Mashrabaمشربة

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فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ

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5 · 102 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فَهُوَ الإِنْسَانُ الحَادِثُ الأَزَلِيُّ وَالنَّشْءُ الدَّائِمُ الأَبَدِيُّ وَالكَلِمَةُ الفَاصِلَةُ الجَامِعَةُ فَتَمَّ العَالَمُ بِوُجُودِهِ فَهُوَ مِنْ العَالَمِ كَفَصِّ الخَاتَمِ مِنْ الخَاتَمْ هُوَ مَحَلُّ النَّقْشِ وَالعَلَامَةُ الَّتِي بِهَا يَخْتِمُ المَلِكُ عَلَى خِزَانَتِهِ وَسَمَّاهُ خَلِيفَةً مِنْ أَجْلِ هَذَا لِأَنَّهُ تَعَالَى الحَافِظُ خَلْقَهُ كَمَا يَحْفَظُ الخَتْمُ الخَزَائِنَ فَمَا دَامَ خَتْمُ المَلِكِ عَلَيْهَا لَا يَجْسُرُ أَحَدٌ عَلَى فَتْحِهَا إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ فَاسْتَخْلَفَهُ فِي حِفْظِ العَالَمِ فَلَا يَزَالُ العَالَمُ مَحْفُوظًا مَا دَامَ فِيهِ هَذَا الإِنْسَانُ الكَامِلُ أَلَا تَرَاهُ إِذَا زَالَ وَفُكَّ مِنْ خِزَانَةِ الدُّنْيَا لَمْ يَبْقَ فِيهَا مَا اخْتَزَنَهُ الحَقُّ فِيهَا وَخَرَجَ مَا كَانَ فِيهَا وَالْتَحَقَ بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضِهِ وَانْتَقَلَ الأَمْرُ إِلَى الآخِرَةِ فَكَانَ خَتْمًا عَلَى خِزَانَةِ الآخِرَةِ خَتْمًا أَبَدِيًّا

So he is the human who is temporally originated [yet] without beginning, the configuration perpetual [and] without end, and the word that distinguishes [and] comprehends. The cosmos was completed through his existence. He is to the cosmos as the ringstone of the seal-ring is to the seal-ring: he is the locus of the engraving and the mark with which the king seals his treasury. It is for this reason that He named him vicegerent, because He, exalted is He, is the Preserver of His creation, just as the seal preserves the treasuries. For as long as the king's seal is upon them, no one dares to open them except by his leave. So He made him vicegerent in preserving the cosmos, and the cosmos does not cease to be preserved as long as this perfect human is within it. Do you not see that when he departs and is unsealed from the treasury of this world, there does not remain in it what the Real had stored in it? What was in it goes out, parts of it merge into one another, and the affair passes over to the hereafter. Then he is a seal upon the treasury of the hereafter, an everlasting seal.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فهو الإنسان الحادث﴾

بجسده ( الأزلى ) بروحه ( والنشء الدائم الأبدى ) بحقيقته الجامعة بجسمانيته وروحانيته لأنه إذا انتقل من هذا العالم إلى الآخرة يعمر الآخرة في النشأة الثانية

in his body, (the pre-eternal one) through his spirit, (and the perpetually enduring, everlasting configuration [nashʾa]) through his comprehensive reality combining his corporeality and his spirituality, for when he transfers from this world to the hereafter, he cultivates the hereafter in the second configuration.

al-Jandī

﴿فهو الإنسان الحادث الأزلي ، والنشء الدائم الأبدي﴾

قال العبد أيّده الله به : أمّا حدوثه فهو من جهة صورته العنصرية خاصّة فإنّ له صورا علويّة فيما فوق العنصريات فقديمة ، علمية ونورية ، نفسية وروحية ، عقلية ونفسية ، ومثالية وطبيعية ، عرشية وملكية .فالعلمية أزلية قائمة بقيام العلم ودائمة بدوام العالم الحق المشاهد الناظر بهذا الإنسان .معنى قولهم : " الإنسان أزلي " وأمّا أزليّته فلأنّه العلَّة الغائيّة من التجلَّي الإيجادي.وبه كمال الجلاء والاستجلاء ، والظهور الكلي المطلق بالإظهار والإنباء .فهو أزليّ بأزليّة علم العالم ، كما أنّ العلم عين العالم ، فيصدق عليه أنّه أزليّ نسبة إلى الأزل ، وهو الضيق والضنك الذي كان لحقائق المعلومات حين استهلاكها في عين الذات العالم بها .وأمّا كونه نشئا دائما أبدا فلأنّ الحقيقة الإنسانية هي المرآة الكلَّية الإلهية الأحدية ، والنشأة الدائمة الأبدية . وكما أنّه أحدية الجمع الأوّل الأزليّ .فكذلك هو تفصيل ذلك الجمع وأحدية جمع جمع التفصيل والجمع ، وما ثمّ إلَّا هو ، فهو النشء الدائم الذي لا أوّل له إذ هو الأوّل والأبدي الذي لا آخر له إذ هو الآخر بعين ما هو الأوّل ، فهو الدائم . والنشء الذي هو الارتفاع في النموّ ، والازدياد والربوّ باعتبار أنّ العين الواحدة بتعيّنها في جميع مراتبها فرع زاد على اعتبار الأصل .الذي هو عين الذات الواحدة التي اندمجت وتوحّدت فيها التعيّنات غير المتناهية لعدم تناهي التجلَّيات ، فبظهور ما كان كامنا في العين من أعيان النسب غير المتناهية تتحقّق حقيقة البشر لتلك العين الواحدة المنفصلة ، في مراتب الأعداد ، وكمال نشئها بكمال النشأة الإنسانية .بل جميع مراتب النشء له فهو النشء الدائم ، وأوّل مراتب النشء الذاتيّ الدائم مرتبة النفس الرحماني بالنور الوجودي والفيض الجودي المنبعث من باطن قلب التعيّن الأوّل ، حاويا محيطا بجميع ما ينطوي عليه التعيّن الأوّل .وينفعل انبعاث النفس الأحدي الجمعي وامتداده وتعاليه إلى الغاية المطلوبة التي تعلَّق بها التعيّن الأوّل الذي هو تاء الكناية في قوله :" أردت " أو " أحببت " ، وهو كمال الجمع بين كمال الظهور وكمال البطون ، والكمال الذاتي والأسمائي ينشئ مراتب الوجود وذلك لأنّ النفس بخار هوائي أو هواء بخاري خارج من بطن المتنفّس إلى ظاهر الهواء .هذا في الأنفاس المعهودة الجسمانية ، فاعلم في النفس الرحماني مثل ذلك فإنّ القلب الذي هو التعيّن الأوّل منطو على حقائق المظهرية والظاهرية والانفعالية التي هي الأجزاء الأرضية نظائرها .وعلى خصائص النسب الوجودية وحقائق أسماء الربوبية التي بها ومنها حياة الحقائق المظهرية ولبنها ، وهي ضرب مثل للأجزاء الماديّة في نشء النفس والبخار لكون كل بخار أحدية جمع الأجزاء :الهوائية ، والمائية ، وما تشبّث بهما من الأجزاء الأرضية المحلولة ، والنارية المذيبة الحلَّالة لتلك الأجزاء .فامتدّ النفس الرحماني جامعا لحقائق الفعل والانفعال في حق حضرة الإمكان مقيّدة ، عقده برودة القوابل الأرضية المظهرية التي في عين الجوهر النفسي فإنّ فيها الفاعل والقابل .فانعقدت الصور العمائية في هذا البخار المعنوي النوري ، فظهر النشء العمائي الأكبر ، فامتدّ النشء بسبب حقائقة الثلاث الذاتية على أنحاء ثلاثة في جهات ثلاث معنوية ، علوا وسفلا ووسطا ، جميعا أحديا برزخيا .وتعيّن في عين النفس جميع الحقائق الفعلية والانفعالية ، فتعيّنت في النفس المتعالي الحقائق الإلهية المؤثّرة الفعّالة المنوّرة الشريفة صورا إلهية ربانية وتعيّنات وجوبية حقّانية ، وامتدّ النشء النفسي الممتدّ المنطوي على الحقائق المظهرية الأرضية الانفعالية إلى التحت والسفل بالطبيعة لما تقتضيه مرتبة الانفعال والتأثّر المظهري الكياني .فملأ العماء بصورة المذكورة محيط فلك الإشارة ، وعقدها برودة جوّ الإمكان ، وانعقدت صور كيانية ، وتعيّنات وجودية إمكانية ، وتنوّعات تجلَّيات تقييدية روحانية ، وجسمانية ملكية وملكوتية ، غيبية وعينية وجبروتية .فانتشأ النشء الكوني والعالم الخلقي ، وأوّل هذا النشء الكوني العقل والقلم واللوح والعرش والكرسي ، ثم طبقات السماوات ، ثم الأرضيّات على الترتيب المذكور .حتى حصلت النشأة البشرية الإنسانية ، وجميع هذه النشآت نشأة هذا المسمّى إنسانا ومع قطع النظر عن الإنسان ، فإنّ الذات المطلقة مع تجلّ عن النشء والانتشاء .فالإنسان الحقيقي هو النشء الدائم الأزلي الأبدي ، فما ثمّ إلَّا نشأة الإنسان في عالم الفرقان ، وفي مقام الجمع والقرآن .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The servant—may God support him—said: As for his coming-to-be (ḥudūth), it pertains specifically to his elemental form (ṣūra ʿunṣuriyya); for he has higher forms, above the elemental realities, which are eternal (qadīma): cognitive and luminous, psychic and spiritual, intellective and psychic, imaginal and natural, throne-related and dominion-related (malakiyya). The cognitive form is eternal, subsisting through the subsistence of knowledge, and everlasting through the everlastingness of the Knower—the Real who witnesses and beholds through this human being. The meaning of their saying, "the human being is eternal (azalī)": as for his eternity, it is because he is the final cause (al-ʿilla al-ghāʾiyya) of the existentiating self-disclosure (tajallī). Through him is the perfection of disclosure and self-disclosure-seeking (jalāʾ wa-stijlāʾ), and the total, absolute manifestation through making-manifest and informing. So he is eternal through the eternity of the knowledge of the Knower, just as knowledge is identical with the Knower; thus it holds true of him that he is eternal in relation to eternity (azal), which is the constriction and straitness that belonged to the realities of the known things when they were subsumed within the very Essence that knows them. As for his being a perpetual, everlasting configuration, it is because the human reality is the universal, divine, unitary mirror, and the perpetual, everlasting configuration (nashʾa). And just as he is the unity of the first eternal all-comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ al-awwal al-azalī), so too is he the differentiation (tafṣīl) of that comprehensiveness, and the unity comprehending the comprehensiveness of both differentiation and comprehensiveness; and there is nothing there but him. So he is the perpetual configuration that has no beginning, since he is the First; and the everlasting one that has no end, since he is the Last by the very fact of being the First; so he is the Perpetual (al-Dāʾim). And the configuration (nashʾ)—which is elevation in growth, increase, and augmentation—is so called in consideration that the single entity (al-ʿayn al-wāḥida), through its determination (taʿayyun) in all its levels, is a branch that adds to the consideration of the root, which is identical with the single Essence in which the infinite determinations became merged and unified, owing to the infinitude of the self-disclosures. So through the manifestation of what was latent in the entity—of the infinite entities of relations (aʿyān al-nisab)—the reality of the human being (bashar) is realized for that single, differentiated entity, within the levels of multiplicities; and the perfection of its configuration is through the perfection of the human configuration. Rather, all the levels of configuration belong to him; so he is the perpetual configuration. The first of the levels of the perpetual essential configuration is the level of the Breath of the All-Merciful (al-nafas al-raḥmānī), through the existential light and the generous effusion (fayḍ jūdī) emanating from the interior of the heart of the First Determination (al-taʿayyun al-awwal), containing and encompassing all that the First Determination enfolds. The emanation of the unitary, all-comprehensive Breath is actuated—its extension and elevation—toward the sought goal to which the First Determination is attached, which is the [implicit] pronoun of reference in His saying "I willed" or "I loved"; and it is the perfection of the union between the perfection of manifestation and the perfection of nonmanifestation, the essential and nominal perfection that engenders the levels of existence. That is because the breath (nafas) is an airy vapor, or vaporous air, issuing from the interior of the one who breathes out to the exterior air—this in regard to the familiar corporeal breaths; know the like of this regarding the Breath of the All-Merciful. For the heart, which is the First Determination, enfolds the realities of being-a-locus-of-manifestation, manifestness, and receptivity, which are the counterparts of the earthly parts, and the specific properties of the existential relations (nisab) and the realities of the names of lordship, through which and from which is the life of the manifest realities and their nurturing—this being an analogy for the material parts in the configuration of breath and vapor, since every vapor is a unitary comprehensiveness of parts: airy, watery, and whatever clings to them of dissolved earthy parts, and the fiery [parts] that dissolve and liquefy those parts. So the Breath of the All-Merciful extended, comprehending the realities of activity and passivity in respect of the presence of possibility, delimited, congealed by the coldness of the earthly, manifesting receptacles within the very substance of the psychic Breath—for within it are both agent and receptacle. So the Cloud-forms (al-ṣuwar al-ʿamāʾiyya) congealed in this spiritual, luminous vapor, and the Greatest Cloud-configuration appeared. The configuration then extended, by virtue of its three essential realities, in three modes, in three spiritual directions—above, below, and middle—all together in unitary, isthmus-like (barzakhī) fashion. All the active and passive realities became determined within the very entity of the Breath; so there became determined, in the transcendent Breath, the divine realities—efficacious, active, illuminating, noble—as divine, lordly forms and necessary, real determinations; and the extended breath-configuration, enfolding the earthly, passive, manifesting realities, extended downward, by nature, in accordance with what the level of passivity and receptive, existential affectedness requires. So the Cloud filled, in the aforementioned form, the encompassing sphere of indication (falak al-ishāra), and the coldness of the atmosphere of possibility congealed it; and existential (kiyānī) forms congealed, and possible existential determinations, and varieties of delimited self-disclosures—spiritual, corporeal, dominion-related (mulkī) and malakūt-related, unseen, sensory, and jabarūt-related. So the cosmic configuration and the created world arose; and the first of this cosmic configuration is the Intellect, the Pen, the Tablet, the Throne, and the Footstool, then the strata of the heavens, then the earths, in the aforementioned order—until the human, bodily configuration (al-nashʾa al-bashariyya al-insāniyya) came about. All these configurations are the configuration of this one named "human being"; and, disregarding the human being, the Absolute Essence is disengaged from configuration and its coming-into-configuration. So the true human being is the perpetual, eternal, everlasting configuration; there is nothing there but the configuration of the human being, in the world of differentiation (al-furqān), and in the station of comprehensiveness and the Qurʾān (union). The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فهو الإنسان الحادث الأزلي والنشيء الدائم الأبدي والكلمة الفاصلة الجامعة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

نتيجة لما ذكر. أي، إذا كان به نظر الحق إلى خلقه فرحمهم بإعطاء الوجود، فهو الحادث الأزلي: أما حدوثه الذاتي فلعدم اقتضاء ذاته من حيث هي هي الوجود. وإلا لكان واجب الوجود، وأما حدوثه الزماني فلكون نشأته العنصرية مسبوقة بالعدم الزماني، وأما أزليته فبالوجود العلمي، لأن العلم نسبة بين العالم والمعلوم وهو أزلي، فعينه الثابتة أزلية، وبالوجود العيني الروحاني، فلأنه غير زماني متعال عنه وعن أحكامه مطلقا. وإليه أشار النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم، بقوله: (نحن الآخرون السابقون ). والفرق بين أزلية المبدع إياها أن أزلية الحق تعالى نعت سلبي ينفى الأولية بمعنى افتتاح الوجود عن العدم لأنه عين الوجود، وأزليتها دوام وجودها بدوام الحق مع افتتاح الوجودعن العدم لكونه من غيرها. وأما دوامه وأبديته، فلبقائه ببقاء موجده دنيا وآخرة وأيضا، كل ما هو أزلي فهو أبدى وبالعكس. وإلا يلزم تخلف المعلول عن العلة، أو التسلسل في العلل، لأن علته إن كانت أزلية لزم التخلف، وإن لم يكن كذلك، لزم استنادها أيضا إلى علة حادثة بالزمان. وحينئذ إن كان للزمانفيها مدخل، يجب أن يكون معلولها غير أبدى لكون أجزاء الزمان متجددة متصرمة بالضرورة والفرض بخلافه، وإن لم يكن له فيها مدخل، فالكلام فيها كالكلام في الأول، فيتسلسل. والتسلسل في العلل التي لا مدخل للزمان فيها باطل، وإلا يلزم نفى الواجب. فالأبديات مستندة إلى علل أزلية أبدية، كما أن الحوادث الزمانية مستندة إلى علل متجددة متصرمة. والنفوس الناطقة الإنسانية حدوثها بحسب التعلق إلى الأبدان لا بحسب ذواتها. والصور الأخراوية كما أنها أبدية، كذلك أزلية حاصلة في الحضرة العلمية والكتب العقلية والصحف النورية وإن كانت ظهورها بالنسبة إلينا حادثا بالحدوث الزماني فلا تردد وأماكونه كلمة فاصلة، فلتميزه بين المراتب الموجبة للتكثر والتعدد في الحقائق، بل هو المفصل لما تحويه ذاته بظهوره بحسب غلبة كل صفة عليه في صورة تناسبهاعلما وعينا، وإليه الإشارة بكونه، عليه السلام: (قاسما بين الجنة والنار). إذ هذه القسمة واقعة أزلا، والآخر مطابق للأول. وأما كونه كلمة جامعة، فلإحاطة حقيقته بالحقائق الإلهية والكونية كلها علما وعينا. وأيضا، هو الذي يفصل بين الأرواح وصورها في الحقيقة، وإن كان الفاصل ملكا معينا لأنه بحكمه يفصل، وكذلك هو الجامع بينهما، لأنه الخليفة الجامعة للأسماء ومظاهرها. قوله: (فتم العالم بوجوده) أي، لما وجد هذا الكون الجامع، تم العالمبوجوده الخارجي لأنه روح العالم المدبر له والمتصرف فيه. ولا شك أن الجسد لا يتم كماله إلا بروحه التي تدبره وتحفظه من الآفات. وإنما تأخر نشأته العنصرية في الوجود العيني لأنه لما جعلت حقيقته متصفة بجميع الكمالات جامعة لحقائقها، وجب أن يوجد الحقائق كلها في الخارج قبل وجوده حتى تمر عند تنزلاته عليها فيتصف بمعانيها طورا بعد طور من أطوار الروحانيات والسماويات والعنصريات، إلى أن يظهر في صورته النوعية الحسية. والمعاني النازلة عليه من الحضرات الأسمائية لا بد أن تمر على هذه الوسائط أيضا، إلى أن يصل إليه وتكمله. وذلك المرور إنما هو لتهيئة استعداده للكمالات اللائقة به، ولاجتماعما فصل من مقام جمعه من الحقائق والخصائص فيه، وللإشهاد والاطلاع على ماأريد أن يكون خليفة عليه، ولهذا لا تجعل خليفة وقطب إلا عند انتهاء السفر الثالث، ولولا هذا المرور لما أمكن العروج للكمل، إذ الخاتمة مضاهية للسابقة وبه تتم الحركة الدورية المعنوية. وما يقال: (إن علم الأولياء تذكري لا تفكري). وقوله، عليه السلام: "الحكمة ضالة المؤمن" . إشارة إلى هذا المعنى، لا إلى أنه وجد في النشأة العنصرية مرة أخرى، ثم عرض له النسيان بواسطة التعلق بنطفة أخرى ومرور الزمان عليه إلى أوان تذكره، كما على رأى أهل التناسخ. وأيضا، لما كان عينه في الخارج مركبا من العناصر المتأخر عن الأفلاك وأرواحها وعقولها، وجب أن توجد قبله لتقدم الجزء على الكل بالطبع. قوله: (فهو من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم الذي هو محل النقش والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك على خزائنه وسماه (خليفة) من أجل هذا) شروع في بيان تسميته ب (الخليفة). إعتبار كونه من العالم، واعتبار كونه عالما آخر برأسه، له شأن آخر بالفص، لأن الفص أيضا قد يكون جزء من الخاتم وهو محل النقش، وقد يكون مركبا عليه. وإنما يركب في الخاتم ليكون جزء منه عند الفراغ من عمله فهو آخر العمل، كذلك الإنسان نوع من الحيوان وآخر ما ينتهى به دائرة وجود العيني. وكما أن الفص له شأن آخر وهو كونه محل النقوش التي بها يختم ويحفظ الخزائن، كذلك الإنسان هو محل جميع نقوش الأسماء الإلهية والحقائق الكونية التي يتمكن بها من (الخلافة). وبهذاالاعتبار سماه الحق (خليفة) بقوله: "إني جاعل في الأرض خليفة" قوله

This is a result of what was mentioned. That is, if the Real's regard toward His creation is contained in him, and He had mercy on them by giving [them] existence, then he is the temporally-originated-yet-eternal one: as for his essential origination (ḥudūth dhātī), it is because his essence, considered in itself, does not necessitate existence — otherwise he would be Necessary of Existence. As for his temporal origination, it is because his elemental configuration (nashʾa ʿunṣuriyya) is preceded by temporal nonexistence. As for his eternity (azaliyya), it is through knowledge-existence (al-wujūd al-ʿilmī), because knowledge is a relation (nisba) between the knower and the known, and this relation is eternal, so his fixed entity (al-ʿayn al-thābita) is eternal — and also through spiritual entitative existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaynī al-rūḥānī), for he is non-temporal, transcendent above time and its rulings absolutely. To this the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, alluded by his saying: 'We are the last, the first.' The difference between his eternity and that of the One who brought him into being is that the eternity of the Real, exalted is He, is a negative attribute negating any 'firstness' in the sense of the inception of existence out of nonexistence, since He is Existence itself; whereas the human being's eternity is the perpetuity of his existence through the perpetuity of the Real, together with the inception of his existence out of nonexistence, since he is other than Him. As for his perpetuity (dawām) and everlastingness (abadiyya), it is because he subsists through the subsistence of his Originator, in this world and the next; and also, everything eternal is everlasting and vice versa — otherwise the effect would diverge from the cause, or there would be an infinite regress of causes: for if its cause were eternal, divergence would follow, and if not, it would likewise be traced back to a temporally-originated cause. In that case, if time had any bearing upon it, its effect would have to be non-everlasting, since the parts of time are necessarily renewed and passing, contrary to the hypothesis; and if time had no bearing upon it, the discussion regarding it would resemble the discussion of the first case, and so it would regress infinitely. But an infinite regress of causes in which time has no bearing is invalid, otherwise it would necessitate the negation of the Necessary [Being]. So everlasting things are grounded in eternal, everlasting causes, just as temporal occurrences are grounded in renewed, passing causes. The rational human souls' origination pertains to their attachment to bodies, not to their essences. The otherworldly forms (al-ṣuwar al-ukhrawiyya), just as they are everlasting, are likewise eternal, subsisting in the Presence of Knowledge, the intelligible books, and the luminous scrolls, even though their appearance relative to us is temporally originated — so there is no hesitation [about this]. As for his being a differentiating word (kalima fāṣila), this is due to his distinguishing among the ranks that necessitate multiplicity and plurality in the realities (ḥaqāʾiq) — rather, he is the one who differentiates what his essence contains, through his manifestation according to the predominance of each attribute over him, in a form suited to it, in knowledge and in entity. To this there is allusion in his being, peace be upon him, 'one who divides between the Garden and the Fire,' since this division occurs eternally, and the latter corresponds to the former. As for his being an all-comprehensive word (kalima jāmiʿa), it is due to his reality's encompassing all the divine and cosmic realities, in knowledge and in entity. Also, he is the one who differentiates, in reality, between the spirits and their forms, even though the differentiating [function] belongs to a specific angel — for it is by his ruling that the angel differentiates. Likewise he is the one who unites them, because he is the vicegerent comprehensive of the Names and their manifestations. His saying: 'So the cosmos was completed by his existence' — that is, when this all-comprehensive being came into existence, the world was completed by his external existence, because he is the spirit of the world that governs and disposes of it; and there is no doubt that the body's perfection is not complete except through its spirit, which governs it and preserves it from afflictions. His elemental configuration was delayed in entitative existence only because, since his reality was made to be characterized by all perfections, comprehensive of their realities, it was necessary that all the realities exist externally before his existence, so that he might pass through them in his descents upon them, becoming characterized by their meanings, stage after stage, through the stages of the spiritual, the celestial, and the elemental, until he appears in his specific sensory form. And the meanings descending upon him from the Presences of the Names must likewise pass through these intermediaries until they reach him and perfect him. That passage is only for the preparation of his preparedness (istiʿdād) for the perfections appropriate to him, and for the gathering within him of what was differentiated from his station of comprehensiveness (jamʿ) — of realities and special properties — and for witnessing and being informed of what he was intended to be vicegerent over. This is why none is made vicegerent and pole (quṭb) except at the completion of the third journey. Were it not for this passage, ascent would not be possible for the perfected ones, since the end corresponds to the beginning, and by it the circular spiritual motion is completed. And what is said — 'the knowledge of the saints (awliyāʾ) is recollective (tadhkirī), not discursive (tafkīrī)' — and his saying, peace be upon him, 'Wisdom is the stray property of the believer,' allude to this meaning, not to the notion that he existed in elemental configuration another time, forgetfulness then befalling him through attachment to another sperm-drop and the passage of time upon him until the moment of remembrance, as held by the proponents of metempsychosis (tanāsukh). Also, since his entity externally is composed of the elements, which are posterior to the celestial spheres and their spirits and intellects, it was necessary that these exist before him, since the part precedes the whole by nature. His saying: 'So he is, in relation to the cosmos, like the bezel (faṣṣ) of the ring to the ring, which is the locus of the engraving and the sign by which the king seals his treasuries — and for this reason He named him vicegerent (khalīfa)' — this begins the exposition of his being named 'the vicegerent.' [It involves] considering his being part of the cosmos, and considering his being another cosmos in his own right, having another status, [comparable to] the bezel — for the bezel too may be a part of the ring and the locus of the engraving, or it may be mounted upon it. It is only mounted onto the ring so as to be a part of it upon completion of the work, being the final part of the work. Likewise, the human being is a species of animal and the last thing with which the circle of entitative existence terminates. And just as the bezel has another status, namely being the locus of the engravings by which one seals and safeguards treasuries, likewise the human being is the locus of all the engravings of the divine Names and cosmic realities, by which he is enabled for vicegerency (khilāfa). And in this consideration the Real named him 'vicegerent' by His saying: 'Indeed, I am placing a vicegerent on the earth.' His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿فهو الإنسان الحادث الأزلي﴾

بحسب أوّليّته بالحقيقة ، وسابقيّته بها ، ومسبوقيّته بالظهور ، وتحقّقه بتمامه ( والنشء الدائم الأبديّ ) بحسب آخريّته في قبول تمام الكمال وانتهائه في أمد الإظهار ، وترتيبه الامتزاجيّ الجمعيّ ، فإنّ « الإنشاء » لغة هو الإيجاد مع الترتيب . واعلم أنّ الآخريّة ذلك ليست آخريّة انقطاع وانتهاء انصرام ، كما أنّ الأوّليّة المذكورة ليست أوليّة إحداث وإبداء

in respect of his firstness (awwaliyya) through the Reality, his precedence through it, his being preceded in manifestation, and his realization in his completeness — (and "the perpetual, everlasting growth/production") in respect of his lastness (ākhiriyya) in receiving the fullness of perfection and its termination in the span of manifestation, and his combinatory, unifying arrangement; for "inshā'" (production) linguistically means bringing into existence together with arrangement. Know that this lastness is not a lastness of cessation, termination, and cutting-off, just as the aforementioned firstness is not a firstness of origination and initial bringing-forth.

Bālī Zāde

﴿فهو الإنسان﴾

لكونه سببا النظر الحق به إلى خلفه (الحادث) بالحدوث الذاتي لعدم اقتضاء ذاته الوجود (الأزلی) لكونه غير مسبوق بالعدم الزماني. (والنشأ الدائم الأبدي فلا انتهاء له) بحسب المستقبل كما لا ابتداء له بحسب الماضي هذا باعتبار النشأة الروحانية وإما باعتبار النشأة الجسمانية لا أزلي ولا أبدي. (والكلمة) لكونه مركبا من الحروف العاليات بالنشأت الروحانيات (الفاصلة) الحافظة من التلاشي بین حضرتي الوجود والإمكان (الجامعة) بجميع الحقائق الإلهية والكونية (فتم العالم بوجوده) أي بالإنسان لكونه آخر العمل منه يدل عليه قوله الذي هو محل النقش

because he is the cause of the Real's regard through him upon that which is behind him (the originated/ḥādith), through essential origination (al-ḥudūth al-dhātī), since his essence does not necessitate existence — (the eternal/azalī) since he is not preceded by temporal non-existence. (And the perpetual, everlasting configuration [nash'a], having no end) with respect to the future, just as it has no beginning with respect to the past — this is with regard to the spiritual configuration (al-nash'a al-rūḥāniyya); but with regard to the corporeal configuration (al-nash'a al-jismāniyya), it is neither eternal (azalī) nor everlasting (abadī). (And the Word/al-kalima) because he is composed of the elevated letters through the spiritual configurations — (the distinguishing one/al-fāṣila), which preserves from annihilation between the two Presences of existence and possibility, (the comprehensive one/al-jāmiʿa) of all the divine and cosmic realities. (So the world was completed by his existence) — i.e., by the human being — since he is the last of its works, as indicated by His saying: 'which is the locus of the engraving.'

Bosnevî

﴿فهو الانسان الحادث الازلي والنشؤ الدائم الابدي﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

(پس کون جامع اولان آدم انسان حادث وازلیدر ونشی دائم ابدیدر* یعنی آدم صورت عنصر یه سیله حاد ندر وصور علمیه سیله ازلیدر زیرا صورت علمیه علمک قیامیله قائمه وحق عالمک دوامیله دائمه دربلکه انسان صورت جسمیه سیله ازلیدر زیرا تجلی ایجادیدن علت غائیه صورت جسمیه انسانیه درکه کمال جلا واستجلا وظهور کلی انکله حاصل اولور واما نشئ دائم ابدی اولد یغی بودر زیرا حقیقت انسانیه عین ذات واحده به مرآت اولوب عین ذات واحده ده مند مجه اولان تعینات غیر متناهیه ایله عین واحده وجمیع مراتبده متعینه اولمغله وعین واحدده نسب غیر متناهیه دن کامن اولان شیئک ظهوریله عین واحده ایچون نشئی دائمک حقیقتی متحققه اواور ونشی دائم ذاتی مراتبنک اولکی مرتبه سی نفس رحمانی مرتبه سیدر که فیض وجودی ایله تعین اولک قلبی باطنندن منبعثدر تعین اول منطوی اولدیغی حقایقک جمله سی محیط اولد یغی حالده* پس انسان جمع اولک احد یتی اولد یغی کبی ذلک الجمعک دخی تفصیلیدر وجمع تفصیل ایله جمع جمع احد یتدر* پس انسان حقیق شول نشئ دائم ابدیدر که اگر عالم تفصیل وفرقانده واگر مقام جمع وقرآنده انک نشأه سندن غیری نشأه یوقدر ودخی شول نشی دائمدر که انک اولی یوقد روشول نشی ابدیدر که انک آخری یوقدر) فهو الاول والاخر والظاهر والباطن وهو بکل شیء محیط) ()

(So Adam, who is the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), is the originated and beginningless human and the perpetual, everlasting growth (nashʾ). That is, Adam is originated by his elemental form and beginningless by his knowledge-forms (ṣuwar ʿilmiyya). For the knowledge-form subsists by the subsistence of knowledge and endures by the permanence of the Real, the Knower. Indeed, the human is beginningless even by his bodily form, for the final cause of the existentiating tajallī (self-disclosure) is the human bodily form, through which the perfection of jalāʾ (disclosing) and istijlāʾ (beholding the disclosure) and total ẓuhūr (manifestation) are attained. As for his being the perpetual, everlasting growth, it is this: the human ḥaqīqa (reality) is a mirror to the entity of the one Essence. It is determined, in the one entity and in all marātib (levels), by the infinite taʿayyunāt (determinations) enfolded in the entity of the one Essence. Through this, and through the manifestation of what lies latent among the infinite relations in the one entity, the reality of perpetual growth is realized for the one entity. The first level among the levels of the essential perpetual growth is the level of the nafas raḥmānī (breath of the All-Merciful). It issues forth, with the effusion of wujūd (being), from the inner heart of the first determination (taʿayyun awwal), while encompassing all the realities that the first determination enfolds. So just as the human is the aḥadiyya (unity) of the first jamʿ (gathering), he is also the differentiation of that jamʿ, and he is the unity of the gathering of differentiation with jamʿ. So the true human is that perpetual, everlasting growth such that, whether in the ʿālam (world) of differentiation and furqān (discrimination) or in the station of jamʿ and qurʾān (gathering), there is no configuration (nashʾa) other than his configuration. He is also a perpetual growth that has no first, and an everlasting growth that has no last.) "So he is the First and the Last, the Manifest and the Hidden, and he encompasses every thing."

al-Qāshānī

﴿والكلمة الفاصلة﴾

أي المميزة للحقائق ( الجامعة ) لعموم نشأته كما ذكر ( فتم العالم بوجوده ) لمظهريته أسماءه كلها . قوله

i.e., that which distinguishes the realities, (comprehensive) of the totality of his configuration as mentioned, (so the world was completed by his existence) due to his being the locus of manifestation for all of His Names.

al-Jandī

﴿والكلمة الفاصلة الجامعة﴾

يشير رضي الله عنه إلى ما بيّنّا فيما تقدّم أنّ الكلام ثلاث :كلمة جامعة لحروف الفعل والتأثيروأخرى جامعة لحروف الانفعال والتأثّروكلمة جامعة لحروف الجمع البرزخي الرابط بين الأعلى والأسفل ، والظاهر والباطن .وهذه الحقائق والحروف والكلمات البرزخية جامعة بين حقائق الوجوب وحقائق الإمكان من وجه ، وفاصلة بينها أيضا باعتبار .ومع كونها جامعة وفاصلة ليست لها عين زائدة ممتازة عن الطرفين امتيازا خارجا مخرجا عن كونها أحدية جمعها ، فهو الجامع الفاصل بهذا الاعتبار .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

He, may God be pleased with him, alludes to what we explained previously, that speech (kalām) is of three kinds: a word comprehending the letters of activity and effecting; another comprehending the letters of passivity and being-affected; and a word comprehending the letters of the isthmus-comprehensiveness (jamʿ barzakhī) linking the higher and the lower, and the manifest and the nonmanifest. These isthmus-like realities, letters, and words are, from one respect, comprehensive of the realities of necessity and the realities of possibility, and, from another consideration, discriminative between them as well. Yet notwithstanding their being both comprehensive and discriminative, they have no additional entity distinct from the two sides—a distinction that would remove them from being the unitary comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) of the two; so it is the comprehending-discriminating [reality] in this respect. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Ibn Turka

﴿والكلمة الفاصلة﴾

بين الأوّل والآخر ( الجامعة ) بين الظاهر والباطن بحسب كليّة أمره وأحديّة جمع نشأتيه الفاصلة في عين الجمع ، الجامعة في عين الفصل . واعلم أنّ هذه ثلاثة أسامي له بحسب ما اشتمل عليه من الأجزاء المذكورة آنفا على الترتيب ، إلَّا أنّ الاسم لكونه كاشفا عن كنه المسمّى قد انطوى كلّ منه على ثلاث مراتب من الأوصاف إعرابا عن السعة التماميّة الإطلاقيّة ، فلذلك حمل الكلّ على "هو". تلويح من العقود : وهو أنّ السعة الإطلاقيّة التسعيّة المنطوي عليها آدم ، قد فصّلت في الإنسان بمثليّته المظهرة ثلاث جمل تامّات ،كلّ منها إشارة إلى نشأة من تلك النشآت التي له. وأنّ البرزخ الواقع بمنزلة كلمته الكاملة ورتبته الجامعة ، تفرقته عين الجمع ، وكثرته عين الوحدة ، حيث أنّ اسمه عين مسمّاه ، فلهذا قد اختصّ بين الحروف بأنّه قلب القرآن . تمام العالم بوجود الإنسان وإذ قد ظهر من احتواء الإنسان للأطراف بحسب أطواره ونشآته ما يتبيّن به. أنّه الواصل من الجمعيّة إلى أقصى مراتبها - وهو المراد بالتمام - ( فتمّ العالم بوجوده ) . الإنسان من العالم كفصّ الخاتم من الخاتم هذا كلَّه بحسب كماله الأوّل ، الذي به يسمّى « إنسانا » وأمّا بحسب كماله الآخر الذي به يسمّى « خليفة » : (فهو) أنّه وقع (من) دائرة

between the First and the Last, ("the comprehensive [Word]") between the manifest and the nonmanifest, in respect of the totality of his affair and the oneness of the gathering of his two constitutions (nash'atayhi) — separating in the very essence of gathering, gathering in the very essence of separation. Know that these are three names for him, corresponding in order to the parts mentioned above; however, since the name discloses the innermost reality (kunh) of the named, each of them enfolds three ranks of descriptions, expressing the fullness of the total, unconditioned amplitude (al-saʿa al-tāmmiyya al-iṭlāqiyya); hence all are predicated of "He" (huwa). A hint from the sections (al-ʿuqūd): the unconditioned ninefold amplitude enfolded within Adam has been elaborated, in the [particular] human being through his manifesting likeness, into three complete sentences (jumal tāmmāt), each of which points to one of the constitutions (nash'āt) belonging to him. And the isthmus (barzakh) occurring in the position of his complete word and his gathering rank — his differentiation is the very essence of gathering, and his multiplicity is the very essence of unity, since his name is identical with his named — and for this reason he is singled out among the letters as being "the heart of the Qur'an." The Completion of the World through the Existence of the Human Being. Since it has become manifest, from the human's encompassing of the extremities according to his phases and constitutions, what makes clear that he is the one who has arrived, from comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya), at its farthest ranks — and this is what is meant by "completion" — ("so the world was completed by his existence"). The human being stands to the world as the bezel-stone (faṣṣ) stands to the signet-ring (khātam) — all this in respect of his first perfection, by which he is named "human" (insān); as for his other/final perfection, by which he is named "vicegerent" (khalīfa): (he is) situated (within) the circle

Jāmī

﴿والكلمة الفاصلة الجامعة﴾

الكلم ثلاث: كلمة جامعة لحروف الفعل والتأثير التي هي حقائق الوجوب . و كلمة جامعة لحروف الانفعال التي هي حقائق الإمكان . وكلمة برزخية جامعة بين حروف حقائق الوجوب وبين حروف حقائق الإمكان فاصلة متوسطة بينهما . وهي حقيقة الإنسان (بوجوده) العنصري ووصوله إلى الكمالي الجدعي فإنه لو لم يوجد هذا الإنسان في العالم لم يحصل كمال الجلاء والاستجلاء الذي هو العلة الغائية من اتحاد العالم . وإنما قال بوجوده ولم يقل به لأن وجوده منفي نفيا أزليا علما وظهورات في المراتب و بانسحاب القبض الوجودي العين عليه بحسب نشأته العنصرية يتم العالم ويكمل كما عرفت. (فهو) ، أي الإنسان

Words are of three [kinds]: a word comprehensive of the letters of activity and effect, which are the realities of necessity (wujūb); and a word comprehensive of the letters of passivity/reception, which are the realities of possibility (imkān); and a barzakh-word comprehensive of both the letters of the realities of necessity and the letters of the realities of possibility, differentiating and median between them. And this is the reality of the human being (through his) elemental (existence) and his attainment of perfection (al-kamāl al-jadʿī); for if this human being had not come to exist in the world, the perfection of clarification (jalāʾ) and self-clarification (istijlāʾ) — which is the final cause of the unification of the world — would not have been attained. He said 'by his existence' and did not say 'by him,' because his existence is negated with an eternal (azalī) negation in knowledge and in the manifestations at the [ontological] levels; and by the withdrawal of the existential contraction (al-qabḍ al-wujūdī) of the entity (al-ʿayn) upon him, according to his elemental configuration (nashʾa), the world is completed and perfected, as you have come to know. (So he), i.e., the human being,

Bosnevî

﴿والكلمه الفاصلة الجامعة﴾

ودخی کون جامع اولان آدم کلمه فاصله وجامعه در یعنی احکام وجوب اله احکام امکان بیننده بر حد فاصل وبربرز خ حایلدرکه احد همانک احکا می اخره غلبه وبغی ایتمکدن مانعد ر (بینهما برزخ لا یبغیان) واحکام وجوب ایله احکام امکانی جامعدر زیرا کلمات کلیه او جدربری حروف فعل ایله تأثیری جامعه اولان کله در* وبریسی بین الفعل والانفعال رابطه اولان جمع برزخی جروفنی جامعه در* پس کلمه برزخیه اولان انسان حقایق وجوب ایله حقایق امکان بینی بروجهله جامعه وبروجهله فاصله در وفاصله وجا. معه اولمغله طرفیندن ممتازه انک عین زائده سی یوقدر* ناکم طرفین جمعک احد یتدن انی اخراج ایلیه (فهو الجامع والفاصل والرابط والحائل)

And further, Adam, who is the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), is the separating and gathering word (kalima). That is, he is a separating boundary and an intervening barzakh (isthmus) between the rulings of necessity and the rulings of possibility, which prevents either of them from overpowering and transgressing against the other: "between them is a barzakh which they do not transgress" (Q 55:20). And he gathers the rulings of necessity and the rulings of possibility. For the universal words are three. One of them is the word that gathers the letters of act and of effecting. And one of them is [the word] that gathers the letters of the barzakh of gathering, which is the link between act and receptivity (infiʿāl). So the human, who is the barzakh word, in one respect gathers and in one respect separates between the realities of necessity and the realities of possibility. And being separating and gathering, [and thus] distinct from the two sides, he has no additional entity (ʿayn zāʾida) such that it would take him out of the aḥadiyya (unity) of the gathering of the two sides. ("So he is the gatherer and the separator, the link and the barrier.")

al-Jandī

﴿فتمّ العالم بوجوده ، فهو من العالم كفصّ الخاتم من الخاتم وهو محلّ النقش والعلامة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

يشير رضي الله عنه إلى ما سلف آنفا أنّه لولا الإنسان في العالم ، لم يحصل كمال الجلاء والاستجلاء ، الذي هو العلَّة الغائية من الإيجاد .وأمّا قوله : « تمّ العالم بوجوده » ولم يقل « به » فلأنّ الإنسان له تعيّن أزلي علمي وبانسحاب الفيض الجودي العيني عليه تكمل مراتب ظهوره ونشره .وأمّا كونه فصّ الخاتم فلأنّه محلّ نقش الحكمة الكلية المنقوشة بأحدية جمع نقوش الفصوص الحكمية كلَّها ، كما سبق ، فتذكَّر .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

He, may God be pleased with him, alludes to what has just preceded: that were it not for the human being in the world, the perfection of disclosure and self-disclosure-seeking, which is the final cause of bringing-into-existence, would not have come about. As for his saying "the world was completed through his existence (bi-wujūdihi)" and not "through him (bihi)," it is because the human being has an eternal, cognitive determination, and through the extension of the entitative, generous effusion upon him, the levels of his manifestation and spreading-forth are perfected. As for his being the bezel-stone of the signet-ring, it is because he is the locus of the engraving of the universal wisdom, engraved with the unitary comprehensiveness of the engravings of all the wisdom-bezels, as preceded; so remember. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Bosnevî

﴿فتم العالم بوجوده﴾

پس عالم کون جامع اولان آدمک وجودی ایله تمام اولدی* زیرا آدمک وجود ندن اول عالم جسد مسوی ومرأت غیر مجلوه اولان کی ایدی• صورت الهیه نک مظهری اولان آدمک وجودی جسد مسوی ومرأت غیر مجاوه اولان عالمک روحی وجلاسی اولدی* پس عالم آدمک وجودی ابله تمام اولدی) ()

So the ʿālam (world) became complete through the wujūd (being) of Adam, who is the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being). For before Adam's being, the world was like a proportioned body and an unpolished mirror. The being of Adam, who is the maẓhar (locus of manifestation) of the divine form, became the spirit and the polish of the world, which was a proportioned body and an unpolished mirror. So the world became complete through Adam's being.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فهو من العالم كفصّ الخاتم من الخاتم وهو محل النقش والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك على خزائنه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

معلوم من المقدمة الثالثة ( وسماه خليفة لأجل هذا ) أي لأن نقش اسمه الأعظم وهو الذات مع الأسماء كلها منقوش في قلبه ، الذي هو فص الخاتم فيحفظ به خزانة العالم بجميع ما فيه على النظام المعلوم والفسق المضبوط

- known from the third premise. (And He named him vicegerent for this reason), that is, because the engraving of His Greatest Name - which is the Essence together with all the Names - is engraved in his heart, which is the bezel of the ring; by it the treasury of the world, with everything in it, is preserved according to the known order and the regulated arrangement.

Jāmī

﴿من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم﴾

وكما يكون تمامية الخاتم وكماله بالفص ونقصانه بعده . كذلك تمامية العالم وكماله بالإنسان ونقصانه بعدمه (وهو)، أي الفص

And just as the completeness and perfection of the ring is by the bezel (faṣṣ), and its deficiency is after it [i.e. in its absence], so likewise the completeness and perfection of the world is by the human being, and its deficiency is by his nonexistence. (And it), i.e., the bezel, is

Bālī Zāde

﴿فهو من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم الذي هو محل النقش والعلامة التي بها﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

لا بغيره (يختم الملك على خزائنه وسماه) الله تعالى (خليفة) بقوله تعالى : " إني جاعل في الأرض خليفة " 30 سورة البقرة

and not by anything else, (the king seals his treasuries; and He), Exalted, (named him) (khalīfa), by His saying, Exalted: 'Indeed, I am placing upon the earth a vicegerent (khalīfa)' [Qur'an 2:30].

Bosnevî

﴿فهو من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم﴾

پس کون جامع اولان آدم عالمدن خاتمک فصی کبیدر* خا تمدن یعنی فص خاتمک خاتمه نسبتی کبیدر وخاتمک ختمی فصله دروخا تمدن مرادفص اولدیغی کبی عالمک ختمی دخی آدم ایله در وعالمدن مراد آدمدر زیرا آدم فص خاتم کبی محل نقش وعلامتدر (وهو) وفی بعض النسخ الذی

So Adam, who is the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), is to the world like the stone (faṣṣ) of a signet ring to the ring. That is, [his relation to the world] is like the relation of the ring's stone to the ring. The sealing of the ring is by the stone, and what is meant by the ring is the stone. Likewise, the sealing of the world is by Adam, and what is meant by the world is Adam. For Adam, like the ring's stone, is the locus of the engraving and the mark. (wa-huwa, "and it is"); and in some copies: alladhī ("which").

Ibn Turka

﴿العالم كفصّ الخاتم من الخاتم﴾

حيث أنّه المتمّم لأمره ، المخصّص له بين الدوائر والحلق بالخاتميّة ، وحيث أنّه به يتّصل قوس الظاهر بالباطن ويجمع به الفرق ويتّحد الكلّ ، فأصبح به مراتب تنزّلات الوجود دائرة واحدة كاملة - على ما سبق تحقيقه في المقدّمة . ثمّ إنّ من أجلّ وجوه المناسبات وأجلاها ، أنّ الفصّ محلّ نقش الملك وعلامته الخاصّة التي بها يختم الخزائن ، ويكتم نفائسها عن نظر العامّة واحتظائهم منها ، فإنّه ممّا يوجب الفساد في الملك والاختلال في نظام أمره . إذ الحكمة البالغة حاكمة بأنّ الاطلاع على خصائص خزائن الملك وذخائر جواهره العزيزة محرّمة ،الَّا للندر من خلَّص أخصّائه المأذونين في ذلك من المؤتمنين. وكذلك الإنسان محلّ نقوش الحروف المنزلة والعلامة العلميّة الخاصّة بالحقّ وهي التي بها يحفظ نظام خلقه عن تطرّق الاخترام وطريان الفساد والانصرام . فإنّ لتلك النقوش ظاهر وهي المفهومات الوضعيّة والحقائق العرفيّة التي عليها مباني أصول الشرايع وبها تستفاد من تلك النقوش والعلامات الأحكام الظاهرة من العقائد الأصليّة والأحكام الفرعيّة التي بها تنضبط صور العالم وتنحفظ عن تطرّق الاختلال ، فهي الختم على خزانة صورة الدنيا ، التي في صدد الزوال ، وهذا للإنسان بحسب كماله الأوّل . وباطنا وهي اللطائف الذوقيّة والحقائق الكشفيّة التي تستفاد من تلك النقوش والعلائم بدون توسّط تلك النسب الوضعيّة والامتزاجات التركيبيّة الجعليّة ، وبها تنضبط حقائق المعاني والحكم في سلك التبيان ، وتنطبق أصول الإجمال والجمع منها على فروع التفرقة والتفصيل . ومنها ينحفظ نظام استقامته عن طروّ الفساد وانحراف الميزان ، وهي الختم على خزانة معاني الآخرة التي لا تقبل الفناء ، وهذا له بحسب كماله الآخر . فكما أنّ الإنسان جزء من العالم ، وهو محل النقش والعلامة اللتين هما الختمان لملك الملوك على الخزانتين . كذلك الفصّ جزء من الخاتم

— for he is the one who completes its affair, the one singled out, among all circles and rings, for the function of being the seal (khātamiyya); and it is through him that the arc of the manifest is joined to the nonmanifest, that separation is gathered together through him, and that the whole is unified, so that through him the ranks of the descents of existence (tanazzulāt al-wujūd) become a single complete circle — as was established earlier in the Introduction. Now, among the most sublime and most manifest aspects of correspondence is that the bezel-stone is the locus of the king's engraving and his special sign, by which the treasuries are sealed and their precious contents hidden from the gaze of the common people and their enjoyment of them — for that would occasion corruption in the kingdom and disorder in the arrangement of its affair. For the far-reaching wisdom decrees that access to the special properties of the king's treasuries and the store of his precious jewels is forbidden, except to the rare few among his select intimates, those trusted ones authorized for that. Likewise, the human being is the locus of the engravings of the revealed letters and of the special cognitive sign (al-ʿalāma al-ʿilmiyya) belonging to the Real, by which the order of His creation is preserved from the intrusion of ruin and the onset of corruption and dissolution. For these engravings have a manifest aspect (ẓāhir), namely the conventional meanings (al-mafhūmāt al-waḍʿiyya) and the customary realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-ʿurfiyya) upon which the foundations of the principles of the revealed Laws (sharāʾiʿ) are built, and by which are derived, from those engravings and signs, the manifest rulings of the fundamental doctrines and the derivative ordinances by which the forms of the world are regulated and preserved from the intrusion of disorder — this is the seal upon the treasury of the form of this world (al-dunyā), which is on the verge of passing away; and this belongs to the human being in respect of his first perfection. And [they have] a nonmanifest aspect (bāṭin), namely the tasted subtleties (al-laṭāʾif al-dhawqiyya) and the unveiled realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-kashfiyya) that are derived from those engravings and signs without the mediation of those conventional relations (nisab waḍʿiyya) and artificial compositional admixtures — and by which the realities of meanings and wisdoms are regulated within the thread of exposition, and the principles of summary and gathering among them are applied to the branches of differentiation and detail. Through these the order of its rectitude is preserved from the onset of corruption and the deviation of the balance; and this is the seal upon the treasury of the meanings of the Hereafter, which does not admit of passing away — and this belongs to him in respect of his final perfection. So just as the human being is a part of the world, and is the locus of the engraving and the sign which are the two seals of the King of Kings upon the two treasuries, likewise the bezel-stone is a part of the signet-ring —

al-Jandī

﴿هو محلّ النقش ، والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك على خزانته وسمّاه خليفة من أجل هذا لأنّه تعالى الحافظ خلقه كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن ، فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها إلَّا بإذنه ، فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم ، فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل﴾

قال العبد أيّده الله به : « نقش الفصّ » هو الكلام المحتوي على الحكمة التي اقتضت وجود العالم على الترتيب المشهود والنظام الموجود .و « العلامة » هي خصوص المقام المحمدي من تلك الحضرة التي منها بحسبها تنزل الحكمة الخاصّة بذلك الفصّ فإنّ قلب كل نبيّ كامل هو محلّ نقش الحكمة .والعلامة هي خصوص الحكمة المحمدية الإلهية من ذلك الاسم الذي تستند إليه حكمته المنزلة عليه ، وعلامة هذه الحكمة الإلهية أحدية جمع جميع التجلَّيات الأسمائية .وبها يختم الملك بقوّته وشدّته ، فما يسدّ الخلل الذي تقتضيه التفرقة المباينة التي في حقائق العالم من الخصوصيات التي بها يتميّز بعضها عن بعض إلَّا بأحدية الجمع الجامع لصدعها ، والموجود لتفرقة جمعها .وبها يقوى على حفظ خزائن العالم فيها ، وبها سرى سرّ أحدية الجمع النفسي الرحماني بالتجلَّي الوجودي الإحساني ، وجمع بين الحقائق المتبوعة وتوابعها .والنسب الملزومة ولوازمها وعوارضها ولواحقها بعد التمييزات الذاتية التي لها في عالم المعاني من حضرة العلم الذاتي ، فإذا جمعها الوجود الواحد في هذه المثاني والمعاني ، وراب صدعها ، وشعب شعثها وجمعها .انحفظت العوالم كلَّها ما دامت الخزائن مختومة بختم علامة أحدية الجمع الخصيص بالحكمة التي هي معنوية النقش المحيط بجميع النقوش الحكمية التفصيلية فتلك العلامة عبارة عن الإنسان الكامل الذي هي أحدية جمع جميع الجمعيات لأنّه الاسم الأعظم .والاسم الأعظم هو العلامة على مسمّاه ، فهو ظاهرية الإنّيّة الإلهية ، والله هويّته وباطنه ، ولهذا سمّاه خليفة إذ الخليفة ظاهر بصورة مستخلفه في حفظ خزائنه .والله تعالى هو الحافظ لخلقه بختمه على خزائنه ، فما دام هذا الختم الأحدي الجمعي عليها لا تتسلَّط على فتحها الحقائق المباينة والمتمايزة التي في حقائق خزائن العالم إلَّا بإذن الله .فإذا أذن لهذا الخاتم الإنساني الكمالي الأحدي الجمعي بالخروج عن الدنيا ، وأمره بالانفكاك عن جزئيتها إلى الأخرى ، انتهت الجزئية وخرجت عنها السكينة .وأمّا تسمية العالم بالجزئية فلما ذكرنا في شرح الخطبة أنّ حقائق العالم القابلة لتعيّنات التجلَّيات الوجودية بخصوصياتها هي التي تحقّقت بها حقائق الأسماء والصفات التي هي خزائن الآلاء والهبات ، ومنها ومن حضراتها تتنزّل البركات . فحقائق العالم خزائن هذه الخزائن الأسمائية ، فلا تزال خزائن العالم محفوظة ما دام فيها الإنسان الكامل ، فافهم .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The servant—may God support him—said: "the engraving of the bezel-stone" is the discourse containing the wisdom that necessitated the existence of the world according to the witnessed order and the existing arrangement. And "the seal-mark" is specifically the Muhammadan station, from that Presence from which, in accordance with it, the wisdom particular to that bezel-stone descends; for the heart of every perfect prophet is the locus of the engraving of wisdom. The seal-mark is specifically the divine Muhammadan wisdom, from that Name to which his revealed wisdom is referred back; and the sign of this divine wisdom is the unitary comprehensiveness of all the self-disclosures of the Names. By it the King seals, with His power and might; for nothing closes the breach necessitated by the divergent differentiation found in the realities of the world—[arising] from the particularities by which some are distinguished from others—except the unitary comprehensiveness that mends their rupture and brings into being the comprehensiveness of their differentiation. By it He has the power to preserve the treasuries of the world within it, and through it the secret of the unitary comprehensiveness of the Merciful Breath pervades, by the existential, gracious self-disclosure, uniting the followed realities with their followers, and the necessitating relations (nisab) with their concomitants, accidents, and appendages—after the essential distinctions belonging to them in the world of meanings, from the Presence of essential knowledge. So when the single existence gathers them within these dual pairings and meanings, mends their rupture, and unites their scattered disarray, all the worlds are preserved as long as the treasuries remain sealed with the seal of the sign of the unitary comprehensiveness proper to the wisdom—which is the inner meaning of the engraving encompassing all the detailed wisdom-engravings. That seal-mark is an expression for the Perfect Human, who is the unitary comprehensiveness of all comprehensivenesses, because he is the Greatest Name. The Greatest Name is the sign pointing to its named [referent]; he is the manifest aspect of the divine He-ness (inniyya), while God is his identity (huwiyya) and his nonmanifest [aspect]. For this reason He named him vicegerent, since the vicegerent is manifest in the form of the one who appointed him, in the safekeeping of His treasuries. God, exalted is He, is the Guardian of His creation through His seal upon His treasuries; and as long as this unitary, all-comprehensive seal is upon them, the divergent and distinct realities found among the realities of the world's treasuries have no power to open them, save by God's permission. So when He gives permission to this perfect, unitary, all-comprehensive human seal to depart from this world, and commands him to be released from its particularity to the other [world], the particularity comes to an end, and the [indwelling] tranquility (sakīna) departs from it. As for calling the world "particularity" (juzʾiyya), it is as we mentioned in the commentary on the Khuṭba: that the realities of the world, receptive to the determinations of the existential self-disclosures in their particularities, are those through which the realities of the Names and Attributes are realized—[realities] which are the treasuries of bounties and gifts, and from them and their presences the blessings descend. So the realities of the world are the treasuries of these nominal treasuries, and the treasuries of the world remain preserved as long as the Perfect Human is within them; so understand. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Ibn Turka

﴿وهو محلّ النقش والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك على خزانته وسمّاه خليفة من أجل هذا ، لأنّه الحافظ خلقه به ، كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن ، فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي فتح خزائن تلك الصور الوضعيّة ورفع أقفالها الرسميّة الجعليّة ، والاستكشاف عن وجوه اللطائف الذوقيّة المخزونة تحت أراضي تلك الصور في خباياه

— that is, to open the treasuries of those conventional forms and lift their formal, artificially-imposed locks, and to disclose the aspects of the tasted subtleties stored beneath the terrain of those forms, in their hidden recesses.

Jāmī

﴿محل النقش﴾

أي نقش اسم صاحب الخاتم وغيره مما ينقش على الفصوص

i.e., the engraving of the name of the ring's owner and whatever else is engraved upon bezels.

Bosnevî

﴿هو محل النقش والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك علي﴾

خزائنه (ضمیر فص خاتمه راجعدر یعنی فص خاتم شول نقش وعلامتک محلید رکه ملک اول علامه ایله کندی خزا ئننی ختم ایدر* پس نص خاتم کبی اولان کون جامع نقش وعلامتک محلیدرکه ملک حق انکله خزائن عالم اوزره ختم ادر* وانکله خزان عالمی حفظ ایدر* وفص عالم اولان آدمک نقشی ان الله خلق آدم علی صورته• صورت جمعیة الهیة اسمائیه نک آدمده ظهور بدر یعنی ذات وصفاتک واسما وشئونک آنده تجلیسیدر وعلا مت دخی خصوص مقام محمد بدرکه اول حضرنده انک حسبیله اول فصه مخصوصه اولان حکمت نازله اولور زیرا هر برنبینک قلبی نقش حکمت محلیدر* وبوحکمت الهیه نک علامتی جمیع جمعیات اسمائیه جمعنک احد یتیدرکه جمیع اسما متقابله وصفات متضاده یی سریان ذاتی واحدیت جمعی ایله جامعه در پس نظم مشهود ونسق معهود اوزره آدم مظهریت کلیه وجمعیت الهیه ایله حقایق عالمده خصوصیات متمایزه حسبیله که حقایقک بعضیسی بعضیسندن انلرایله متمیزه در واقعه «اولان اولان مباینت وتفرقه نک مقتضاسی اولان حالی سدایدوب انخرام وانفکاکدن منع ایدر وعالم خزانه ایله تسمیه اولند یفتک حکمتی بودرکه آلاء الهیه وهبات ربانیه غیر متناهیه نک خزاینی اولان اسماء صفات الهیه حقایق عالم مظاهری ایله متحققه اولوب مظاهر وسایطی ایله انلرده محزونه اولان الاونعم حسیه ومعنویه بی اظهار ایدر و پووجه ظاهر پدر* اما وجه خاص بودرکه حقایق عالم مظاهر اسماء الیهیه ومجالی تجلیات ربانیه در* عالمک هر برحقیقتی وجوه البهیه دن بروجه خاصه مظهر وهر برجزئی براسم خاصک تجلیسنه مجلی ومصدردر* وجه اخص دخی بودرکه اسماء الهیه صورتنک خزانه سی اولان صورت انسانیة کمالیه قرآنیه نشأه سی صورت انسانیه جمعیه ایله ظهور ندن مقدم عوالم متفرقه ده اولان نشأت فرقانیه تفصیلیه صورنده مخزونه در* پس حقایق عالمدن هربر حقیقت مخزون صور کمالبه انسانیه وماده نشأت آدمیه در* پس هربر حقیقت کرک علی جهة التفصیل اندن ظهور ایدن صور نوعیه مثالیه کونیه یه اصل اعتبار اولنسون وکرک نشأت عنصریة انسانیة کمالیه یه ماده اعتباراولنسون علی کلام التقدیرین خزانه الهیهدر وبالفعل انسان کامل اولان آدم خزائن عالمک ختمیدر که انک وحودی ایله خزائن محفوظه در

"his treasuries". The pronoun refers to the ring's stone. That is, the ring's stone is the locus of that engraving and mark with which the king seals his treasuries. So the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), who is like the ring's stone, is the locus of the engraving and mark with which the King, the Real, seals the treasuries of the ʿālam (world), and with which He preserves the treasuries of the world. The engraving of Adam, who is the stone of the world, is "God created Adam upon His form": it is the ẓuhūr (manifestation) in Adam of the divine, all-comprehensive form of the names. That is, it is the tajallī (self-disclosure) in him of the Essence and the attributes, and of the names and the shuʾūn (affairs). And the mark is the specific Muḥammadan station. In that ḥaḍra (presence), in accordance with it, the wisdom specific to that faṣṣ is sent down, for the heart of each prophet is the locus of the engraving of wisdom. The mark of this divine wisdom is the aḥadiyya (unity) of the gathering of all the gatherings of the names, which gathers all the opposed names and contrary attributes by essential pervasion and by the aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ (unity of gathering). So, according to the witnessed order and the familiar arrangement, Adam, through universal maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation) and divine jamʿiyya (all-comprehensiveness), blocks the state that is the requirement of the disparity and separation occurring in the realities of the world. [That disparity arises] according to the distinct particularities by which some of the realities are distinguished from others. [Thus] he prevents [them] from breaking apart and disintegrating. The wisdom in the world's being named 'treasury' is this. The divine names and attributes are the treasuries of the infinite divine bounties and lordly gifts. Being realized through the maẓāhir (loci of manifestation) of the realities of the world, they bring forth, by means of those loci, the sensory and spiritual bounties and favours stored in them. And this aspect is evident. But the specific aspect is this: the realities of the world are loci of manifestation of the divine names and places of display (majālī) of lordly self-disclosures. Each reality of the world is the locus of manifestation of a specific face among the divine faces, and each particular is a place of display and a source for the self-disclosure of a specific name. And the more specific aspect is this. The perfectional, qurʾānic (all-gathering) human configuration (nashʾa) is the treasury of the form of the divine names. Before its manifestation with the all-comprehensive human form, it is stored in the forms of the differentiated, furqānic (discriminated) configurations that are in the scattered worlds. So each reality among the realities of the world is the store of the perfectional human forms and the material of the Adamic configurations. So each reality may be regarded as the origin of the specific, imaginal (mithālī), engendered forms that appear from it by way of differentiation. Or it may be regarded as the material for the elemental, human, perfectional configurations. On both assumptions it is a divine treasury. And Adam, who is in act the insān kāmil (perfect human), is the seal of the treasuries of the world, through whose wujūd (being) the treasuries are preserved.

Words 24–26 · 1 of 8

وَالعَلَامَةُ الَّتِي بِهَا

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿والعلامة التي بها﴾

يتميز بعض عن بعض وبه (يختم الملك على خزائنه) متن نص فصوص الحكم : لأنه تعالى الحافظ به خلقه كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن فما دام ثم المليك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها إلا بإذنه ، فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم لا يزال العالم محفوظة ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل. شرح الجامي : لئلا يتصرف فيها أحد فيبقى محفوظة . وكذلك الإنسان الكامل هو محل نفوس الأسماء الإلهية وعلامة أحدية جمعها التي بها تستحق أن يختم به على خزائنه الدنيا والآخرة (وسماه) الحق سبحانه (خليفة) حيث قال تعالى : "إني جاعل في الأرض خليفه" آية 30 سورة البقرة

which some are distinguished from others, and by which (the sovereign seals his treasuries) — text of Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam — because He, exalted, preserves His creation by it, just as the seal preserves treasuries; for as long as the sovereign (al-malik) is over them, no one dares to open them except by his permission. So He made him vicegerent (khalīfa) in the preservation of the world; the world remains preserved so long as this perfect human is in it. Commentary of al-Jāmī: lest anyone dispose of them, so that they remain preserved. Likewise, the perfect human is the locus of the souls (nufūs) of the divine names and the sign of their unitary comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat jamʿihā), by which it deserves that the Real seal by it His treasuries of this world and the hereafter. (And He, the Real, glory be to Him, named him) vicegerent, where He, exalted, said: 'Indeed I am placing a vicegerent on the earth' (Q 2:30).

Bosnevî

﴿وسماه خليفة من اجل هذا لانه الحافظ حلقه كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن فادام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر احد علي فتحها الا باذنه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وحق تعالی بوانسان کاملی بواجلدن اوتری خلیفه ایله تسمیه ایلدی زیرا مظهرَیت کلیه ایله حقک خلقنی اول حافظدر نتکیم ختم ملک خزائن ملکی حفظ ایدر پس مادا مکه ملکک ختمی خزائن اوزره موجود در خزائنک فتحنه براحد اقدام ایتمز الاانک اذنبله یقال جسر علی کذا یجسر جسارة وتجاسر علیه ای اقدم* پس ملک حقک ختمی یعنی انسان کاملک مظهریت کلیه سی مادامکه خزائن عالم اوزره در حقایق متباینه دن براحد خزائن عالم فتحی اوزره جسارت ایتمز الاملک حقک اذنیله یعنی فتح جزئیده حکمت الهیه اقتضا ایتدیکی اوزره حقک ویاخود انسان کاملک اذنی ایله فتح کلیده احدیت جمعیت مظهری اولان ختم انسانی کمالینک عالمدن خروج ایتمکه حفک اذنیله

And the Real (exalted is He) named this insān kāmil (perfect human) khalīfa (vicegerent) for this reason: through universal maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation) he is the preserver of the Real's creation, just as the king's seal preserves the king's treasuries. So as long as the king's seal is present on the treasuries, no one ventures to open the treasuries except with his permission. It is said: jasara ʿalā kadhā, yajsuru, jasāratan, and tajāsara ʿalayhi, that is, "he ventured upon it". So [this holds] as long as the seal of the King, the Real, is upon the treasuries of the ʿālam (world), that is, the universal maẓhariyya of the insān kāmil. [In that case] none of the mutually disparate realities dares to open the treasuries of the world except with the permission of the King, the Real. That is: in a partial opening, [it is] with the permission of the Real or of the insān kāmil, as divine wisdom requires. In the universal opening, [it is] with the Real's permission for the human, perfectional seal, the locus of manifestation of the aḥadiyyat al-jamʿiyya (unity of all-comprehensiveness), to go out of the world.

Words 33–35 · 2 of 8

مِنْ أَجْلِ هَذَا

Jāmī

﴿من أجل هذا﴾

المعنى الذي هو الختم (لأنه) أي الإنسان الكامل لكونه ختمة أو الحق سبحانه بالإنسان الكامل الختم (هو الحافظ خلقه) وإلى الأول ينظر قوله

— this meaning, which is the seal — (because he), i.e., the perfect human, in being a seal, or the Real, glory be to Him, through the perfect human's being a seal, (is the Preserver of His creation); and to the first [reading] his saying refers,

Bālī Zāde

﴿من أجل هذا﴾

أي من أجل كونه من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم أو من أجل كونه منصفا بالصفات المذكورة (لأنه) تعليل لقوله فهو من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم

— that is, because he is to the world as the bezel of the signet-ring is to the ring, or because he is qualified by the aforementioned attributes — (for) is a causal explanation of his statement 'so he is to the world as the bezel of the signet-ring is to the ring.'

al-Qāshānī

﴿لأنه الحافظ خلقه كما يحفظ بالختم الخزائن﴾

أي لأن الإنسان الكامل هو الحافظ خلق الله بالحكمة الأحدية والواحدية الأسمائية البالغة التي هي نقش قلبه وهي العدالة أعنى صورة الواحدة في عالم الكثرة الذي هو خزانة القوابل والآلاء كلها كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن

i.e., because the perfect human is the preserver of God's creation through the far-reaching Unitary (Aḥadī) and Unific (Wāḥidī) Nominal wisdom, which is the engraving of his heart, and this is justice - I mean the form of the One in the world of multiplicity, which is the treasury of all preparednesses (qawābil) and bounties (ālāʾ), just as the seal preserves treasuries.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لأنه الحافظ خلقه كما يحفظ بالختم الخزائن، فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها إلا بإذنه. فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم ، فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل﴾

تعليل لتسميته بالخليفة . وذلك لأن الملك إذاأراد أن يحفظ خزائنه عند غيبته عنها، يختم عليها لئلا يتصرف فيها أحد فيبقى محفوظة، فالختم حافظ لها بالخلافة لا بالأصالة. فكذلك الحق يحفظ خلقه بالإنسان الكامل عند استتاره بمظاهر أسمائه وصفات عزه، وكان هو الحافظ لها قبل الاستتار والاختفاء وإظهار الخلق، فحفظ الإنسان لها بالخلافة، فسمى ب (الخليفة) لذلك. وحفظه للعالم عبارة عن إبقاء صور أنواع الموجودات على ما خلقت عليها الموجب لإبقاء كمالاتها وآثارها باستمداده من الحق التجليات الذاتية والرحمة الرحمانية والرحيمية بالأسماء والصفات التي هذه الموجودات صارت مظاهرها ومحل استوائها. إذ الحق إنما يتجلى لمرآة قلب هذا الكامل، فينعكس الأنوار منقلبه إلى العالم، فيكون باقيا بوصول ذلك الفيض إليها، فما دام هذا الإنسان موجودا في العالم يكون محفوظا بوجوده وتصرفه في عوالمه العلوية والسفلية. فلا يجسر أحد من حقائق العالم وأرواحها على فتح الخزائن الإلهية والتصرف فيها إلا بإذن هذا الكامل، لأنه هو صاحب الاسم الأعظم الذي به يرب العالم كله. فلا يخرج من الباطن إلى الظاهر معنى من المعاني إلا بحكمه، ولا يدخل من الظاهر في الباطن شئ إلا بأمره، وإن كان يجهله عند غلبة البشرية عليه، فهو البرزخ بين البحرين والحاجز بين العالمين. وإليه الإشارة بقوله: "مرج البحرين يلتقيان بينهما برزخ لا يبغيان ". قوله

This is an explanation for his being named 'vicegerent.' For when a king wishes to preserve his treasuries during his absence from them, he seals them so that none may tamper with them, and thus they remain preserved — the seal preserving them derivatively (bi-l-khilāfa), not originally (bi-l-aṣāla). Likewise the Real preserves His creation through the Perfect Human when He conceals Himself behind the loci of manifestation of His Names and attributes of might — He Himself being the preserver of them before concealment, hiddenness, and the manifestation of creation. So the human being's preservation of them is by vicegerency, and he was therefore named 'the vicegerent' for this reason. His preservation of the cosmos consists in maintaining the forms of the species of existent things as they were created, which necessitates the preservation of their perfections and effects, through his drawing sustenance (istimdād) from the Real — the essential self-disclosures (al-tajalliyāt al-dhātiyya) and the mercy of the All-Merciful and the Compassionate through the Names and Attributes of which these existent things have become the loci of manifestation and the locus of their equilibrium. For the Real discloses Himself only to the mirror of the heart of this Perfect one, and the lights are reflected from his heart to the cosmos, so that it remains subsistent through the arrival of that effusion (fayḍ) to it. So as long as this human being exists in the cosmos, it remains preserved by his existence and his disposal (taṣarruf) within its higher and lower worlds. None among the realities of the cosmos and its spirits dares to open the divine treasuries and dispose of them except with the permission of this Perfect one, for he is the possessor of the Greatest Name by which the entire cosmos is lorded over. So no meaning emerges from the nonmanifest to the manifest except by his ruling, and nothing enters from the manifest into the nonmanifest except by his command — even if he is unaware of this when overcome by his human nature (bashariyya). For he is the isthmus (barzakh) between the two seas and the barrier between the two worlds. To this there is allusion in His saying: 'He let loose the two seas, meeting together; between them is a barrier (barzakh) they do not transgress.' His saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿الحافظ خلقه كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها إلا بإذنه فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم﴾

وكان هو الحافظ قبله

, whereas He Himself was the Preserver before him.

Words 40–43 · 1 of 8

كَمَا يَحْفَظُ الخَتْمُ الخَزَائِنَ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿كما يحفظ الختم الخزائن﴾

من التصرف فيه

from being tampered with.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر أحد على فتحها إلا بإذنه﴾

لأن الختم صورة الجمعية الإلهية والعلامة التي هي نقش الفص هو الاسم الأعظم فلا يجسر أحد من خصوصيات طبائع العالم التي هي الأسماء الفاصلة على فتحها إلا بإذن خاص من الله على مقتضى حكمته

because the seal is the form of the Divine comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya), and the mark which is the engraving of the bezel is the Greatest Name; so none among the particularities of the world's natures, which are the distinguishing Names, dares to open them except by special permission from God in accordance with the requirement of His wisdom.

Jāmī

﴿فما دام ختم الملك عليها لا يجسر … أحد على فتحها﴾

أي فتح تلك الخزائن والتصرف فيه

to open those treasuries and tamper with them,

Words 54–55 · 2 of 8

إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ

Ibn Turka

﴿إلَّا بإذنه﴾

المختصّ بخلَّص أخصّائه فعلم أنّ من تلك اللطائف والنفائس ما يمكن أن يحتظي به المأذونون من المؤتمنين والمحارم

— [permission] reserved for His select, pure intimates. Thus it is known that among those subtleties and precious things there are some that the authorized ones, among the trusted and the intimate (al-maḥārim), may enjoy.

Jāmī

﴿إلا بإذنه﴾

أي الملك. وكذلك ما دام الإنسان الكامل في العالم لا يتسلط حقائق المباينة التي في حقائق خزائن العالم على فتحها والتصرف فيها إلا بإذن الحق سبحانه (فاستخلفه) أي الحق سبحانه الإنسان الكامل (في حفظ العالم) من الخلل الذي تقتضيه التفرقة والمباينة التي في حقائق العالم من الخصوصيات التي بها يتميز بعضها عن البعض

i.e., the sovereign's permission. Likewise, as long as the perfect human remains in the world, the realities of differentiation (al-mubāyana) present in the realities of the world's treasuries are not given dominion to open them and tamper with them except by the permission of the Real, glory be to Him. (So He made him a vicegerent), i.e., the Real, glory be to Him, made the perfect human a vicegerent (in the preservation of the world) from the defect entailed by the separation and differentiation present in the realities of the world, arising from the particularities by which some of them are distinguished from others.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم﴾

لأنه مظهر الأحق الأعظم والله باطنه فيحفظ بإذنه وما جعل في يده من المفاتيح الأسمائية صورة العالم

because he is the locus of manifestation of the Greatest Real (al-Ḥaqq al-Aʿẓam), and God is his nonmanifest (bāṭin); so he preserves by His permission and by means of what has been placed in his hand of the Nominal keys, which are the form of the world.

Ibn Turka

﴿فاستخلفه في حفظ العالم فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل﴾

بكماليه ، الذي بيديه أمر الختم على الخزانتين . قال رضي الله عنه

— with his two perfections, the one in whose hands lies the affair of the seal upon the two treasuries. He (may God be pleased with him) said:

Bosnevî

﴿فا - مخلفه في حفظ العالم فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الانسان الكامل﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

پس عالم احدیت جمعیت مظهر بتنده اولان انسان کامل ایله محفوظ اولمغله حق تعالی عالمک حفظنده انی استخلاف ابتدی زیرا خلیفه خزائن عالم حفظند• ه صورت مستخلف ایله ظاهر در حقایق عالمدن هر بر حقیقت نه اقتضا ایدرسه احدیت جمعیت مظهرینی # ١١٨ ایله اکاافاضه ایدر* پس عالم محفوط اولمقدن زائل اولمزما دامکه بوانسان کامل آنده موجود در زیرا انسان کاملک وجودی اسم اعظمدر قابلیت کلیت ومظهریت جمعیت اسمائیه ایله اسماء الهیه متقابله احکامنی جامع وحاوی ومتباینه ومتنافره اولان حقایق عالمده احدیت جمع ایله ساریدر وبرزخیه کلیه واحدیت جمعیه ایله حقایق خزائنی حافظه در* پس خزان عالم انک وجودی ختمیله محفوظه اولقدن زائله اولمز وخزائن عالم حقایقنده مخزونه اولان افرادنوعیة انسانیه حد کماله بالغه اولوب مرتبه جمعیت انسانیه یه واصله اولمقدن خالیه اولمز* پس مادامکه بوختم احدی وجمعی وجودی خزائن عالم اوزره• موجوددر (لا تقوم الساعة حتی یقال فی الارض الله الله) مقتضاسی اوزره خزائن عالم انفکاکی قبول ایتمز پس چونکم امر ظهور واظهار غایته وجلا واستجلا حکمی نهایته بالغ اولسه واسم ظاهر تجلیسنک دوری کماله منهی اولسه (ثم قبضناه البنا قبضا یسیرا) تجلی اسم ظاهر بنه اصلنه تقلص ایدوب رجوع ایتمکه ارادت الهیه تعلق ایتسه صور نوعیة کونیه نک خاتمی وخزائن عالمک خاتمی و حافظی اولان انسان کامله نشأت دنیویه دن خروج ایتمکه اذن اولنور* وخزینة دنیویه دن منفک اولوب خزینه اخرویه یی مظهریت کلیه وسعت قابلیة ایله حفظ ایتمکه مأمور اولورز برا نشأت دنیویه ونشأت اخرویه متضمنه اولدیغی خزانک حفظی وتجلیات الهیه نک مرکزی نشأت انسانیة کمالیه جمعیه مظهر یتنه دار وحقک صورتی مظهریتی ایله حق تعالی اول خزائنی حافظ وانلره ناظر در

So, since the ʿālam (world) is preserved by the insān kāmil (perfect human), who is in the maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation) of the aḥadiyyat al-jamʿiyya (unity of all-comprehensiveness), the Real (exalted is He) made him [His] khalīfa (vicegerent) in preserving the world. For the khalīfa, in preserving the treasuries of the world, is manifest with the form of the one who appointed him. Whatever each reality among the realities of the world requires, he effuses it upon it by the locus of manifestation of the unity of all-comprehensiveness […]. So the world does not cease to be preserved as long as this insān kāmil exists in it. For the wujūd (being) of the insān kāmil is the greatest name (ism aʿẓam). Through universal qābiliyya (receptivity) and the maẓhariyya of the all-comprehensiveness of the names, it gathers and contains the rulings of the opposed divine names. Through the aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ (unity of gathering), it pervades the realities of the world, which are mutually disparate and repellent. And through universal barzakhiyya (isthmus-hood) and the unity of all-comprehensiveness, it preserves the treasuries of the realities. So the treasuries of the world do not cease to be preserved by the seal of his being. And the treasuries of the world are never without individuals of the human species, stored in the realities of the world, who reach the limit of perfection and arrive at the level of human all-comprehensiveness. So as long as this unitary and all-gathering seal of being is present upon the treasuries of the world, the treasuries of the world do not admit of dissolution. [This is] in accordance with "The Hour will not arise until [no longer] it is said on earth: Allāh, Allāh." Then [consider when] the matter of manifestation and making manifest reaches its goal, and the ruling of disclosing and beholding the disclosure reaches its end, and the cycle of the tajallī (self-disclosure) of the name the Manifest (al-Ẓāhir) comes to its completion: "Then We draw it back to Us, a gentle drawing" (Q 25:46). And [consider when] the divine will attaches to the self-disclosure of the name the Manifest contracting and returning again to its origin. [Then] permission is given to the insān kāmil to go out of the worldly configuration (nashʾa); he is the seal of the specific, engendered forms and the seal and preserver of the treasuries of the world. Released from the worldly treasury, he is commanded to preserve the otherworldly treasury with universal maẓhariyya and breadth of receptivity. For the preservation of the treasuries contained in the worldly configuration and the otherworldly configuration, and the centre of the divine self-disclosures, revolve around the maẓhariyya of the perfectional, all-comprehensive human configuration. And through the maẓhariyya of the Real's form, the Real (exalted is He) preserves those treasuries and watches over them.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل﴾

لأن الخليفة ظاهر بصورة مستخلفه في حفظ خزائنه والله يحفظ صور خلقه في العالم بصورته فإنها طلسم الحفظ من حيث مظهريته لأسمائه وواسطة تدبيره بظهور تأثيرات أسمائه فيها

because the vicegerent is manifest in the form of the One who appointed him, in preserving His treasuries; and God preserves the forms of His creation in the world through his [the perfect human's] form, for it is the talisman of preservation insofar as it is the locus of manifestation of His Names and the means of His governance through the manifestation of the effects of His Names within it.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فلا يزال العالم محفوظا ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل … ألا تراه﴾

أي، ألا ترى الإنسان الكامل

That is, do you not see the Perfect Human

Jāmī

﴿فلا يزال العالم محفوظة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

من هذا الخلل

from this defect,

Bālī Zāde

﴿فلا يزال العالم﴾

أي عالم الدنيا محمولة ما دام فيه

— i.e., the world of this lower life — to be sustained, as long as he remains within it.

Jāmī

﴿ما دام فيه هذا الإنسان الكامل﴾

وكان قائما بخلافة الحق سبحانه في حفظ العالم . فإذا أذن لهذا الإنسان الكامل بالخروج عن الدنيا وأمره الانفكاك عن خزينتها إلى الأخرى خربت الخزينة وانتهب ما فيها. وحفظ العالم عبارة عن بقاء صون أنواع الموجودات على ما خلفت عليها الموجب لبقاء كمالاتها وآثارها باستمداده من الحق التجليات الذاتية و الرحمة الرحمانية والرحيمية بالأسماء والصفات التي هي الموجودات صارت مظاهرها و محل استوائها. اعلم أن النشأة الدنيوية الحسية بمنزلة خزانة إختزن الحق سبحانه فيها الحقائق الإمكانية المظهرية والحقائق الأسمائية الإلهية الظاهرة بها . ولا شك أن كل واحدة من تلك الحقائق الإمكانية عبارة عن أحدية جمع حقائق بسيطة متباينة متمايزة. مقتضية بذاتها الافتراق في الامتياز كما كانت في الرتب العلمية متحدة بالوجود الواحد الذي يقتضي بذاته الوحدة وزوال الكثرة . وباعتبار هذا الوجود الواحد ظهر بعضها متبوعة وبعضها تابعة، وبعد اتحادها بالوجود الواحد صارت حقيقة مظهرية تظهر فيها الأسماء الإلهية بحسب قابليتها واستعدادها وجمعيتها، ولما كان الكون الجامع والإنسان الكامل أحدية جمع جميع الحقائق الإمكانية المظهرية. وكان المقصود الأصلي والغاية القصوى من إيجادها وجوده العنصري. الذي هو مظهر أحدية جميع الحقائق الإلهية كان وصول الإمداد الإلهي والتجلي الوجودي إلى الحقائق المظهرية كلها قبل وجوده العنصري بواسطته ومن مرتبته. وبعد وجوده العنصري فوض ذلك الإمداد إليه بأن وقع التجلي الأحدي الوجودي متن نص فصوص الحكم ألا تراه إذا زال و فك من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اخترنه الحق تعالى فيها وخرج ما كان فيها والتحق بعضه ببعضه، وانتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة فكان ختما على خزانة الآخرة ختما أبدا . فظهر جميع ما في الصورة الإلهية من الأسماء في هذه النشأة الإنسانية فحازت رتبة الإحاطة والجمع بهذا الوجود، وبه قامت الحجة الله تعالى على الملائكة . شرح الجامي : الجمعي أولا على حقيقته الأحدية الجمعية وبرقيقة المناسبة التي بينه وبين حقيقة سري إليها ثانية. فما دام كان ذلك الكامل مقصودة إيجاده أو بقاؤه في النشآت الدنيوية ووصل قبض التجلي من مرتبنه أو وجوده إليها. بقيت تلك الحقائق محفوظة من الخلل الذي تقتضيه التفرقة والمباينة التي كانت عنها قبل إيجادها بالوجود الواحد . والوحدة الذاتية لذلك التجلي وكان كالختم عليها لئلا يفتحها تسلط تلك التفرقة والمباينة عليها واقتضى التجلي التقلص والانسلاخ عنه

, standing established in the vicegerency of the Real, glory be to Him, in the preservation of the world. So if this perfect human were given leave to depart the world, and were commanded to be detached from its treasury unto the other, the treasury would be ruined and what is in it plundered. The preservation of the world is an expression for the persistence of the safeguarding of the kinds of existents in the state upon which they were created, which necessitates the persistence of their perfections and their traces, through his drawing sustenance from the Real — the essential self-disclosures (al-tajalliyāt al-dhātiyya) and the mercy (raḥma), both the All-Merciful (raḥmāniyya) and the Ever-Merciful (raḥīmiyya), by means of the names and attributes for which the existents became loci of manifestation (maẓāhir) and the locus of their equilibrium (istiwāʾ). Know that the worldly, sensory configuration (nashʾa) is in the position of a treasury in which the Real, glory be to Him, stored the possible, loci-of-manifestation realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-imkāniyya al-maẓhariyya) and the divine name-realities manifest through them. There is no doubt that each one of these possible realities is an expression of a unitary comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat jamʿ) of simple, differentiated, distinct realities, requiring by their essence separation in distinction — just as, at the levels of knowledge, they had been united by the one existence (al-wujūd al-wāḥid), which requires by its essence unity and the removal of multiplicity. And by consideration of this one existence, some of them appeared as followed (matbūʿa) and some as following (tābiʿa). And after their unification by the one existence, they became a locus-of-manifestation reality (ḥaqīqa maẓhariyya) in which the divine names become manifest according to its receptivity, preparedness (istiʿdād), and comprehensiveness. And since the comprehensive cosmos (al-kawn al-jāmiʿ) and the perfect human are the unitary comprehensiveness of all the possible loci-of-manifestation realities, and since the original intent and ultimate purpose of their coming into existence was his elemental existence — which is the locus of manifestation of the oneness of all the divine realities — the arrival of the divine effusion (al-imdād al-ilāhī) and the existential self-disclosure (al-tajallī al-wujūdī) to all the loci-of-manifestation realities, before his elemental existence, was by his mediation and from his level (martaba). And after his elemental existence, that effusion was delegated to him, in that the unitary existential self-disclosure occurred [text of Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam]: Do you not see that when he is removed and unfastened from the treasury of this world, nothing remains in it of what the Real, exalted, had stored there, and what was in it went forth, and part of it joined with another part, and the matter transferred to the hereafter, so that he became a seal upon the treasury of the hereafter, an eternal seal? Thus all that is in the divine form of the names appeared in this human configuration, so that it attained the rank of encompassment (iḥāṭa) and comprehensiveness (jamʿ) by this existence, and by it the proof (ḥujja) of God, exalted, was established against the angels. Commentary of al-Jāmī: the comprehensive [self-disclosure occurred] first upon his unitary, comprehensive reality, and by the subtle relation (raqīqat al-munāsaba) between him and that reality it flowed (sarā) to it secondly. So as long as that perfect human's existence — or his persistence — in the worldly configurations was intended, and the contraction (qabḍ) of the self-disclosure arrived from his level or his existence to them, those realities remained preserved from the defect entailed by the separation and differentiation that had been theirs before their being brought into existence by the one existence and the essential unity (al-waḥda al-dhātiyya) of that self-disclosure; and he was like a seal upon them, lest the domination of that separation and differentiation break them open — and the self-disclosure required contraction (taqalluṣ) and disengagement (insilākh) from it.

Words 67–69 · 1 of 8

هَذَا الإِنْسَانُ الكَامِلُ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿هذا الإنسان الكامل﴾

لأنه من أكمل كمالاته تدبير العالم بالمعالم

— for among the most perfect of his perfections is the governance of the world through the landmarks (al-maʿālim).

al-Qāshānī

﴿ألا تراه إذا زال وفك من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اختزنه الحق فيها وخرج ما كان فيها والتحق بعضه ببعض وانتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة فكان ختما على خزانة الآخرة ختما ابديا سرمديا﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي زال لأن النشأة العنصرية الدنيوية لا تحتمل دوام الحفظ . فلم يبق فيها ما اختزنه من العلوم والمعارف الكلية والجزئية والأخلاق الإلهية . وفارقتها نشأته الروحانية أي فطرته الأولى بخراب دنياه أي نشأته الصورية والتحق الجزء الروحاني بالروحانيات في الحضرات أي البرازخ العلوية وما فوقها والجسماني كل جزء بكله من الجسمانيات . وانتقل العمارة إلى الآخرة أي العوالم الروحانية أو النشأة الثانية في القيامة . قوله

that is, he departs because the elemental, worldly configuration (nashʾa) cannot bear permanent preservation. So nothing remains in it of what he had stored of universal and particular sciences, gnoses, and divine character traits. His spiritual configuration - that is, his original innate nature (fiṭra) - separates from it through the ruin of his worldly [existence] - that is, his formal configuration - and the spiritual part joins the spiritual realities in the [divine] Presences, that is, the celestial isthmuses (barāzikh) and what is above them, while the corporeal part, each part joins its whole among corporeal things. And the cultivation transfers to the hereafter, that is, to the spiritual worlds, or the second configuration at the Resurrection.

al-Jandī

﴿ألا تراه إذا زال وفكّ الختم عن خزانة الدنيا ، لم يبق فيها ما أخزنه الحق ، وخرج ما كان فيها ، والتحق بعضه ببعضه ، وانتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة ، وكان ختما على خزانة الآخرة ختما أبديا﴾

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قال العبد : اعلم : أنّ دار الوجود واحدة ، وانقسامها إلى الدنيا والآخرة بالنسبة إليك لأنّهما صفتان للنشأة الإنسانية ، فأدنى نشأته الوجودية العينية النشأة العنصرية ، فهي الدنيا لدناءتها بالنسبة إلى نشأتها النورية الإلهية ، أو لدنوّها من فهم الإنسان الحيوان .ولمّا كانت النشأة الإنسانية الكليّة في الدنيا نشأتين : نشأة فرقانية تفصيلية ، ونشأة أحدية جمعية قرآنية ، وهذه النشأة الدنياوية كثيفة ، وصورتها مقيّدة سخيفة من مادّة جامعة بين الظلمة والنور ، مشوبة فيها بأكدار الغصص والمحن نوريّة السرور .وهي أيضا من قبيل النفس الناطقة ، والنفس الناطقة من بعض قواها القوّة العملية ، وهي ذاتية لها ، وبها يعمل الله لأجلها في كلّ نشأة وموطن صورة هيكلية ينزّل معانيها فيها ، ويظهر قواها وخصائصها وحقائقها بها ، ويحفظها ، ويقيها .وكانت هذه النشأة الجامعة بين النور والظلمة لا تقتضي الدوام على هذه النظام والقوام ، ولا بدّ لها من الانخزام والانصرام ، لأنّ قوى مزاجه العنصرية غير وافية ، ولا لجميع ما في النفس من الحقائق والدقائق بكافية .وهذه الحقيقة على العقول المنوّرة الصافية غير خافية فإنّ في النفس من الحقائق ما لا يظهر بهذه النشأة العنصرية الثقيلة ، مثل كون صورته روحانية نورانية لطيفة ملائمة للروح ، وخصائصه بحسب الروح لا بحسب المزاج ، بخلاف هذه النشأة العنصرية السفلية الثقيلة فإنّ الروح والنفس فيها بحسبها ، وكذلك خواصّهما وحقائقهما .فلمّا لم تف هذه النشأة بذلك لكونها من مادّة متنافرة متضادّة وهيولى متباينة متحادّة ، وقد حصل لها بحمد الله في مدّة عمرها التي كانت تعمر فيها أرض جسدها من الأخلاق الفاضلة ، والملكات الكاملة والعلوم والأعمال الصالحة الحاصلة كمال فعلي لما صار لها جميع ما كان بالقوّة بالفعل .فينشئ الله تعالى من ذلك بالقوّة العملية الذاتية للنفس ما إذا فكّ عن خزانة الدنيا ، وقبض الله إليه أنوار أسمائه التي هي حقائق خزائن النعم والآلاء الإلهية ، وأسرار خزائن خزائنه المذكورة قبضا يسيرا ، فتقلَّصت أنوار التجلَّيات إلى الحضرات .والأرواح الجزئية المدبّرة إلى كلَّيات أرواح السماوات ، والتحق كلّ فرع في هذه النشأة إلى أصله الذي منه انبعث ، ولم يبق فيها مخزونات نعم الأسرار والأنوار ، وأرزاق الأحكام والآثار لاختلال القابل ، وزوال المظهر الزائل كما ذكرنا صورة أخراوية روحانية ملائمة للنفس الناطقة في جميع أفاعيلها وخصائصها بحسبها من مادّة روحانية حاصلة للنفس من تلك الأخلاق والأعمال والقوى والملكات الصالحة .فتظهر بحقائقها وخصائصها وآثارها في تلك الصورة ظهورا يقتضي الدوام إلى الأبد غير مقيّدة بأجل معيّن وأمد معين واحد لأنّ مادّتها روحانية وحدانية نورية ، بخلاف هذه النشأة العنصرية الثقيلة المظلمة الحاصلة للنفس من عناصر مختلفة متباينة متضادّة تقتضي لحقائقها الانفكاك لولا جمع أحدية الجمع النفسي النفسي لها بحياته الروحية النورية الباقية .فاقتضت تلك النشأة الروحانية البقاء والدوام لرسوخ حقائقها وأصولها الروحانية في جوهر الروح أعني الأخلاق والنعوت والصفات والعلوم ودوام التجلَّي النفسي الإلهي فيها فإذا انتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة ، وظهرت النفوس والأرواح الإنسانية في صورها الروحانية البرزخية والمثالية والحشرية ، وغلبت الروحية على الصورية ، والنورية على الظلمة ، واختزن الحق الأسرار والأنوار والحقائق في تلك الصور الأخراوية ، " وَإِنَّ الدَّارَ الآخِرَةَ لَهِيَ الْحَيَوانُ ". كان الإنسان بأحدية جمعه ختما على تلك النشأة الأخراوية إلى الأبد ، فافهم .قال رضي الله عنه

The servant said: Know that the Abode of Existence is one, and its division into "this world" and "the hereafter" is relative to you, since these are two attributes of the human configuration (al-nashʾa al-insāniyya). The lowest of his existential, entitative configurations is the elemental configuration; it is "this world" (al-dunyā) either because of its lowness (danāʾa) relative to his luminous, divine configuration, or because of its nearness (dunuww) to the understanding of the human animal. And since the universal human configuration in this world is two configurations—a differentiated, discriminating (furqāniyya) configuration, and a unitary, all-comprehensive, Qurʾānic configuration—and this worldly configuration is dense, its form delimited and thin, from a matter combining darkness and light, mixed with the turbidities of grief and trials together with the luminosity of joy; and it too belongs to the category of the rational soul, and among the rational soul's faculties is the practical faculty, which is essential to it, and by it God fashions, for its sake, in every configuration and abode, a structured (haykaliyya) form, into which He sends down its meanings, and by which He manifests its faculties, properties, and realities, and preserves and safeguards it. And this configuration, combining light and darkness, does not require permanence in this order and constitution; it must inevitably undergo dissolution and termination, because the powers of its elemental temperament are not adequate, nor sufficient, for all that is in the soul of realities and subtleties. This reality is not hidden from illumined, pure intellects, for there is in the soul, among realities, that which does not become manifest through this heavy elemental configuration—such as its having a spiritual, luminous, subtle form suited to the spirit, its properties being in accordance with the spirit, not in accordance with the [bodily] temperament—unlike this lower, heavy, elemental configuration, in which the spirit and the soul are in accordance with it, and likewise their properties and realities. So since this configuration does not suffice for that, being from a discordant, contrary matter and a divergent yet interlocked hyle (hayūlā); and it has attained—praise be to God—during the span of its life, in which it inhabited the earth of its body, from virtuous character-traits, perfect dispositions, and knowledges and righteous deeds acquired, an actual perfection, such that all that was in potentiality became actual for it—God, exalted is He, engenders from that, by the soul's essential practical faculty, that which, when it is released from the treasury of this world, and God gathers back to Himself the lights of His Names—which are the realities of the treasuries of divine blessings and bounties, and the secrets of the treasuries of His aforementioned treasuries—gathering them gently, the lights of the self-disclosures withdraw back to the [divine] Presences, and the particular governing spirits withdraw to the universals of the spirits of the heavens, and every branch, in this configuration, rejoins its root from which it arose; and there remain in it none of the stored blessings of secrets and lights, nor the provisions of determinations and effects, on account of the disruption of the receptacle and the passing-away of the transient locus-of-manifestation—as we mentioned—[there arises] an otherworldly, spiritual form, suited to the rational soul in all its activities and properties, in accordance with it, from a spiritual matter obtained by the soul from those righteous character-traits, deeds, faculties, and dispositions. So it becomes manifest, with its realities, properties, and effects, in that form, a manifestation entailing permanence forever, not delimited by any specified term or fixed single span, because its matter is spiritual, unitary, luminous—unlike this heavy, dark elemental configuration, obtained by the soul from diverse, divergent, contrary elements, which necessitates dissolution for its realities, were it not for the gathering of the psychic unitary comprehensiveness through its abiding, luminous, spiritual life. So that spiritual configuration necessitates subsistence and permanence, owing to the firm-rootedness of its realities and spiritual principles in the substance of the spirit—I mean the character-traits, epithets, attributes, and knowledges—and the permanence of the divine, psychic self-disclosure within it. So when the matter passes over to the hereafter, and the human souls and spirits become manifest in their spiritual, isthmus-like, imaginal, and resurrection-related forms, and spirituality prevails over corporeality, and luminosity over darkness, and the Real stores the secrets, lights, and realities in those otherworldly forms—"And truly the Abode of the Hereafter is [true] Life"—the human being, through his unitary comprehensiveness, becomes a seal upon that otherworldly configuration forever; so understand. He, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ألا تراه إذا زال وفك من خزانة الدنيا لم تبق فيها ما اختزنه الحق فيها وخرج ما كان فيها، والتحق بعضه ببعض، وانتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة، فكانختما على خزانة الآخرة ختما أبديا﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

تعليل واستشهاد لقوله

This is an explanation and evidentiary support for his saying:

al-Tilimsānī

﴿ألا تراه إذا زال وفك من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اختزنه الحق فيها وخرج ما كان فيها والتحق بعضه ببعض، وانتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة فكان ختما على خزانة الآخرة ختما أبديا.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قلت: معناه إذا انقرض نسل آدم فإنما يكون بانحراف مزاج هذا العالم وذلك هو موت الإنسان الكبير وفيه جسم الإنسان الصغير فيموت بموته وذلك هو القيامة الكبرى قوله: (فظهر جميع ما في الصورة الإلهية من الأسماء في هذه النشأة الإنسانية، فحازت رتبة الإحاطة والجمع بهذا الوجود وبه قامت الحجة الله تعالى على الملائكة. فتحفظ فقد وعظك الله بغيرك، سأنظر من أين أتى على من أتى عليه .. فإن الملائكة لم تقف مع ما تعطيه نشأة هذا الخليفة، ولا وقفت مع ما تقتضيه حضرة الحق تعالى من العبادة الذاتية، فإنه ما يعرف أحد من الحق تعالى إلا ما تعطيه ذاته. وليس للملائكة جمعية آدم، ولا وقفت مع الأسماء الإلهية التي تخصها، وسبحت الحق بها وقدسته، وما علمت أن الله أسماء ما وصل علمها إليها، فما تغلب عليها ما ذكرناه، وحكم عليها هذا الحال فقالت من حيث النشأة: "أتجعل فيها من يفسد فيها" (البقرة: 30). وليس إلا النزاع وهو عين ما وقع منهم. فما قالوه في حق آدم هو عين ما هم فيه مع الحق. فلو لا أن نشأتهم تعطى ذلك ما قالوا في حق آدم ما قالوه وهم لا يشعرون. فلو عرفوا نفوسهم لعلموا، ولو علموا لعصموا. ثم لم يقفوا مع التجريح حتى زادوا في الدعوى بما هم عليه من التسبيح والتقديس. وعند آدم من الأسماء الإلهية ما لم تكن الملائكة عليها، فما سبحت ربها بها ولا قدسته عنها تقدس آدم وتسبيحه. فوصف الحق لنا ما جرى لنقف عنده ونتعلم الأدب مع الله تعالى فلا يدعى ما أنا محقق به و حاوى عليه بالتقييد. فكيف أن نطلق في الدعوى فنعم بها ما ليس لی بحال ولا أنا منه على علم فنفتضح؟ "فهذا التعريف الإلهي مما أدب الحق به عباده الأدباء الأمناء الخلفاء" قلت: يعني بالصورة الإلهية، الأسماء التي جمعت لأدم من قوله تعالى: "علم آدم الأسماء كلها" (البقرة: 31). قوله: وبه قامت الحجة لله تعالى على الملائكة، قلت: يعني قوله تعالى: " قال يا آدم أنبئهم بأسمائهم" إلى آخر الآية (البقرة: 33). قوله: وتحفظ فقد وعظك الله تعالى بغيرك، قلت: يعني وعظك الله بحال الملائكة حيث اعترضوا على ربهم تعالى في قوله: " أتجعل فيها من يفسد فيها ويسفك الدماء" في الآية (البقرة: 30). فهو، رضي الله عنه، يقول: تحفظ بالأدب مع الله تعالى، لأن الملائكة لم تقفوا مع ما تعطيه نشأة آدم الذي هو الخليفة من جميع الأسماء في ذاتها، فيروا أنهم تحت إحاطته ولا تقفوا مع ما تعطيه حضرة الحق تعالى من العبادة الذاتية التي ليست هي وظيفتهم من جهة أنهم لا يعرفون من الحق تعالى إلا بما تعطيه ذواتهم وكذلك غيرهم. فلم تعلم الملائكة أن جمعية آدم على الأسماء لم يعرفوها فما سبحوه بها ولا قدسته الملائكة بمعاني مراتبها. وقالت من حيث نشأة آدم : "أتجعل فيها من يفسد فيها " (البقرة: 30) لما رأت جسمه مرکبا من أركان متضادة. فعلمت أن بنيانه منهم: منهم : من يغلب عليه الركن الناري وهو الصفراء ، فيكون طیاشا خفيفا يتسرع إلى الأقوال والأفعال التي لا يتثبت فيها فيقع منه الفساد، يفعل ما لا ينبغي في الوقت الذي لا ينبغي. منهم: من يغلب عليه الركن الهوائي وهو الدم ، فيجد في جسده قوة تأمره بالانتقام ممن لا يستحق أن ينتقم منه. ومنهم : من يغلب عليه الجزء المائي وهو البلغم ، فيكون قاصرا عن الحركة فيما يجب أن يتحرك فيه، فيفوته ما يجب في الوقت الذي يجب، ويستبرده من غلب عليه الركن الهوائي الدموي فينشط إلى إفساد حاله، لأنه يطمع فيه لرخاوته هذا في طبع البشر. ومنهم: من يغلب عليه الركن الترابي ، فيكون السوداء غالبة عليه فيكون صاحب توهم ووسواس وأفكار ردية، فيفعل بمقتضاها ما لا يجب ويفوته ليبس مزاجه ما يجب. وهذه أحوال كلها تقتضي الفساد فأشارت الملائكة إلى ذلك بقولهم: "أتجعل فيها من يفسد فيها ويسفك الدماء " (البقرة: 30). وما علمت أن آدم والخواص من بنيه ممن ذكر في هذه الفصوص، لهم الاعتدال الذي يقتضي لهم قول ما يجب، وفعل ما يجب في الوقت الذي يجب، وأن ذلك الاعتدال يقتضي لهم أن يكون نشأتهم جامعة الأسماء إلهية ليست عند الملائكة. و قوله : ( ثم نرجع إلى الحكمة فتقول: أعلم أن الأمور الكلية وإن لم يكن لها وجود في عينها فهي معقولة معلومة بلا شك في الذهن، فهي باطنة لا تزال عن الوجود العینی. ولها الحكم والأثر في كل ما له وجود عینی، بل هو عينها لا غيرها أعنی أعيان الموجودات العينية، ولم تزل عن كونها معقولة فهي الظاهرة من حيث أعيان الموجودات كما هي الباطنة من حيث معقوليتها. فاستناد کل موجود عینی لهذه الأمور الكلية التي لا يمكن رفعها عن العقل، ولا يمكن وجودها في العين وجودا تزول به عن أن تكون معقولة. وسواء كان ذلك الوجود العینی مؤقتا أو غير موقت، نسبة المؤقت وغير المؤقت إلى هذا الأمر الكلى المعقول نسبة واحدة. غير أن هذا الأمر الكلی يرجع إليه حكم من الموجودات العينية بحسب ما تطلبه حقائق تلك الموجودات العينية، کنسبة العلم إلى العالم، والحياة إلى الحي. فالحياة حقيقة معقولة والعلم حقيقة معقولة متميزة عن الحياة، كما أن الحياة متميزة عنه. ثم نقول في الحق تعالى: إن له علما وحياة فهو الحى العالم. ونقول في حق الملك: إن له علما وحياة فهو الحي والعالم. ونقول في الإنسان: إن له علما وحياة فهو الحي والعالم. وحقيقة العلم واحدة، وحقيقة الحياة واحدة، ونسبتها إلى العالم والحي نسبة واحدة. ونقول في علم الحق: إنه قدیم، وفي علم الإنسان إنه محدث. فانظر ما أحدثته الإضافة من الحكم في هذه الحقيقة المعقولة، وانظر إلى هذا الارتباط بين المعقولات والموجودات العينية. فكما حكم العلم على من قام به أن يقال فيه: عالم، حكم الموصوف به على العلم بأنه حادث في حق الحادث، قديم في حق القديم. فصار كل واحد محكوما به محكوما عليه. ومعلوم أن هذه الأمور الكلية وإن كانت معقولة فإنها معدومة العين موجودة الحكم، كما هي محكوم عليها إذا نسبت إلى الوجود العيني. فتقبل الحكم في الأعيان الموجودة ولا تقبل التفصيل والتجزيء. فإن ذلك محال عليها، فإنها بذاتها في كل موصوف بها كالإنسانية في كل شخص شخص من هذا النوع الخاص لم تتفصل ولم تتعدد بتعدد الأشخاص ولا برحت معقولة. وإذا كان الارتباط بين من له وجود عيني وبين من ليس له وجود عینی قد ثبت، وهي نسب عدمية، فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعقل لأنه على كل حال بينها جامع وهو الوجود العينى وهناك فما ثم جامع. وقد وجد الارتباط بعدم الجامعة فبالجامع أحق. ولا شك أن المحدث قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدث أحدثه ولإمكانه بنفسه. فوجوده من غيره، فهو مرتبط به ارتباط افتقار. ولا بد أن يكون المستند إليه واجب الوجود بذاته غنيا في وجوده بنفسه غیر مفتقر، وهو الذي أعطى الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث فانتسب إليه. ولما اقتضاه لذاته كان واجبا به. ولما كان استناده إلى من ظهر لذاته، اقتضى أن يكون على صورته فيما ينسب إليه من كل شيء من اسم وصفة ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي فإن ذلك لا يصح في الحادث وإن كان واجب الوجود لكن وجوبه بغيره لا بنفسه. ثم لتعلم أنه لما كان الأمر على ما قلناه من ظهوره بصورته، أحالنا تعالی في العلم به على النظر في الحادث وذكر أنه أرانا آياته فيه "وفينا" فاستدللنا بنا عليه. " سَنُرِيهِمْ آيَاتِنَا فِي الْآفَاقِ وَفِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ أَوَلَمْ يَكْفِ بِرَبِّكَ أَنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ (53)" سورة فصلت فما وصفناه بوصف إلا كنا نحن ذلك الوصف إلا الوجوب الخاص الذاتي. فلما علمناه بنا ومنا نسينا إليه كل ما نسبناه إلينا. وبذلك وردت الإخبارات الإلهية على ألسنة التراجم إلينا. فوصف نفسه لنا بنا، فإذا شهدناه شهدنا نفوسنا، وإذا شهدنا شهد نفسه. ولا شك أنا كثيرون بالشخص والنوع، وأنا وإن كنا على حقيقة واحدة تجمعنا فنعلم قطعا أن ثم فارقا به تمیزت الأشخاص بعضها عن بعض، ولولا ذلك ما كانت الكثرة في الواحد. فكذلك أيضا، وإن وصفنا بما وصف نفسه من جميع الوجوه فلا بد من فارق، وليس إلا افتقارنا إليه في الوجود وتوقف وجودنا عليه الإمكاننا وغناه عن مثل ما افتقرنا إليه. فبهذا صح له الأزل والقدم الذي انتفت عنه الأولية التي لها افتتاح الوجود عن عدم. فلا تنسب إليه مع كونه الأول. ولهذا قيل فيه الآخر.) الأمور الكلية : قلت: قد ترکت ما قبل هذا الكلام لأنه لا يحتاج إلى شرح وأما هذا ففيه ذكر الكليات فنحن الآن نتكلم في معنى ما قاله سيدنا، رضي الله عنه. فيها فنقول : إن الأمور الكلية التي ذكرها، رضي الله عنه، قد تكلم فيها المنطقيون وقد تنزل شيخنا، رضي الله عنه، إلى مبالغ عقولهم في حقيقتها. فالذي قاله فيها مقول لكني رأيت أن أتكلم بما عندي فيها مما يوافق ما سكت شيخن ، رضي الله عنه، فلم يذكره ههنا وإن كان يعرفه لأنه، رضي الله عنه، أراد أن يؤنس الحكماء والمتكلمين بتنزله إلى مبلغهم. فأقول: إن كلام الشيخ هاهنا وإن فهم منه تارة أن وجود هذه الكليات ذهني وتارة أن وجودها هو الذي في الأعيان الخارجية فهو في الأمرين قد تنزل إلى مخاطبة المحجوبين عنها في مراتبهم ولا شك أن هذه الكليات معان في قوة النور الأزلي فنذكرها في ثلاثة أقسام: أحدها: ما هي؟ والثاني: ما خاصتها؟ والثالث: ما الذي يعرض لها؟ فأما القسم الأول: فإن حقيقتها معانی معلومات الحق، تبارك وتعالى، وهي لا تتناهي كما أن العلم بها لا يتناهى وفي وجود العلم الذاتي الإلهي هي أعيان متمايزة وليس كل معنى منها كليا , بل كل معنى منها صور جزئیاته متمايزة وليس هو إلا صور جزئياته . ولما كان كل معنى منها ينفصل جزئیاته إلى غير نهاية بقيت تلك المعاني كأنها في التمثيل سلاسل وكل كعب من السلسلة مثلا هو صورة مسئلة من صور العلم الإلهي فوجودها في العلم الإلهي متميز ولا شيء منها يسبق شيئا. فإن العلم الإلهي لا يدخل تحت الزمان بل الزمان ودقائق أجزاء الجميع هو من صور العلم الإلهي. فالماضي والمستقبل كلاهما للعلم الإلهي حاضرة، والتجدد من جملة صور علمه تعالی مفصلا باز منته أزلا وأبدا وهذا أمر مشهود عند من كمل له السفر الثاني من أهل الشهود الذاتي، فما يتجدد لعلم الله تعالی وقد ورد علي في الخلوة خطاب في هذه الحقيقة وهو قوله تعالى: لم يتجدد له التجدد فأين التجدد؟ ما ثم إثنان يضاف أحدهما إلى الآخر فأين التعدد؟ ينظر الضد إلى ضده في الأحدية بعين الملائمة والتودد فنعود ونقول: إذا كانت هذه الكليات لا وجود لها إلا صور جزئیات في العلم الإلهي فإذن كل كلي ليس هو معنی مفردا يطابق كل فرد فرد كما يقوله الحكماء. بل هو الأعيان المتمايزة أنفسه، لكن جزئیات کل کلي تكون متشابهة في صورة ما يسميها الحكماء الفصل المميز. لكن الأوائل من الحكماء تخيلوا في ضبط جزئیات کل کلي تخيلة هي حسية في كونها تضبط ما لا يتناهى، فأخذوا يقولون: إن الكلی مفرد تسهيلا على عقول الضعفاء فصيروا الكلي ضابطا واحدا يشمل ما لا يتناهى. فلما جاء المتأخرون ظنوا أن الأوائل نصوا على أن كل كلي هو معنی مفرد يحمل على ما تحته وليس في وجود الحق، تبارك وتعالى، شيء واحد يكون هو حقيقة أشياء كثيرة حتى المركز بالنسبة إلى نقط المحيط. فإن المركز وإن كانت نقطة واحدة متوهمة وكل نقطة في المحيط لها إليه مواجهة وهو واحد وفيه قوي مواجهة النقط الكثيرة . فإن ذلك أيضا ليس كما يتوهمه القائلون بذلك بل كل نقطة في المحيط تواجهه مواجهة تلقى نقطة المركز كلها لكن من جهة غير الجهة التي تواجهها النقطة الأخرى وإن وقعت كل مواجهة من نقطة المركز على عينه ما وقعت عليه النقطة الأخرى. فإن قالوا: إن الكلي الطبيعي هو في الخارج. قلنا: هو حصص متمايزة فليس بمفرد. فإن قالوا: إن الكلي المنطقي هو في الذهن واحد. قلنا: ما فهمتم، لان كل ذهن يتشكل فيه صورة لذلك الكلي مثلا هي غير الشكل الذي يتشكل في ذهن. فإن قالوا: فاعتبر ذلك في ذهن واحد تجد الكلي واحدا. قلنا: وليس كذلك أيضا بل كل ما تصوره الذهن الواحد كليا ما ثم ذهل عنه أو نسيه، ثم يتشکل بعد ذلك في ذلك الذهن بعينه، فذلك المتشکل هو صورة أخرى مغاير للأولى بالعدد وأنتم تقولون: إن الكلي واحد، فإذن هو واحد لا واحد وهو جمع بين النقيضين والصحيح أن الكلي إنما جعلناه واحدا تقريبا للأفهام وضابطا ينضبط لنا به الكثرة في الواحد. فنرجع فنقول: إن المعاني التي سميت كلية، وجودها الذي لا يتغير إنما هو في العلم الأزلي الذي لا يتغير، وجزئيات ذلك الكلي هي مفصلة في العلم الأزلي أيضا كما قدمنا فهذا هو الكلي. وقد قال ثامسطيوس : إن الكلي مأخوذ من تشبيه خفي في الأشخاص وهو إما أن لا يكون شيئا ألبتة أو يتأخر تأخرا كثيرا عن الأشخاص. والصحيح أنه كما ذكره ثامیسطيوس في قوله: إنه مأخوذ من تشبيه خفي في الأشخاص. وأما قوله: إنه ليس بشيء فهو أيضا حق لأنه ما له ذات غير اعتبار ذهني والاعتبارات نسب لا وجود لذواتها بل الوجود للذهن لا لها وإذا لم يكن له ذات. فقولنا: إنه متأخر تأخرا كثيرا عن الأشخاص ما له معنى لكنا إذا قررنا في الذهن ضابطا فهو ضابط حسن. وأما خاصة هذا الكلي، فإنه لا يتحقق حقيقة إلا إذا اعتبرته في علم الله تعالى الذي لا يتغير وأما في الأذهان فكل من نسيه ثم ذكره فالمنسي غير المذكور، فهو المختص بعلم الله تعالى وأما غيره من المعلومات فقد يحس ويعقل ويعلم. وأما ما يعرض له ولغيره، فمدده في وجوده من النور الذي اقتطعه الحق تعالى وأودع فيه ما أودع من مخلوقاته. وأما ما بعد قوله

I say: its meaning is that when the progeny of Adam becomes extinct, this occurs only through the derangement of the constitution (mizāj) of this world, and that is the death of the Macrocosm (al-insān al-kabīr), within which is the body of the microcosm (al-insān al-ṣaghīr), which dies with its death; and that is the Greater Resurrection. His saying: (So all that is in the Divine Form of the Names became manifest in this human configuration (nash'a), and thereby it attained the rank of comprehensive encompassment and totality through this existence, and by it the proof of God, Exalted, was established against the angels. So be on your guard, for God has admonished you through another; I shall consider from whence came that which came upon him who it came upon... For the angels did not stop with what the configuration of this vicegerent (khalīfa) yields, nor did they stop with what the Presence of the Real, Exalted, requires by way of essential worship (al-'ibāda al-dhātiyya); for none knows the Real, Exalted, except through what his own essence (dhāt) yields to him. The angels do not possess Adam's comprehensiveness (jam'iyya), nor did they stop with the divine Names proper to him, by which he glorified and sanctified the Real — and they did not know that God has Names their knowledge did not reach. So what we have mentioned overcame them, and this state ruled over them, and so they said, from the standpoint of [Adam's] configuration: 'Will You place therein one who will work corruption therein?' (2:30). It was nothing but contention, and that is precisely what occurred from them. For what they said concerning Adam is precisely what they themselves were in relation to the Real. Had their own configuration not entailed that, they would not have said what they said concerning Adam — and they were not aware of it. Had they known themselves, they would have known; and had they known, they would have refrained. Then they did not stop at censure, but went further in their claim by virtue of the glorification (tasbīḥ) and sanctification (taqdīs) they possessed. Yet Adam possessed of the divine Names what the angels did not possess, and they did not glorify their Lord by them nor sanctify Him from them as Adam sanctified and glorified. So the Real described to us what occurred, that we might halt at it and learn courtesy (adab) with God, Exalted, so that none should claim, by restriction, what he is not verified in nor encompasses. How then should we give free rein in claiming, affirming of ourselves what is not our state, of which we have no knowledge, and thereby be exposed to disgrace? 'This is a divine instruction (ta'rīf) by which the Real disciplined His servants, the courteous, the trustworthy, the vicegerents.') I say: by 'the Divine Form' he means the Names that were gathered for Adam, from His saying, Exalted: 'He taught Adam the names, all of them' (2:31). His saying: 'and by it the proof of God, Exalted, was established against the angels' — I say: he means His saying, Exalted: 'He said, O Adam, inform them of their names' to the end of the verse (2:33). His saying: 'So be on your guard, for God has admonished you through another' — I say: he means, God has admonished you through the state of the angels, when they objected to their Lord, Exalted, in His saying: 'Will You place therein one who will work corruption therein and shed blood?' (2:30). So he, may God be pleased with him, is saying: guard yourself through courtesy with God, Exalted, for the angels did not stop with what the configuration of Adam — who is the vicegerent possessing all the Names in his very essence — yields, so as to see themselves under his encompassment; nor did they stop with what the Presence of the Real, Exalted, requires by way of essential worship, which is not their function, inasmuch as they know of the Real, Exalted, only what their own essences yield to them, and likewise others. The angels did not know that Adam's comprehensiveness with respect to the Names was something they did not know, so they did not glorify Him by it, nor did the angels sanctify Him by the meanings of its ranks. And they said, from the standpoint of Adam's configuration: 'Will You place therein one who will work corruption therein?' (2:30), because they saw his body composed of opposing elements (arkān). So they knew that his constitution comprises these: among them is one in whom the fiery element predominates, which is yellow bile, so he is impetuous, light, quick to speech and action without deliberation, so that corruption issues from him — he does what is unfitting at a time when it is unfitting. Among them is one in whom the airy element predominates, which is blood, so he finds in his body a force commanding him to take vengeance upon one who does not deserve it. Among them is one in whom the watery element predominates, which is phlegm, so he is deficient in movement where movement is required, missing what is due at the time it is due, and he is exploited by the one in whom the sanguine-airy element predominates, who becomes active in corrupting his condition, because he covets him for his laxity — this describes the temperament of humankind. And among them is one in whom the earthy element predominates, so that black bile predominates in him, and he becomes given to suspicion, whispering (waswās), and corrupt thoughts, acting according to their requirement in what is not fitting, and missing, through the dryness of his constitution, what is fitting. All these states entail corruption, and the angels alluded to this by their saying: 'Will You place therein one who will work corruption therein and shed blood?' (2:30). But they did not know that Adam, and the elect among his progeny mentioned in these Fuṣūṣ, possess the equilibrium (i'tidāl) that requires of them the saying of what is fitting and the doing of what is fitting at the time it is fitting, and that this equilibrium requires that their configuration be comprehensive of divine Names that the angels do not possess. And his saying: (Then let us return to the wisdom (ḥikma) and say: Know that universal matters (al-umūr al-kulliyya), even though they have no existence in their own entity ('ayn), are nevertheless intelligible, known without doubt in the mind; so they are nonmanifest (bāṭina), yet never absent from concrete existence (wujūd 'aynī). They possess ruling authority (ḥukm) and effect in everything that has concrete existence — indeed, they are its very self and nothing else, I mean the entities (a'yān) of concretely existing things — and they never cease to be intelligible; so they are the manifest (ẓāhir) from the standpoint of the entities of existent things, just as they are the nonmanifest from the standpoint of their intelligibility. So the reliance of every concretely existing thing is upon these universal matters, which can neither be removed from the intellect, nor can they exist concretely in a manner that would remove them from being intelligible. Whether that concrete existence be temporally bound or not, the relation (nisba) of the temporally bound and the non-temporally bound to this universal intelligible matter is one and the same relation — except that ruling authority accrues to this universal matter from concretely existing things according to what the realities of those existing things require, like the relation of knowledge to the knower, and life to the living. For life is an intelligible reality, and knowledge is an intelligible reality distinct from life, just as life is distinct from it. Then we say of the Real, Exalted: He has knowledge and life, so He is the Living, the Knowing. And we say of the angel: he has knowledge and life, so he is living and knowing. And we say of man: he has knowledge and life, so he is living and knowing. The reality of knowledge is one, and the reality of life is one, and their relation to the knower and the living is one relation. And we say of the Real's knowledge: it is eternal (qadīm); and of man's knowledge: it is originated (muḥdath). So consider what the addition of relation has produced by way of ruling authority in this intelligible reality, and consider this connection (irtibāṭ) between intelligibles and concretely existing things. Just as knowledge rules over him in whom it subsists, that he be called 'knowing,' so the one qualified by it rules over knowledge — that it be [termed] originated with respect to the originated, eternal with respect to the eternal. Thus each becomes both ruler and ruled-upon. And it is known that these universal matters, though intelligible, are nonexistent in entity yet existent in ruling authority, just as they are ruled-upon when related to concrete existence. So they accept ruling authority in existent entities, but do not accept division and fragmentation, for that is impossible with respect to them; for they, in their very selves, are in every one qualified by them like humanity (al-insāniyya) in every single individual of this particular species — it is not divided nor multiplied by the multiplicity of individuals, nor does it cease to be intelligible. And if the connection between what has concrete existence and what has no concrete existence has been established — these being privative relations ('adamiyya) — then the connection of existent things with one another is more fitting to be conceived, because in any case there is between them a uniting factor (jāmi'), namely concrete existence, whereas there [between existent and nonexistent] there is no uniting factor. And connection has been found despite the absence of a uniting factor; so with a uniting factor it is more fitting still. There is no doubt that the originated thing has had its origination and its need for an originator established, its possibility being through itself; so its existence is from other than itself, and it is connected to it with a connection of need (iftiqār). And that upon which it relies must be necessary of existence through its own essence (wājib al-wujūd bi-dhātihi), self-sufficient (ghanī) in its existence through itself, without need — and it is that which gave existence, through its own essence, to this originated thing, so that the latter is ascribed to it. And since [the originated thing] required it for its own essence, it became necessary through it. And since its reliance was upon that which manifested through its own essence, this required that it be upon its form (ṣūra) in everything ascribed to it — of name and attribute — except essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī), for that is not valid in the originated thing, even though it be necessary of existence, its necessity being through other than itself, not through itself. Then know that, since the matter is as we have said — namely, His manifestation through His form — He has referred us, in the knowledge of Him, to reflection upon the originated thing, and has mentioned that He shows us His signs in it 'and in ourselves,' so that we infer Him by means of ourselves: 'We shall show them Our signs in the horizons and in themselves, until it becomes clear to them that He is the Real. Does it not suffice concerning your Lord that He is witness over all things?' (41:53). So we have not described Him with any description but that we ourselves were that description, except the specific essential necessity. So when we knew Him through ourselves and by ourselves, we ascribed to Him everything we ascribed to ourselves; and by this the divine reports came to us upon the tongues of the interpreters. So He described Himself to us by means of ourselves; so when we witness Him, we witness ourselves, and when we witness ourselves, He witnesses Himself. There is no doubt that we are many, in individual (shakhṣ) and in species (naw'); and although we share one reality (ḥaqīqa) uniting us, we know with certainty that there is a differentiating factor by which individuals are distinguished one from another — for were it not so, there would be no multiplicity within unity. Likewise, even though we are described by everything with which He described Himself, in every respect, there must be a differentiating factor, and it is nothing but our need (iftiqār) for Him in existence, and the dependence of our existence upon Him owing to our possibility (imkān), and His self-sufficiency from the like of that for which we have need. By this, then, His eternality (azal) and everlastingness (qidam) are validly established, from which is negated the primordiality (awwaliyya) that entails the inauguration of existence out of nonexistence; so that is not ascribed to Him, even though He is the First — and for this reason He is also called the Last.) I say: as for the 'universal matters' — I have omitted what precedes this discourse, since it needs no commentary; but as for this [passage], it contains a discussion of universals, so let us now speak concerning the meaning of what our master, may God be pleased with him, said about them. We say: the universal matters he mentioned have been discussed by the logicians, and our shaykh, may God be pleased with him, descended to the level of their intellects regarding their reality. What he said about them is a valid saying, but I have seen fit to speak of what I myself hold concerning them, in agreement with what our shaykh passed over in silence — not mentioning it here, though he knew it — because he wished to put the philosophers (ḥukamā') and theologians (mutakallimūn) at ease by descending to their level. So I say: the shaykh's discourse here, although understood at times to mean that the existence of these universals is mental (dhihnī), and at other times that their existence is that which is in external entities, has in both respects descended to address those veiled from them, at their respective ranks. There is no doubt that these universals are meanings within the power of the eternal Light, and we shall treat them under three headings: first, what are they? second, what is their special property? and third, what befalls them? As for the first heading: their reality consists of meanings known to the Real, Blessed and Exalted, and they are without end, just as knowledge of them is without end. In the existence of the essential divine knowledge, they are distinct entities, and not every meaning among them is universal; rather, every meaning among them consists of the forms of its distinct particulars, and is nothing but the forms of its particulars. And since each of these meanings has particulars separating out without end, these meanings remain, as it were — by way of illustration — like chains, and every link of the chain, for example, is the form of a single matter among the forms of divine knowledge. So their existence in divine knowledge is distinct, and none of them precedes another, for divine knowledge does not fall under time; rather time and the minutest parts of everything are among the forms of divine knowledge. So past and future are both present to divine knowledge, and renewal (tajaddud) belongs among the totality of the forms of His knowledge, differentiated from pre-eternity to post-eternity. This is a matter witnessed by one who has completed the second journey (al-safar al-thānī), among the people of essential witnessing (ahl al-shuhūd al-dhātī); for nothing is renewed for the knowledge of God, Exalted. And there came to me, in spiritual retreat (khalwa), an address concerning this reality, namely His saying: 'No renewal is renewed for Him — so where is renewal? There are not two, one related to the other — so where is multiplicity? The opposite looks upon its opposite, in Oneness, with the eye of concord and affection.' So let us return and say: since these universals have no existence except as forms of particulars in divine knowledge, then every universal is not a single meaning corresponding identically to every individual, as the philosophers say; rather, it is the distinct entities themselves — but the particulars of each universal are similar in the form of what the philosophers call the 'distinguishing differentia' (al-faṣl al-mumayyiz). But the ancients among the philosophers, in seeking to fix the particulars of each universal, resorted to a sensory-type imagining in order to encompass what is without end; so they began to say that the universal is a single [meaning], as a simplification for weak minds, thereby making the universal a single determinant (ḍābiṭ) encompassing what is without end. Then, when the later thinkers came, they supposed that the ancients had stated categorically that every universal is a single meaning predicated of what falls under it — whereas in the existence of the Real, Blessed and Exalted, there is nothing single that is the reality of many things, not even the center with respect to the points of the circumference. For the center, although it is a single imagined point, and every point on the circumference has, toward it, a facing (muwājaha), and it is one, and within it are the powers of facing the many points — even this is not as those who hold this view imagine; rather every point on the circumference faces it with a facing that meets the point of the center in its entirety, but from a direction other than that by which another point faces it, even though each facing, proceeding from the point of the center, falls upon the very thing upon which the other point's facing fell. If they say: the natural universal (al-kullī al-ṭabī'ī) is in the external world — we say: it is distinct portions, and so is not single. If they say: the logical universal (al-kullī al-manṭiqī) is single in the mind — we say: you have not understood, for in every mind a form of that universal takes shape which is other, for example, than the shape that takes form in [another] mind. If they say: then consider that in a single mind you will find the universal to be one — we say: nor is that so either; rather, everything that a single mind conceives as universal — once it becomes oblivious of it or forgets it, and then it takes shape again in that very same mind — that which takes shape is another form, numerically different from the first; yet you say the universal is one — so it is then one not-one, which combines contradictories. The correct view is that we have only made the universal one as an approximation for understanding, and as a determinant by which multiplicity within unity is fixed for us. So let us return and say: the meanings called 'universal' — their existence, which does not change, is only in the eternal knowledge which does not change, and the particulars of that universal are differentiated within eternal knowledge as well, as we said before; and this is the universal. Themistius (Thāmisṭiyūs) said: the universal is derived from a hidden resemblance among individuals, and it is either nothing at all, or it lags very far behind individuals. The correct view is as Themistius stated in his saying that it is derived from a hidden resemblance among individuals. As for his statement that it is not a thing — this too is true, for it has no essence apart from a mental consideration ('i'tibār), and mental considerations are relations having no existence of their own essences; rather existence belongs to the mind, not to them. And since it has no essence, our statement that it 'lags very far behind individuals' has no [real] meaning; but when we posit a determinant in the mind, it is a good determinant. As for the special property of this universal, it is not realized in truth except when considered in the knowledge of God, Exalted, which does not change; but in minds, whoever forgets it and then recalls it — the forgotten is other than the recalled; so it [true universality] is specific to the knowledge of God, Exalted. As for other things known, they may be sensed, intellected, and known. As for what befalls it and other than it — its sustenance in existence comes from the Light which the Real, Exalted, cut off [a portion of] and deposited within it what He deposited of His creatures. As for what comes after his saying...

Ibn Turka

﴿ألا تراه إذا زال وفكّ الختم من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اختزنه الحقّ فيها﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

من المعاني الوضعيّة والأحكام الشرعيّة الأصليّة منها والفرعيّة ( وخرج ) - أي طلع وظهر -

— of the conventional meanings and the legal ordinances, both fundamental and derivative — ("and there emerged") — that is, arose and became manifest —

Jāmī

﴿ألا تراه﴾

أي الإنسان الكامل

i.e., the perfect human,

Bālī Zāde

﴿ألا تراه﴾

وهو إتيانه الدليل للمحجوبين يكون العالم محفوظا بالإنسان الكامل وخرابة بدونه

— this being his bringing forth of the proof for the veiled — that the world is preserved through the Perfect Human, and ruined without him?

Bosnevî

﴿الا تراه﴾

ای الانسان الکامل الذی هو الختم علی خزانة الدنیا (اذاخرج) وفی بعض النسخ

That is, the insān kāmil (perfect human), who is the seal upon the treasury of this world. (idhā kharaja, "when he goes out"); and in some copies:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿إذا زال وفك﴾

أي، فارق وانتقل من الدنيا إلى الآخرة ولم يبق في الأفراد الإنساني من يكون متصفا بكماله ليقوم مقامه، ينتقل معه الخزائن الإلهية إلى الآخرة، إذ الكمالات كلها ما كانت قائمة مجموعة ومنحصرة محفوظة إلا به، فلما انتقل، انتقلت معه ولم يبق في خزانة الدنيا ما اختزنه الحق فيها من الكمالات. فان قلت: الكامل ختم حافظ للخزائن، ولا يلزم من انتقال الختم الحافظ انتقال الخزائن، فكيف قال

That is, he parts from and transfers from this world to the hereafter, and no one remains among individual human beings characterized by his [degree of] perfection to stand in his place; so the divine treasuries transfer with him to the hereafter, since all the perfections were only established, gathered, confined, and preserved through him. So when he transferred, they transferred with him, and nothing remained in the treasury of this world of what the Real had stored within it of perfections. If you should say: The Perfect one is a preserving seal upon the treasuries, and it does not follow from the transfer of the preserving seal that the treasuries [themselves] transfer — so how did he say:

﴿إذا زال وفك﴾

أي الخاتم. قوله : "وينتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة، فيكون ختما أبديا على خزانة الآخرة" . وقال في نقش الفصوص: "تخرب الدنيا بزواله وتنتقل العمارة إلى الآخرة من أجله" . وفي جميع كتبه إشارة إلى هذا المعنى. ولولا مخافة التطويل، لأوردت ذلك بألفاظه. بل آخريته عبارة عن فناء الموجودات ذاتا وصفة وفعلا في ذاته وصفاته وأفعاله بظهور القيامة الكبرى ورجوع الأمر إليه كله. وإنما قال: (بعد نسبته إلينا) لأن هذه الأشياء كانت لله تعالى أولا، ثم نسبت إلينا، فعند الرجوع إلى أصلها تفنى فيه. كفناء القطرة في البحر وذوبان الجليد في الماء، فلا ينعدم أصلا، بل ينعدم تعينها وتستهلك في التعين الذاتي الذي منه تفرعت التعينات، لأن أصله كان عدما، فيرجع إلى أصله. لذلك قيل: "التوحيد إسقاط الإضافات." وقد يحصل رجوع الأمر إليه قبل القيامة الكبرى بالقيامة الدائمة المشاهدةللعارفين. وهو نوع من أنواع القيامات. وذلك لأن الحق تعالى في كل آن يخلقخلقا جديدا، كما قال: (بل هم في لبس من خلق جديد). ويمد الأكوان بأنواعالتجليات الذاتية والصفاتية، ويصل ذلك الفيض إلى الإنسان الذي هو آخرالموجودات، ثم يرجع منه بالانسلاخ المعنوي إلى ربه. وقد جاء في الحديث أيضا: "إن ملائكة النهار ترجع إلى الحضرة عند الليل، وملائكة الليل ترجعإليها عند النهار، ويخبرون الحق بأفعال العباد وهو أعلم بها منهم". وإذا كان الأمر كذلك، فهو أول في عين آخريته وآخر في عين أوليته. وهما دائمتان أزلا وأبدا. قوله

— that is, the seal. His saying: 'and the matter transfers to the hereafter, so he becomes an everlasting seal upon the treasury of the hereafter.' And he said in Naqsh al-Fuṣūṣ: 'This world falls into ruin by his departure, and the [new] habitation transfers to the hereafter because of him.' And in all his books there is an allusion to this meaning. Were it not for fear of prolixity, I would have quoted this in his own words. Rather, his 'lastness' (ākhiriyya) is an expression for the annihilation (fanāʾ) of existent things — in essence, attribute, and act — within His Essence, His Attributes, and His Acts, through the manifestation of the Greatest Resurrection (al-qiyāma al-kubrā) and the return of the whole matter to Him. And he said 'after their attribution to us' because these things belonged to God, exalted is He, first, then were attributed to us; so when they return to their origin, they are annihilated within it — like the annihilation of the droplet in the sea, and the melting of ice in water. It does not become utterly nonexistent, rather its [particular] determination (taʿayyun) becomes nonexistent and is absorbed into the essential determination (al-taʿayyun al-dhātī) from which the [various] determinations branched, since its root was [originally] nonexistence, so it returns to its root. For this reason it was said: 'Tawḥīd (Divine Unity) is the dropping of relational attributions (isqāṭ al-iḍāfāt).' And the return of the matter to Him may occur before the Greatest Resurrection, through the perpetual resurrection (al-qiyāma al-dāʾima) witnessed by the gnostics (ʿārifīn) — which is one type among the types of resurrections. This is because the Real, exalted is He, creates a new creation at every instant, as He said: 'Nay, but they are in confusion regarding a new creation.' And He extends the cosmos with the various kinds of essential and attributive self-disclosures (al-tajalliyāt al-dhātiyya wa-l-ṣifātiyya), and that effusion (fayḍ) reaches the human being, who is the last of existent things, then it returns from him, through spiritual disrobing (al-insilākh al-maʿnawī), to his Lord. It has also come in the ḥadīth: 'The angels of the day return to the [Divine] Presence at nightfall, and the angels of the night return to it at daybreak, and they inform the Real of the deeds of His servants — though He is more knowing of them than they are.' And if the matter is thus, then he is First in the very reality of his Lastness, and Last in the very reality of his Firstness — both being perpetual, eternally and everlastingly. His saying:

Jāmī

﴿إذا زال﴾

بأن يرتحل خاتم الولاية المطلقة . فلا يظهر بعده إنسان كامل

, in that the seal of absolute sainthood (khatm al-walāya al-muṭlaqa) departs, so that no perfect human appears after him,

Bālī Zāde

﴿إذا زال وفك … من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اختزنه الحق فيها وخرج ما كان فيها﴾

بأسرها دفعة واحدة إلى الشهادة الدنيوية

comes forth entirely, in a single instant, into the worldly witnessed-realm (al-shahāda al-dunyawiyya).

Bosnevî

﴿اذا زال وفك من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اخترته الحق فيها﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

یعنی خزانه دنیانک ختمی اولان انسان کاملی کورمز میسنکه چونکم خزانه دنیا دن چیقوب فک اولنسه حق تعالی دنیاده اختران ایده جک دنیاده رشی قالمز زیرا حقایق عالم خزائنی جمعیت الهیه اسمائیه مظهری اولان انسان کامل ایله* معموره در• پس انسان کامل دنیادن خروج ایتسه حقایق عالمدن هر بر حقیقتده انک احدیت جمعیه سندن بحسب المحل سریان ایدوب ظهور ایدن امداد الهی وتجلی ربانی دخی حقایق عالمدن منقطع اولوب ینه اصلنه رجوع ایدوب متقلص اواور* پس انوثت مرتبه سنده اولان حقایق عالم باطننده ذکورت طبقه سنده اولان اسماء الهیه الجاد ابدوب اختران اختران ایتدیکی اسرار الهیددن واظهار ایدهجک صور نوعیة کونیه دن خالی قالور اختران ایده جک انده برشی قالمز* پس معلوم اولدی که انسان کامل باطنی له عالم خزینه سنک روحی واصلیدر وصورت ظاهره سیله خزان عالمک ختمیدر فهو الظاهر والباطن)

That is, do you not see the insān kāmil (perfect human), who is the seal of the treasury of this world? When he goes out of the treasury of this world and is released [from it], there remains nothing in this world that the Real (exalted is He) would store in this world. For the treasuries of the realities of the ʿālam (world) are kept flourishing by the insān kāmil, who is the maẓhar (locus of manifestation) of the divine all-comprehensiveness of the names. So if the insān kāmil goes out of this world, the divine succour (imdād) and lordly tajallī (self-disclosure) are also cut off from the realities of the world. [This is the succour and self-disclosure] that, pervading from his aḥadiyyat al-jamʿiyya (unity of all-comprehensiveness) according to the locus, become manifest in each reality among the realities of the world. They return again to their origin and contract. So [the world] remains devoid of the divine secrets and of the specific, engendered forms that would be made manifest. [These are the secrets] that the divine names, which are in the rank of masculinity, brought into being and stored within the realities of the world, which are in the level of femininity. Nothing remains in it that would be stored. So it has become known that the insān kāmil, by his inner [aspect], is the spirit and root of the world's treasury, and by his outward form is the seal of the world's treasuries. ("So he is the Manifest and the Hidden.")

Jāmī

﴿وفك من خزانة الدنيا لم يبق فيها ما اختزنه الحق سبحانه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

من الحقائق المظهرية والأسماء الإلهية الظاهرة به

of the loci-of-manifestation realities and the divine names manifest through it,

Words 78–83 · 1 of 8

لَمْ يَبْقَ فِيهَا مَا اخْتَزَنَهُ الحَقُّ

Only al-Qayṣarī comments here.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ولم يبق فيها ما اختزنه الحق﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

؟ قلت: الكامل ختم للخزائن وحافظ لوجودها، إذ الأسرار الإلهية مفصلة في العالم ومجموعة في الكامل، كما قال الشاعر: كل الجمال غدا لوجهك مجمل %~% لكنه في العالمين مفصل ولا يتجلى الحق على العالم الدنيوي إلا بواسطته، كما مر، فعند انتقاله ينقطع عنه الإمداد الموجب لبقاء وجوده وكمالاته، فينتقل الدنيا عند انتقاله ويخرج ما كان فيها من المعاني والكمالات إلى الآخرة. قال، رضى الله عنه، في التسمية الإلهي بالاسم الرباني: (ألا ترى الدنيا باقية ما دام هذا الشخص الإنسان فيها) والكائنات يتكون والمسخرات تتسخر، فإذا انتقل إلى الدار الآخرة، مارت هذه السماء مورا وسارت الجبال سيرا ودكت الأرض دكا، وانتشرت الكواكب وكورت الشمس وذهبت الدنيا وقامت العمارة في الدار الآخرة بنقل الخليفة إليها. قوله

? I say: The Perfect one is a seal upon the treasuries and a preserver of their existence, since the divine secrets are differentiated in the cosmos and gathered in the Perfect one, as the poet said: 'All beauty tomorrow is comprised in your face, yet in the two worlds it is differentiated.' And the Real discloses Himself to the worldly cosmos only through his mediation, as mentioned before. So upon his transfer, the effusion necessitating the persistence of its existence and perfections is cut off from it, and so this world transfers upon his transfer, and what was in it of meanings and perfections goes forth to the hereafter. He, may God be pleased with him, said in [his discourse on] the divine naming by the Lordly Name: 'Do you not see that this world remains so long as this human individual is in it' — and the created things continue to be created and the subjugated things continue to be subjugated. But when he transfers to the abode of the hereafter, this heaven will be set moving, the mountains will be set marching, the earth will be leveled flat, the stars will be scattered, the sun will be enfolded, this world will pass away, and the [new] habitation will be established in the abode of the hereafter by the transfer of the vicegerent to it. His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿ما كان فيها﴾

مقصودا من اللطائف المكمونة فيها والنفائس المخزونة تحته ( والتحق بعضه ببعضه) الذي استخرجه المأذونون . فإنّهم منذ ما وصل أفنان شجرة الوقت إلى بلوغ أوان ثمرتها على طبق ما وعد به العبارات المعربة للخاتم العربي صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم . لذلك الوقت قد أخذوا في إظهار شيء من لطائف تلك الخزانة وفتح أقفال مرموزاتها التي على أبواب دلالاتها المغلقة على حصون قلاع العقائد التقليديّة والرسوم العاديّة بحسب احتمال مزاج الزمان وقوّة هضمه لذلك الغذاء القوي ، متدرّجا من الأضعف إلى الأقوى . والتحق اللاحق منه بالسابق ، إلى أن بلغ ميعاد فتح قسطنطنيّة العظمى ، فإنّه حينئذ ظهر تمام المراد ، وكمل أمر الإظهار وكفي الخلائق عن الموت والفساد والتكرار والترداد

— that is, intended, of the subtleties concealed within it and the precious things stored beneath it — ("and part of it was joined to another part") — namely, what the authorized ones extracted. For ever since the branches of the tree of time reached the ripening of its fruit, in accordance with what was promised by the expressions uttered by the Arab Seal (al-khātam al-ʿarabī, i.e., the Prophet), may God bless him and grant him peace — from that time they have begun to disclose something of the subtleties of that treasury and to open the locks of its coded symbols that stand upon the closed gates of its significations, [gates] locked upon the strongholds and fortresses of traditional beliefs and customary conventions, according to the capacity of the temperament of the age and the strength of its digestion for that powerful nourishment, proceeding gradually from the weaker to the stronger. And what came later of it joined what came before, until the appointed time arrived for the conquest of Great Constantinople; for then the fullness of what was intended became manifest, the affair of disclosure was completed, and creatures were spared from death, corruption, repetition, and recurrence.

Jāmī

﴿وخرج ما كان فيها﴾

من الحقائق المظهرية والأسماء الإلهية

of the loci-of-manifestation realities and the divine names,

Bosnevî

﴿وخرج ما كان فيها والتحق بعضه ببعضه وانتقل الامر الي الاخرة فكان ختما علي خزانة الآخرة ختما ابديا﴾

وخزانه دنیا ده مخزونه اولان اسرار الهیه وانوار تجلیات اسمائیه دن وقوا وخصایص وحقایق کونیه وارواح جزئیة مدبره دن اولان شی چیقار* وبومخزون اولان شیئک بعضیسی بعضینه یعنی فروعی اصولنه که اندن منبعثه اولدی وصور وهیأتی وقوا وخصایصی حقایقنه وارواح جزئیه مدبره کلیاتی اولان ارواح سماواته ملتحقه اولور وامر ختمیه آخرته انتقال ایدر* پس مظهریت کلیه ایله انسان کامل خزانه آخرت اوزره ختم ابدی ایله ختم اولدی* زیرانشأت دنیویه عناصر متباینه ومتنافره ومواد مختلفه ومتضاده دن مرکبه در دائمه وباقیه دکلدر حقایقی ایله انفکاک اقتضا ایدر* ونشأت اخرو یه که فوت علیه ذاتیه دن وعقاید سلیمه واعمال صالحه دن وقوای روحانیه والهیه وصفات واخلاق وملکات فاضله دن نفس ناطقه ایچون محصله در دوام وبقا اقتضا ایدر* زیرا ماده روحانی ونورانیدر* پس چنکم امر اخرته انتقال ایلسه ونفوس وارواح انسانیه صور روحانیه وبرزخیه وحشر یه ده ظاهره اولسه وروحیت صور اوزره ونوریت ظلمت اوزره غالبه اولسه وحق تعالی اسرار الهیه وانوار حقایق ربانیه یی صور اخرویه ده اختزان ایلسه انسان کامل خزانه آخرته احدیت جمعیت ومظهریت کلیه سیله ختم ابدی اولور* ودخی اذاخرج وفک عن خزانة الدنیا لم یبق فیها ما اخترته الحق فیها وخرج ماکان فیها والتحق بعضه ببعضه وانتقل الامر الی الآخرة الخ قولنده وجه انسب وطربق اقرب بودرکه چنکم ختم انسان کامل خزانه دنیادن چیقوب فک اولنسه خزانه دنیاده اختران ایدهجک برشی قالمز زیرا خزانه دنیاده وجود ایله متصفه اولدیغی وآناتله متجدده اولد یغی کون جامع اولان انسان کاملک مظهر یتی صورتی ایله در* پس انک مظهر یتنده اسم ظاهرک تجلیسی تمام اولوب ظهورات نهایته وتجلیات غایته یتشدکده رب باطن انک مظهر یتی صورن اخذ اتدکده انک وجودی مظهر یتنده خزانه دنیا جواهرنه وصور عالم مظاهرته منتشره اولان انوار الهیه وتجلیات ربانیه دخی باطنده انسان کامل مظهر یتنده اولان حقایق واصولنه رجوع ایدر وخزانه دنیا اختراندن خالیه قالور) وخرج ما کان فیه-اوالتحقق بعضه ببعضه (خزانه دنیاده قو اوصفات وخواص وحقایقدن وارواح مدبره دن ودنیانک هر بر جزئی مظهر یتنده مخزونه اولان اسرار ونعمدن هر بریسی کندی اصلی اولان انسان کامل مظهریتی ایله نشأت دنیا دن چقار وقواو صفات واخلاق وخواص وحقایق وارواحدن بعضیسی بعضینه ملحق اولوب نشأت اخرویه منتشئه اولور* وصور اخرویه دن هر بصورتده ارواح وقوا وخصایص وحقایق دوام وبقا اقتضا ایدر* برظهور ایدرکه ظهور اولدن دخی اظهر واجلی وتجلی سابقدن دخی اعلی واحری اوله وانسان کامل دخی صفات الهیه وقوای ربانیه وصورت علمیه ذاتیه وجمعیت اسمائیه صورتنده ظهور کلی ایله ظهور ایدر وتجلی اولدن اشمل واجمع تجلی ایله تجلی ایدر* زیرا نشأت دنیاده انک ظهوری عناصر متضاده وقوای متباینه دن مرکبه اولان صورتده ایدی که تحلیل وانفکاک اقتضا ایدر) وانتقل الامر الی الاخرة) یعنی خزانه دنیانک ختمی اولان انسان کامل خزانه دن منفک اولدقده انلرده مخزونه اولان جواهر واسرار خزانه آخرته دخول ایدر* وامر ختمیت آخرته انتقال ایدر یعنی خزانه أخرت انک وجودی ختمی ایله محفوظه وحفظ ورعایت انک مظهر یتندن ملحوظه اواور) فکان ختما علی خزانة الآخرة ختما ابدیا) پس انسان کامل خزانه آخرت اوزره نشأت جمعیه احدیه ایله ختم ابدی اولور* زیرا نشأت آخرت نشأت روحانیه وابدیه در) والآخرة خیر وابقی) وانسان کاملک انده نشأتی نشأت نورانیه والهیه در

And what was stored in the treasury of this world goes out: the divine secrets and lights of the self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) of the names, and the faculties, properties, engendered realities (ḥaqāʾiq kawniyya) and particular governing spirits. And some of this stored thing joins some other; that is, its branches [join] their roots, from which they arose; its forms, shapes, faculties and properties [join] their realities (ḥaqāʾiq); and the particular governing spirits join the spirits of the heavens, which are their universals. And the matter of sealing moves to the hereafter. So the insān kāmil (perfect human), by [his] universal maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation), became a seal upon the treasury of the hereafter with an eternal sealing. For the worldly nashʾa (configuration) is composed of disparate and mutually repellent elements and of different and contrary materials. It is not lasting and enduring, and it requires separation from its realities. The otherworldly configuration, however, is acquired for the rational soul from essential […] power, sound beliefs and righteous deeds, spiritual and divine faculties, and virtuous attributes, character traits and dispositions. It requires permanence and endurance, for its matter is spiritual and luminous. So when the matter moves to the hereafter, human souls and spirits become manifest in spiritual, barzakhī (intermediate) and resurrection forms, spirituality prevails over forms and luminosity over darkness, and God Most High stores the divine secrets and the lights of the lordly realities in otherworldly forms. Then the perfect human becomes an eternal seal upon the treasury of the hereafter by the aḥadiyya (unity) of [his] jamʿiyya (all-comprehensiveness) and [his] universal maẓhariyya. Further, [consider] his words “When he goes out and is detached from the treasury of this world, there does not remain in it what the Real had stored in it, and what was in it went out, and some of it joined some other, and the matter moved to the hereafter,” etc. The more fitting interpretation and the nearer way is this. When the seal, the perfect human, goes out of the treasury of this world and is detached [from it], nothing remains in the treasury of this world to be stored. For [its] being qualified by wujūd (being) in the treasury of this world, and [its] being renewed moment by moment, is through the form of the maẓhariyya of the perfect human, who is the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being). So the self-disclosure of the name the Manifest (al-Ẓāhir) is completed in his maẓhariyya, and manifestations reach their end and self-disclosures their utmost limit. When [that happens], and the Lord the Nonmanifest (al-rabb al-bāṭin) takes the form of his maẓhariyya, the divine lights and lordly self-disclosures also return. These are the lights and self-disclosures that were spread, in the maẓhariyya of his being, over the jewels of the treasury of this world and the loci of manifestation of the forms of the ʿālam (world). They return to the realities and roots that are in the maẓhariyya of the perfect human in the Nonmanifest, and the treasury of this world remains empty of storing. “And what was in it went out, and some of it joined some other”: each of the faculties, attributes, properties, realities and governing spirits in the treasury of this world goes out of the worldly configuration together with the maẓhariyya of the perfect human, which is its root. So does each of the secrets and graces stored in the maẓhariyya of every particular [thing] of this world. And some of the faculties, attributes, character traits, properties, realities and spirits join others, and the otherworldly configuration comes into being. And in each of the otherworldly forms, the spirits, faculties, properties and realities require permanence and endurance. They manifest with a manifestation that is more manifest and clearer than the first manifestation, and higher and more fitting than the previous self-disclosure. And the perfect human, too, manifests with a universal manifestation in the form of the divine attributes, the lordly faculties, the essential knowledge-form and the all-comprehensiveness of the names. He discloses himself with a self-disclosure more encompassing and more comprehensive than the first self-disclosure. For in the worldly configuration his manifestation was in a form composed of contrary elements and disparate faculties, which requires dissolution and separation. “And the matter moved to the hereafter”: that is, when the perfect human, who is the seal of the treasury of this world, is detached from the treasury, the jewels and secrets stored in them enter the treasury of the hereafter, and the matter of sealing moves to the hereafter. That is, the treasury of the hereafter is preserved by the seal of his being, and preservation and guarding are regarded [as coming] from his maẓhariyya. “And he was a seal upon the treasury of the hereafter, an eternal seal”: so the perfect human becomes an eternal seal upon the treasury of the hereafter through the unitary, all-comprehensive configuration. For the configuration of the hereafter is a spiritual and everlasting configuration, “and the hereafter is better and more lasting” (Q 87:17), and the configuration of the perfect human there is a luminous and divine configuration.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿والتحق بعضه ببعض﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، التحق بعض ما اختزنه الحق في الدنيا ببعض ما اختزنه في الآخرة. وذلك لأن كل ما هو موجود في الظاهر من الحقائق والمعاني موجودة في عالم الباطن الذي بظهوره يحصل الآخرة على صورة يقتضيهاعالمها، وهو أصل بالنسبة إلى ما في الظاهر. فإذا انتقل هذا البعض منها، التحق ببعضه الذي هو أصله في الآخرة، وانتقل الأمر الإلهي إليها

That is, part of what the Real had stored in this world joined with part of what He had stored in the hereafter. This is because everything that exists in the manifest realm, of realities and meanings, exists [also] in the world of the nonmanifest, whose manifestation brings about the hereafter in a form required by its world — and it is the root (aṣl) relative to what is in the manifest. So when this portion of it transfers, it joins with its corresponding portion, which is its root in the hereafter, and the divine command transfers to it

Jāmī

﴿والتحق بعضه﴾

أي التحق في النشأة الدنيا بعض ما اختزنه الذي له مرتبة الفرعية والجزئية (بعض) آخر له مرتبة الأصلية الكلية . أي الفروع بأصولها والجزئيات بكلياتها كالتحاق المواليد بالعناصر. أو التحق بعض الفروع ببعض آخر لرجوعهما إلى الأصل الجامع لهما. أو التحق في النشاءة الآخرة بعض ببعض لمناسبة بينهما إما في درجات الجنان أو دركات النيران. أو التحق بعض ما اختزنه الحق في الدنيا ببعض ما اختزنه في الآخرة بانتقاله من الصورة الدنيوية إلى الصورة الأخروية. فكأن الصورة الدنيوية التحقت بالصورة الأخروية واندر جت فيه

— i.e., in the worldly configuration, part of what was stored, having the rank of the branch (farʿiyya) and the particular (juzʾiyya), joined (another) part having the rank of the root (aṣliyya) and the universal (kulliyya) — that is, the branches with their roots and the particulars with their universals, like the joining of generated things (mawālīd) to the elements (ʿanāṣir). Or: some branches joined other branches, on account of both returning to the comprehensive root (al-aṣl al-jāmiʿ) common to them. Or: in the otherworldly configuration, part joined part on account of a correspondence (munāsaba) between them, whether in the ranks of the Gardens or the depths of the Fires. Or: part of what the Real stored in this world joined part of what He stored in the hereafter, by its transfer from the worldly form to the otherworldly form — as though the worldly form joined the otherworldly form and was subsumed within it.

Bālī Zāde

﴿والتحق بعضه﴾

أي جزء ما خرج من الخزينة أو جزء العالم (ببعض) أي بجزء منه أي لا يمازجان فمارت السماء وسارت الجبال وخربت الدنيا لعدم الامتزاج الاعتدالي بين أجزائها . (وانتقل) ، الأمر الإلهي والموجود بالوجود الدنيوي بسلب هذا الوجود عنه

— i.e., a part of what came out of the treasury, or a part of the world — (with another part) — i.e., with a part of itself — meaning the two do not intermix; so the sky wavered, the mountains moved, and the world was ruined, due to the absence of the balanced intermixture (al-imtizāj al-iʿtidālī) among its parts. (And) the Divine Command and that which exists with worldly existence (transferred), through the removal of this existence from it.

Ibn Turka

﴿وانتقل الأمر إلى الآخرة ، فكان ختما على خزانة الآخرة ختما أبديّا﴾

وذلك لما عرفت أنّ من تلك اللطائف والنفائس ما كانت صورته في صدد الزوال والانتقال ، ومنها ما كانت معنويّة غير قابلة له ، والإنسان بطرفيه وما له من الكمالين هو الختم على الخزانتين ، وفيه إشارة إلى الختمين فلا تغفل . ثمّ إنّه بعد تحقيق معنى آدم واستخراج ما في أساميه من الحقائق والأحكام المتطابقة بين الاسم والمسمّى ، أراد أن ينساق كلامه هذا إلى ما يتبيّن به ما هو بصدد تحقيقه ممّا ادعاه في صدر الكلام ، من « أنّ الملائكة من بعض جزئيّات قوى هذه الصورة الآدميّة ، وأنّها محجوبة بنفسها لا ترى أفضل منها » لئلا تعتري لطائف تحقيقاته عن ملابس الانتظام قائلا

— this is because, as you have come to know, among those subtleties and precious things some had a form on the verge of passing away and transferring, while others were purely meaning-bound (maʿnawiyya), not susceptible to that. And the human being, in his two extremities and with the two perfections he possesses, is the seal upon the two treasuries; and herein lies an allusion to the two seals — so do not be heedless of it. Then, after establishing the meaning of Adam and extracting the realities and rulings, corresponding between name and named, contained in his names, he [Ibn al-ʿArabī] wished for this discourse of his to lead on to what would clarify what he was in the process of establishing, of that which he had claimed at the outset of the discourse — namely, "that the angels are among the particular powers of this Adamic form, and that they are veiled by themselves, unable to see [anything] more excellent than themselves" — lest the subtleties of his verifications be stripped of the garments of coherent order, saying:

Jāmī

﴿وانتقل الأمر﴾

أي أمر الظهور والإظهار من النشأة الدنيا العنصرية الكثيفة الزائلة (إلى) النشأة (الآخرة) النورية اللطيفة البافية واختزن الحق الأسماء ومظاهرها في خزانة الآخرة. (وكان ذلك الإنسان الكامل (ختمة على خزانة الآخرة ختمة أبدية) كما كان ختمة على خزانة الدنيا ختمة مفكوكا عنها، ولما استخلف الحق سبحانه الإنسان الكامل ومن شرط الخليفة أن يكون على صورة المستخلف. فرع: رضي الله عنه قوله

— i.e., the matter of manifestation and making-manifest — from the worldly configuration, dense, elemental, and perishing, (to) the otherworldly configuration, luminous, subtle, and abiding; and the Real stored the names and their loci of manifestation in the treasury of the hereafter. (And that perfect human became) a seal upon the treasury of the hereafter, an eternal seal, just as he had been a seal — now unfastened — upon the treasury of this world. And when the Real, glory be to Him, made the perfect human a vicegerent (khalīfa) — and it is a condition of the vicegerent that he be upon the form of the one who appoints him vicegerent (al-mustakhlaf) — a section: may God be pleased with him, his saying...

Words 94–95 · 1 of 8

إِلَى الآخِرَةِ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلى الآخرة﴾

بنقل الخليفة إليها فيكون كل ما كان موجودا بالوجود الدنيوي موجودا بالوجود الأخروي

by the transfer of the vicegerent (khalīfa) to it, so that everything that existed with worldly existence comes to exist with otherworldly existence.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فكان ختما﴾

أي، هذا الكامل كان ختما حافظا على خزانة الآخرة ختما أبديا. وهذا معنى ما يقال: إن القرآن يرفع إلى السماء، لأنه خلق الكامل، كما قالت عائشة: (وكان خلقه القرآن) . بل هو القرآن والكتاب المبين الإلهي. كما قال، رضى الله عنه: أنا القرآن والسبع المثاني %~% وروح الروح لا روح الأواني فؤادي عند مشهودى مقيم %~% يشاهده وعندكم لساني قال أمير المؤمنين على، كرم الله وجهه: وأنت الكتاب المبين الذي %~% بأحرفه يظهر المضمر وجاء في الخبر أيضا: "أن الحق تعالى ينزع العلم بانتزاع العلماء حتى لم يبقعلى وجه الأرض من يعلم مسألة علمية ومن يقول: الله الله، ثم عليهم تقوم القيامة" وكون الكامل ختما على خزانة الآخرة، دليل على أن التجليات الإلهية لأهل الآخرة. إنما هي بواسطة الكامل كما في الدنيا، والمعاني المفصلة لأهلها متفرعة عن مرتبته ومقام جمعه أبدا، كما تفرع منها أزلا، فما للكامل من الكمالات في الآخرة لا يقال بما له من الكمالات في الدنيا، إذ لا قياس لنعم الآخرة بنعم الدنيا. وقد جاء في الخبر الصحيح: "إن الرحمة مأة جزء. جزء منهالأهل الدنيا، وتسعة وتسعون لأهل الآخرة" ومن يتحقق بهذا المقام ويمعن النظر فيه، يظهر له عظمة الإنسان الكامل وقدره. قوله

That is, this Perfect one became an everlasting preserving seal upon the treasury of the hereafter. This is the meaning of what is said: that the Qurʾān is raised up to heaven, because it is the character (khuluq) of the Perfect one, as ʿĀʾisha said: 'His character was the Qurʾān.' Rather, he is the Qurʾān and the Manifest Divine Book, as he, may God be pleased with him, said: 'I am the Qurʾān and the seven oft-repeated [verses], and the spirit of the Spirit, not the spirit of vessels; my heart, in the presence of my Witnessed One, abides, beholding Him, while with you [remains only] my tongue.' The Commander of the Faithful ʿAlī, may God ennoble his face, said: 'And you are the Manifest Book, by whose letters the hidden is made manifest.' And it has likewise come in the report: 'The Real, exalted is He, withdraws knowledge by withdrawing the scholars, until there remains on the face of the earth none who knows a matter of knowledge and none who says: God, God — then upon them the Hour comes to pass.' The Perfect one's being a seal upon the treasury of the hereafter is evidence that the divine self-disclosures for the people of the hereafter are likewise only through the mediation of the Perfect one, as in this world — and the meanings differentiated for its people are forever branches of his rank and station of comprehensiveness (jamʿ), just as they branched from it eternally. So what the Perfect one has of perfections in the hereafter is not to be measured by what he has of perfections in this world, since there is no comparison between the blessings of the hereafter and the blessings of this world. It has come in the sound report: 'Mercy is a hundred parts: one part for the people of this world, and ninety-nine for the people of the hereafter.' Whoever realizes this station and reflects deeply upon it, the greatness and worth of the Perfect Human will become manifest to him. His saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿فكان ختما على خزانة الآخرة ختمة أبدية فظهر﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

إليه تعالی (جميع) ما حصل في (الصبور الإلهية) بحيث يكون كل فرد من أفراد العالم مظهر الاسم من أسماء الله تعالى وهي العالم بأسره

to Him, Exalted, (all) that occurred in (the divine forms), such that every single one of the individuals of the world becomes the locus of manifestation (maẓhar) of a name among the names of God, Exalted — these names being the world in its entirety.

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)

Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).

Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.

Licence: Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.