهية الظاهرة في مرآتيته هي روح العالم ، والمظهرية الإنسانية هو القلب القابل المؤمن لصورة الحق الظاهر فيه وبه عن التغيّر والتحريف عمّا هي عليه في نفسها ، فافهم .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The servant said: Since what was intended by bringing-into-existence (al-ījād) was the perfection of polishing (al-jalāʾ) and of seeking clarity (al-istijlāʾ), and this was attained only through the human being (al-insān) and in the exemplary, perfective, divine human form which God fashioned after the pattern of His holy form. As the Messenger of God (God bless him and grant him peace) said: "God created Adam upon His form"; and in another narration: "upon the form of the All-Merciful." And it has come at the beginning of the Torah, as we mentioned earlier: "We wish to create a human being upon our likeness, our shape, and our form," as God (Blessed and Exalted) has said. And just as the form of the All-Merciful is established upon the Throne of existence, likewise the form of God is established upon the throne of the heart of the believing servant—by unveiling (kashf), witnessing (shuhūd), faith, truthfulness, and real existent truth. The Messenger of God (God bless him and grant him peace) said, relating from God Most High: "Neither My earth nor My heaven contains Me, but the heart of My believing servant contains Me." So the believing servant is the receiver of the totality, the all-comprehensive divine cosmos through which the Names, Attributes, and Essence become manifest according to the perfection proper to them; he secures, by virtue of his all-encompassing total receptivity, and gives security to the forms of the Essence, the Names, and the Attributes manifest in his locus of manifestation, against change and distortion, so that their forms appear in his perfect mirror, perfect, and secured also—that is, giving security to the forms of the relations (nisab) and their realities as well, against the non-appearance of their effects due to the concealment of the ruling property of the Unseen and of nonexistence—by manifesting them in the loci of their rulings and their secrets, in the realities of his meaning-based, spiritual, natural, elemental, and imaginal loci of manifestation. So the human being is the universal locus of manifestation and the original final goal, bearer of the divine trust, and possessor of the exemplary form transcendent above [ordinary] exemplarity. His receptivity to the divine self-disclosure (tajallī) is thus the most perfect receptivity, for there is no receiver among receivers that receives the effusion (fayḍ) in any mode of receptivity, with the entification of the divine form in its locus of manifestation, but that in the Perfect Human there is an exemplar of it in the most perfect and complete manner. His spirituality is the most complete and perfect of spiritualities, and his elemental nature is the most all-comprehensive and balanced of temperaments. His constitution (nashʾa) is the most expansive, excellent, and comprehensive of constitutions, and his preparedness (istiʿdād) for the manifestation of the Real and His self-disclosure is the most general and most receptive of loci of manifestation and preparednesses. The entification of the form of the Real and of creation in his locus of manifestation is the most perfect and majestic of entifications, and through him the perfection of polishing and seeking-clarity was attained, and through him the perfection of the Essence was joined to the perfection of the Names. Adam (peace be upon him) was the first of the elemental human form; he is the very polishing of that mirror which had been fashioned as a lifeless image with no spirit in it, before the existence of this perfective human constitution. The Real polished [it] through this most complete locus of self-disclosure and most general locus of manifestation, and through it polished away the rust that was upon the person of the cosmos. He disclosed Himself to Himself in it, a complete self-disclosure, so He saw Himself in it, as His perfective Essence required, and He became manifest to Himself in it, a manifestation combining the perfection of the Names with the perfection of the Essence, and through him the cosmos likewise was perfected. So the Real became manifest through him in the most perfect form, because he [Adam] is upon the form of Adam, who is upon the form of the Real. Thus Adam was the very receptivity of the cosmos, the human being who is its very identity, and the very polishing of its heart, receptive to the perfective, all-comprehensive divine self-disclosure. So the divine form manifest in his mirror-quality is the spirit of the cosmos, and the human locus of manifestation is the receptive, security-giving heart for the form of the Real manifest in him and through him, [secured] against change and distortion from what it is in itself. So understand. The Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فاقتضى الأمر جلاء مرآة العالم، فكان آدم عين جلاء تلك المرآة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

رجوع إلى ما كان بصدد بيانه، أو جواب (لما) والفاء للسببية. أي، بسبب أن الحق أوجد العالم وجود شبح لا روح فيه وكان كمرآة غير مجلوة، اقتضى الأمر الإلهي جلاء مرآة العالم ليحصل ما هو المقصود منها، وهوظهور الأسرار الإلهية المودعة في الأسماء والصفات التي مظهر جميعا الإنسان إجمالا وتفصيلا. وكان آدم، أي الإنسان الكامل، عين جلاء تلك المرآة وروح تلك الصورة، إذ بوجوده تم العالم وظهر أسراره وحقائقه. فإن ما في العالم موجود ظهر له حقيقته وحقيقة غيره بحيث إنه علم أن عين الأحدية هي التي ظهرت وصارت عين هذه الحقائق إلا الإنسان. وإليه الإشارة بقوله: (إنا عرضنا الأمانة على السماوات والأرض) أي، على أهل السماوات والأرض من ملكوتها وجبروتها. (فأبين أن يحملنها) حيث ما أعطيت استعداداتهم تحملها. (وحملهاالإنسان) لما في استعداده ذلك. (إنه كان ظلوما جهولا) . أي، ظلوما على نفسه مميتا إياها مفنيا ذاته في ذاته تعالى، جهولا لغيره. ناسيا لما سواه نافيا لما عداه بقوله: (لا اله إلا الله) فالأرواح المجردة وغيرهم وإن كانوا عالمين بالأشياء المنتقشة فيهم الصادرة عن الحق بواسطتهم، لكنهم لم يعلموا حقائقها وأعيانها الثابتة كما هي، بل صورها ولوازمها، ولذلك أنبأهم آدم بأسمائهم عند عجزهم عن الإنباء واعترافهم بقولهم: (لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا). وإليه الإشارة بقوله تعالى: (وما منا إلا له مقام معلوم). أي، لا نتعدى طورنا. كما قال جبرئيل،عليه السلام: (لو دنوت أنملة لاحترقت.) قوله

This is a return to what he had been in the course of explaining, or it is the apodosis of (lammā), the fāʾ indicating causation. That is: because the Real brought the world into existence as a mere phantom-existence (wujūd shabaḥ) without spirit in it, being like an unpolished mirror, the Divine Command required the polishing of the mirror of the world, so that what was intended by it might be realized — namely, the manifestation of the Divine mysteries deposited in the Names and Attributes, all of which the human being manifests both summarily and in detail. And Adam — that is, the Perfect Human (al-insān al-kāmil) — became the very polishing of that mirror and the spirit of that form, since by his existence the world was completed and its mysteries and realities manifested. For to everything existent in the world its own reality and the reality of others became manifest, such that it knew that it is the very essence of oneness (ʿayn al-aḥadiyya) that manifested and became identical with these realities — except the human being. To this is the allusion in His saying: "Indeed We offered the Trust to the heavens and the earth" — that is, to the people of the heavens and the earth, from their malakūt and jabarūt — "but they refused to bear it," inasmuch as their preparednesses were not granted [the capacity] to bear it; "and the human being bore it," because of what was in his preparedness for that; "indeed he was most unjust, most ignorant" — that is, unjust toward his own self, putting it to death, annihilating his essence in His Essence, Exalted; ignorant of other than [Him], forgetting whatever is other than Him, negating whatever is besides Him, by his saying "There is no god but God." For the disembodied spirits and others, even though they know the things imprinted within them that proceed from the Real through their mediation, nevertheless did not know their realities and their fixed entities (aʿyān thābita) as they truly are, but only their forms and concomitants. That is why Adam informed them of their names when they were incapable of informing [him] and acknowledged, saying: "We have no knowledge except what You have taught us." To this is the allusion in His saying, Exalted: "And there is not one among us but has a known station" — that is, we do not overstep our proper bound — just as Gabriel, peace be upon him, said: "If I drew a finger's width nearer, I would be burnt." His statement:

﴿فاقتضى الأمر﴾

جواب (لما) ودخول الفاء في الجواب للاعتراض الواقع بين الشرط والجزاء وهو قوله

This is the apodosis (jawāb) of (lammā), and the entry of the fā' into the apodosis is due to the parenthetical clause (iʿtirāḍ) occurring between the protasis (sharṭ) and the apodosis (jazāʾ), which is his statement:

al-Tilimsānī

﴿فاقتضى الأمر جلاء مرآة العالم، فكان آدم عين جلاء تلك المرآة.﴾

قلت: يعني أن آدم هو الناطق المخبر عن العالم الكبير، علوه و سفله، وكذلك بنوه أخبروا عن العقل الأول وهو القلم. وأخبروا عن النفس الكلية وهي اللوح. وأخبروا عن الهيولى والصورة وهي الجسم. وأخبروا عن الأركان الأربعة والمولدات ومما في العالم من الكميات والكيفيات والإضافات والمكان والزمان والملكات والانفعالات والأفعال. ووصفوا هيئات الأفلاك وكواكبها وحركاتها وتداخلها، وعرفوا منافعها ومضارها وخواصها وأعراضها. وعطفوا على أجسامهم، فعلموا تشريحها وعدد عروقها وأنواع ما فيها كما فعل جالینوس وشيعته إلى غير ذلك. وأشرف من هذا كله ما وهبه الله تعالى أولياءه من شهود حضرته القدسية وما خص به محمدا رسول الله، عليه السلام، من إحاطة الخلافة بسائر مراتب خلفاء الله تعالى مما لا ينحصر في مقال ولا يسع ذكره الأيام والليالي. قوله

I say: this means that Adam is the speaking one who gives report of the Great World (al-ʿālam al-kabīr), its higher and lower [realms], and likewise his sons give report of the First Intellect, which is the Pen. And they give report of the Universal Soul, which is the Tablet. And they give report of Prime Matter (hayūlā) and Form, which is the Body. And they give report of the four elements and the generated things, and of what is in the world of quantities, qualities, relations, place, time, dispositions, passivities, and actions. They described the configurations of the celestial spheres, their stars, their motions, and their interpenetration, and they knew their benefits and harms, their properties and accidents. They turned their attention to their own bodies, and so came to know their anatomy, the number of their veins, and the kinds of things within them, as Galen and his followers did, and so on beyond that. And more noble than all of this is what God, exalted is He, bestowed upon His saints (awliyāʾ) of the witnessing of His Holy Presence, and what He singled out for Muḥammad, the Messenger of God, upon him be peace, of an all-comprehending vicegerency (khilāfa) embracing all the ranks of the vicegerents of God, exalted is He — something that cannot be confined to speech, nor can days and nights suffice to recount it. His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿فاقتضى الأمر﴾

جواب « لمّا » وهو الثاني من الأمرين الموقوف عليهما ظهور السرّ . أي لما شاء الحقّ الظهور المذكور ، وكان هناك ما يقبل ذلك ، أي ما هو بمنزلة الجرم الصلب والسطح الكثيف للمرآة - وهو العالم - اقتضى الأمر بالمعنى المذكور - وهو الرقيقة الامتداديّة الأوّل إلى الآخر - إتمام ذلك الجرم وجلائه أعني

This is the answer to 'when' (lammā), and it is the second of the two matters upon which the manifestation of the secret depends. That is: when the Real willed the aforementioned manifestation, and there existed that which could receive it — namely, that which is in the position of the solid body and the dense surface of the mirror, which is the world — the Command, in the aforementioned sense (namely, the extensional tracery from the First to the Last), required the completion of that body and its polishing, that is

Jāmī

﴿فاقتضى الأمر﴾

جواب تما وإلقاء تبعد العهد، أي اقتضى الأمر المذكور من المشبه والتسوية وكون شأن الحكم الإلهي ما ذكر

the answer to 'when' (lammā) after the elapse of the [temporal] interval intended, i.e., the aforementioned Command required the resemblance (tashbīh) and adequation (taswiya), it being the nature of the Divine Decree as stated

Bosnevî

﴿فاقتضي الامر جلاء مرأة العالم فكان آدم عين جلاء تلك المرأة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

قولیدر* پس وقتا که لما ایله آنک جوابی بیننده علت مشیت توسط ابتد به شیخ رضی الله عنه جوابده فاسببیه ایراد ایلدی* پس امر الهی وحکم ربانی عالم مرآتنک جلاسن اقتضا ایلدی* پس آدم اول مرآت جلاسنک عینی واول شبح مسوی صورتنک روحی اولدی* زیرا آدم اسماء الهیه جمعیتنی جامع اولان حضرت الهیتک مظهر یدر پس حضرت الهیه اسماء الهیه بی جامعه اولوب انکله ذات بیننده واسطه اولمدیغی کی* حضرت انسانیه دخی اسماء الهیه بی جامعه اولوب ذات احدیت ایله آنک بیننده واسطه یوقدر* حضرت الهیتده اولان جمعیت اسمائیه انسانده ظاهره در + پس آدم احکام وجوبی جامع اولدی* ووجود دخی حضرت جمعدن اولا حضرت الهیه نزول ایتدی* بعده مراتب ممکناتده صور نوعیه امکانیه اوزره فائض اولوب جمیع مراتب ایله منصبغ اولدیغی حالده انسانه منتهی اولدی . پس انسان کامل جمیع مراتب امکانیه نک زبد فی جامع او لمغله احکام امکانیه بی دخی جامع اولدی* پس آنک نشأسی جمیع نشأتک اوسعی واجمعی اولمغله وتجلی دائم فیضنی قبول ایدوب جمیع قوابلک اکلی واقبلی اولمغله انک مظهر بیننده صورت حق اکمل تعینات ایله متعین اولدی* وکمال جلا واستجلا انکله حاصل اولدی* پس حق تعالی مجلای اتم ومظهر اجمع واعم اولان وجود آدمی کمال ظهور ایله مجلی ایدوب انک وجودی ایله مرآت والمده واقع اولان مبدائی دخی جلا ابدوب تجلی کامل ایله مرأت عالمه تجلی ایتدکده کندی نفسنی رؤیت کامله ایله 6 که کمال ذاتی وکمال اسماسی بیننی جامعه در ومشاهده ایدر* پس عالم آدم ایله کمال بولوب اکل صور تد. حق تعالی عالم ایله ظاهر اولدی* زیرا عالم صورت حق اوزره اولان آدمک صورتی اوزر . در* پس آدم عالم قابلیتنک عینی اولدی* زیرا عالمک نتیجه سی وثمره سی آدمدر ظهور جهتی ایله* وتجلی کمالی جمعی الهی یه قابل اولان آدمک قلبی عالم جلا سنک عینی اولدی* پس مرآتیه آدمده ظهور ایدن صورت الهیه عالم صورتنک روحیدر* ومظهریت آدمیه دخی مرآت عالمده ظاهره اولان حقک صورتنی حافظ اولان قلب قابلدر* وجائزدر که انک جوابی محذوف اوله وتقد بر بویله اوله ای لماشاء الحق ان یری عینه فی کون جامع یحصر الأمر لکونه متصفا بالوجود ویظهر به سره اوجد آدم علیه السلام

his words [quoted above]. So since the cause of the will intervened between "lammā" (when) and its answer, the Shaykh (raḍiya llāhu ʿanhu) brought the causal "fa-" (so) in the answer. So the divine command and the lordly decree required the jalāʾ (polishing) of the mirror of the ʿālam (world). So Adam became the very polishing of that mirror and the spirit of the form of that levelled phantom. For Adam is the maẓhar (locus of manifestation) of the ḥaḍra (presence) of divinity, which comprises the all-togetherness of the divine names. So just as the divine presence comprises the divine names and there is no intermediary between it and the Essence, the human presence likewise comprises the divine names and there is no intermediary between it and the Essence of aḥadiyya (unity). The all-togetherness of the names that is in the presence of divinity is manifest in the human. So Adam comprised the rulings of necessity. And wujūd (being) likewise descended first from the presence of jamʿ (gathering, all-comprehensiveness) to the divine presence; then, effusing upon the specific forms of possibility in the martabas (levels) of possible things, it ended in the human while being dyed with all the levels. So the insān kāmil (perfect human), since he comprises the cream of all the levels of possibility, comprised also the rulings of possibility. So since his configuration is the widest and most comprehensive of all configurations, and since, receiving the effusion of the perpetual tajallī (self-disclosure), he is the most perfect and most receptive of all receptacles, in his locus of manifestation the form of the Real became determined with the most perfect taʿayyunāt (determinations). And perfect polishing and istijlāʾ (self-viewing) were attained through him. So when God Most High, having disclosed with perfect ẓuhūr (manifestation) the being of Adam, which is the most complete place of disclosure and the most comprehensive and most general locus of manifestation, and having also polished through his being the origin that occurs in the mirror of the world, disclosed Himself to the mirror of the world with perfect self-disclosure, He [sees] Himself with a complete vision […], which comprises the gathering between essential perfection and the perfection of the names, and witnesses [it]. So the world became perfect through Adam, and God Most High became manifest through the world in the most perfect form. For the world is upon the form of Adam, who is upon the form of the Real. So Adam became the very receptivity of the world, for the result and fruit of the world is Adam, in respect of manifestation. And the heart of Adam, which is receptive of the perfect, all-comprehensive divine self-disclosure, became the very polishing of the world. So the divine form that becomes manifest in Adam in the manner of a mirror is the spirit of the form of the world. And the Adamic maẓhariyya (being-a-locus-of-manifestation) is the receptive heart that preserves the form of the Real manifest in the mirror of the world. And it is permissible that its answer be elided and that the implied [wording] be thus: "that is, when the Real willed to see His entity in an all-comprehensive being that encompasses the affair, by virtue of its being qualified by being, and to manifest through it His secret, He brought Adam (peace be upon him) into existence."

Ibn Turka

﴿جلاء مرآة العالم﴾

حتّى يتصوّر فيه الظهور ويتمكَّن حينئذ من الإظهار . وأورد عليه « الفاء » إشعارا بالترتّب الواقع فيها ، كما للصورة بالنسبة إلى المادّة ، وكرر ذلك في قوله

so that manifestation could be conceived within it, and it would thereby be capable of manifesting. He introduced this with the letter 'fa' [so/then] to signal the sequential order occurring in it, as with form relative to matter, and he repeated this in his statement

Jāmī

﴿جلاء مرآة العالم﴾

ونفخ الروح في صورته المسواة

and the breathing of the Spirit into its adequated form

Words 18–19 · 5 of 8

فَكَانَ آدَمُ

al-Qāshānī

﴿فكان آدم﴾

أي حقيقة الإنسان كما ذكر

i.e., the reality of the human being (al-insān), as [already] mentioned.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فكان آدم﴾

والمراد ب (الملائكة) هنا غير أهل الجبروت والنفوس المجردة. لذلك قال

What is meant by "the angels" here is other than the people of the jabarūt and the disembodied souls. That is why he said:

Ibn Turka

﴿فكان آدم﴾

تنبيها على أنّ آدم نفسه مترتّب على ذلك الاقتضاء ، لا جعله وتكوينه وقوله

alerting to the fact that Adam himself is consequent upon that requirement, not [merely] his making and formation. And his statement

Jāmī

﴿فكان آدم﴾

بوجوده العيني

through his concrete existence

Bālī Zāde

﴿فكان آدم﴾

أي الروح الكلي

i.e., the Universal Spirit (al-rūḥ al-kullī)

al-Qāshānī

﴿عين جلاء تلك المرآة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

بمناسبة أحدية الجمع فإن الحضرة الإلهية جامعة الأسماء كلها لا واسطة بينها وبين الذات فكذلك الحضرة الإنسانية جامعة لها ، إذ الوجود ينزل من أحدية جمع الذات إلى الحضرة الإلهية وفاض في مراتب الممكنات على الصورة الانتشارية . حتى انتهى إلى الإنسان منصبغا بصبغ جميع المراتب فصار الإنسان برزخا جامعا لأحكام الوجوب والإمكان كما كانت الحضرة الإلهية جامعة للذات والأسماء كلها . فظهر فيه ما في الحضرة الإلهية فكان العالم بوجوده مرآة مجلوة ولم تبق واسطة بين الحضرة الإنسانية والذات الأحدية ، وإذا كان جلاء مرآة العالم كان روح صورته وكانت

by virtue of the correspondence with the oneness of all-comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ), for the Divine Presence (al-ḥaḍra al-ilāhiyya) comprehends all the Names, with no intermediary between it and the Essence (al-dhāt); likewise the human presence (al-ḥaḍra al-insāniyya) comprehends them. For existence (al-wujūd) descends from the oneness of the all-comprehensiveness of the Essence to the Divine Presence, and overflows (fāḍa) through the ranks of the possible things (al-mumkināt) in a dispersed form (al-ṣūra al-intishāriyya), until it culminates in the human being, dyed with the coloring of all ranks. Thus the human being became an isthmus (barzakh) comprehending the properties of necessity (wujūb) and possibility (imkān), just as the Divine Presence comprehended the Essence and all the Names together. So what is in the Divine Presence appeared manifest in him, and the world, through his existence, became a polished mirror, with no intermediary remaining between the human presence and the one Essence (al-dhāt al-aḥadiyya). And since he was the polishing of the mirror of the world, he was the spirit of its form, and [the angels] were—

Ibn Turka

﴿عين جلاء تلك المرآة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

إشارة إلى ما له من كمالية بحسب الظهور والإظهار على ما نبّه عليه. واعلم إنّ روح كلّ شيء ما يقوّم به هيئته الوحدانيّة الجمعيّة ، فروح العالم عبارة عمّا تقوّم به الكلّ ، من العين الأوّل إلى الكون الآخر ، ويصير تلك التعيّنات المتنوّعة المتفرقة بذلك شخصا واحدا ، وهو الذي يسمّى ب « الإنسان الكبير » باعتبار انس بعض الأجزاء منه بالآخر كما في الإنسان الصغير بعينه . الإنسان روح العالم والملائكة بعض قواه ثمّ إنّه بعد تبيين معنى آدم إجمالا أخذ في تفصيل جمعيّته الكليّة الكماليّة ظهورا وإظهارا ، وتحقيق إحاطة صورته التامّة بسائر جزئيّات العالم وقهرمان خلافته على الكلّ ، وغلبته شعورا وإشعارا ، وإبانة مراتب كلّ من تلك الجزئيّات عنده ، وتفاوت درجاتهم فيما نسب له ، ووسم به ، من المنصب العالي والمنزلة الرفيعة . وإذ كان للأوّل من الكمالين تقدّم على الثاني منهما - تقدّم المادّة على الصورة - قدّمه قائلا

refers to what he possesses of perfection with respect to manifestation and being-made-manifest, as he has indicated. Know that the spirit of everything is that by which its unitary, comprehensive configuration is sustained. So the spirit of the world is an expression for that by which the whole is sustained, from the first entity to the last engendered being, and by which those diverse, dispersed determinations become a single individual — which is called 'the Macrocosm' (al-insān al-kabīr), in respect of the intimacy (uns) of some of its parts with others, exactly as in the microcosm (al-insān al-ṣaghīr) itself. The human being is the spirit of the world, and the angels are among its faculties. Then, having explained the meaning of Adam in summary, he proceeded to elaborate his total, perfective comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya) in respect of manifestation and being-made-manifest, and to verify the encompassment of his complete form over the rest of the particulars of the world, and the mastery of his viceregency (khilāfa) over the whole, and his dominance in awareness and being-made-aware, and to clarify the ranks of each of those particulars in relation to him, and the disparity of their degrees in what is ascribed to him and characterized by him, of high station and exalted rank. And since the first of the two perfections has priority over the second — the priority of matter over form — he put it first, saying

Jāmī

﴿جلاء تلك المرأة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

ولما انجر كلامه رضي الله عنه إلى أن آدم روح صورة العالم أراد أن يبين نسبة الملائكة القادحين في خلافته إلى صورة العالم ومنشأ محجوبيتهم عن إدراك كماله ليكون توطئة للتنبيه على خطابهم في ذلك القدح كما سيجيء عن قريب. قال

Now, since his discourse (may God be pleased with him) led to [the conclusion] that Adam is the spirit of the form of the cosmos, he wished to clarify the relation (nisba) of the angels who objected to his vicegerency (khilāfa) to the form of the cosmos, and the source of their being veiled from perceiving his perfection, so that this might serve as a preparation for drawing attention to their address concerning that objection, as will shortly appear. He said:

Bālī Zāde

﴿عين جلاء تلك المرأة وروح تلك الصورة﴾

ليحصل المطلوب من تلك الصورة وهو رؤية الله تعالى ذاته بها. فإنه بدون الجلاء لا يحصل هذا المطلوب

so that what is sought from that form might be attained — namely, God's, exalted is He, seeing His own Essence through it. For without the polishing, this sought object is not attained.

Words 24–26 · 1 of 8

وَرُوحَ تِلْكَ الصُّورَةِ

Only al-Tilimsānī comments here.

al-Tilimsānī

﴿وروح تلك الصورة﴾

قلت: يعني بالصورة الأفلاك من محدب التاسع إلى نقطة مركز الأرض وهو العالم الكبير وهذا العالم جسم و آدم روحه في التمثيل والتشبيه وجعله روحا مجازا. قوله: (وكانت الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بالإنسان الكبير، فكانت الملائكة له كالقوى الروحانية والحسية التي في النشأة الإنسانية وكل قوة منها محجوبة بنفسها لا ترى أفضل من ذاتها، فإن فيها، فيما تزعم الأهلية لكل منصب عال ومنزلة رفيعة عند الله تعالى، لما عندها من الجمعية الإلهية بين ما يرجع من ذلك إلى الجناب الإلهي، وإلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق، وفي النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكل التي حصرت قوابل العالم كله أعلاه وأسفله). قلت: يعني أن قوى العالم تسمى ملائكة أيضا وهي له كالقوى التي في الإنسان الروحانية والجسمانية الحسية ، وباقي هذا الفصل ظاهر في كلام الشيخ لا يحتاج إلى شرح. إلا ما ذكره من حقيقة الحقائق فإن حقيقة الحقائق تحتاج إلى شرح، ونحن نذكر ذلك فيما يأتي إن شاء الله تعالی . و قوله: ( وهذا لا يعرفه عقل بطريق نظر فکری بل هذا الفن من الإدراك لا يكون إلا عن كشف إلهي منه يعرف ما أصل صور العالم القابلة لأرواحه، فسمي هذا المذكور إنسانا وخليفة، فأما إنسانيته فلعموم نشأته وحصره الحقائق كلها، وهو للحق تعالی بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي يكون به النظر وهو المعبر عنه بالبصر فلهذا سمي إنسانا فإنه به نظر الحق تعالى إلى خلقه فرحمهم، فهو الإنسان الحادث الأزلي والنشاء الدائم الأبدي، والكلمة الفاصلة الجامعة، فتم العالم بوجوده، فهو من العالم کفص الخاتم من الخاتم، وهو محل النقش والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك على خزائنه وسماه خليفة لأجل هذا، لأنه الحافظ خلقه كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن. فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها إلا بإذنه فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل.) قلت: يريد بالنظر استعمال المقدمات والنتائج لكن يعرفه العقل من حيث ما هو قابل للتجلي الإلهي . فإذن العقل له اعتباران: أحدهم من جهة ما هو فاعل بالفكر ومن هذه الجهة لا يدرك هذه الأمور. والآخر من جهة ما هو قابل وهذه هي جهة الكشف. فالأولى طريقة الفكر وهذه الثانية طريقة الذكر. والأولى طريقة الفلاسفة والمتكلمين وهذه الثانية طريقة طالبي الحق تعالى من المتشرعين .. قوله: وسمي إنسانا إلى آخر المعنى. قلت: والشيخ قد ذكر لأي شيء قد سمي إنسانا وهو التشبيه بإنسان العين. ومعنى قوله: فهو الإنسان الحادث الأزلي قلت: أما حدوثه فهو ظاهر من تكون آدم في بطن الأرض وتكون كل واحد من بنيه في بطن أمه فحدوثه ظاهر . وأما أزليته فيما احتواه من معاني الأسماء الإلهية وهي أزليته. وأما أنه النشاء الدائم الأبدي فلأنه عبارة عن نفسه وهي باقية ببقاء من هي خليفة عنه. وأما أنها الكلمة الفاصلة، أما الكلمة فلأنها صورة تمت فيها حقيقة كن، فسميت كلمة لقيامها بمضمون المعاني التي اشتملت عليها كلمة كن. وأما أنها فاصلة فلأنها تفصل الحق عن الباطل بما فيها من العقل الذي اختص بها. وأما أنها جامعة فلأنها جمعت حقائق الكليات في العلم وسيأتي كيفية ذلك. قوله

I say: by 'the form' he means the celestial spheres, from the convex surface of the ninth [sphere] to the point at the center of the earth — and this is the Great World, and this world is a body, while Adam is its spirit, by way of comparison and likening; he made him a spirit metaphorically. His saying: (And the angels were among the powers of that form, which is the form of the world referred to in the technical usage of the [Sufi] folk as the Great Man, so the angels were to it like the spiritual and sensory faculties that are in the human constitution, and each faculty among them is veiled by itself, seeing nothing more excellent than itself, for it holds, in what it claims, fitness for every lofty rank and exalted station with God, exalted is He, because of the divine all-comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya) it possesses, combining what pertains, of that, to the Divine Side and to the side of the Reality of Realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq), and [what pertains] in the constitution bearing these attributes to what the Universal Nature requires, which has encompassed the recipients of the entire world, its higher and lower [parts].) I say: this means that the powers of the world are also called angels, and they are to it like the powers in the human being — the spiritual and the corporeal-sensory — and the rest of this passage is clear in the Shaykh's words and needs no commentary, except for what he mentioned of the Reality of Realities, for the Reality of Realities requires explanation, and we shall mention that in what follows, God willing, exalted is He. And his saying: (This is not known by any intellect through the way of discursive reflective consideration (naẕar fikrī); rather this kind of apprehension occurs only through a divine unveiling (kashf), by which one knows what is the root of the forms of the world receptive to their spirits, so this aforementioned one was named Man (insān) and Vicegerent (khalīfa). As for his being-human, it is due to the universality of his constitution and his encompassing of all the realities, and he is, in relation to the Real, exalted is He, in the position of the pupil (insān al-ʿayn) of the eye, by which sight occurs, and which is referred to as vision, and for this reason he was named insān, for it is by him that the Real, exalted is He, looks upon His creation and has mercy on them. So he is the Human, originated yet eternal (al-insān al-ḥādith al-azalī), the constitution perpetual and everlasting, and the Word discriminating and all-comprehensive (al-kalima al-fāṣila al-jāmiʿa); the world was completed by his existence, for he is to the world as the bezel (faṣṣ) is to the signet-ring, and he is the locus of the engraving and the sign by which the King seals His treasuries, and He named him vicegerent for this reason, because he is the preserver of His creation, just as the seal preserves the treasuries. So long as the King's seal is upon them, no one dares to open them except by His permission; so He appointed him as vicegerent in the preservation of the world, and the world will not cease to be preserved so long as this Perfect Human (al-insān al-kāmil) remains within it.) I say: by 'consideration' (naẕar) he means the employment of premises and conclusions, but the intellect knows it insofar as it is receptive to the divine self-disclosure (tajallī). The intellect, then, has two considerations: one is from the aspect of its being an agent through reflective thought, and from this aspect it does not apprehend these matters. The other is from the aspect of its being receptive, and this is the aspect of unveiling (kashf). The first is the way of reflective thought (fikr), and this second is the way of remembrance (dhikr). The first is the way of the philosophers and theologians (mutakallimūn), and this second is the way of the seekers of the Real, exalted is He, among those adhering to the [revealed] Law (mutasharriʿūn). His saying: 'and he was named insān,' to the end of the meaning. I say: the Shaykh has mentioned why he was named insān, and it is by way of comparison to the pupil of the eye (insān al-ʿayn). And the meaning of his saying: 'so he is the Human, originated yet eternal': I say: as for his being originated, it is evident from Adam's coming-to-be in the belly of the earth, and the coming-to-be of each of his sons in the womb of his mother; so his being-originated is evident. As for his being eternal, it is in what he contains of the meanings of the Divine Names, and this is his eternity. As for his being the perpetual, everlasting constitution, it is because he is an expression of his own self, which endures with the enduring of the One for whom it is vicegerent. As for its being the discriminating Word: as for [being] the Word, it is because it is a form in which the reality of 'Be!' (kun) was completed, and it was named a word because of its embodying the content of the meanings comprised within the word 'Be!' As for its being discriminating, it is because it discriminates the true from the false, by virtue of the intellect within it, which was specially conferred upon it. As for its being all-comprehensive, it is because it comprehends the realities of the universals in knowledge, and how that is will be explained hereafter. His saying:

al-Qāshānī

﴿الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بالإنسان الكبير ، فكانت الملائكة له كالقوى الروحانية والحسية التي في النشأة الإنسانية﴾

فكانت القوى الروحانية والنفسانية ملائكة وجود الإنسان ، لأن قوى العالم اجتمعت فيه بأسرها فالإنسان عالم صغير والعالم إنسان كبير لوجود الإنسان فيه ، إلا أن أحدية جمع الوجود التي ناسب بها العالم الحضرة الإلهية لم توجد في جميع أجزائه إلا في الإنسان فكان الإنسان مختصرا من الحضرة الإلهية ولهذا قال « خلق آدم على صورته » . قوله

some of the faculties of that form, which is the form of the world, expressed in the terminology of the folk [of this science] as "the Macrocosm" (al-insān al-kabīr); so the angels were to him like the spiritual and sensory faculties in the human constitution (al-nashʾa al-insāniyya)'] Thus the spiritual and psychic faculties were the angels of the existence of the human being, because the faculties of the world were gathered together in him in their entirety. So the human being is a microcosm (ʿālam ṣaghīr) and the world is a macrocosm (insān kabīr), on account of the existence of the human being within it. However, the oneness of the all-comprehensiveness of existence (aḥadiyyat jamʿ al-wujūd), by which the world corresponds to the Divine Presence, was not found in all of its parts except in the human being; thus the human being was an epitome (mukhtaṣar) of the Divine Presence. For this reason he [the Prophet] said, 'He created Adam upon His form.' His saying—

al-Jandī

﴿وكانت الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبّر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بالإنسان الكبير﴾

قال العبد أيّده الله به : اعلم : أنّ الملائكة هي أرواح القوى القائمة بالصورة الحسّيّة الجسمية ، والأرواح النفسية والعقلية القدسية ، وتسميتها ملائكة لكونها روابط وموصلات للأحكام الربانية والآثار الإلهيّة إلى العوالم الجسمانية فإنّ الملك في اللغة هو القوّة والشدّة ، فلمّا قويت هذه الأرواح بالأنوار الربانية ، وتأيّدت واشتدّت بها ، وقويت النسب الربانية والأسماء أيضا بها وعلى إيقاع أحكامها وآثارها وإيصال أنوارها وإظهارها ، سمّيت ملائكة .وهم ينقسمون إلى: علويّ روحاني . وسفلي طبيعي . وعنصري .ومثالي نوراني .فمنهم المهيّمون ، ومنهم المسخّرون ، ومنهم المولَّدة من الأعمال والأقوال والأنفاس ، والصافّون والحافّون والعالمون .ثم العلوي الروحاني :إمّا مجرّد عن المادّة والطبيعة وهم عالم العقول والمهيّمة ، وإمّا متعلَّقة بالمادّة ، والمتعلَّق بالمادّة إمّا متعلَّق بمادّة معيّنة ، أو بمادّة غير معيّنة وللمحقّق المكاشف .هاهنا بحث مع غير المكاشف منهم وذلك أنّ مشرب التحقيق الأتمّ يقضي أن لا تخلو الأرواح عن مادة ما فإنّ الصور لا تستغني في الوجود عن المادّة.فكذلك الصور الروحية والصور العقلية المتمايز بعضها عن بعض والمتغاير بعضها بعضها لا بدّ لها من مادّة صالحة لتصوّر تلك الصورة.ولكن لا يلزم أن تكون مادتها طبيعية أو عنصرية ، بل تكون مادّتها من نور النفس الرحماني ، أو تكون مادتها من نور التجلَّي الوجودي ، أو نفس النفس ، أو من العماء الآتي حديثه فيما بعد وغيره والمقدّم أيضا ذكره فيما سلف في أسرار حروف الاسم" الله " فتذكَّر .فالعقول والأرواح العالية المجرّدة عند الحكيم المكاشف إنّما هي وجودات متعيّنة في الماهيات والحقائق البسيطة ، صوّرها الله من العماء. وهو النفس المتضاعف المتكاثف بتوالي الفيض النفسي الرحماني المنفّس عن القابل ، والقابل من تأثير القابل المتعيّن والانفعال والانعقاد صورا نورية .فمادّة هذه الصور العقلية والأرواح العليّة الإلَّيّة هي العماء ، حقيقة الحقائق وجوهر الجواهر وهويّة الكلّ وأصلها وهيولاها الحاملة لصور وجوبها وإمكانها ، وهي الهيولى السابقة .ولقد استقصينا القول فيه في هذا الكتاب ،وسنعيد الكلام عليه ، فلا تظنّها تكرارا ،لعلّ الله يجود بلائحة من علمها لأهل الاستعداد ، والله الموفّق للرشاد .فإنّ العلم بها لا يحصل إلَّا بتعليم الحق وتجلَّيه وتعريفه بما يخصّ به بعض عبيده الصالحين ، ولا يعرفه العقلاء بالفكر النظري والقانون الفكري من تركيب المقدّمات وترتيب المفردات.بل بالتخلَّي عن الشواغل والعلائق ، والتوجّه التامّ بأحدية العزيمة ، وصمود القلب إلى الموجد المتجلَّي بالعلم الحقيقي والبرهان الكشفي والاطَّلاع الشهودي والتعريف الإلهي الوجودي بعد المناسبة الذاتية والمرتبية .ثم الملائكة العالية الموجودة من المادّة العمائيّة هم الأرواح العالية المهيّمة .ومنهم العقل الأوّل أبو العقول وهو القلم الأعلى ، وفي مرتبته النفس الكلَّيّة من وجه ، وهي اللوح المحفوظ في العرف الشرعي ، والمادّة العمائية التي قبلت هذه الصور النورية الروحية هي النون أعني الدواة التي أقسم الله بها في القرآن العزيز بقوله : " ن وَالْقَلَمِ وَما يَسْطُرُونَ ". ودون هذه المرتبة الأرواح التي مادّتها مثاليّة نورانية مطلقة ، وطبيعية نورانية ، وعنصرية غير نورانية ، ومثالية مقيّدة خيالية .يوجدها الله من الأعمال والأنفاس والأخلاق وهي الملائكة المولَّدة .فعلى هذا لا يخلو روح عن مادّة يفعل فيها ما يشاء من الصور ، فإمّا أنفسيّة حقيقية ، وإمّا ربّانية إلهية حقانية وذلك في عماء الربّ وإمّا عمائيّة كيانية .إمّا نفسية رحمانية ، أو مثالية نورانية ، أو طبيعية كلَّية عرشية محيطة وفلكية كذلك ، أو عنصرية سماوية أو كوكبيّة أسطقسّيّة مائية وهوائية ونارية وأرضية ، والموادّ من الأرضية ما يغلب على نشأته الأرضية وكذلك غيرها .ثم اعلم : أنّ الملائكة لا تنحصر عددا إلَّا بسدنة الأسماء الإلهيّة التي لا تنحصر ، والكلمات والآيات التي لا تنفد ولا تتناهى .وهي أرواح القوى المنبثّة في العوالم العلوية والسفلية ، والخواصّ المنتشرة اللازمة للأعيان الوجودية المتصوّرة المتعيّنة بحسب الخصوصيات ، وبمقتضى القوابل غير مجعولة الاستعداد ، لكل قوّة من هذه القوى روح من الأرواح له صورة نورية طبيعية وعنصرية على اختلافها وكثرتها ، وقد يتوسّع في إطلاق بعض صورها روحا للبعض الآخر بالأشرفية والأفضلية المرتبية .كما أنّ الروح الملكي الذي هو روح درجة الطالع أفضل وأشرف وأصفى وأنور وأقرب إلى الوحدة والبساطة من الروح المدبّر لهذا الهيكل العنصري من وجه لأنّ علَّته وسببه أفضل وأعلى وأقدم وأبقى ، والأرواح المدبّرة للأجسام العنصرية فائضة من الأرواح العلوية السماوية .وإن كان بعض الأرواح المدبّرة لبعض الأجسام البشرية أكمل من سائر الأرواح العلوية والسفلية ، فإنّ ذلك لا ينافي ما ذكرنا لكون ذلك باعتبار حصول التجلَّي الكمالي الإلهيّ الأحدي الجمعي .وأمّا الأرواح المدبّرة للأجسام البشرية من نوع الإنسان الحيوان فلا خلاف في قصورها مطلقا عن درجة أيّ روح فرضنا من الأرواح الملكية والفلكية ، فاعلم ذلك .ولمّا كانت الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم ، تبيّن فيما سلف أن ليس فيها قوّة القيام بمرآتية الذات من حيث هي هي ولا من حيث أحدية جمع الذات ، ولا بمظهرية الأسماء جمعا وفرادى .وأنّ المظهر الكامل الجامع لمظهريات التجلَّيات الذاتية الكمالية الكلَّية هو الإنسان الكامل الجامع بين مظهرية الذات المطلقة بإطلاق قابليته الكلَّية ، وبين مظهرية الأسماء والصفات والأفعال.بما في نشأته الكلَّية من الجمعية والاعتدال ، وبما في مظهريته من الحيطة والسعة والكمال ، وهو كذلك جامع أيضا بين الحقائق الحقيّة الوجوبية ونسب الأسماء الإلهيّة الربوبية ، وبين الحقائق الإمكانية والأعيان الكيانية. وأمّا كماله فلإحاطته بين الحقيقتين ، وشموله لجميع ما في العالمين ولجمعه كذلك بين البحرين ، فهو المظهر الأتمّ ، والمنشأ الجامع الأعمّ ، والبحر المحيط الزاخر الخضمّ ، والطود الراسخ الأشمخ الأشمّ.فكانت الملائكة صور قواه الروحانية لأنّ فيها قوى كثيرة غير القوى التي للملائكة المنبثّة في العالم صورها التفصيلية .فإنّ الأرواح الخبيثة والشياطين والعفاريت والمردة أيضا من صور بعض قواه ، وكذلك جميع الحيوانات الماشية الساعية والسابحة والطائرة .وكذلك الأسماء الإلهية صور قوى هذا الإنسان ، وكذلك الدوابّ والبهائم والحشرات والسباع وغير ذلك ممّا لا نذكره اعتمادا على فهمك " وَالله يَقُولُ الْحَقَّ وَهُوَ يَهْدِي السَّبِيلَ ".قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The servant, may God support him, said: Know that the angels are the spirits of the powers subsisting in the sensory, corporeal form, and the psychic and holy intellective spirits. Their being named "angels" (malāʾika) is because they are links and conveyors of the divine rulings and effects to the corporeal worlds, for "malak" in language signifies power and intensity. So when these spirits gained power through the divine lights, and were strengthened and intensified by them, and the divine relations (nisab) and Names likewise gained power through them, in effecting their rulings and effects and conveying and manifesting their lights, they were named angels. They are divided into: the higher spiritual; the lower natural and elemental; and the luminous imaginal. Among them are the entranced ones (al-muhayyamūn), among them the subjugated ones (al-musakhkharūn), and among them those generated from deeds, words, and breaths, and the ranked ones, the encircling ones, and the knowing ones. The higher spiritual [angel] is either stripped of matter and nature—these being the world of intellects and the entranced ones—or attached to matter; and what is attached to matter is either attached to a specific matter or a non-specific matter. For the realizing unveiler there is here a discussion with those among them who are not unveilers, namely: that the fullest school of realization requires that spirits not be devoid of some matter, for forms are never free of need for matter in existence. Likewise spiritual forms and intellective forms, differentiated and distinguished one from another, must have a matter suitable for the imaging of that form—though it is not necessary that their matter be natural or elemental; rather their matter may be from the light of the Merciful Breath, or from the light of the existential self-disclosure, or the Self of the Self, or from the Cloud (al-ʿamāʾ)—whose discussion is to come later, and was mentioned earlier in the secrets of the letters of the Name "Allāh"—so recall. So the higher, stripped intellects and spirits are, according to the unveiling sage, entified existences within simple quiddities and realities, which God formed from the Cloud. It is the doubled, condensed Breath, through the successive psychic, merciful effusion that relieves the receiver, the receiver [arising] from the effect of the entified receiver, and from passivity and congealing into luminous forms. So the matter of these intellective forms and elevated, divine spirits is the Cloud—the reality of realities, the substance of substances, the identity of the whole and its root, its prime matter (hayūlā) bearing the forms of its necessity and its possibility, the preceding prime matter. We have already exhausted the discussion of it in this book, and will return to it again—do not think it repetition; perhaps God will grant a glimpse of knowledge of it to the people of preparedness (ahl al-istiʿdād), and God grants success toward right guidance. For knowledge of it is attained only through the teaching of the Real, His self-disclosure, and His acquainting [the servant] with what He singles out for some of His righteous servants; the rational thinkers do not attain it by speculative reflection and the logical method of composing premises and arranging particulars, but rather by emptying oneself of preoccupations and attachments, complete orientation with unified resolve, and the steadfastness of the heart toward the Bringer-into-Existence who discloses Himself with true knowledge, unveiling proof, witnessing insight, and divine existential acquainting, after essential and rank-based correspondence [is attained]. Then the higher angels existing from the Cloud-matter are the higher, entranced spirits. Among them is the First Intellect, father of the intellects, which is the Supreme Pen, and at its level is the Universal Soul in one respect, which is the Preserved Tablet in customary legal usage; and the Cloud-matter that received these luminous, spiritual forms is the Nūn—that is, the inkwell by which God swore in the Noble Quran: "Nūn. By the pen and what they inscribe" [Quran 68:1]. Below this level are the spirits whose matter is absolute luminous imaginal, luminous natural, non-luminous elemental, and restricted imaginal-fantastic. God brings them into existence from deeds, breaths, and character traits, and these are the generated angels. According to this, no spirit is devoid of a matter in which it acts, forming whatever forms it wishes—whether a true psychic matter, or a divine, lordly, real matter (that being in the Cloud of the Lord), or an existential-entitative Cloud-matter; or a merciful psychic matter, or luminous imaginal, or universal, throne-encompassing, sphere-encompassing natural matter, likewise; or heavenly-elemental, or planetary-elemental—watery, airy, fiery, and earthy—and among the earthy matters are those whose constitution is dominated by earthiness, and likewise the others. Then know that the angels are not confined in number except by the custodianship of the divine Names, which are not confined, and the words and signs, which do not run out and are not finite. They are the spirits of the powers dispersed in the higher and lower worlds, and the properties spread out, necessarily attached to the existential entities (al-aʿyān), imaged and entified according to their particularities, and according to what the receivers require, without their preparedness being imposed. For every power among these powers there is a spirit, having a natural and elemental luminous form, in their variety and multiplicity; and sometimes there is latitude in applying the name "spirit" of some of its forms to another, by way of nobility and superiority of rank—just as the angelic spirit that is the spirit of the degree of the ascendant is more excellent, noble, pure, luminous, and nearer to unity and simplicity than the spirit governing this elemental frame, in one respect, because its cause is more excellent, higher, more ancient, and more enduring; and the spirits governing elemental bodies flow forth from the higher celestial spirits. And even if some spirits governing certain human bodies are more perfect than the rest of the higher and lower spirits, that does not contradict what we have said, since that is in respect of the attainment of the perfective, unitary, all-comprehensive divine self-disclosure. As for the spirits governing human bodies of the animal-human type, there is no disagreement that they are absolutely deficient relative to the degree of any spirit among the angelic and celestial spirits we posit. Know that. Now since the angels are among some of the powers of that form which is the form of the cosmos, it has become clear in what preceded that there is not in them the power to sustain the mirror-relation to the Essence as such, nor in respect of the oneness of the totality of the Essence, nor as the locus of manifestation for the Names, collectively and individually. And that the complete locus of manifestation, comprehensive of the loci of manifestation of the perfective, universal, essential self-disclosures, is the Perfect Human, who combines the locus of manifestation of the absolute Essence—by the absoluteness of his total receptivity—with the locus of manifestation of the Names, Attributes, and Acts, by virtue of what is in his universal constitution of comprehensiveness and balance, and by virtue of what is in his locus of manifestation of encompassment, breadth, and perfection. He likewise combines the real, necessary realities and the relations of the divine, lordly Names, with the possible realities and the entitative entities (al-aʿyān al-kiyāniyya). His perfection lies in his encompassing both realities, his inclusion of all that is in the two worlds, and his likewise combining the two seas—so he is the most complete locus of manifestation, the most comprehensive, all-inclusive origin, the encompassing, overflowing, vast sea, and the firmly-rooted, towering, lofty mountain. So the angels were the forms of his spiritual powers, for in him there are many powers besides the powers belonging to the angels dispersed in the cosmos as their detailed forms; for the vile spirits, the devils, the demons, and the rebellious ones are also among the forms of some of his powers, and likewise all the walking, running, swimming, and flying animals. And likewise the divine Names are forms of the powers of this human being, and likewise the beasts of burden, the cattle, the insects, the predators, and other than that which we do not mention, relying on your understanding. "And God speaks the truth, and He guides to the way" [Quran 33:4]. The Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وكانت الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بالإنسان الكبير﴾

عطف على قوله

This is conjoined to his statement:

Ibn Turka

﴿وكانت الملائكة من بعض قوى تلك الصورة ، التي هي صورة العالم ، المعبّر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بالإنسان الكبير﴾

وإذ كان الإنسان عبارة عن جمعيّة مشتملة على أعضاء وأجرام هيولانيّة وعوارض جسمانيّة ، ومشاعر حسّية وروحانيّة ، فله جمعيّة كليّة كما للعالم بعينه ، إلَّا أنّ أجزاء الكلّ في الإنسان لها ارتباط إدراكي به ، يأنس بعضها للبعض ، وبذلك الاعتبار يسمّى إنسانا . ثمّ إنّ العالم أيضا قد حصل له بروحه الذي هو آدم هذا الربط الإنسى، وفي تحقيق اصطلاح القوم هاهنا تنبيه إلى هذه الدقيقة فلا تغفل . ثمّ إنّ الملائكة منها الجبروتيّة أعني : العقول المجرّدة والأنوار القاهرة ومنها لملكوتيّة أعني : النفوس المتعلَّقة و البرازخ النورانيّة

And since the human being is an expression for a comprehensiveness comprising material organs and bodies, corporeal accidents, and sensory and spiritual perceptions, he possesses a total comprehensiveness just as the world itself does — except that the parts of the whole in the human being have a perceptual bond with him, some of them being intimate (yaʾnas) with others, and it is by that consideration that he is called 'insān' [from uns, intimacy]. Then the world too has attained, through its spirit which is Adam, this human bond, and in the verification of the folk's technical usage here there is an allusion to this subtle point, so do not be heedless of it. Then the angels include the jabarūtī ones, namely the disembodied intellects and the overpowering lights, and among them are the malakūtī ones, namely the attached souls and the luminous isthmuses (barāzikh)

Jāmī

﴿وكانت الملائكة﴾

القادحون في خلافة آدم وهي ما عدا الجبروت والنفوس المجردة

those who objected to Adam's vicegerency, namely all save the Jabarūt and the disembodied souls (al-nufūs al-mujarrada)

Bālī Zāde

﴿وكانت الملائكة﴾

أي كل ما يطلق عليه اسم الملك فيتناول الملائكة المهيمون وغيرها من الأملاك . وقد أنجز الكلام إلى بيان القوى ليكون توطئة تذكر ما جرى بين الملائكة وآدم حتى نتعلم الأدب مع الله تعالى . لذلك خص ذكر القوى بالملائكة لعدم هذه الفائدة في غيرها وعدم انضباطها لكثرتها لذلك قال : (من بعض القوي) يعني أن الملائكة مع كثرتهم بعض قوى

i.e., everything to which the name 'angel' is applied, thus including the overwhelmed angels (al-malāʾika al-muhaymūn) and other angelic powers (amlāk). The discourse has now progressed to the exposition of the [cosmic] powers (quwā), serving as a preamble for mentioning what occurred between the angels and Adam, so that we may learn proper conduct (adab) with God, exalted is He. For this reason the mention of the powers is specified with the angels, since this benefit does not occur with respect to others, and because they [the other powers] are not delimited due to their multiplicity. Hence he said: 'some of the powers' — meaning that the angels, despite their multitude, are [only] some of the powers.

Bosnevî

﴿وكانت الملائكة من بعض قوي تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم بالانسان الكبير﴾

وملائکه دخی اول صورتک بعض قواسندن اولد یکه اصطلاح قومده انسان کبیر ایله معبر عنه اولان عالمک صورتیدر اصطلاح قومدن مراد اولیاء اللهک اصطلا حیدر که انلرک اصطلاحنده عالم انسان کبیردر صورت ایله ایجنده انسانک وجودی سبیله وصورت رحمان اوزره مخلوق اولمغله* والابحسب المعنی صغیر در زیراعالم وجودانساندن اول تسویه اولنمش روحسز برصورت ایدی* امدی شویله معلوم اوله که ملائکه صور حسیه جسمیه ایله قائمه أولان قوانک ارواحیدر ودخی قوای نفسیه وقوای عقلیه قدسیه ارواحیدر و بوقوی ارواحنه ملائکه دیرلرزیرا بونلراحکام ربانیه واثار الهیه بی عوالم جسمانیه یه موصله در والملک فی اللغة هو القوة والشدة* پس وقتاکه ارواح مذکوره انوار الهیه ایله قویه اولدیسه* ونسب ربانیه واسماء الهیه دخی احکامنی ایقاع ایتمکده وانوارنی ایصال واظهار ایتمکده اول قوای ارواحی ایله قویه اولد یسه* انلر ملائکه ایله تسمیه اولندی* پس ملائکه وقتاکه عالم صورتنک بعض قواسندن اولدیسه وانک مراتبنده من حیث هی هی ودخی احدیت جمع ذات حیثیتیله ودخی جمعا وافرادا اسماء الهیه مظهریتنده قائمه اولمغه انده قوت یوقدر زیراملائکه عالمدن برجزودر وعالم کون جامعسز جسد کبیدر روحسز مرآتیه مذکوره یه قابل دکلدر* پس جمیع تجلیات کمالیه کلیه یی جامع اولان مظهر کامل انسان کاملدرکه قابلیت کلیه اطلاقی ایله ذات مطلقه نک مظهر یتی بینیله اسما وصفات وافعالک مظهر یتی بینی جامعدر نشأت کلیه سنده جمعیت واعتدالک وانک مظهر یتنده حیطه وسعت وکمالک وجودی سبیله ودخی حقایق حقانیة وجوبیه ونسب افعال اسماء الهیه وربوبیه بینله حقایق امکانیه واعیان کیانیه بیننی جامعدر* پس انسان کاملک کمالی حقیقتین بیننی احاطه ایتمکله وعالمینده واقع اولان جمیع اشیایه شامل اولمغله وبحرین بینی جمع ایتمکله واقعدر پس (وکانت الملائکة من بعض قوی تلک الصورة التی هی صورة العالم (قولیله شیخ رضی الله عنه ملائکه عالمک بعض قوا سندن اولدیغن بیان ایدوب تصریح ایدر زیرا بوقصده مراداولان ادعاء خلافت وعرض استحقاق امانت ایدن ملائکه نک مرتبه من بیان ایتمکله جمعیت الهیه یه مظهر اولمغه انک عدم استعدادلرین وآدم مظهر صورت الهیه ومرأت جمعیت اسمائیه اولدیفن بیان اتمکدر والاصورت عالمده قوای کثیره واردرکه انلره نسبت ایله عالمده صور تفصیلیه سی منبثه اولان قوای ملائکه قلیلــدر انکیچون شیخ رضی الله عنه من بعض قوی تلک الصورة دیدی زیرا ارواح جنیه ایله شیاطین وعفاریت ومرده ارواحی دخی عالمک بعض قواسی صورتندندر* وکذلک حیوانات ماشیه وساعیه وسابحه وطایره ایله دواب و بهایم وحشرات وسباع دخی بعض قواسی صورتنده وبونلردن دخی قوای کثیره واردرکه فهمه اعتماددن اوزی ذکر اولنمدی

And the angels, too, were among some of the faculties of that form which is the form of the world, which in the technical terminology of the folk is expressed as “the great human”. By “the terminology of the folk” is meant the terminology of the friends of God (awliyāʾ Allāh), for in their terminology the world (ʿālam) is the great human in form. [It is so] by reason of the being (wujūd) of the human within it, and by its being created upon the form of the All-Merciful. Otherwise, with respect to meaning, it is small, because before the being of the human the world was a proportioned form without spirit. Now let it be known thus: the angels are the spirits of the faculties that subsist through sensory, corporeal forms, and also the spirits of the faculties of the soul and of the holy intellectual faculties. They call the spirits of these faculties angels because these convey the lordly rulings and the divine traces to the corporeal worlds; “and al-malak, in [the] language, is strength and intensity.” So when the said spirits became strong through the divine lights, and the lordly relations and divine names, too, became strong through the spirits of those faculties in bringing about their rulings and in conveying and manifesting their lights, they were named angels. So since the angels are among some of the faculties of the form of the world, there is no strength in them to subsist in its levels (marātib) as such, and also in respect of the aḥadiyyat jamʿ al-dhāt (unity of the all-comprehensiveness of the Essence), and also in being loci of manifestation (maẓhar) of the divine names collectively and singly. For the angels are a part of the world, and the world without the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being) is like a body; without a spirit it is not receptive of the said mirror-hood. So the perfect locus of manifestation that gathers all the universal self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) of perfection is the insān kāmil (perfect human). Through the unboundedness of universal receptivity, he gathers between being the locus of manifestation of the absolute Essence and being the locus of manifestation of the names, attributes and acts. [This is] by reason of the existence of jamʿiyya (all-comprehensiveness) and equilibrium in his universal configuration (nashʾa), and of encompassing, vastness and perfection in his being a locus of manifestation. He also gathers between the real, necessary realities (ḥaqāʾiq) and the relations of the acts of the divine and lordly names, on the one hand, and the possible realities and the engendered entities, on the other. So the perfection of the perfect human comes about by his encompassing [what is] between the two realities, by his comprising all things that occur in his worlds, and by his gathering [what is] between the two seas. So with his words “And the angels were among some of the faculties of that form which is the form of the world” the Shaykh (raḍiya llāhu ʿanhu) explains and makes explicit that the angels are among some of the faculties of the world. For what is intended in this story is to explain the level of the angels who laid claim to vicegerency and put forward [their] deserving of the trust, and thereby to explain their lack of preparedness (istiʿdād) to be the locus of manifestation of the divine all-comprehensiveness, and that Adam is the locus of manifestation of the divine form and the mirror of the all-comprehensiveness of the names. Otherwise, in the form of the world there are many faculties, and in relation to them the angelic faculties, whose detailed forms are dispersed in the world, are few. Therefore the Shaykh (raḍiya llāhu ʿanhu) said “among some of the faculties of that form”, because the spirits of the jinn, and the spirits of the devils, the ʿifrīts and the rebellious ones are also of the form of some of the faculties of the world. Likewise the walking, running, swimming and flying animals, and the beasts, cattle, insects and predators are also in the form of some of its faculties. And of these, too, there are many faculties which, because of reliance on understanding, have not been mentioned.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿من بعض قوى تلك الصورة﴾

إذ أنواع الروحانيات متكثرة: منهم أهل الجبروت،كالعقل الأول والملائكة المهيمة والعقول السماوية والعنصرية البسيطة والمركبةالتي هي المولدات الثلاث على اختلاف طبقاتها وصنوفها ودرجاتها، ومنهم أهل الملكوت، كالنفس الكلية والنفوس المجردة السماوية والعنصرية البسيطة والمركبة. على أن ما في الوجود شئ إلا وله من الجبروت والملكوت عقل ونفس، ومنهم النفوس المنطبعة في الأجرام العلوية والسفلية. ومنهم القوى الجسمانية التي هي سدنة النفوس المنطبعة، ومنهم الجن والشياطين. ولا يطلق القوى إلا على التوابع من القوى الروحانية والنفوس المنطبعة وتوابعها كما يقال: قوى الروح وقوى القلب. ولا يجعل (القلب) و (الروح) قوة من القوى، لأنهما سيدا جميع المظاهر. وإنما عبر عن (العالم) في الاصطلاح القوم، أي أهل التصوف، ب (الإنسان الكبير) لأن جميع ما في العالم عبارة عن مجموع ما اندرج في النشأة الإنسانية. كما مر التنبيه عليه من أن أعيان العالم هو تفصيل النشأة الإنسانية، فالإنسان عالم صغير مجمل صورة، والعالم إنسان كبير مفصل. وإنما قيد (صورة) لأن الإنسان هو العالم الكبير مرتبة، والعالم هو الإنسان الصغير درجة، لأن الخليفة مستعلية على ما استخلف عليه. فقوله

For the kinds of spiritual beings (rūḥāniyyāt) are numerous: among them the people of the jabarūt, such as the First Intellect, the enraptured angels (al-malāʾika al-muhayyama), and the celestial and elemental intellects — simple and compound, the latter being the three generated things (al-muwalladāt al-thalātha) — according to their differing ranks, kinds, and degrees; and among them the people of the malakūt, such as the Universal Soul and the disembodied souls, celestial and elemental, simple and compound — indeed there is nothing in existence but has, from the jabarūt and the malakūt, an intellect and a soul; and among them the souls impressed (al-nufūs al-munṭabiʿa) in the higher and lower bodies; and among them the corporeal faculties that are the custodians of the impressed souls; and among them the jinn and devils. Now "faculties" (quwā) is applied only to the subordinates among the spiritual powers and the impressed souls and their subordinates, as one says "the faculties of the spirit" and "the faculties of the heart" — while "the heart" and "the spirit" are not counted among the faculties, since they are the masters of all loci of manifestation (maẓāhir). The reason "the world" is expressed, in the terminology of the folk — that is, the people of Sufism — as "the Greater Human" is that everything in the world is, taken together, the sum of what is subsumed within the human constitution (al-nashʾa al-insāniyya), as was noted earlier, namely that the entities (aʿyān) of the world are the unfolding in detail of the human constitution. Thus the human being is a lesser world, summarized in form, while the world is a greater human, unfolded in detail. The qualification "in form" is made because the human being is the greater world in rank (martaba), while the world is the lesser human in grade (daraja), since the vicegerent (khalīfa) is superior to that over which he is made vicegerent. His statement:

Jāmī

﴿من بعض قوى تلك الصورة التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم﴾

الصوفية المحققين

i.e., the realized Sufis (al-ṣūfiyya al-muḥaqqiqīn)

Words 32–33 · 1 of 8

تِلْكَ الصُّورَةِ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿تلك الصورة﴾

إلى حد يقبل التبعيض و التنصيف . وهو كناية عن عدم الإحصاء

to a degree that admits of partition and division — this being an allusion to [its] uncountability (ʿadam al-iḥṣāʾ).

Words 34–35 · 1 of 8

الَّتِي هِيَ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿التي هي صورة العالم المعبر عنه في اصطلاح القوم … بالإنسان الكبير﴾

فتكون الملائكة تابعة لآدم في المعنى ذلك أمرت بالسجود ليطابق الصورة بالمعنى. (فكان الملائكة له) بالنسبة إلى الإنسان الكبير وهو صورة العالم

folk … as 'the Great Human Being' (al-insān al-kabīr)] so that the angels become subordinate to Adam in meaning; for that reason they were commanded to prostrate, so that the form might correspond to the meaning. [Text: so the angels were to him] in relation to the Great Human Being, which is the form of the cosmos.

Words 43–44 · 1 of 8

بِالِإنْسَانِ الكَبِيرِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿بالإنسان الكبير﴾

صورة كما يعبرون عن الإنسان بالعالم الصغير صورة، وذلك لأن النشأة الواحدة تفصيلها العالم وإجمالها الإنسان ، وإنما قلنا صورة لأن الأمر بحسب المرتبة بالعكس، فإن للخليفة استعلاء على المستخلف عليه وإنما فال رضي الله عنه : من بعض قوى تلك الصورة، لأن لها قوی أخر : كالجن والشياطين (فكانت الملائكة القوى الروحانية من المتخيلة والمتفكرة والحافظة والذاكرة والعاقلة (والحسبة) كالباصرة والسامعة و الشامة والذائقة واللامسة التي هي

in form — just as they express the human being as the small cosmos (al-ʿālam al-ṣaghīr) in form. This is because the single constitution (nashʾa), in its differentiated aspect, is the cosmos, and in its summary aspect is the human being. We say 'in form' because, with respect to rank, the matter is the reverse: the vicegerent has superiority over that in which he is made vicegerent. He (may God be pleased with him) said 'among certain of the powers of that form' because it has other powers as well, such as the jinn and the devils. (Thus the angels were) the spiritual faculties — the imaginative, the cogitative, the retentive, the recollective, the rational (and the sensory) such as the faculty of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, which constitute

al-Jandī

﴿فكانت الملائكة له كالقوّة الحسيّة والروحانية التي في النشأة الإنسانية .وكلّ قوّة منها محجوبة بنفسها ، لا ترى أفضل من ذاتها﴾

قال العبد أيّده الله به : القوى الحسّية التي في نشأة الإنسان هي التي متعلَّقاتها المحسوسات كالإبصار والسماع والشّم والذوق واللمس وما تحت هذه الكلَّيات من الأنواع والشخصيات .وأمّا القوى الروحانية فكالمتخيّلة والمفكَّرة والحافظة والذاكرة والعاقلة والناطقة .وهذه القوى الكلَّية وشخصياتها في حيطة الروح النفساني ، ومنشؤها ومجاري تصرّفاتها وأحكامها وآثارها الدماغ ، فكالقوى الطبيعية مثل الجاذبة والماسكة والهاضمة والغاذية والمنمية والمربيّة والمولَّدة والمصوّرة والدافعة وشخصياتها راجعة إلى الروح الطبيعي .وكالعلم والحلم والوقار والإناءة والشجاعة والعدالة والسياسة والنخوة والرئاسة وغيرها ممّا تحتها من المشخّصات والأنواع بالمماثلة والمشاكلة والمباينة والمنافرة عائدة إلى الروح الحقيقي الحيواني والنفساني .وكما أنّ هذه القوى منبثّة في أقطار نشأة الإنسان وإن كان لكل جنس وصنف ونوع من هذه القوى محلّ خصيص بها . هو محلّ ظهور أحكامه وآثاره ومنشأ حقائقه وأسراره ، ولكن حكم جمعيّة الإنسان سار في الكلّ بالكل فكذلك العالم الذي هو الإنسان الكبير في زعمهم .كلَّيات هذه القوى وأمّهاتها بجزئياتها وأنواعها وشخصياتها منتشرة ومنبثّة في فضاء السماوات والأرضين وما بينهما وما فوقهما من العوالم ، وتعيّنات هذه القوى والأرواح في كلّ حال بما يناسبه ويوافقه على الوجه الذي يلائمه ويطابقه .وبها ملاك الأمر النازل من حضرات الربوبية ، وهي في الحقيقة صور متعلَّقات للنسب الربانية ، وبها يقوى الوجود النفسي على التعيّنات وتنوّعات الظهور والتجلَّيات ، فافهم .ولأنّ كلّ قوّة منها مجلى لتجلَّي الأحدية الجمعية ، ولكن تعيّن سرّ الجمع والأحدية فيه ليس إلَّا بحسبه ، وظهور التجلَّي فيه يقتضي خصوصيّته ، فكانت كل قوّة منها لهذا محجوبة بنفسها .لا ترى أفضل من ذاتها ، وذلك كذلك ، لكون الكلّ في الكلّ ولكنّها غابت عن أشياء كثيرة بمحبّتها لنفسها ، كما قال : « حبّك الشيء يعمي ويصمّ » فإنّ كون الكلّ في كل منها بحسبه لا بحسب الكلّ ، وظهور الكلّ بحسب الكلّ لا يكون إلَّا في الكلّ .ولكنّ الكلّ له ثلاث مراتب :الأولى : مرتبة جمع الجمع والأحدية ، وهي الحقيقة الإنسانية الإلهية التي حذي آدم عليها .والثانية : صورة التفصيل الإنساني الإلهيّ ، أعني العالم بشرط وجود الإنسان الكامل في العالم .والثالثة : صورة أحدية جمع الجمع الإنساني الكمالي ، فظهور الكلّ في مرتبة جمع الجمع الأحدي لا تفصيل فيه ، وأنّه مرتبة الإجمال.وظهور الكلّ في مرتبة أحدية جمع الجمع الإنساني ظهور كامل جامع بين الجمع والتفصيل ، والقوّة والفعل ، فإنّ الكلّ في الكلّ إنسان كامل بالقوّة دفعة بالفعل في كل زمان بالتدريج ، كما قال المترجم ، شعر :تجمّعت في فؤاده همم %~% ملء فؤاد الزمان إحداهفإن أتى دهره بأزمنة %~% أوسع من ذا الزمان أبداهقال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

like the sensory and spiritual powers that are in the human constitution, and each power among them is veiled by itself, seeing nothing more excellent than itself] The servant, may God support him, said: The sensory powers in the constitution of the human being are those whose objects are the sensibles, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and what falls beneath these universals of species and individuals. As for the spiritual powers, they are such as the imaginative, the cogitative, the retentive, the recollective, the rational, and the articulating faculties. These universal powers and their particulars fall within the compass of the psychic spirit (al-rūḥ al-nafsānī), and their origin, and the channels of their operations, rulings, and effects, is the brain—like the natural powers, such as the attractive, retentive, digestive, nutritive, growth-producing, rearing, generative, formative, and expulsive [faculties], and their particulars, which go back to the natural spirit. And like knowledge, forbearance, dignity, deliberateness, courage, justice, governance, pride, and leadership, and other things beneath them of particulars and species by resemblance, similarity, opposition, and aversion, returning to the real, animal, and psychic spirit. And just as these powers are dispersed throughout the regions of the human constitution—though each genus, kind, and species of these powers has a locus proper to it, being the locus of manifestation of its rulings and effects and the origin of its realities and secrets—yet the ruling property of the comprehensiveness of the human being runs through the whole by means of the whole; so too the cosmos, which is the Greater Human in their claim. The universals of these powers and their mother-faculties, with their particulars, species, and individuals, are dispersed and scattered throughout the expanse of the heavens and the earths and what is between and above them, of the worlds, and the entifications of these powers and spirits occur in every state according to what suits and agrees with it, in the manner that befits and matches it. By them is the governance of the affair descending from the presences of lordship, and they are in reality the forms of the objects attached to the lordly relations, and by them psychic existence gains strength for entifications and the varieties of manifestation and self-disclosures. So understand. And because each power among them is a locus of self-disclosure for the self-disclosure of the oneness of the all-comprehensive totality (al-aḥadiyya al-jamʿiyya), yet the entification of the secret of comprehensiveness and oneness within it occurs only according to its own measure, and the manifestation of the self-disclosure within it requires its own particularity, each power among them was for this reason veiled by itself, seeing nothing more excellent than itself. And that is so, because the whole is in the whole, yet they became absent from many things through self-love, as it is said: "Your love of a thing blinds and deafens." For the being of the whole in each of them is according to its own measure, not the measure of the whole, and the manifestation of the whole according to the measure of the whole occurs only in the whole. But the whole has three levels: the first, the level of the totality of totality (jamʿ al-jamʿ) and oneness, which is the divine human reality upon whose pattern Adam was fashioned; the second, the form of human-divine differentiation, that is, the cosmos on condition of the existence of the Perfect Human within it; and the third, the form of the oneness of the totality of totality of perfective humanity. So the manifestation of the whole at the level of the oneness of the totality of totality has no differentiation in it, and that is the level of summary (al-ijmāl). And the manifestation of the whole at the level of the oneness of the totality of totality of the human being is a complete manifestation, combining totality and differentiation, potency and act—for the whole in the whole is a Perfect Human, potentially all at once, [manifested] actually in every era by degrees—as the versifier said: 'Resolves gathered in his heart, filling the heart of time, one of them; and should his age bring further ages, more spacious than this age, he would manifest them.' The Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فكانت الملائكة له كالقوى الروحانية والحسية التي هي في النشأة الإنسانية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

نتيجة لما ذكره. أي، لما كانت الملائكة من بعض قوى صورة العالم والعالم هو الإنسان الكبير، صارت نسبة الملائكة إلى العالم كنسبة القوى الروحانية والحسية إلى الإنسان. فكما أن النفس الناطقة المدبرة للبدن مدبر بالقوى الروحانية التي هي العقل النظري والعملي والوهم والخيال وما شابهها والحيوانية والنباتية كالحواس الخمس الظاهرة والغاذية والنامية والمولدة للمثل وغيرها، كذلك النفس الكلية مدبرة للعالم كله بواسطة الملائكة المدبرة. كما قال تعالى: (فالمدبرات أمرا) . وهي روحانيات الكواكب السبعة وغيرها من الثوابت وأجرامها. قوله

This is a conclusion drawn from what he had mentioned. That is: since the angels are among some of the faculties of the form of the world, and the world is the Greater Human, the relation (nisba) of the angels to the world became like the relation of the spiritual and sensory faculties to the human being. For just as the rational soul, which governs the body, governs it by means of the spiritual faculties — namely, the theoretical and practical intellect, imagination (wahm), fancy (khayāl), and what resembles them, together with the animal and vegetative [faculties] such as the five outward senses and the nutritive, growth, and reproductive [faculties] and others — likewise the Universal Soul governs the entire world by means of the governing angels, as the Exalted said: "Those [angels] who govern the affair" — that is, the spiritual beings of the seven planets and the other fixed stars and their bodies. His statement:

Ibn Turka

﴿فكانت الملائكة له كالقوى الروحانيّة والحسّية التي هي في النشأة الإنسانيّة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وإذ كان عالم الأمر ومرتبة الأرواح أوّل مراتب التعيّنات الاستجلائيّة ومبادي طلائع غلبات الأحكام الكونيّة والحجب العدميّة الإمكانيّة ، قد قوي سلطانها فيه . فلذلك ولما في نشأتها النورانيّة من التقدّس والتحقّق بالصفات التنزيهيّة قد انغلب أعيان المرتبة تحت اقتضاء نشأتها وأحكام تعيّناتها وحجبها القدسيّة النوريّة ، وشرفها العلوي البهي ، بحيث أنّ كلّ عين منها في تلك الصورة الكليّة يدّعي استيهال روحيّتها واستحقاق خلافتها

And since the World of Command (ʿālam al-amr) and the level of spirits are the first of the levels of the self-manifesting determinations and the beginnings of the vanguards of the dominance of the engendered properties and the possible privative veils — its authority being strong therein. Therefore, and because of what is in its luminous constitution of holiness and realization of the transcendent attributes, the entities of that level have become overpowered under the requirement of its constitution and the properties of its determinations and its holy, luminous veils, and its lofty, radiant nobility — such that every entity among them, within that total form, lays claim to the worthiness of its spirituality and the deservingness of its viceregency

Bosnevî

﴿فكانت الملائكة له كالقوي الروحانية والحسية التي هي في النشأة الانسانية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

بس ملائکه عالم ایچون نشأت انسانیه ده اولان قوای روحانیه وقوای حسیه کی اولدی که حواس ظاهره وحواس باطنه در ونشأت انسانیه ده اولان قوای حسیه قوت سامعه وقوت شامه وقوت ذائقه وقوت لامسه کبیدر وبونلرک متعلقاتی محسوساندر وقوای روحانیه قوت متخیله ومفکره وحافظه وذاکره وعاقله کبیدر* وبوقوای کلیه وبونارک شخصیاتی روح انسانی حیطه سنده در وبونلرک منشی ومبدأ تصرفاتی وآثاری دماغـدر* وقوای طبیعیه دخی قوت جاذبه وماسکه وهاضمه ودافعه ومنمیه ومولده ومصوره کبیدر* وبوقوانک مرجعی روح طبیعیدر وبونلرک محلی کبددر* ودخی علم وحلم ووقار وشجاعت وعدالت وسیاست ونخوت وریاست کپی وبونلر روح حیوانی ونفسانی یه عائده در* پس نته کیم قوای مذکوره مختلفه نشأت انسان اقطار نده منتشره ومنبثه اولدیسه وبونلردن هربر یسی ایچون نته کیم برمحل خضیض واقع اولدیسه که احکام واثارینک مظهری وحقایق واسرارینک منشأ بدر ننه کیم انسان جمعیتنک حکمی کاده کلیه ایله ساریه اولدیسه کذلک صورتا انسان کبیر اولان عالم قواسنک کلیاتی وامهاتی جزئیاتیله وانواع واشخاصیله سموات وارضین فضاسنده انلرک بینده وانلرک فوقنده اولان عوالمده منتشره ومنبثه در* واول قوادن هر برقوت عالمدن اکا مناسب وملایم اولان محلده متعینه اولوب جمعیت الهیه دن برکماله مظهر واقع اولدی که حضرت ربوبیتدن نزول ایدن اوامر الهیه دن هر بریسی قوای ارواحدن انک مظهری اولان قوته نازل اولور• واول محلده ظهور ایدوب انکله قوت بولور وعالم قوای مذکوره بی وغیرمذکوره یی جامع اولوب جمله سنده جمعیت الهیه نک حکمی ساری وامری حازیدر* پس عالم انسان کی برشخص معیندر وصورت حسبیله وانسانک ایجنده وجودیله وانسانک وجود عینیسنه عالمک توجهله وانسانک اندن انفعالی وانسانده انک تأثیری حسبیله انسان کبیر در قال الشیخ رضی الله عنه فی الباب الثامن والخمسین والثلثمائة من الفتوحات (1) لما اشهدنی الله تعالی ذاتی واشهدنی هیکلی واشهدنی نسبة العالم کله وتوجهه علی فی ایجاد عینی فعلت انفعالی عنه وانه اولام لم یکن لی وجودعینی وهو اکبر من خلق الناس قدراورتبة لان له رتیة التأثیر ونسبة الفاعلیة وعلمت عند ذلک انی انا من القلیل الذی علم ذلک ولکن حصل لی الانکسار فی ذلک تحت اسر مثلی فقیل إلی انت المقصود من العالم* انتهی کلامه واما بحسب الحقیقة ایجاد عالمدن علت غائیه وعین مقصوده انسان اولمغله وعالم انسانک بعض ظهوراتی مراتبندن اولوب عالم انسانک ظلی وانسان عالمک روحی اولمغله ودخی انسان مرأتیة جمعیة اسمائیة وذاتیه ده قایم اولمغله / انسان عالم کبیردر وعالم انسان صغیردر) وکل قوة) وفی بعض النسخ فکل

So the angels were, for the world, like the spiritual faculties and the sensory faculties that are in the human configuration (nashʾa), which are the outer senses and the inner senses. The sensory faculties in the human configuration are like the faculty of hearing, the faculty of smell, the faculty of taste and the faculty of touch, and their objects are the sensibles. The spiritual faculties are like the faculties of imagination, thought, retention, recollection and intellect. These universal faculties and their individual instances are within the compass of the human spirit, and the source and starting-point of their operations and traces is the brain. The natural faculties, too, are like the attractive, retentive, digestive, expulsive, growth-giving, generative and form-giving faculties. The reference-point of these faculties is the natural spirit, and their place is the liver. And also [qualities] like knowledge, forbearance, gravity, courage, justice, governance, pride and leadership; these pertain to the animal spirit and the soul-spirit. So just as the said various faculties are spread and dispersed throughout the regions of the human configuration; and just as for each one of them there occurred a particular place, which is the locus of manifestation (maẓhar) of its rulings and traces and the source of its realities (ḥaqāʾiq) and secrets; and just as the ruling of the human all-comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya) pervades [them] wholly; likewise the universals and mothers of the faculties of the world (ʿālam), which in form is the great human, with their particulars, species and individuals, are spread and dispersed in the expanse of the heavens and the earths, and in the worlds that are between them and above them. Each faculty among those faculties became determined (mutaʿayyin) in the place in the world that is suited and fitting to it, and came to be the locus of manifestation of one perfection of the divine all-comprehensiveness. Thus each one of the divine commands that descend from the ḥaḍra (presence) of lordship descends upon the faculty, among the spirits of the faculties, that is its locus of manifestation, and becomes manifest in that place and gains strength through it. The world gathers the mentioned and unmentioned faculties, and in all of them the ruling of the divine all-comprehensiveness is pervading and its command is current. So the world is a determined individual like the human. It is the great human in respect of form; by the being (wujūd) of the human within it; and by the world's turning toward the entitative being of the human, the human's being acted upon by it, and its effect on the human. The Shaykh (raḍiya llāhu ʿanhu) said in the three hundred and fifty-eighth chapter of the Futūḥāt: “When God Most High made me witness my essence, and made me witness my frame, and made me witness the relation of the whole world and its turning toward me in bringing my entity into being, I knew my being acted upon by it, and that were it not for it I would have no entitative being, and that it is ‘greater than the creation of people’ (cf. Q 40:57) in measure and rank, because to it belongs the rank of effecting and the relation of agency. At that point I knew that I am among the few who know that. But brokenness came over me in that, under the captivity of one like me. Then it was said to me: You are the one intended from the world.” His words end [here]. But with respect to reality (ḥaqīqa), the final cause and very aim of bringing the world into being is the human; the world is among the levels of some of the manifestations of the human; the world is the shadow of the human and the human is the spirit of the world; and the human also subsists in the mirror-hood of the all-comprehensiveness of the names and of the Essence. Therefore the human is the great world and the world is the small human. (“And every faculty”); and in some copies “So every”.

Bālī Zāde

﴿كالقوى الروحانية والحسية التي هي في النشأة الإنسانية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

العنصرية فلا مجاز في إسناد الزعم إلى النشأة في قوله فيما تزعم حتی احتاج الكلام إلى تقدير المضاف من الأمل أو الأفراد تكون المراد النشأة الموجودة في الخارج لأن النشأة الكلية الموجودة في العقل . (وكل قوة منها) أي من القوى الروحانية والجسمانية التي في النشأة الإنسانية ولا حاجة لتعميم القوي إلى ما خرج من النشأة الإنسانية لأن المراد بيان المشبه به. وهو القوى الإنسانية ليعرف منه أحوال المشبه وهو القرى الخارجة عن النشأة الإنسانية كالملائكة التي نازعت في آدم

— the elemental [constitution] — so there is no figurative usage (majāz) in attributing the claim (zaʿm) to the constitution in his statement 'in what you claim,' such that the discourse would require positing an implied genitive of 'hope' (amal) or of 'individuals,' [because] what is meant is the constitution existing externally, since the universal constitution exists [only] in the intellect. [Text: and each power among them] i.e., among the spiritual and corporeal powers that are in the human constitution — and there is no need to generalize the powers to include what falls outside the human constitution, since the intent is to explain the thing likened-to (al-mushabbah bihi), which is the human powers, so that from it the states of the thing likened (al-mushabbah) may be known — namely, the powers external to the human constitution, such as the angels who disputed concerning Adam.

Words 53–54 · 1 of 8

النَّشْأَةِ الإِنْسَانِيَّةِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿النشأة الإنسانية﴾

فكما أن النفس الناطقة تدبر البدن بواسطة هذه القوى كذلك النفس الكلية تدبر العالم كله بواسطة الملائكة (وكل قوة) من تلك القوى الملكية

Just as the rational soul governs the body by means of these faculties, so too the Universal Soul governs the entire cosmos by means of the angels (and every faculty) among those angelic powers

al-Qāshānī

﴿وكل قوة منها محجوبة بنفسها﴾

إذ لم يكن عندها إلهيته الاجتماعية فلا تدرك ما ليس فيها . فهي

since it does not possess the comprehensive divinity (ilāhiyyatuhu al-ijtimāʿiyya) [that the human possesses]; so it does not perceive what is not within it. Thus it—

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وكل قوة منها محجوبة بنفسها، لا ترى أفضل من ذاتها﴾

أي، كلواحدة من هذه القوى الروحانية سواء كانت داخلية في النشأة الإنسانية أو خارجية منها، محجوبة بنفسها، لا ترى أفضل من نفسها، كالملائكة التي نازعت في آدم. وكالعقل والوهم، فإن كلا منهما يدعى السلطنة على هذا العالم الإنساني ولا ينقاد لغيره، إذ العقل يدعى أنه محيط بإدراك جميع الحقائق والماهيات، على ما هي عليه، بحسب قوته النظرية. وليس كذلك، ولهذا انحجب أرباب العقول عن إدراك الحق والحقائق لتقليدهم عقولهم. وغاية عرفانهم العلم الإجمالي بأن لهم موجدا ربا منزها عن الصفات الكونية، ولا يعلمون من الحقائق إلا لوازمها وخواصها. وأرباب التحقيق وأهل الطريق علموا ذلك مجملا وشاهدوا تجلياته وظهوراته مفصلا، فاهتدوا بنوره وسروا في الحقائق سريان تجليه فيها وكشفوا عنها خواصها ولوازمها، كشفا لا تمازجه شبهة، وعلموا الحقائق علما لا يطرأ عليه ريبة. فهم عباد الرحمان الذين يمشون في أرض الحقائق هونا وأرباب النظر عباد عقولهم الصادر فيهم: (إنكم وما تعبدون من دون الله حصب جهنم). أي، جهنم البعد والحرمان عن إدراك الحقائق وأنواره، أي، لا يقبلون إلا ما أعطته عقولهم. وهكذا الوهم يدعى السلطنة و يكذبه في كل ما هو خارج عن طوره، لإدراكه المعاني الجزئية دون الكلية. ولكل منهما نصيب من السلطنة. قوله

That is, each one of these spiritual faculties, whether internal to the human constitution or external to it, is veiled by itself, seeing nothing more excellent than itself — like the angels who disputed concerning Adam, and like the intellect and imagination (wahm), each of which claims sovereignty over this human world and will not submit to the other. For the intellect claims that it encompasses the apprehension of all realities and quiddities as they truly are, by virtue of its theoretical faculty — but this is not so. This is why the masters of intellects are veiled from apprehending the Real and the realities, on account of their imitation (taqlīd) of their intellects. The utmost of their gnosis is a summary knowledge that they have a Creator, a Lord, transcendent above contingent attributes, and they know of the realities only their concomitants and properties. But the masters of verification (taḥqīq) and the people of the [Sufi] Path knew this summarily and witnessed His self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) and manifestations in detail; they were guided by His light and journeyed through the realities as His self-disclosure flows through them, and they unveiled from them their properties and concomitants — an unveiling unmixed with any doubt — and they knew the realities with a knowledge untouched by uncertainty. They are "the servants of the All-Merciful who walk upon the earth gently," while the masters of speculative reasoning are servants of their own intellects, concerning whom it was revealed: "Indeed you and what you worship besides God are firewood for Hell" — that is, the Hell of remoteness and deprivation from apprehending the realities and their lights — meaning they accept nothing but what their intellects have granted them. Likewise imagination (wahm) claims sovereignty, yet it is belied in everything that lies outside its proper scope, since it apprehends particular meanings, not universal ones. Each of the two [intellect and imagination] has its share of sovereignty. His statement:

Ibn Turka

﴿وكلّ قوّة منها محجوبة بنفسها ، لا ترى أفضل من ذاتها ، وأنّ فيها فيما تزعم﴾

أي لا ترى أنّ في تلك الصورة فيما تزعمه كل قوّة منها من الشرف والعلو

that within it, as it claims] that is: it does not see that within that form, according to what each faculty among them claims for itself of nobility and loftiness, there is

Bosnevî

﴿قوة منها محجوبة بنفسها لاتري افضل من ذاتها﴾

وعالمک صورت قواسندن هر.ر قوت کندی نفسیله محجوبه در ذاتندن افضل کیمسه یی کورمز یعنی نته کیم نشأت انسانیه ده قوای انسانیه دن هر برقوت جمعیت انسانیه دن برکماله مظهر واقع اولوب اکامناسب اولان محله مخصوص قلندی وهر برقوتک مظهر یتنده جمعیت انسانیه اکا مخصوص اولان کمال ایله ظهور ایدر واول قوت اول کمال ایله ظاهره اولواب سار فوایه دخی اندن سرایت ایتمکله اول قوت کندوسنی جمعیت انسانیه یه مظهر اشمل وجمیع قوادن اعلی وافضل مشاهده ایدر بیلمزکه سائر قوادن هر بریسی دخی انک کبی جمعیت انسانیه یه مظهر اولوب جمعیت انسانیه قوادن هر برقوت حسبیله انده ظاهره در وکندوسی جمعیت انسانیه دن انجق برکماله مظهر درکه اول کمال سائر قوایه اندن ساری اولدی مثلا انسانک بصیر اولمسی قوت باصره سی سبیله در وقوت باصره نک محلی بصردر* پس نشئت انسانیه جمعیتنک بصیرلکی کمالی قوت باصرهده ظهور ایدرانک محلی اولان بصر حسبیله وقوت باصره بصیرلک کمالی ایله ظاهره اولدقده اول کمال اندن سار قوایه دخی ساری اواور* پس قوت باصره نشئة انسانیه جمعیتنک بصیرلکنه مظهر اولوب بصیراک سائر قوایه اندن سرایت ایتمکله ظن ایدرکه جمعیت انسانیه نک جمیع کمالاتنه مظهر در وباقی قوانک کمالاتی دخی اندن مستفاضه در وبالجمله انسانک انسانیتی کندی نفسیدر نفسندن افضل واحد بوقدر دیو زعم ایدر وقوت سامعه وقوت ذائقه وسیار قوی دخی بونک کبیدر هر بریسی کندی نفسیله حقیقت امری مشاهده ایتمکدن محجو به اولوب کندی ذاتندن افضل کیمسه یی مشاهده ایتمز کذلک قوای عالمدن هر برقوت کرک ملائکه اولسون کرک انلرک غیری اولسون احدیت جمعیة الهیه تجلیسنه مجلی واقع اولوب هر برقوتده جمعیة الهیه انک حسبیله ظاهره در وهر بریسی جمعیت الهیه نک کمالات واحکامندن برکماله وبرحکمه مظهر اولوب انده ظاهراولان کمال وحکم سارقوایه دخی اندن سرایت ایدر پس هر برقوت کندی نفسی جمعیت الهیه یه مظهر کل بلوب جمیع کمالات الهیه بی جامعه زعم اتمکله کندی نفسیله حقیقت امری مشاهده ایتمکدن محجو به در کندی ذاتندن افضل براحدی مشاهده ایتمز بیلمزکه کندیسی جمعیت الهیه به انجق برحکم ایله و برکمال ایله مظهر در و جمعیت الهیه نک انده ظهوری وتجلینک انده تعینی انک حسبیله وخصو صیتیله در جمعیت الهیه حسبیله ظهور کل ایله دکلدر* زیرا کل حسبیله ظهور کل اولمز الاکلده* زراکل ایچون اوچ مرتبه ثابته در بریسی مرتبه جمع جمع و مرتبه احد یتدر واول شول حقیقت انسانیة الهیه درکه آدم انک صورتیدر* وایکنجیسی تفصیل انسانی والهینک صورتیدر یعنی عالمدر ایچنده انسان کاملک وجودی شرطیله* واوچنجیسی احدیت جمع جمع انسانی وکمالی صورتیدر* پس جمع جمع احدی مرتبه سنده کلک ظهوری احد در انده تفصیل یوقدر ومرتبه تفصیلیه ده دخی کلک ظهوری فرقانیدر و بومرتبه ده کل کل ایله کلده ظاهر در کل مشتمل اولدیغی هراحدده کل ایله ظاهر دکلدر* ومرتبه احدیث جمع جمع انسانیده کلک ظهوری ظهور کاملدر وتجلی شاملدرکه جمع ایله تفصیل وقوت ایله فعل بینی جامعدر* زیرا کل هرانسان کاملده بالقوه ودفعه واحده در بالفعلده هر زمانده تدریج ایله) وان فیها) ای فی کل من قوی صورة العالم) فیما تزعم) ای فی زعمها

And each faculty among the faculties of the form of the world (ʿālam) is veiled by its own self; it does not see anyone more excellent than its essence. That is: in the human configuration (nashʾa), each faculty among the human faculties came to be the locus of manifestation (maẓhar) of one perfection of the human jamʿiyya (all-comprehensiveness), and was made specific to the place suited to it. In the locus-hood of each faculty, the human all-comprehensiveness manifests with the perfection specific to that faculty. Since that faculty is manifest with that perfection, and [that perfection] pervades from it to the other faculties too, that faculty witnesses itself as the most comprehensive locus of manifestation of the human all-comprehensiveness, and higher and more excellent than all the faculties. It does not know that each of the other faculties, too, is like it a locus of manifestation of the human all-comprehensiveness; that the human all-comprehensiveness is manifest in it according to each faculty among the faculties; and that it itself is the locus of manifestation of only one perfection of the human all-comprehensiveness, which perfection pervaded from it to the other faculties. For example, the human's being seeing is by reason of his faculty of sight, and the place of the faculty of sight is the eye. So the perfection of seeing of the all-comprehensiveness of the human configuration manifests in the faculty of sight, according to the eye which is its place. When the faculty of sight becomes manifest with the perfection of seeing, that perfection pervades from it to the other faculties too. So the faculty of sight, being the locus of manifestation of the seeing of the all-comprehensiveness of the human configuration, and seeing pervading from it to the other faculties, supposes that it is the locus of manifestation of all the perfections of the human all-comprehensiveness, and that the perfections of the remaining faculties, too, are effused from it. In sum, it claims: “The humanity of the human is myself; there is no one more excellent than myself.” The faculty of hearing, the faculty of taste and the other faculties are also like this: each of them is veiled by its own self from witnessing the reality (ḥaqīqa) of the matter, and does not witness anyone more excellent than its own essence. Likewise each faculty among the faculties of the world, whether it be the angels or other than them, has come to be a majlā (place of disclosure) for the tajallī (self-disclosure) of the aḥadiyya (unity) of the divine all-comprehensiveness, and in each faculty the divine all-comprehensiveness is manifest according to it. Each of them is the locus of manifestation of one perfection and one ruling among the perfections and rulings of the divine all-comprehensiveness, and the perfection and ruling manifest in it pervade from it to the other faculties too. So each faculty knows itself to be the whole locus of manifestation of the divine all-comprehensiveness and claims [itself] to gather all the divine perfections, and is thereby veiled by its own self from witnessing the reality of the matter. It does not witness anyone more excellent than its own essence. It does not know that it itself is a locus of manifestation of the divine all-comprehensiveness only with one ruling and one perfection, and that the ẓuhūr (manifestation) of the divine all-comprehensiveness in it, and the taʿayyun (determination) of the self-disclosure in it, is according to it and its specificity. It is not a manifestation of the whole according to the divine all-comprehensiveness. For the manifestation of the whole according to the whole does not come about except in the whole. For the whole has three established levels (marātib). One of them is the level of the jamʿ al-jamʿ (gathering of gathering) and the level of aḥadiyya, and that is the divine human reality of which Adam is the form. The second is the form of the human and divine differentiation, that is, the world, on condition of the being (wujūd) of the insān kāmil (perfect human) within it. The third is the form of the human and perfectional aḥadiyya of the gathering of gathering. So at the unitive level of the gathering of gathering, the manifestation of the whole is one; there is no differentiation in it. At the differentiated level, the manifestation of the whole is discriminative (furqānī), and at this level the whole is manifest with the whole in the whole; it is not manifest with the whole in each one that the whole comprises. And at the level of the human aḥadiyya of the gathering of gathering, the manifestation of the whole is a perfect manifestation and an encompassing self-disclosure, which gathers between gathering and differentiation and between potency and act. For the whole is in every perfect human potentially and all at once, and in actuality at every time, gradually. (“And that in it”), i.e., in each of the faculties of the form of the world, (“in what it claims”), i.e., in its claim,

al-Qāshānī

﴿لا ترى شيئا أفضل من ذاتها﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

لمعرفتها بنفسها وما تحتها واحتجابها عما فوقها . قوله

due to its knowledge of itself and of what is beneath it, and its being veiled from what is above it. His saying—

Jāmī

﴿محجوبة بنفسها﴾

عن معرفة فضيلة الجمعية الإنسانية الكمالية (لا تری) ذاتا

from knowledge of the excellence of the perfective human comprehensiveness (al-jamʿiyya al-insāniyya al-kamāliyya), (seeing) no essence

Bālī Zāde

﴿محجوبة بنفسها﴾

لذلك لا ترى أي لا تعلم

— for that reason it does not 'see,' i.e., does not know

Jāmī

﴿أفضل من ذاتها﴾

بل ترى ذاتها أفضل مما عداه

rather, it sees itself as more excellent than all else

Bālī Zāde

﴿أفضل من ذاتها﴾

بل تعلم أن ذاتها أفضل من غيرها وترجع بذلك نفسها على غيرها وليس ذلك العلم صوابا منها

more excellent than itself] — rather, it knows [only] that its own essence is more excellent than others, and thereby gives its own self preference over others; and this knowledge is not correct on its part.

al-Qāshānī

﴿وإن فيها فيما تزعم الأهلية لكل منصب عال ومنزلة رفيعة عند الله﴾

بكسر إن وإن في هذه النشأة على حسب زعمها أي زعم النشأة الأهلية . لما ذكر بالحقيقة أو بفتحها عطفا على أفضل أي لا ترى أن في هذه النشأة على زعمها الأهلية وفي بعض النسخ وإن فيها ما يزعم الأهلية أي شيئا يزعم الأهلية وهو قلبه لا غير أي نفسه الناطقة وحقيقته لأن القوى محجوبة عنها ولفظة ما على الأول مصدرية وعلى الثاني موصوفة . قوله

with 'inna' vocalized with kasra: meaning that within this constitution (al-nashʾa), according to its claim, that is, according to the constitution's claim, there is the fitness (al-ahliyya) for what was mentioned in reality; or with 'anna' vocalized with fatḥa, conjoined to [the earlier] 'more excellent,' meaning: it does not see that within this constitution, according to its claim, there is the fitness [for such rank]. In some copies [it reads]: 'and that within it is that which claims fitness,' meaning something that claims fitness, namely its heart alone—that is, its rational soul (nafsuhā al-nāṭiqa) and its reality—because the faculties are veiled from it. The word 'mā' on the first reading is a maṣdariyya [particle rendering the verb into a verbal noun], and on the second reading is a relative/descriptive [mawṣūfa] particle. His saying—

al-Jandī

﴿وأنّ فيها﴾

يعني في كلّ قوّة منه

meaning: in each power of it

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وأن فيها فيما تزعم، الأهلية لكل منصب عال ومنزلة رفيعة عند الله، لما عندها من الجمعية الإلهية﴾

جملة ابتدائية أو حالية أو عطف على (أفضل). وعلى الأول (إن) مكسورة، وعلى الثاني والثالث مفتوحة. وضمير (فيها) على التقادير الثلاثة عائد إلى (النشأة) وفاعل (تزعم) ضمير يرجع إليها أيضا. و (ما)

This is either an initial clause, a circumstantial clause (ḥāl), or a conjunction to "more excellent" [in the preceding statement]. On the first reading, [the particle] inna is vocalized with kasra; on the second and third, with fatḥa. The pronoun in "in it" (fīhā), on all three suppositions, refers back to "the constitution" (al-nashʾa), and the subject of "claims" (tazʿumu) is likewise a pronoun referring back to it. And "mā" [in "fīmā tazʿumu"]...

Jāmī

﴿وإن فيها﴾

بالهمزة المكسورة عطف على جملة كل قوة، ومشعر بتعليل مضمونها ، والضمائر كلها راجعة إلى القوة . وصححها القيصري بفتح الهمزة وجعلها معطوفة على أفضل من ذاتها والضمير للنشأة الإنسانية ولكن يأبى عنه قوله

that it possesses] with the hamza vocalized kasra, conjoined with the clause 'every faculty,' indicating the reason for its content; all the pronouns refer back to 'the faculty.' Al-Qayṣarī vocalized it with fatḥa on the hamza, making it conjoined to 'more excellent than itself,' with the pronoun referring to the human constitution — but this is precluded by his saying

Bālī Zāde

﴿وإن فيها﴾

أي في النشأة

i.e., in the [human] constitution

al-Jandī

﴿فيما تزعم الأهلية لكل منصب عال ، ومنزلة رفيعة عند الله ، لما عندها من الجمعية الإلهية بين ما يرجع من ذلك إلى الجناب الإلهي ، وإلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق﴾

قال العبد : يعني رضي الله عنه : أنّ كلّ قوّة من هذه القوى والأرواح الملكية تزعم في نفسها أنّ لها أهلية كلّ منزلة عالية وفضيلة سامية عند الله من القيام بمظهريات الأسماء والصفات والشؤون والتجلَّيات والسمات والسبحات .لما تحقّق في نفسها أنّ لها مرتبة الجمعية الإلهية بين ما هو راجع من تلك المناصب والمنازل الرفيعة إلى الحضرة الإلهية الوجوبية وحقائق نسب الربوبية ، وبين ما يرجع منها إلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق المظهرية الكيانية .فإن لحقيقة حقائق العالم وحضرة الإمكان جمعية خصيصة بها ، ولكلّ منها خصوص في جمعية ليس للآخر كما ستعلم . وقد علمت أنّ الكمالات في الجمع والاستيعاب والإحاطة .فلمّا رأت وظنّت كلّ قوّة منها أنّ فيها الجمعية بين الجمعية الإلهية والجمعية الكيانية ، زعمت أنّ لها أهلية كلّ فضيلة وكمال فحبست بهذا الزعم عن كمال الحق الظاهر في الكلّ بعين الكلّ ، فزكَّت نفسها وجرحت غيرها وخرجت عن الإنصاف .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The servant said: He (may God be pleased with him) means: that each of these powers and angelic spirits claims for itself fitness for every lofty station and sublime excellence with God, through standing as loci of manifestation for the Names, Attributes, affairs (shuʾūn), self-disclosures, marks, and glories (subuḥāt)—because it has verified within itself that it possesses the rank of divine comprehensiveness, combining what pertains, of those lofty stations and ranks, to the necessary divine Presence and the realities of the relations of lordship, with what pertains of them to the side of the reality of realities of entitative manifestation (al-maẓhariyya al-kiyāniyya). For the reality of the realities of the cosmos and the presence of possibility has a comprehensiveness proper to it, and each of these powers has a particular comprehensiveness that another lacks, as you will come to know. And you have already learned that perfections consist in comprehensiveness, inclusiveness, and encompassment. So when each power among them saw and supposed that it possessed the comprehensiveness combining the divine comprehensiveness and the entitative comprehensiveness, it claimed fitness for every virtue and perfection, and was thereby imprisoned, by this claim, from [perceiving] the perfection of the Real manifest in the whole through the very identity of the whole. So it deemed itself pure and impugned others, and thereby departed from fairness (al-inṣāf). The Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فيما تزعم﴾

مصدرية. و (الأهلية) منصوب على أنها اسم (أن). وضمير

is a maṣdariyya particle [turning the clause into a verbal noun]. And "fitness" (al-ahliyya) is in the accusative as it is the predicate-noun of "inna." And the pronoun in...

Jāmī

﴿فيما تزعم﴾

أي أن كل قوة في زعمها لا في الواقع

i.e., every faculty, in its own supposition, not in reality

Bālī Zāde

﴿فيما تزعم﴾

أى في زعمها وهو بدل الاشتمال من قوله فيها وهو خبر إن كما في زعمه (الأهلية) منصوبة على أنها إسم إن

i.e., in its claim (zaʿm) — this being a substitution of inclusion (badal ishtimāl) for his statement 'in it,' and it is the predicate of 'inna,' as in 'its claim.' [Text: fitness/worthiness (al-ahliyya)] is in the accusative, being the subject-noun of 'inna.'

Ibn Turka

﴿الأهليّة لكلّ منصب عال﴾

علوّ ظهور وغلبة

loftiness of manifestation and dominance

Jāmī

﴿الأهلية لكل منصب عالي :متن نص فصوص الحكم من الجمعية الإلهية . بين ما يرجع من ذلك إلى الجناب الإلهي، وإلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق، و- في النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف - إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية التي حضرت قوابل العالم كله أعلاه وأسفله . وهذا لا يعرفه عقل بطریق نظر فكري، بل هذا الفن من الإدراك لا يكون إلا شرح الجامي : ومنزلة رفيعة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

كالخلافة (لما) تحتق (عندها) ، أي عند كل فترة

between what pertains, of that, to the Divine Presence, and to the aspect of the Reality of Realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq), and — in the constitution bearing these attributes — to what the Universal Nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya) requires, which comprises the receptacles of the entire cosmos, its highest and its lowest. This no intellect knows by way of discursive reflection; rather, this mode of perception occurs only — al-Jāmī's commentary — and exalted rank] such as vicegerency, (inasmuch as it deserves) that (with it), i.e., with every faculty

Bālī Zāde

﴿لكل منصب عال ومنزلة رفيعة لما عندها من الجمعية الإلهية﴾

فلا ترى أفضل من ذاتها فادعت أنها مستحقة بها بالفعل لاحتجابها بالجمعية الإلهية كما احتجبت قواها بنفسها . لكن هذه الدعوى والزعم ليس بصواب منها فإن الأنبياء وأهل التحقيق إذا أدعوا لا يدعون إلا ما يتحققون به . فلم يكن الإنسان أهلا بالفعل بمنزلة رفيعة إلا بالتحقق بها وبعد تحصيلها بمباشرة الأسباب لا بسبب الجمعية الإلهية إذ ما من موجود إلا وعنده من الجمعية الإلهية في التحقيق . وإنما اختصت بالذكر بالنشأة لظهورها فيها دون غيره

— so it does not see [anything] more excellent than itself, and thus claims that it is actually deserving of it, being veiled by the Divine comprehensiveness just as its powers were veiled by themselves. But this claim and pretension is not correct on its part; for the prophets and the people of verification (ahl al-taḥqīq), when they make a claim, claim only that by which they are actually realized. Thus the human being is not actually fit for a lofty station except through being realized in it, and after attaining it by engaging the [proper] means — not merely by virtue of the Divine comprehensiveness, since there is no existent thing that does not possess, in reality, [something] of the Divine comprehensiveness. It was singled out for mention in connection with the [human] constitution only because of its manifestation therein, [more so] than in anything else.

Bosnevî

﴿الاهلية لكل منصب عال ومنزلة رفيعة عند الله﴾

(یعنی صورة عالم قواسندن هر برقوتک نفسنده انک زعمنده اهلیت واردر هر منصب عالی ایجون وعند الله هر منزله رفیعه ایچون بوتقدیر اوزره ان مسکوره در و جمله ابتدائیه در وان مفتوحه اولدقده لاتری افضل من ذاتها وتری ان فیها تقدیر اولنور والاهلیة قولی منصو بدر اننک اسمی اولمق اوزره وجه مذکور اوزره وکل قوة منها قولنده ضمیر ,* من بعض قوی تلک الصورة قولنده قوایه عائد اولور وان فیها ضمیری قوای مذکوره دن هر بر قوته عائد اولور وفیما تزعم قولنده ما مصدریة اولور وبووجه* وکانت الملائکة من بعض قوی تلک الصورة التی هی صورة العالم* قولی اوزره مبنی اولور که ملائکه دن هر بریسی صورت عالم قوا سندن برقوت اولد یغن بیان ایتدکده* فکانت الملائکة له کالقوی الروحانیة والحسیة التی هی فی النشأة الانسانیة* قولی ایله ملائکه قواسنک صورت عالمه نسبتی نشأت انسانیه ده واقعه اولان قوای رواحانیه وحسیهنک نشأت انسانیه یه نسبتی کی اولد یغن بیان ایدر* یعنی دیمک اولور عالم نشأسنده ملائکه عالمک قوای روحانیه وصورت عالم قواسندن وحسیه سندن بعضدر هر رقوه کندی نفسیله محجو به در ذاتندن افضل براحدی مشاهده ایتمز واما وکل قوة منها قولی فکانت الملائکة کالقوی الروحانیة والحسیة التی هی فی النشأة الانسانیة قولی او زره مبنی اولد قده ایکی وجه جائز در بروجه بو درکه منها ضمیری نشأت عالمده ملائکه دن عبارت اولان قوایه عائد اوله که نشأت انسانیه ده قوای روحانیه وحسیه کبیدر* و بروجه دخی بودرکه مطلقا قوایه راجع اوله کرک قوی صورت عالمده اولسون کرک نشأت انسانیه ده اولسون زیر انشأت انسانیه قوای متضاده یی مشتمله در وهر برقوت قوت اخر ینک ضدیدر وخاصه لازمهسی کندی نفسیله محتجبه در قوای عالم دخی بری برینک ضدیدر وهر بر بسی نفسیله محجوبه در وجائز درکه* منها ضمیری نشأت انسانیه یه عائداوله وقوای عالم نشأت انسانیه نک قوای روحانیه وحسیه سنه تشبیه اولنه یعنی نشأت انسانیه قواسندن هر برقوت کندی نفسیله محجوبه درکندی نفسندن افضل کیسه یی کورمز* پس عالم صورتنک قواسندن هر برقوت کندی نفسیله محجوبه اولوب کندی ذاتندن افضل برقوتی مشاهده ایتمز عند الله اولان هر منصب وفضیلت ایچون کندی نفسند . اهلیت زعم ایدر وغیری جرح ایدر وبو وجوهک بعضیسی بعضیسندن او جهدر

That is, in the self of each faculty among the faculties of the form of the world (ʿālam), in its claim, there is fitness for every high office and for every elevated rank with God. On this reckoning, inna is with kasra and it is an inceptive clause. When anna is with fatḥa, “it does not see [anyone] more excellent than its essence, and it sees that in it” is supplied. His words “al-ahliyya” are in the accusative as the noun of inna/anna, in the manner mentioned. In his words “And every faculty of them” the pronoun refers to the faculties in his words “among some of the faculties of that form”. The pronoun in “that in it” refers to each one of the said faculties. In his words “in what it claims”, mā is maṣdariyya. This way [of reading] is based on his words “And the angels were among some of the faculties of that form which is the form of the world”. That is: having explained that each of the angels is a faculty among the faculties of the form of the world, with his words “So the angels were to it like the spiritual and sensory faculties that are in the human configuration” he explains that the relation of the angelic faculties to the form of the world is like the relation of the spiritual and sensory faculties occurring in the human configuration (nashʾa) to the human configuration. That is, it amounts to saying: in the configuration of the world, the angels are some of the spiritual faculties of the world, and of the faculties of the form of the world and of its sensory ones; each faculty is veiled by its own self, [and] does not witness anyone more excellent than its essence. But when his words “And every faculty of them” are based on his words “So the angels were like the spiritual and sensory faculties that are in the human configuration”, two ways are permissible. One way is that the pronoun of “of them” refers to the faculties that, in the configuration of the world, consist of the angels, which are like the spiritual and sensory faculties in the human configuration. The other way is that it refers to the faculties absolutely, whether they are faculties in the form of the world or in the human configuration. For the human configuration comprises contrary faculties; each faculty is the contrary of another faculty, and its necessary property is being veiled by itself. The faculties of the world, too, are contraries of one another, and each of them is veiled by itself. It is also permissible that the pronoun of “of them” refers to the human configuration, and that the faculties of the world are likened to the spiritual and sensory faculties of the human configuration. That is, each faculty among the faculties of the human configuration is veiled by its own self [and] does not see anyone more excellent than itself. So each faculty among the faculties of the form of the world is veiled by its own self and does not witness a faculty more excellent than its own essence. It claims fitness in itself for every office and excellence that is with God, and disparages others. And some of these ways are more apt than others.

Words 73–74 · 1 of 8

وَمَنْزِلَةٍ رَفِيعَةٍ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿ومنزلة رفيعة﴾

رفعة معرفة وعلم ، قدسيّا كان ذلك المنصب أو ما يقابله ، أو مقدّسا منهما . ويمكن أن يجعل هذا جملة حاليّة بكسر إنّ لكن الأول أدقّ ، وعلى التقادير فالضمير في «فيها» عائد إلى « الصورة » ، لا إلى النشأة ، لعروّ الكلام حينئذ عن ملابس الانتظام و «ما» في « فيما تزعم » موصولة لا مصدريّة ، وفاعل « تزعم » ضمير ما يرجع إليه فاعل ترى ، لا ما يرجع إليه « فيها » على ما لا يخفى على الفطن ، إذ أهليّة آدم ليست ادعائيّة وفي زعمه ، كغيره من القوى. وكان قوله

elevation of knowledge and gnosis — whether that station be holy or its opposite, or sanctified above both. It is possible to construe this as a circumstantial clause (ḥāl) by reading 'inna' with kasra, but the first construal is more precise. On either reading, the pronoun in 'fīhā' [within it] refers to 'the form,' not to 'the constitution,' since the discourse would otherwise be devoid of coherent ordering; and 'mā' in 'fīmā tazʿumu' [in what it claims] is a relative pronoun, not a verbal-noun particle; and the agent of 'tazʿumu' [it claims] is the pronoun referring back to whatever the agent of 'tarā' [it sees] refers to, not to whatever 'fīhā' refers to — as is not hidden from the discerning — since Adam's worthiness is not a matter of mere claim or supposition, unlike the other faculties. His statement

Words 75–76 · 1 of 8

عِنْدَ اللهِ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿عند الله﴾

لرفع هذا الوهم . ثمّ هاهنا دقيقة لا بدّ للمستكشف من تذكَّرها ، وهي أنّه قد ظهر لك ممّا مرّ أنّ الوحدة الحقيقيّة الذاتيّة التي قد أشير إليه في طيّ تسوية العبارتين إنّما يظهر صور سرّها في المحلّ المنظور فيه ، الذي هو القابل المقابل ، الذي هو قبل كل قبل . وليس ذلك غير حصول الاستعداد من القابل ، الذي هو عين النفخ من الفاعل ، فتبيّن أنّه قد انخلع في طيّ طوى جلال القابل نعلا ثنويّة التقابليّة . ثمّ إذا تذكرت هذا فاعلم أنّه ليس بين الصيغ المتداولة عند الناس بدلالاتها الوضعيّة ما يدلّ على ذلك الواحد دلالة المصدر وما يجري مجراه من الأوصاف المنسوبة ، ومن هاهنا ترى أئمّة العربيّة يجعلون دلالته على متقابلي التذكير والتأنيث والواحد والكثير متساوية النسب . وأيضا فإنّ الأمور الدالَّة على النسبة وجه دلالتها على ذلك الواحد أظهر ، ضرورة انطوائها على الثلاثة مع الجهة الجمعيّة الوحدانيّة ، فهي أتمّ بيان عنه ، ومن ثمّة ترى العبارات المعربة القرآنيّة كثيرا ما تدلّ عندما يفصح عنه على القرب والمعيّة وما يحذو حذوها. فلا يخفى على من وقف على هذه الدقيقة وجه اختياره لفظ «الأهليّة» دون «الأهل» في قوله : «أنّ فيها فيما تزعم الأهليّة» ولفظ «عندها» دون «فيها» في قوله : "لما عندها" . الصورة الآدميّة هي النشأة الجامعة فقوله

serves to remove this misconception. Now here there is a subtle point which the seeker of unveiling must bear in mind: it has become clear to you from what preceded that the true essential unity, to which allusion was made within the equalization of the two expressions [Adam and Ḥaqq], only manifests the forms of its secret in the locus wherein it is beheld, which is the receptive counterpart (al-qābil al-muqābil), which is prior to every priority. And that is nothing other than the occurrence of preparedness (istiʿdād) from the recipient, which is itself the very breathing (nafkh) from the agent. Thus it becomes clear that within the folding of the recipient's majesty, the sandal of dualistic opposition has been cast off. Then, once you have recalled this, know that among the conventional forms current among people, with their conventional significations, there is none that indicates that One with the signification of the verbal noun (maṣdar) and what follows its course among ascribed adjectives. Hence you see the masters of Arabic grammar rendering its indication of the opposed pair of masculine/feminine and singular/plural as equal in relation. Moreover, the terms indicating relation (nisba) have a clearer aspect of indication toward that One, of necessity, since they comprehend the three [terms] together with the collective, unitary aspect — so they are the most complete elucidation of it. Hence you see the Qurʾanic expressions often indicating, when elucidating it, nearness and togetherness (maʿiyya) and what follows their course. So it will not be hidden from one who has grasped this subtle point why he chose the word 'worthiness' (ahliyya) rather than 'worthy ones' (ahl) in his statement: 'that within it, as it claims, is the worthiness,' and the word 'with it' ('ʿindahā') rather than 'within it' ('fīhā') in his statement: 'for what it possesses.' The Adamic form is the all-comprehensive constitution. So his statement

al-Qāshānī

﴿لما عندها﴾

تعليل لدعوى الأهلية المذكورة . أي لما عنده ( من الجمعية الأهلية بين ما يرجع من ذلك إلى الجناب الإلهي وإلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق وفي هذه النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية التي حصرت قوابل العالم أعلاه وأسفله ) أي من بين ثلاثة أشياء : أحدها : الجناب الإلهي وهو الحضرة الواحدية . والثاني : حقيقة الحقائق أي الأحدية وهي الذات التي بتجليها يتحقق الحقائق كلها وهي حقيقة الوجود من حيث هو هو ، فهي بحقيقتها تحقق حقائق العالم العلوي والسفلى ولهذا وسطها بين العالم الروحاني وبين العالم الجسماني . والثالث : الطبيعة الحاصرة للقوابل كلها ، فهذه الجمعية هي أحدية حقيقة الحقائق في معانى الأسماء وعوالم الروحانيات . وفي صور الأسماء وعوالم الجسمانيات فلا يخرج من أحدية الجمعية الإنسانية شيء وفي الكلام تقديم وتأخير تقديره وإلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية التي حصرت قوابل العالم كله أعلاه وأسفله في هذه النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف . والكل بدل من الطبيعة أو عطف بيان لها ، والمراد الطبيعة الكلية الجسمانية الحاصرة لطبائع أنواع الأجسام الفلكية والعنصرية

is the causal explanation for the aforementioned claim of fitness (al-ahliyya). That is, on account of what it possesses—[namely] the all-comprehensiveness of fitness (al-jamʿiyya al-ahliyya) among that which pertains, on the one hand, to the Divine Presence (al-janāb al-ilāhī) and to the aspect of the Reality of Realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq), and, on the other hand, in this constitution bearing these attributes, to what the universal nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya) requires, which encompasses the recipients (qawābil) of the world, above and below it—that is, from among three things: the first is the Divine Presence, which is the Presence of Oneness-in-Multiplicity (al-ḥaḍra al-wāḥidiyya). The second is the Reality of Realities, namely the [Absolute] Oneness (al-aḥadiyya), which is the Essence (al-dhāt) through whose self-disclosure (tajallī) all realities are actualized; it is the reality of existence (ḥaqīqat al-wujūd) as such, and by its reality it actualizes the realities of the upper and lower worlds; for this reason it mediates between the spiritual world and the corporeal world. The third is the [universal] nature that encompasses all recipients. This all-comprehensiveness is [thus] the oneness of the Reality of Realities in the meanings of the Names and the worlds of spiritual beings, and in the forms of the Names and the worlds of corporeal beings—so that nothing falls outside the oneness of human all-comprehensiveness. There is a hysteron-proteron (taqdīm wa-taʾkhīr) in the wording, its [proper] ordering being: 'and to what the universal nature, which encompasses the recipients of the whole world above and below it, requires in this constitution bearing these attributes.' 'The whole' (al-kull) is either a substitution (badal) for 'nature' or an appositive explanation (ʿaṭf bayān) of it; what is meant is the universal corporeal nature that encompasses the natures of the species of celestial and elemental bodies.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لما عندها﴾

عائد إلى (النشأة). فمعناه، على كسر الهمزة: وإنفي النشأة الإنسانية الأهلية لكل منصب عال، كما في زعمها لما عندها من الجمعية الإلهية. وعلى فتحها حالا: أي، والحال أن في النشأة الإنسانية الأهلية كما فيزعمها لما عندها من الجمعية الإلهية. وإسناد (الزعم) إلى (النشأة) مجاز. أي، كما في زعم أهلها. إذ كل فرد من أفراد هذا النوع يزعم أن له الأهلية لكل منصب عال. وعلى فتحها عطفا، معناه: أن كل قوة محجوبة بنفسها لا ترى أفضل منذاتها ولا ترى أن في النشأة الإنسانية الأهلية لكل منصب عال، كما تزعم هذه النشأة بسبب الجمعية التي عندها، لاحتجابها بنفسها عن إدراك كمال غيرها لزعمها أن لها الأهلية، لا للنشأة. وفي بعض النسخ: (مايزعم). أي، شيئا يزعم وهو القلب أو العقل أو الوهم: أما القلب فلكونه سلطانا في هذه النشأة، وأما العقل فلادعائه إدراك الحقائق كلها، وأماالوهم فلسلطانه على العالم الحسى و إدراكه المعاني الجزئية. فيكون (الأهلية) منصوبة بيزعم، و (ما) اسما. و الظاهر أنه تصرف ممن لا يقدر على حل تركيبه، لأن أكثر النسخ المعتبرة المقروة علىالشيخ وتلاميذه بخلاف ذلك. قوله

refers back to "the constitution." Its meaning, on the vocalization of the hamza with kasra, is: "and indeed in the human constitution there is the fitness for every exalted rank, as in its claim, due to what it possesses of the Divine All-Comprehensiveness." On the vocalization with fatḥa, as a circumstantial clause, it means: "while [it is the case that] in the human constitution there is the fitness, as in its claim, due to what it possesses of the Divine All-Comprehensiveness." The attribution of "claiming" to "the constitution" is figurative (majāz) — that is, as in the claim of its people (ahl), since every individual of this species claims that he himself has the fitness for every exalted rank. On the vocalization with fatḥa as a conjunction, the meaning is: that every faculty, veiled by itself, sees nothing more excellent than itself, nor does it see that in the human constitution there is fitness for every exalted rank, as this constitution claims by virtue of the All-Comprehensiveness it possesses — this being due to its being veiled by itself from apprehending the perfection of others, since it claims that it itself possesses the fitness, not the constitution. In some copies it reads "mā yazʿumu" (that which it claims) — that is, something claimed, namely the heart, or the intellect, or imagination: as for the heart, this is because it is the sovereign in this constitution; as for the intellect, because of its claim to apprehend all realities; as for imagination, because of its sovereignty over the sensory world and its apprehension of particular meanings. On this reading, "fitness" would be in the accusative as the object of "claims" (yazʿumu), and "mā" would be a noun. It appears, however, that this is an alteration made by someone unable to resolve its syntax, since most of the reliable copies read before the Shaykh and his students have it otherwise. His statement:

Ibn Turka

﴿لما عندها من الجمعيّة الإلهيّة﴾

تعليل لما ادّعاه في تلك الصورة مما لا يراه قواها الجزئية من الأهلية لسائر المناصب العلية والمنازل الرفيعة . وذلك لما عند تلك الصورة التي روحها آدم من الأحدية الجمعية الإلهية و الإحاطة التامة الإطلاقية التي لايشذ منها شيء . من عاليات الأعيان إلى سافلات الأكوان مع ما في النشأة الحاملة لمقتضى الطبيعة الكل ، الحاصرة قوابل العالم ، حصر امتزاج واتحاد ، بحيث تتعاكس فيه خصائص الكل ، وتتبين فيه رقائق الارتباط والاتحاد من الكل بالكل . وتحقيق ذلك أن مراتب الوجود وتعيناتها مترتبة : منها أوائل غلب عليها أحكام الوجود ، وظهر منها آثار الوجوب ، بها نسبت إلى الجناب الإلهي ، لأن مرجع تلك الأحكام إنما هو إليه ، فلها أهلية التجرد والتنزه وشرف الاستغناء والتفرد . ومنها أواخر غلب عليها الأحكام العدمية الكونية وظهر منها آثار الإمكان ، بها نسبت إلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق ، ضرورة أن للآخر تقدما ذاتيا في أزل الآزال . الذي فيه يتحقق الحقائق كما سبق التنبيه عليه فهى المنتسب إلى حقيقة الحقائق ، ولها أهلية التعلق والتشبه ، وختة الاحتياج والتكثر . ومنها النشأة الجامعة بينهما ، الطبيعة الكل ، الحاصرة للقوابل كلها حصرا جميعا اتحادیا . فعلم على ذلك أن صورة آدم هي التي عندها هذه الجمعية المستجمعة

is a justification for what he claimed regarding that form — what its particular faculties do not perceive — of worthiness for the rest of the exalted stations and elevated ranks. And that is because of what that form, whose spirit is Adam, possesses of the divine unicity-in-comprehensiveness (al-aḥadiyya al-jamʿiyya al-ilāhiyya) and the complete, absolute encompassment from which nothing whatsoever escapes — from the highest of entities to the lowest of engendered beings — together with what is in the constitution bearing the requirement of universal nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kull), which encompasses the recipients of the world in a comprehensive encompassment of admixture and unification, such that within it the properties of the whole are reflected upon one another, and within it the subtle threads of connection and unification of the whole with the whole become manifest. The verification of this is that the levels of existence and its determinations are ordered: among them are primary ones over which the properties of [necessary] existence predominate, and from which the traces of necessity appear, by which they are ascribed to the Divine Presence, since the reference of those properties is indeed to Him — so they possess the worthiness of abstraction and transcendence and the nobility of self-sufficiency and singularity. And among them are latter ones over which the privative, engendered properties predominate, and from which the traces of possibility appear, by which they are ascribed to the side of the Reality of Realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq), of necessity, since the Last possesses an essential priority in the eternity of eternities, wherein the realities are realized, as was previously noted — so it is that which is ascribed to the Reality of Realities, and it possesses the worthiness of attachment and assimilation and the mark of need and multiplication. And among them is the all-comprehensive constitution combining the two, the universal nature, which encompasses all the recipients in a unified, comprehensive encompassment altogether. It is thus known accordingly that Adam's form is that which possesses this comprehensiveness gathering together

Bosnevî

﴿لماعندها من الجمعية الالهية الجامعة بين ما يرجع من ذلك الي الجناب الالهي والي جانب حقيقة الحقايق﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وفی النشأة الکاملة

“And in the perfect configuration (nashʾa)”

Words 79–81 · 1 of 8

مِنْ الجَمْعِيَّةِ الإِلٰهِيَّةِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿من الجمعية الإلهية﴾

أحدية جميع الأسماء والصفات الوجوبية والحقائق المظهرية الإمكان دائرة بين

the oneness comprehending all the necessary Names and Attributes and the possible manifest realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-maẓhariyya), possibility (imkān) circling between

al-Qayṣarī

﴿بين ما يرجع من ذلك إلى الجناب الإلهي، وإلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق و، في النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف، إلى ما يقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وفي بعض النسخ: (الطبيعة الكل). ف (الكل) بدل منها أو عطف بيان لها. قوله

In some copies it reads "al-ṭabīʿa al-kull" (the Nature, the All), where "al-kull" is either a substitute (badal) for it or an appositive explanation (ʿaṭf bayān) of it. His statement:

Ibn Turka

﴿بين ما يرجع من ذلك إلى الجناب الإلهي ، و﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

بين ما يرجع منه

between what pertains of it

Bālī Zāde

﴿بين ما يرجع من ذلك﴾

أي هذه الجمعية حاصلة لها ودائرة بين شيء يرجع ذلك فمن زائدة في الموجب على مذهب أبي الحسن وإنما اختاره مع أن سيبويه لم يجز ذلك لمشابهة هذا الكلام صورة بالنفي أو ليجانس ما قبله (إلى الجانب الإلهي) وهو الحضرة الواحدية. (وبين شيء) يرجع ذلك الشيء

i.e., this comprehensiveness is attained by it and revolves between something that reverts — 'min' here being redundant (zāʾida) in an affirmative [construction], according to the doctrine of Abū al-Ḥasan; he chose this despite the fact that Sībawayh did not permit it, [either] because this expression resembles negation in form, or in order to match what precedes it. [Text: to the Divine side] i.e., the Presence of Oneness (al-ḥaḍra al-wāḥidiyya). [Text: and between something] to which that thing reverts

Words 84–87 · 1 of 8

يَرْجِعُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿ما يرجع من ذلك﴾

أي مما عنده (إلى الجمع الإلهي) أحدية جمع الأسماء الوجوبية الغالبة الفعالة المؤثرة (و) بین ما يرجع منه

i.e., of what is with it (to the Divine Comprehensiveness) — the oneness comprehending the necessary, predominant, active, influencing Names — (and) between what pertains, of it,

Ibn Turka

﴿إلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق وفي النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي القابلة لها ، المستعدّة لأن يتولَّد منها ويظهر عنها بالفعل . وهي أهليّة كلّ المناصب العليّة والمنازل الرفيعة ، وقد نبّهت آنفا على ما يدلّ على اختياره الأوصاف هاهن . فظهر أنّ الجمعيّة التي عند الصورة المذكورة ، المسمّاة بالإنسان الكبير ، منطوية على ثلاث جمل : ثنتان منها اللذان بالفعل ، مرجعهما إلى الجناب الإلهي وجانب حقيقة الحقائق . وثالثه الذي بالقوّة وهو المكمّل مرجعه

that is, the constitution receptive of them, prepared for what may be generated from it and manifested from it in actuality. And this is the worthiness of every exalted station and elevated rank, and I have already alerted you to what indicates his choice of these expressions here. Thus it has become clear that the comprehensiveness possessed by the aforementioned form, named the Macrocosm, comprises three sets: two of them are actual, their reference being to the Divine Presence and the side of the Reality of Realities; and the third, which is potential and is the completing one, has its reference

Jāmī

﴿إلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق﴾

الإنسانية السافلة المنفعلة المتأثرة (و) بين ما يرجع منه

the lowly, passive, affected human [reality] — (and) between what pertains, of it,

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق﴾

وهي الحضرة الإمكانية وفي قوله

which is the Presence of Contingency (al-ḥaḍra al-imkāniyya); and in his statement

al-Jandī

﴿و في النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلَّية التي حصرت قوابل العالم كلَّه أعلاه وأسفله﴾

عطف على قوله : " إلى جانب الحق ، وإلى جانب حقيقة الحقائق " وإلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكليّة في النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف . وفيه تقديم وتأخير .والطبيعة الكلّ هي الطبيعة الكليّة و « الكلّ » في هذه العبارة بدل أو عطف بيان ، بمعنى أنّ الكلّ طبيعة واحدة والطبيعة التي هي الكلّ والطبيعة الكلَّية في مشرب التحقيق إشارة إلى الحقيقة الإلهية الكلَّية الحاصرة لقوابل العالم وموادّها الفعّالة للصور كلَّها .وهي ظاهرية الألوهية وباطنها الإلهية ، وهذه الحقيقة تفعل الصور الأسمائية بباطنها في المادّة العمائية وهي منها وعينها ، ولا امتياز بينهما إلَّا في التعقّل لا في العين ، فإنّ النشأة واحدة جامعة بحقيقتها للصور الحقّانية الوجوبية والصور الخلقية الكونية .ثم اعلم أنّ الحقائق ثلاث :الأولى : حقيقة مطلقة بالذات ، فعّالة ، مؤثرة ، واحدة ، عالية واجب لها [ الوجود ] بذاتها من ذاتها ، وهي حقيقة الله سبحانه وتعالى .والثانية : حقيقة مقيّدة ، منفعلة ، متأثّرة ، سافلة ، قابلة للوجود من الحقيقة الواجبة بالفيض والتجلَّى وهي حقيقة العالم .وحقيقة ثالثة : أحدية جامعة بين الإطلاق والتقييد ، والفعل والانفعال ، والتأثير والتأثّر ، فهي مطلقة من وجه ونسبة ، ومقيّدة من أخرى ، فعّالة من جهة ، منفعلة من أخرى . وهذه الحقيقة أحدية جمع الحقيقتين ، ولها مرتبة الأوليّة الكبرى والآخرية العظمى ، وذلك لأنّ الحقيقة الفعّالة المطلقة في مقابلة الحقيقة المنفعلة المقيّدة ، وكلّ مفترقين فلا بدّ لهما من أصل هما فيه واحد مجمل ، وهو فيهما متعدّد مفصّل ، إذ الواحد أصل العدد والعدد تفصيل الواحد .وكل واحدة من هذه الحقائق الثلاث حقيقة الحقائق التي تحته ، ولمّا سرت أحدية جمع الوجود في كل حقيقة من الجزئيات والشخصيات ، انبعثت إنائيّة كلّ تعيّن تعين بأنّ له استحقاق الكمال الكلَّي الأحدي من حيث ما أشرنا إليه وما تحقّقت من أنّ تعيّن الكمال الأحدي الجمعي الأكبر إنّما يكون بحسب القابل واستعداده كما مرّ .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

This is conjoined to his statement: "to the side of the Real, and to the side of the reality of realities," and "to what the universal nature requires," in the constitution bearing these attributes. There is here a transposition of word order (taqdīm wa-taʾkhīr). "The universal nature" (al-ṭabīʿa al-kull) is the universal nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya), and "the whole" (al-kull) in this expression is either a substitution (badal) or an appositive explanation (ʿaṭf bayān)—meaning that the whole is a single nature. And "the nature which is the whole," the universal nature, in the school of realization, is an allusion to the universal divine reality that confines the receivers of the cosmos and its matters, which is active in producing all the forms. It is the manifest aspect of divinity (ẓāhiriyyat al-ulūhiyya), and its nonmanifest aspect is divineness (al-ilāhiyya). This reality produces the Name-forms, by its nonmanifest aspect, in the Cloud-matter, and it is of it and identical with it—there being no distinction between them except in conceptualization, not in entity—for the constitution is one, comprehending in its reality both the real, necessary forms and the created, cosmic forms. Then know that the realities are three: the first, an absolute reality, essentially so, active, effecting, one, exalted, to which existence is necessary by its own essence from its own essence—this being the reality of God, glorified and exalted is He; the second, a restricted reality, passive, affected, lowly, receptive of existence from the necessary reality through effusion (fayḍ) and self-disclosure (tajallī)—this being the reality of the cosmos; and a third reality, a oneness combining absoluteness and restriction, activity and passivity, effecting and being affected—absolute from one respect and relation (nisba), restricted from another; active from one angle, passive from another. This reality is the oneness combining the two realities, and it has the rank of the Greatest Firstness and the Supreme Lastness. That is because the absolute, active reality stands opposed to the restricted, passive reality, and every two things that are separated must have a root in which they are one, undifferentiated, while in them that root is multiple, differentiated—since the one is the root of number, and number is the differentiation of the one. Each of these three realities is the reality of realities of what is beneath it. And since the oneness of the totality of existence ran through every reality among the particulars and individuals, there arose the 'I-ness' (ināʾiyya) of each entification, such that it entertains the claim that it has entitlement to the total, unitary perfection, in respect of what we have indicated, and of what has been verified—namely that the entification of the greatest, unitary, all-comprehensive perfection occurs only according to the receiver and its preparedness (istiʿdād), as has preceded. The Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وفي النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف، إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعةالكلية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

تقديم وتأخير. تقديره: وإلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية في هذه النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف. والمراد ب (النشأة) هنا النشأة العنصرية، إذ للإنسان ثلاث نشآت: روحية، وطبيعية عنصرية، ومرتبية، وهي مقام الجمع بينهما. والمراد ب (الأوصاف) الكمالات الإنسانية. ويجوز أن يكون المراد بها القوى الروحانية والجسمانية، لذلك قال: (في النشأة الحاصلة لهذه الأوصاف) أي،النشأة التي تحمل هذه القوى جميعا لتضاهي به مقام الجمع الإلهي والكمالات لا توصف بالمحمولية. وإنما سماه (أوصافا) مجازا، لأنها لا يقوم بنفسها، كما لا يقوم الصفات إلا بموصوفها، ولأنها مبدأ الأوصاف، فأطلق اسم الأثر على المؤثر مجازا. وكل من المعنيين يستلزم الآخر، إذ بين الأثر والمؤثر ملازمة من الطرفين. والمراد ب (العالم) يجوز أن يكون عالم الملك السماوي والعلوي والعنصري السفلى، ويجوز أن يراد به العالم كله، الروحاني والجسماني. لان مرتبة الطبيعة الكلية محيطة بالعالم الروحاني والجسماني وحاصرة لقوابلهما، والعلو والسفل يكونان فيهما بحسب المرتبة، فالعلو للعالم الروحاني والسفل للعالم الجسماني. قوله

there is a transposition (taqdīm wa-taʾkhīr, hysteron proteron); its proper order would be: "and to what the Universal Nature requires in this constitution bearing these attributes." What is meant by "the constitution" here is the elemental constitution (al-nashʾa al-ʿunṣuriyya), since the human being has three constitutions: spiritual, elemental-natural, and rank-based (martabiyya) — the last being the station of gathering between the two. What is meant by "the attributes" is the human perfections. It is also possible that what is meant by them are the spiritual and corporeal faculties, which is why he said "in the constitution obtaining for these attributes" — that is, the constitution which bears all these faculties together, so that through it he may resemble the station of the Divine Gathering. Now perfections are not properly described as "borne" [i.e., as attributes inhering in a substrate] — he only called them "attributes" (awṣāf) figuratively, because they do not subsist by themselves, just as attributes do not subsist except through that which they qualify; and because they are the principle of the attributes, the name of the effect was applied figuratively to the cause. Each of the two meanings entails the other, since there is a mutual concomitance between effect and cause on both sides. What is meant by "the world" may be the world of the celestial and supernal dominion (mulk) and the lower elemental [world], or it may be meant to refer to the entire world, spiritual and corporeal — since the degree of the Universal Nature encompasses both the spiritual and corporeal worlds and comprehends their receptacles, and "higher" and "lower" apply to both of them according to degree: the "higher" belonging to the spiritual world and the "lower" to the corporeal world. His statement:

Jāmī

﴿في النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف﴾

أي القرى التابعة لها تبعية الأوصاف لموصوفاتها إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية من الصورة الروحانية والمثالية والجسمانية وتوابعها، وفي بعض النسخ الطبيعة الكل، فالكل بدل منها أو عطف بيان لها، ولما كانت الطبيعة في عرف أهل النظر مختصة بالجسمانيات، وأراد تعميمها كما يقتضيه الكشف وصفها بقوله

i.e., the powers subordinate to it, as attributes are subordinate to their subjects — to what the Universal Nature requires of spiritual, imaginal, and corporeal form and their concomitants. In some copies [it reads] 'al-ṭabīʿa al-kull,' 'al-kull' being either a substitution for it or an appositive gloss upon it. And since 'Nature' (al-ṭabīʿa) in the usage of the people of discursive reasoning is specific to corporeal things, and he intended to generalize it as unveiling (kashf) requires, he described it by his saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿وفي النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

تقديم وتأخير وتقدير الكلام هكذا وبين شيء يرجع ذلك الشيء إلى ما يقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية في النشأة العنصرية الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف أي القوى الروحانية والجسمانية جميعا. (التي) أي الطبيعة الكلية

there is an inversion [of word order] (taqdīm wa-taʾkhīr), the intended arrangement of the discourse being thus: 'and between something to which that thing reverts, [namely] what the Universal Nature requires, in the elemental constitution bearing these attributes' — i.e., the spiritual and corporeal powers altogether. [Text: which] i.e., the Universal Nature

Bosnevî

﴿لهذه الاوصاف الي ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكل التي حصرت قوابل العالم كله اعلاه واسفله﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وفی النشأة الکاملة لهذه الاوصاف الی ما تقتضیه الطبیعة الکل قولی .* معطوفد معطو قدر والی جانب حقیقة الحقایق قولنه وکلامده تقدیم وتأخیر وار در* یعنی والی ما تقتضیه الطبیعة الکل فی النشأة الکاملة لهذه الأوصاف دیمکدر• پس معنی بویله اولور* هر برقوت قنده جمعیة الهیه دن حاصل اولدیغندن اوتری انک مظهری حسبیله و یا خود کندی نفسنده جمعیت الهیه یی کندی نفسیچون تصور ایتدیکندن اوری که اول جمعیت الهیه عندالله منزله رفیعه دن ومنصب عالیدن جناب الهی به راجع ودخی حقیقه الحقایق جانبنه راجع ودخی بو اوصافی یعنی اوصاف حقیه وخلقیه بی حامله اولان نشأ تده عالم قوابلنک کلیسی اعلی واسفلنی حاصره اولان طبیعت کل اقتضا ایتدیکی شیئه راجع اولان شی بیننی جامعه در جناب الهیدن مراد حضرت احد یتدرکه جمیع حقایق ممکنه ده حکم ایجا دیله مؤثره اولان اسماء الهیه نک منشأ یدر وحقیقة الحقا یقدن مراد حضرت امکاندر و بوایکی مرتبه دن هر بر مرتبه یه مخصوصه برجمعیت واردرکه انکله جمعیت اخرادن ممتازه در* اولکیسی جمعیت الهیه در که حقایق الهیه و نسب ربانیه بی جامعه در وایکنجیسی جمعیت کیانیه درکه حقایق امکانیه وصور کونیه یی جامعه در* اوچنجی جمعیت دخی طبیعت کلبه جمعیتیدر که عوالم قوابلنی وموادنی حاصره اولان طبیعت کلیه الهیه در که من وجه جمیع صورده فعاله وجمیع صورده منفعله اولور* پس طبیعت کلیه جمعیت الهیة اسمائیه یی و جمعیت امکانیه کیانیه بی جامعه در زیرا حقایق اوجدر• بری بالذات مطلقه اولان حقیقتدر که فعاله ومؤثره وواحده وعالیه در* ووجودی واجب بالذاتدر وبوحقیقت الله سبحانه وتعالینک مرتبه واحد یتده اولان حقیقتیدر که الوهیت مرتبه سیدر وبری حقیقت مقیده ومنفعله ومتأثره وسافله درکه حقیقت واجبه دن واسطه فیض وتجلی ایله وجودی قابله اولان حقیقت امکانیه در• وبری دخی اطلاق ایله تقیید وفعل ایله انفعال وتأثیر ایله تأثیرینی جامعه اولان حقیقت احدیه در که بروجهله مطلقه درو بروجهله مقیده دروبروجهله فعاله و بروجهله منفعله در* وبو حقیقت حقیقتین مذکورتین جمعیتنک احد یتیدر و بو حقیقت ایچون مرتبة اولیة کبری ومرتبة آخریه عظمی حاصله در* زیرا حقیقت مطلقه فعاله حقیقت مفیدة منفعله مقابله سنده در و هر بریسی جمعیت خصیصة ایله بری برندن مفترقه در* پس بوحقبقتین مختلفتین ایچون براصل جامع وبر برزخ شامل وواسع لا زمدر که ایکیسی اول اصلده واحد ومجمل اوله واول اصل دخی انلرده منفصل اوله* زیرا واحد عددک اصلی وعدد دخی واحدک تفصیلیدر* پس حقیقت ثالثه حقیقتنک احکامنی جامعه واولیت واخریت انده مجموعه در* امدی نشاه انسانیه ده وصورت عالمده جمعیات ثلاثه بی جامعه وجمیع مناصب و منازلی شامله اولان جمعیت الهیه دن عند الله رفیعه اولان منازل ومناصبدن حقیقت اولی اولان حضرت واحدیته راجعه اولان منصب عالی بودر که جمیع اسماء الهیه وصفات ربانیه احکام وربوبیات ایله انلرک حقایقنده اولان جمیع کمالات ایله تجلی ایدوب نشأة انسانیه ده وصورت عالمده ظهور یدر وحقیقت ثانیه اولان حضرت امکان که غیب حقده معدوده اولان اعیان خلفیه وصورکونیة اسماء الهیه وجوبیه مقابله سنده انده تعقلده ثابته وعیننده معدوده در* وانلرک تعقل نسبیسنی جامعه اولان انک نسبت معقولیه سنه حضرت امکان وحقیقة الحقایق دیرلر* پس انک جمعیتنه راجع اولان منصب عالی بو درکه* اولا آنلرک معدومیتی حالنده اسماء الهیه نک تجلیاتنی قبول ایدوب اسماء الهیه انلرایله متعینه ومتمیزه اولد قده انلردخی اسماء الهیه تجلیاتی ایله اجمالا مرتبه عقل کلده وجود ایله متصفه اولوب علی طریق سلسلة الترتیب جمیع مراتب وجودیه ده تجلی اسمای وجودی اعیان کونیه ایله متعین وظاهر واعیان کونیه دخی اسماء الهیه وشئون ربانیه مظهر یاتنده قائم وانلرک تصرف وربوبیتی تحتنده منفعله ومتأثره اولوب کمال ظهور واظهار حاصل اولنجه اعیان طرفندن انفعال ایله اسماء الهیه یی اظهاردن واسما قبلندن فعل وظهور دن خالی دکلدر* پس اسماء الهیه صور تنک کمالی ایله ظهوری اعبان کونیه نک کمال آثار وانفعا لنه متوقف اولغله حضرت امکان جمعیتنده اولان منصب عالی اسماء الهیه نک ربوبیتی تحتنده وتأثیری قتنده عبودیت تامه ایله اتصافیدر* واسماء الهیه مظهر کل اولمسیدر ونشات انسانیه ایله صورت عالمده اولان جمعیت جمعیت الهیه دن حقیقت ثالثه اولان طبیعت کلیه یه راجع اولان منصب عالی ومنزله رفیعه بودرکه جمیع عوالمک قوابل وموادنی حاصره وجمیع صوری فعاله وجمیع صور ده منفعله اولان طبیعت کلیه که حقیقت کلیه الهیه در والوهیتک ظاهر بنیدر الوهیت بونک باطنیدر ماده عمائیه ده اسماء الهیه صورتی فعاله در* یعنی اسماء الهیه صوری بونکله بونده ظاهره در* بس طبیعت کلیه نشأه سی نشأت واحده در که حقیقتیله صور حقانیه* وجوبیه وجو بیه یی وصور خلقیه و کونیه یی جامعه دروطرفینک کمالی ایله ظاهره در وحقیقینک احکامیله متصفه در* پس وقتاکه احدیته جمعیت الهیه وحقایق الحقایق اولان جمعک احدیتی وطبیعت کلبه ده اولان جمعک احدیتی نفس رحمانی ایله نشأت انسانیه ده وصورت عالمده اولان قوا حقایقنده جمعیات ثلاثه به راجعه اولان مناصب عالیه ومنازل رفیعه ایله ساریه اولد یسه قوای انسانیه دن هر بر قوت و صورت عالمده قوا منزله سنده اولان ملائکه دن هر بر ملک جمعیات ثلاثه یی جامعه اولان جمعیت الهیه یی کندی قتنده مشاهده ایتمکله جمعیات ثلاثه به راجعه اولان مناصب عالیه ومنازل سامیه یه کندی نفسنده اهلیت زعم ایدروعین کل ایله کلده ظاهر اولان حقک کمالندن محتجب اولوب عارف اولمدیغی تعیین احدی جمعی کمالی قابلک استعدادی حسبیله در وکند یسی جمعیات ثلاثه یی جامع اولدیغی کمالاتدن برکماله مظهر واقع اولدیغیدر وجمعیات ثلاثه یی جامع اولان وانلره راجعه اولان مناصب ومنا زله مظهر اولان کون جامع اولان انسان کاملدر بوتحقیق اوزره (وان منها وفیما تزعم ولا عندها) قولنده اولان ضما ر ثلثه وکل قوة منها قولنده قوت قوله عائد اولور وجاز درکه ان مکسوره اوله وضمائر ثلثه النشأة الانسانیه ده انک زعمی اوزره اهلیت حاصله در عند الله هر منصب عالی ایجون وهر منزله رفیعه ایچون زیرا انک قتنده جمعیت الهیه ثابته در* وان مفتوحه اولمق و واو حالیه ایله جمله حالیه اولمق جائز در وضمائر ثلثه النشأة قولنه عائد اوله یعنی دیمک اولور و حال بو که نشأت انسانیه ده» هر منصب عالی ایچون اهلیت واردر انک زعمنده اولدیغی کی زیرا انک قتنده الهیه ثابته در* وکذلک ان مفتوحه اولوب لاتری قولنه معطوف اولمق جاز در وضمائر ثلثه نشأت انسانیه به عائد اوله (ای وکل قوة منها محجوبة بنفسها لاتری افضل فی ذاتها ولا تری ان فی النشأة الانسانیة الاهلیة لکل منصب مال کماتزعم) یعنی قوادن هر برقوت کندی نفسیله محجوبه در کندی ذاتندن افضل کیمسه یی کورمز ودخی کور مزکه نشأت انسانیه ده هر منصب عالی ایچون اهلیت واردر نتکیم بونشأت زعم ایدر انک قتنده جمعیت الهیه نک حصولندن اوتری* پس نشأت انسانیه ده برقوت کی اولان عالمک قواسندن هر برقوت کندی نفسیله محجوبه در غیرک کمالنی ادرا کدن وزعم ایدرکه هر منصب عالی یه اهلیت اکا مختصه در نشأت انسانیه دکلدر و نشأت انسانیه قنده اولان جمعیت الهیه امور ثلثه دن حاصله درکه بریسی جناب الهیه را جهدر* وبریسی حقیقة الحقایقه را جهدر* وبریسی طبیعت کله را جهدر وجه مشروح اوزره* من ذلک قولنده من تبعیض ایجوندر وذلک منصب عالی قولنه اشارتدر نتکیم شیخ مؤید جندی دیمشدر* وجاز درکه ذلک الجمعیة الا لهیه قولنه اشارت اوله وبو وجه اظهر در یعنی جمعیت الهیه جامعه در جناب الهی به راجع اولان شی بیننی ودخی حقیقة الحایق جانبنه راجع اولان شی بیننی ودخی طبیعت کلیه به راجع اولان شئ بیننی بوندن اوتری بوجمعیات ثلثه یه متعلقه اولان مناصبه کندی نفسنده اهلیت واستحقاق زعم ایدر والی ما تقتضیه الطبیعه الکل قولنــده الکل قولی الطبیعة قولندن بدلدر ای الکل طبیعة واحدة ویا خود عطف بیاندر ای والطبیعة التی هی الکل وممکندرکه وفی النشأة الحامله لهذه الاوصاف قولی مره ثانیده آدمک ذکری شروعنک ابتدا سنه محمول اوله یعنی قوای مذکوره دن هر برقوت قتنده اولان جمعیت الهیه دن اوری وحقیقة الحقایقه راجعه اولان مناصب ومنازله کندی نفسند . اهلیت زعم ایدر وحال بوکه اهلیت مذکوره اول قوت ایچون دکلدر بلکه اول اهلیت بواوصافی یعنی اوصاف خلقیه بی حاصره اولان نشأ نده حاصله درقوابل عالمی حاصره اولان طبیعت کلیه اقتضا ایتمکله وبونشأت نشأت انسانیه کمالیه در* والتقدیر وان فیها فیما زعم الاهلیة ولیست الاهلیة فیهابل فی النشأة الحاملة لهذه الاوصاف وبوتقد راوزره (وان فیها (قولنک ضمیری قوته راجع اولور

His words “and in the perfect nashʾa (configuration) for these attributes, to what the universal Nature requires” are coordinated […] with his words “and to the side of the Reality of Realities”; and in the statement there is a fronting and a deferring [of words]. That is, it means: “and to what the universal Nature requires in the configuration perfect for these attributes.” So the meaning becomes as follows: because of what has come about in each quwwa (faculty) from the divine jamʿiyya (all-comprehensiveness), in accordance with its maẓhar (locus of manifestation), or else because it conceives the divine jamʿiyya in itself for itself, that divine jamʿiyya, among the lofty rank and high station with God, gathers together what pertains to the divine side (janāb ilāhī), what pertains to the side of the Reality of Realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq), and what pertains to that which the ṭabīʿa kull (universal Nature), which encloses all the qawābil (receptacles) of the ʿālam (world), its highest and its lowest, requires in the configuration that bears these attributes, i.e. the attributes of the Real (ḥaqqī) and the created attributes. By “the divine side” is meant the ḥaḍrat al-aḥadiyya (presence of unity), which is the source of the divine names that exert influence, through the ruling of bringing into existence (ījād), in all possible realities; and by “the Reality of Realities” is meant the ḥaḍrat al-imkān (presence of possibility). Each of these two marātib (levels) has a jamʿiyya particular to it, by which it is distinguished from the other jamʿiyya. The first is the divine jamʿiyya, which gathers the divine ḥaqāʾiq (realities) and the lordly relations (nisab rabbāniyya); the second is the engendered (kiyānī) jamʿiyya, which gathers the possible realities and the engendered forms. The third jamʿiyya is the jamʿiyya of universal Nature, which is the divine universal Nature that encloses the receptacles and the materials of the worlds, and which in one respect is active in all forms and receptive in all forms. So universal Nature gathers the divine jamʿiyya of the names and the possible, engendered jamʿiyya, for the realities are three. One is the reality that is absolute in itself, which is active, influencing, one and high, and its wujūd (being) is necessary in itself. This reality is the reality of God (glorified and exalted is He) at the level of wāḥidiyya (oneness), which is the level of ulūhiyya (divinity). Another is the reality that is delimited, receptive, influenced and low, which is the possible reality that receives being from the necessary reality through the intermediary of fayḍ (effusion) and tajallī (self-disclosure). And another is the aḥadī (unitary) reality, which gathers absoluteness and delimitation, activity and receptivity, influencing and being influenced, and which in one respect is absolute and in one respect delimited, in one respect active and in one respect receptive. This reality is the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿiyya of the two aforementioned realities, and to this reality belong the greatest level of firstness and the mightiest level of lastness. For the absolute, active reality stands opposite the delimited, receptive reality, and each is separated from the other by a particular jamʿiyya. So for these two differing realities there must be a gathering root and an encompassing, vast barzakh (isthmus), such that the two are one and undifferentiated in that root, and that root is differentiated in them; for one is the root of number, and number is the differentiation of one. So the third reality gathers the rulings of the [two] realities, and firstness and lastness are gathered in it. Now, of the divine jamʿiyya in the human configuration and in the form of the world, which gathers the three jamʿiyyas and encompasses all stations and ranks, the high station, among the ranks and stations that are lofty with God, that pertains to the presence of wāḥidiyya, which is the first reality, is this: that all the divine names and lordly attributes disclose themselves with [their] rulings and lordships (rubūbiyyāt) and with all the perfections that are in their realities, and their ẓuhūr (manifestation) in the human configuration and in the form of the world. And the presence of possibility, which is the second reality: [in it] the created aʿyān (entities) and the engendered forms, which are nonexistent in the unseen of the Real, are, over against the necessary divine names, fixed in it in being intellected and nonexistent in their ʿayn (entity); and its intelligible relation, which gathers their relational intellection, is called the presence of possibility and the Reality of Realities. So the high station pertaining to its jamʿiyya is this: first, in the state of their nonexistence, they receive the self-disclosures of the divine names; when the divine names become determined and distinguished through them, they too, through the self-disclosures of the divine names, become qualified by being, in a summary way, at the level of the Universal Intellect (ʿaql kull); [then], by way of the chain of ordering, in all the levels of being the being-bestowing self-disclosure of the names becomes determined and manifest through the engendered entities, and the engendered entities in turn stand in [their] being loci of manifestation of the divine names and the lordly shuʾūn (affairs), being receptive and influenced under their governance and lordship; until perfection of manifestation and of making-manifest is attained, [the matter] is not devoid, on the side of the entities, of making the divine names manifest through receptivity, nor, on the side of the names, of activity and manifestation. So since the manifestation of the form of the divine names in its perfection depends on the perfection of the effects and the receptivity of the engendered entities, the high station in the jamʿiyya of the presence of possibility is its being qualified by complete servanthood (ʿubūdiyya) under the lordship of the divine names and before their influence, and its being the universal locus of manifestation of the divine names. And the high station and lofty rank, of the jamʿiyya, the divine jamʿiyya, in the human configuration and the form of the world, that pertains to universal Nature, which is the third reality, is this: universal Nature, which encloses the receptacles and materials of all the worlds, is active [upon] all forms and receptive in all forms, which is the universal divine reality and is the outward (ẓāhir) of divinity, divinity being its inward (bāṭin), is active of the form of the divine names in the matter of the Cloud (ʿamāʾ); that is, the forms of the divine names are manifest through it and in it. So the configuration of universal Nature is a single configuration which by its reality gathers the Real, necessary forms and the created, engendered forms, is manifest with the perfection of both sides, and is qualified by the rulings of both realities. So when the aḥadiyya of the divine jamʿiyya, the aḥadiyya of the gathering that is the Reality of Realities, and the aḥadiyya of the gathering that is in universal Nature have come to pervade, through the Breath of the All-Merciful (nafas raḥmānī), the realities of the faculties in the human configuration and in the form of the world, together with the high stations and lofty ranks pertaining to the three jamʿiyyas, then each of the human faculties, and each of the angels, which are in the position of faculties in the form of the world, through witnessing with itself the divine jamʿiyya that gathers the three jamʿiyyas, claims in itself ahliyya (worthiness) for the high stations and sublime ranks pertaining to the three jamʿiyyas, and is veiled from the perfection of the Real, who is manifest in the whole as the very entity of the whole; and what it does not know is that the unitary, gathering taʿayyun (determination) of perfection is according to the istiʿdād (preparedness) of the receptacle, and that it itself has come to be the locus of manifestation of one perfection among the perfections of that which gathers the three jamʿiyyas. And the one who gathers the three jamʿiyyas and is the locus of manifestation of the stations and ranks pertaining to them is the insān kāmil (perfect human), who is the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being). According to this verification, the three pronouns in his words “wa-inna minhā … wa-fīmā tazʿumu … wa-lā ʿindahā” […] refer to the word “faculty” in his words “and each faculty of it”. It is permissible that inna be with kasra, and the three pronouns […]: in the human configuration, according to its claim, there is worthiness with God for every high station and every lofty rank, since the divine jamʿiyya is established with it. It is also permissible that anna be with fatḥa and, with the circumstantial wāw, be a circumstantial clause, and that the three pronouns refer to his word “al-nashʾa” (the configuration); that is, it would mean: “while in the human configuration there is worthiness for every high station, as is in its claim, since the divine [jamʿiyya] is established with it.” Likewise it is permissible that anna, with fatḥa, be coordinated with his words “it does not see”, and that the three pronouns refer to the human configuration: “i.e. each faculty of it is veiled by itself; it does not see [anything] more excellent in its essence, nor does it see that in the human configuration there is worthiness for every [high] station, as it claims”; that is, each of the faculties is veiled by itself; it sees no one more excellent than its own essence, nor does it see that in the human configuration there is worthiness for every high station, as this configuration claims, because of the divine jamʿiyya's having come about with it. So each faculty among the faculties of the world, which is like a faculty in the human configuration, is veiled by itself from perceiving the perfection of another, and claims that worthiness for every high station is specific to it, not to the human configuration. And the divine jamʿiyya that is with the human configuration comes about from three matters: one pertains to the divine side, one pertains to the Reality of Realities, and one pertains to universal Nature, in the manner explained. In his words “min dhālika” (of that), min is partitive, and dhālika (that) refers to his words “high station”, as Shaykh Muʾayyid [al-Dīn] al-Jandī has said. It is also permissible that dhālika refer to his words “the divine jamʿiyya”, and this interpretation is more evident; that is, the divine jamʿiyya gathers what pertains to the divine side, what pertains to the side of the Reality of Realities, and what pertains to universal Nature; because of this [each faculty] claims in itself worthiness and entitlement for the stations connected with these three jamʿiyyas. In his words “and to what the universal Nature requires”, the word “al-kull” (the whole) is a substitute (badal) for the word “al-ṭabīʿa” (Nature), i.e. “the whole, a single Nature”; or else it is an explicative apposition (ʿaṭf bayān), i.e. “and the Nature which is the whole”. It is possible that his words “and in the configuration that bears these attributes” be taken as the beginning of starting the mention of Adam a second time; that is, because of the divine jamʿiyya that is with each of the mentioned faculties, it claims in itself worthiness for the stations and ranks pertaining to the Reality of Realities, whereas the said worthiness does not belong to that faculty; rather, that worthiness exists in the configuration that encloses these attributes, i.e. the created attributes, through the requirement of universal Nature, which encloses the receptacles of the world; and this configuration is the perfect human configuration. The implied construction is: “and that in it, in what it claimed, is worthiness; but worthiness is not in it, rather in the configuration that bears these attributes.” On this construction, the pronoun of his words “wa-anna fīhā” (and that in it) refers to the word “faculty”.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وإلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية﴾

الاستعداد الخاص الحاصل لصاحب هذه الجمعية وقابليته فيهذه النشأة الطبيعية التي حصرت قوابل العالم كله أعلاه وأسفله. ففي قوله

is the particular preparedness (al-istiʿdād al-khāṣṣ) obtained for the possessor of this All-Comprehensiveness, and his receptivity in this natural constitution which encompasses the receptacles of the whole world, its highest and its lowest. Thus in his statement:

Ibn Turka

﴿إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلّ ، التي حصرت قوابل العالم كلَّه ، أعلاه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي الأعيان الوجوديّة المسمّاة بالعقول والنفوس. ( وأسفله ) أي الأكوان العدميّة المسماة بالأجسام والأعراض ضرورة أنّ الثالث هذا برزخ بين ما يرجع إلى الجناب والجانب . فإنّ الشيخ قد صرح في غير موضع من كتبه أنّ الكلّ طبيعيّة على ما عليه مذهب الأقدمين كما سيجيء تحقيقه . وأمّا ما تقتضيه تلك الطبيعة فهو النسب المستحصلة عند تعاكس أعيان العالم في قوابلها. وظهور خواصّ بعضها للبعض ولأنفسها جمعا وفرادى كما قد اطَّلعت عليه فلا يزال يتربّى أجنّة تلك الأوصاف المشخّصة بآثار خواص النسب المذكورة في بطون طبيعة الكلّ ومشيمة نشآتها الحاصرة . إلى أن يتولَّد ويظهر شخص كمالها بصورة إحدى الجمعيّتين اللتين بمنزلة الأبوين له ، من أعلى درجات الربوبيّة إلى أقصى دركات العبوديّة. وإليه أشار الشيخ في نقش الفصوص بقوله : "ولهذا ما ادّعى أحد من العالم الربوبيّة إلا الإنسان لما فيه من القوّة ". وما أحكم أحد من العالم مقام العبوديّة في نفسها إلَّا الإنسان ، فعبد الحجارة والجمادات التي هي أخزل الموجودات . فلا أعزّ من الإنسان بربوبيّته ، ولا أذلّ منه بعبوديّته ، فإن فهمت فقد أبنت لك من المقصود بالإنسان . فانظر إلى عزّته بالأسماء الحسنى وطلبها إيّاه ، فمن طلبها إيّاه تعرف عزّته ، ومن ظهوره بها تعرف ذاته ، فافهم من هاهنا تعلم أنّه نسخة من الصورتين : "الحقّ والعالم " إلى هنا كلامه بعبارته . فقوله : « وفي النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف إلى ما تقتضيه الطبيعة » عطف على قوله : «من ذلك إلى الجناب» ، من قبيل العطف على معمولي عاملين مختلفين ، ولكن بإعادتهما . ولما كان ما في هذا القسم مستجنّا في بطون قابليّة النشأة ، وهي غير مشتملة عليه بالفعل كما في القسمين الأوّلين أورد « في » هاهنا بإزاء « من » تنبيها إلى ذلك . وفي بعض النسخ « الطبيعة الكلَّية » ، فالكلَّي فيها ليس الكلَّي المنطقي ، بل المنسوب إلى الكلّ ، فإنّه الحاصر لأجزائه على ما قصد هاهنا . نكتة حكميّة : التعبير ب « حواء » عن النشأة الإنسانية : إذ قد ظهر لك أنّ النشأة العنصريّة الإنسانيّة هي امّ الأوصاف المشخّصة والأعراض المحصّلة لأفراد الإنسان وجزئيّاته ، لا يبعد أن يجعل « حوّا » - المستخرجة من الجنب الأيسر لصورة آدم إشارة إلى تلك النشأة الحاملة لها كلّ البعد لأنّ استخراجها من مكامن القوّة إلى الفعل واقع في الطرف الشمالي من الصورة ، مائل إليه ، وإن كان لآدم وحوّا بحسب كلّ طور لهما معنى يناسبه كما نبّهت عليه في المقدّمة من أكمل الأطوار وأشملها . قصور العقل عن إدراك الحقيقة الإطلاقيّة وإذ قد عرفت أنّ كلّ قوّة من القوى الجزئيّة التي في هذه الصورة محجوبة بنفسها ، واقفة لديها ، لا يمكن أن يكون لها من تلك الحيثيّة وقوف على الحقيقة الإطلاقيّة ، التي هي أصل صور العالم أعني الطبيعة الحاصرة للقوابل التي هي مورد المتقابلات ومعتنقها ، فالعقل بقوّته النظريّة لا يتمكَّن من إدراكها أصلا بدون ذوق إليّ وكشف إلهي ، فلذلك ترى أهل النظر من المتكلَّمين والحكماء المشّاءين يحصرون الطبيعة في العنصريّات فقط . ولذلك قال تعريضا بهم

that is, the existential entities named intellects and souls, (and its lowest) that is, the privative engendered beings named bodies and accidents — of necessity, since this third is an isthmus (barzakh) between what pertains to the [Divine] Presence and the [aforesaid] side. For the Shaykh has explicitly stated, in more than one place in his books, that the whole is 'natural' (ṭabīʿiyya), in accordance with the doctrine held by the Ancients, as will be verified later. As for what that nature requires, it is the relations obtained when the entities of the world are reflected reciprocally within their recipients, and the manifestation of the properties of some of them for others and for themselves, jointly and severally, as you have already been apprised. So the embryos of those particularizing attributes, marked by the traces of the properties of the aforementioned relations, continue to be nurtured in the wombs of the universal nature and the placenta of its encompassing constitutions, until the individual of its perfection is generated and manifested in the form of one of the two comprehensivenesses which stand in the position of its two parents, from the highest degrees of lordship (rubūbiyya) to the furthest depths of servanthood (ʿubūdiyya). To this the Shaykh alluded in the Engraving of the Bezels [Naqsh al-Fuṣūṣ], saying: 'And for this reason none among the world has claimed lordship except the human being, because of the power that is in him. And none among the world has realized the station of servanthood in itself except the human being, for he has worshipped stones and inanimate objects, which are the most abject of existents. So there is none more mighty than the human being by virtue of his lordship, nor more abased than him by virtue of his servanthood. If you understand, then I have clarified for you what is meant by the human being. So consider his might through the Most Beautiful Names and their seeking him — for by their seeking him you know his might, and by his manifestation through them you know his essence. Understand from this, that you may know that he is a copy of the two forms: the Real and the world.' Thus far his words, in his own expression. So his statement, 'and in the constitution bearing these attributes, [pertaining] to what nature requires,' is conjoined to his statement 'of that, to the Divine Presence' — of the type of conjoining upon the two objects of two different governing words, but with their repetition. And since what is in this portion is latent within the wombs of the receptivity of the constitution, and it is not actually comprised therein as in the first two portions, he employed 'fī' [in/within] here in place of 'min' [from], alerting to this. In some copies it reads 'the universal nature' (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya); the 'universal' (kullī) here is not the logical universal, but rather that which is ascribed to the whole (al-kull), for it is that which encompasses its parts, as intended here. A wisdom-point: the expression 'Eve' (Ḥawwāʾ) for the human constitution. Since it has become clear to you that the elemental human constitution is the mother of the particularizing attributes and the actualized accidents proper to the individuals and particulars of humankind, it is not far-fetched to construe 'Eve' — extracted from the left side of Adam's form — as an allusion to that constitution which bears them, not far-fetched at all, because her extraction from the recesses of potentiality into actuality occurs on the left side of the form, inclining toward it — though for Adam and Eve, according to each phase [of manifestation], there is a meaning appropriate to it, as I have noted in the Introduction, regarding the most complete and comprehensive of phases. The incapacity of the intellect to grasp the absolute reality. And since you have known that every particular faculty among the faculties within this form is veiled by itself, standing fast at its own limit, it cannot, from that standpoint, have any grasp of the absolute reality (al-ḥaqīqa al-iṭlāqiyya), which is the root of the forms of the world — namely, the encompassing nature that contains the recipients, which is the locus and embrace of the opposed pairs. So the intellect, by its theoretical faculty, is utterly incapable of grasping it without a divinely-given taste (dhawq ilāhī) and divine unveiling (kashf ilāhī). Hence you find the people of theoretical speculation, among the theologians and Peripatetic philosophers, confining nature to the elemental things alone. And it is for this reason that he said, in allusion to them,

al-Qayṣarī

﴿التي حضرت قوابل العالم كله أعلاه وأسفله﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

إشارة إلى أن هذهالجمعية حاصلة لها من أمور ثلاثة دائرة بينها: أولها، راجع إلى الجناب الإلهي. وهو الحضرة الواحدية، حضرة الأسماء والصفات التي لكل موجود منها وجه خاص إليه من غير واسطة. كما مر تقريره. ثانيها، راجع إلى الحضرة الإمكانية الجامعة لحقائق الممكنات الموجودة والمعدومة. وهو الوجه الكوني الذي به تميزت عن الربوبية واتصفت بالعبودية وحقيقة الحقائق كلها. وإذ كانت هي الحضرة الأحدية والواحدية لكن لما جعلها قسيما ومقابلا للجناب الإلهي الشامل للحضرة الأحدية والواحدية وكان المراد منها الحقائق الكونية فقط لا الإلهية، حملناها على حضرة الإمكان. وقد تطلق ويراد بها حضرة الجمع والوجود، وهي مرتبة الإنسان الكامل، كما ذكره شيخنا، قدس الله روحه، في كتاب المفتاح. وقد يطلق أيضا ويراد بها (الجواهر)، كماصرح به الشيخ في كتاب إنشاء الدوائر. وذكر فيه أنه أصل العالم كله. وهذاالنص يؤكد ما ذهبنا إليه من أن المراد بها ما يجمع حقائق الكونية لا الإلهية، لذلكجعلها قسيما للجناب الإلهي. وثالثها، راجع إلى الطبيعة الكلية وهي مبدأ الفعل والانفعال في الجواهر كلها، وهي القابلة لجميع التأثيرات الأسمائية. وذلك إشارة إلى (ما) فيقوله: (ما يرجع) . و (من) زائدة. أي، تلك الجمعية دائرة بين شئ يرجع ذلك الشئ إلى الجناب الإلهي، وبين شئ يرجع إلى جناب حقيقة الحقائق، وبين شئ يرجع إلى ما يقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية. والمراد بقوله

This indicates that this All-Comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya) is obtained for it from three matters circling around it: The first pertains to the Divine Presence — that is, the Presence of Unicity (al-wāḥidiyya), the Presence of the Names and Attributes, each existent among which has toward it a particular face without intermediary, as was established before. The second pertains to the Possibility-Presence (al-ḥaḍra al-imkāniyya), comprehensive of the realities of the possible things, both existent and non-existent — that is, the cosmic face (al-wajh al-kawnī) by which it was distinguished from lordship and characterized by servanthood, and [this is] the Reality of Realities in its entirety. And although this [Reality of Realities] is [in one sense] the Presence of Oneness and Unicity, nevertheless, since he made it a counterpart and correlate to the Divine Presence — which encompasses the Presence of Oneness and Unicity — and since what was intended by it was only the cosmic realities, not the Divine ones, we have construed it as the Presence of Possibility. It may also be used to mean the Presence of Gathering and Existence (ḥaḍrat al-jamʿ wa'l-wujūd), which is the degree of the Perfect Human, as our Shaykh — may God sanctify his spirit — mentioned in the book al-Miftāḥ. It may also be used to mean "the Substances" (al-jawāhir), as the Shaykh stated explicitly in the book Inshāʾ al-Dawāʾir, where he mentioned that it is the root of the entire world. This text confirms what we have held — namely, that what is meant by it is that which comprehends the cosmic realities, not the Divine ones, which is why he made it a counterpart to the Divine Presence. The third pertains to the Universal Nature, which is the principle of action and passion in all substances, and which is receptive to all the effects of the Names. That is the referent of "mā" in his statement "mā yarjiʿu" (what returns), with "min" being redundant (zāʾida). That is: this All-Comprehensiveness circles between a thing that returns to the Divine Presence, a thing that returns to the presence of the Reality of Realities, and a thing that returns to what the Universal Nature requires. What is meant by his statement:

Jāmī

﴿التي حصرت قوابل العالم كله﴾

و مواده (أعلاه) الروحاني (وأسفله) الجسمانين اعلم أن الحقائق ثلاث: الأولى : حقيقة مطلقة فعالة واحدة عالية واجبة وجودها بذاتها وهي حقيقة الله تعالى. والثانية : حقيقة مقيدة منفعلة سافلة قابلة للوجود من الحقيقة الواجبة بالفيض والتجلي وهو حقيقة العالم. وحقيقة ثالثة : أحدية جامعة بين الإطلاق والتقييد والفعل والانفعال والتأثير والتأثر فهي مطلقة من وجه مقيدة من آخر فعالة من جهة منفعلة من أخرى. وهذه الحقيقة أحدية جمع الحقيقتين ولها مرتبة الأولية الكبرى والآخرية العظمى. وذلك لأن الحقيقة الفعالة المطلقة في مقابلة الحقيقة المنفعلة المقيدة وكل مفترقين فلا بد لهما من أصل هما فيه واحد مجمل وهو فيهما متعدد مفصل، إذ الواحد أصل العدد والعدد تفصيل الواحد، وظاهرية هذه الحقيقة هي الطبيعة الكلية الفعالة من وجه، والمنفعلة من آخر . فإنها تتأثر من الأسماء الإلهية وتؤثر في موادها وكل واحدة من هذه الحقائق الثلاث حقيقة الحقائق التي تحتها. ولما سرت أحدية جمع الموجود في كل حقيقة من الجزئيات انبعثت إنابة كل تعين تعين بأن نه استحقاق الكمال الكني الأحدي وما تحققت أن تعين الكمال الأحدي الجمعي إنما يكون بحسب القابل واستعداده (وهذا) ، أي حصر الطبيعة قوابل العالم كله (لا بعرفه عقل بطریق نظر فكري) ، بأن تتحرك من الطالب المشعور بها توجه إلى مباديها المعلومة ومنها إلى تلك المطالب. وذلك لأن معرفة هذا الحصر لا تحصل إلا بمعرفة الطبيعة، ومعرفتها على م :متن نص فصوص الحكم عن كشف إلهي منه يعرف ما أصل صور العالم القابلة لأرواحه . فسمي هذا المذكور إنسانا و خليفة، فأما إنسانيته فلعموم نشأته وحضرة الحقائق شرح الجامي : يؤدي إليه النظر الفكري لا يتجاوز عما هو معلوم لعلماء الرسوم من اختصاصها بالأجسام السفلية والأجرام العلوية

and its materials, (its highest) the spiritual, (and its lowest) the corporeal. Know that realities are three: The first is an absolute reality, active, one, exalted, whose existence is necessary through itself — this is the Reality of God, exalted be He. The second is a restricted reality, passive, lowly, receptive of existence from the Necessary Reality through effusion (fayḍ) and self-disclosure (tajallī) — this is the reality of the cosmos. And a third reality: a oneness comprehending both absoluteness and restriction, activity and passivity, influencing and being influenced — absolute from one respect, restricted from another; active from one aspect, passive from another. This reality is the oneness comprehending the two realities, and it possesses the station of the Greatest Firstness (al-awwaliyya al-kubrā) and the Supreme Lastness (al-ākhiriyya al-ʿuẓmā). This is because the absolute active reality stands opposed to the restricted passive reality, and any two things that are separate must have a root in which they are one, undifferentiated, while being in them multiple and differentiated — for the one is the root of number, and number is the differentiation of the one. The manifest aspect (ẓāhiriyya) of this reality is the Universal Nature, active from one respect and passive from another, for it is affected by the Divine Names and acts upon its materials. And each of these three realities is the 'reality of realities' relative to what falls beneath it. Now, since the oneness comprehending existence pervades every reality among the particulars, there arose, in the entification (taʿayyun) of each particular entification, [a claim] that it deserves the total, unitary, comprehensive perfection — without it being realized that the entification of the unitary, comprehensive perfection occurs only in accordance with the recipient (al-qābil) and its preparedness (istiʿdād). (And this), i.e., the comprising by Nature of the receptacles of the entire cosmos, (no intellect knows by way of discursive reflection) — such that it might move from a known object sought, directed toward its known principles, and from them to those [further] objects sought. For knowledge of this comprehensiveness is attained only through knowledge of Nature, and knowledge of it [comes] from — text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam — a divine unveiling, by which one knows the root of the forms of the cosmos receptive of its spirits. So this aforementioned [being] was named human (insān) and vicegerent (khalīfa): as for his humanity, it is due to the comprehensiveness of his constitution and [his encompassing] the presence of the realities — al-Jāmī's commentary — what discursive reflection yields does not go beyond what is known to the scholars of formal learning (ʿulamāʾ al-rusūm), namely, its specificity to the lower bodies and the upper spheres

Bālī Zāde

﴿حصرت قوابل العالم﴾

أي صورة القابلة لأرواحه (كله) تأكيد (أعلاه) رهر العالم الروحاني (وأسفله) وهو العالم الجسماني وهو مبدأ الفعل والانفعال والقابلة بجميع التأثيرات الأسمائية والمراد بمقتضى الطبيعة الكمالات الحاصلة لمن عنده هذه الجمعية. وإنما اختار التقديم والتأخير لئلا يتوهم في أول التوجه أن تكون الصفة صفة لغير موصوفها. ولما كانت هذه المسألة محل دقة وأشد صعوبة وأهم مهم من مسائل الكتاب أعلم للطالبين من أهل العقل الطريق الموصل إليها ونفي الطريق الغير الموصل حتى تركوا نظرهم العقلي وتمسكوا بأسباب الفن . وأشار إليها فقال : (وهذا) المذكور أمر

i.e., the receptive form for its spirits. [Text: entirely] is an emphatic (taʾkīd). [Text: its higher part] is the manifestation (ẓuhūr) of the spiritual world, [Text: and its lower part] is the corporeal world, which is the source of action and passion (al-fiʿl wa-l-infiʿāl) and the receptacle for all the effects of the Divine Names. What is meant by 'what Nature requires' is the perfections attained by whoever possesses this comprehensiveness. He chose this inversion [of word order] only so that it not be imagined, at the first encounter, that the attribute (ṣifa) belongs to something other than the thing it qualifies (mawṣūf). And since this matter is a locus of subtlety and of the greatest difficulty, and one of the most important issues of the book, he informed the seekers among the people of intellect of the path leading to it, and negated the path that does not lead [to it], so that they might abandon their rational speculation (naẓar ʿaqlī) and cling instead to the means proper to this discipline (asbāb al-fann). He alluded to this, saying: [Text: and this] — the aforementioned — is a matter...

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)

Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).

Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.

Licence: Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.