The commentators side by side
فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ
¶ 4 · 63 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word
وَهٰذَا لَا يَعْرِفُهُ عَقْلٌ بِطَرِيقِ نَظَرٍ فِكْرِيٍّ بَلْ هَذَا الفَنُّ مِنْ الإِدْرَاكِ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا عَنْ كَشْفٍ إِلَهِيٍّ مِنْهُ يُعْرَفُ مَا أَصْلُ صُوَرِ العَالَمِ القَابِلَةِ لِأَرْوَاحِهِ فُسُمِّيَ هَذَا المَذْكُورُ إِنْسَانًا وَخَلِيفَةً فَأَمَّا إِنْسَانِيَّتُهُ فَلِعُمُومِ نَشْأَتِهِ وَحَصْرِهِ الحَقَائِقَ كُلَّهَا وَهُوَ لِلحَقِّ بِمَنْزِلَةِ إِنْسَانِ العَيْنِ مِنْ العَيْنِ الَّذِي بِهِ يَكُونُ النَّظَرُ وَهُوَ المُعَبَّرُ عَنْهُ بِالبَصَرِ فَلِهَذَا سُمِّيَ إِنْسَانًا فَإِنَّهُ بِهِ نَظَرَ الحَقُّ إِلَى خَلْقِهِ فَرَحِمَهُمْ
And this [matter] no intellect knows by way of reflective consideration; rather, this kind of perception comes about only from a divine unveiling, through which it is known what the root is of the forms of the cosmos that receive its spirits. So this [being] just mentioned was named 'human' (insān) and 'vicegerent' (khalīfa). As for his humanity, it is because of the all-inclusiveness of his configuration and his encompassing all the realities. And he stands to the Real as the pupil (insān al-ʿayn, lit. 'the little man of the eye') stands to the eye, the pupil being that through which seeing takes place; and it is what is referred to as 'sight' (baṣar). For this reason he was named 'human' (insān): for it is through him that the Real looked upon His creation, and so had mercy on them.
ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644)
Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ
Words 1–27 · 6 of 7
وَهٰذَا لَا يَعْرِفُهُ عَقْلٌ بِطَرِيقِ نَظَرٍ فِكْرِيٍّ بَلْ هَذَا الفَنُّ مِنْ الإِدْرَاكِ لَا يَكُونُ …al-Qāshānī
﴿وهذا لا يعرفه عقل بطريق نظر فكرى﴾
فإن العقل من الجناب الإلهي التي هي الحضرة الواحدية فلا يدرك إلا الحقائق المتعينة الكلية مع لوازمها في عالمها الروحاني . وأما الجزئيات الجسمانية التي هي ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية التي حصرت قوابل العالم فلا يعرفها وكذلك لا يعرف الحقيقة التي تحقق الحقائق الكلية والجزئية أي الذات التي تحقق بفيضها الأقدس أي تجلى الذاتي حقائق الروحانيات والجسمانيات وبتجليها الشهودى واسمها النور يظهر الكل . فإنها لا يعرفها إلا عينها ، قوله وفي هذه النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف من القوى الروحانية ولوازمها من الحياة والقدرة والعلم والإرادة وأمثالها . يشعر بأن الأوصاف المحمولة من النشأة المعنوية الروحانية المعبر عن عالمها بالجناب الإلهي . قوله
For the intellect belongs to the Divine Presence (al-janāb al-ilāhī), which is the Presence of Oneness (al-ḥaḍra al-wāḥidiyya); thus it perceives only the entified universal realities (ḥaqāʾiq) together with their concomitants in their spiritual world. As for the particular corporeal things, which are what the universal Nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya) that encompasses the receptacles of the cosmos requires, it does not know these. Likewise it does not know the Reality that actualizes both the universal and particular realities, that is, the Essence (al-dhāt) which, through its Most Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas) — i.e., the essential self-disclosure (al-tajallī al-dhātī) — actualizes the realities of spiritual and corporeal things, and through its witnessed self-disclosure (al-tajallī al-shuhūdī), whose name is Light, makes all things manifest. For none knows it save its own self. His statement, 'and in this constitution (nashʾa) which bears these attributes of spiritual faculties and their concomitants — life, power, knowledge, will, and the like' — indicates that the attributes borne from the spiritual, meaning-based constitution, whose world is expressed as the Divine Presence [are those intended]. His statement:
al-Jandī
﴿وهذا لا يعرفه عقل بطريق نظر فكريّ بل هذا الفنّ من الإدراك لا يكون إلَّا عن كشف إلهي منه يعرف ما أصل صور العالم القابلة لأرواحه﴾
قال العبد أيّده الله به : هذا إشارة إلى علم الطبيعة الكلّ التي حصرت قوابل العالم أعلاه وأسفله ، والطبيعة الكلَّية إشارة إلى ظاهرية الحقيقة الفعّالة للصور ، كما ذكرنا .واعلم : أنّ الصور أعمّ ممّا عرفت عرفا في تعريف العرف الفلسفي الظاهر والنظر الرسمي ، والكشف والتحقيق يقضيان بأنّها اعمّ ممّا عرفوا وعرّفوا ، ولا تختصّ بالجسمانية ، بل قد تكون الصور عقلية وخيالية وذهنية ونورية وروحانية وإلهية.كما جاء في الصحيح : « إنّ الله خلق آدم على صورته » فللَّه تعالى صورة إلهية نورية لائقة بجنابه تعالى.ويقال : صورة المسألة وصورة الحال .وقال : " رأيت ربّي في أحسن صورة ". وكان الروح الأمين يأتي رسول الله صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم في صورة " دحية " وغيره .وقد تمثّل لمريم " بَشَراً سَوِيًّا " مع تحقّق أنّ الأرواح غير متحيّزة .فكان ظهور روحانيّ في صورة مثالية ، وحقيقة الصورة هيئة اجتماعية من أوضاع شكلية في أي مادّة فرضت في أيّ أجزاء قدّرت ومثّلت ، فافهم .وإذا تحقّقت حقيقة الصورة ، علمت أنّها أعمّ ممّا قيل ، والصور في طور التحقيق الكشفي علوية وسفلية :والعلوية حقيقية وهي صور أسماء الربوبية والحقائق الوجوبية ، ومادّة هذه الصور وهيولاها عماء الربّ ، والحقيقة الفعّالة ، لها أحدية جمع ذات الألوهة ، وظاهرها الطبيعة الكلية . والعلوية الإضافية هي حقائق الأرواح العقلية والأرواح المهيّمة والأرواح النفسية والملكية المهيّميّة ، ومادّة هذه الصور الروحانية في مشرب التحقيق والكشف النور .وأمّا الصور السفلية الإمكانية من الحقائق الكيانية مطلقة فهي صور الحقائق الإمكانية والنسب المظهرية الكيانية .وهذه الصور أيضا منقسمة إلى علوية وسفلية ، فالعلوية منها ما ذكرنا من عالم الأمر أنّها علوية إضافية ، فإنّها علوية بالنسبة إلى الحقائق الجسمانية ، وموادّها وهيولاها عماء المربوب والكون من النفس الرحماني ، ويسمّى هذا العماء عماء ، لكونه مشوبا بالظلمة .ومن الصور العلوية الكونية صور عالم المثال المطلق والمقيّد وعالم البرازخ ، ومادّة هذه الصور وهيولاها الأنفاس والأعمال والأخلاق والملكات والنعوت والصفات .وأمّا السفلية الكونية فهي صور عالم الأجسام ، وهي أيضا علوية وسفلية :فالعلويات هي العرش والكرسي والأفلاك والكواكب والسماوات ، ومادّتها الجسم الكلَّي .والسفلية الجسمانية منها فهي العناصر والعنصريات ، وهي أيضا علوية وسفلية :فالعلوية منها هي صور الأرواح الهوائية والنارية والمارجية ، ومادّة هذه الصور الهواء والنار وما اختلط منهما مع باقي الثقلين من الأركان المغلوبين في الخفيفين كما ذكرنا في الموضع الأنسب بذلك.والسفلية الحقيقية هي ما غلب في نشأته الثقيلان وهما الأرض والماء على الخفيفين وهما النار والهواءوهي ثلاث :صور معدنية .وصور نباتية .وصور حيوانية .وكل عالم من هذه العوالم يشتمل على صور شخصيات لا تتناهى ولا يحصيها إلَّا الله تعالى .والطبيعة هي الحقيقة الحاملة لهذه الصور كلَّها من كونها عين المادّة من وجه ، ومن وجه أخرى الفعّالة لهذه الصور كلَّها ، وحقيقتها هي الأحدية الجمعية الذاتية الفعّالة لصورتها في نفسها بنفسها . فالطبيعة الكلّ وإن كانت مظهر الفعل الذاتي الإلهي .ولكن حقيقتها حقيقة أحدية جمع الصور الفعلية والانفعالية في العوالم الربانية والعوالم الكيانية ، والصورة الكلية المطلقة منفعلة على الإطلاق في المادّة العمائية الكلَّية الكبرى عن هذه الحقيقة الفعلية الذاتية للحقيقة الإلهية الكامنة في التعيّن الأوّل ، وهي منه وفيه ، والفاعل هو الله .والطبيعة باعتبار آخر من قوى النفس الكليّة سارية في الأجسام الطبيعية السفلية والأجرام العلوية ، فاعلة لصورها المنطبعة في موادّها الهيولانية المعلومة لحكماء الرسوم .وبالاعتبار الأوّل قوّة كلَّية من قوى النفس الإلهية الفعّالة للصور كلَّها معنويّها العلمية الإلهية الأزلية والعقلية والروحانية والنفسانية والمثالية والنورية والطبيعية والعنصرية والخيالية والذهنية والتصوريّة واللفظية النفسية الإنسانية من صور الحروف والكلمات ، والرقية كذلك ، فافهم .وما أظنّك تفهم فادرج ، فليس نفسك إن كنت مقيّدا للحق .وقد أشار الله تعالى إلى نفسه التي من قوّتها هذه الطبيعة الكلَّية بقوله :" وَيُحَذِّرُكُمُ الله نَفْسَه " , " وَاصْطَنَعْتُكَ لِنَفْسِي " .فالطبيعة الكلية بهذا الاعتبار قوّة من قوى النفس الإلهية الذاتية الكلية التي لا يعلم ولا يحيط بما فيها إلَّا الله .كما قال الله تعالى إخبارا وحكاية عن العبد الصالح : " تَعْلَمُ ما في نَفْسِي وَلا أَعْلَمُ ما في نَفْسِكَ ". وكما قال رسول الله صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم : " أنت كما أثنيت على نفسك لا أحصي ثناء عليك لا أبلغ كلّ ما فيك " .فلمّا كانت أحدية الجمعية الإلهية ، وأحدية الجمعية التي بحقيقة الحقائق ، وأحدية الجمع التي للطبيعة الكلية في النشأة الحاملة لهذه الأوصاف كلَّها من الحقيّة والخلقية وما تحتهما سارية بالنفس الرحماني إلى الحقائق والقوى كلَّها بالكمالات والمناصب الراجعة إلى هذه الجمعيات وفي كل ملك ملك. وقوّة قوّة وصورة صورة ، زعمت أنّ لها أهلية هذه الكمالات كلَّها ، وأنّى لها ذلك ؟وما لكلّ منها إلَّا مقام معلوم ، فافهم .فإنّ هذا الكشف من أصعب العلوم الخصيصة بكشف مرتبة الكمال المحمدي الختمي ، ولا يناله إلَّا من ورث خاتم النبيين ومشكاة خاتم الأولياء المحمديين .حقّقنا الله والإخوان والأودّاء الإلهيين بعلومه ومقاماته وأحواله ومشاهده ومنازلاته ومعاريجه ، إنّه عليم قدير حكيم خبير .ثم اعلم : أنّ الكشف عبارة عن رفع الحجب الظلمانية والنورية التي بين الحقيقة وبين المدرك منّا ، فإن كان المدرك النفس أو العقل ، والمدارك قواهما النفسانية النظرية والفكرية بطريق ترتيب المقدّمات وترتيب المبادئ والمفردات على الوجه المؤدّي إلى الغايات. فهو طريق البرهان والاستدلال باللوازم القريبة والبعيدة على الملزومات ، فهي وإن كانت في زعم أهلها موصلة إلى إدراك الحقائق ، فليست موصلة إلى الحقائق من حيث هي هي في العلم الأزلي مجرّدة عن النسب والإضافات .بل من كونها موجودات وملزومات ومعروضات للعوارض ولوازم ، لا من حيث هي حقائق مطلقة فإنّ ذلك لا يكون إلَّا بكشف حجب هذه اللوازم والعوارض من حيث هي حجب.كذلك فإنّ الملزومية والعارضية والمعروضية نسب عارضة على الحقائق عند تلبّسها بالوجود العيني ، فإنّها في علم الله حقائق غيبيّة معنوية عريّة عن الوجود العيني .أو قل : هي نسب علمية أزليّة ، أو صور معلوميّات الأشياء ، أو حروف الكلمات النفسية الرحمانية ، أو شؤون ذات اللاهوت ، أو الأعيان الثابتة في العلم الذاتي ، أو الماهيات ، أو هويات الموجودات من شأنها أنّها إذا وجدت لأعيانها ، كان بعضها ملزومات ومعروضات ، وبعضها لوازم وعوارض ولواحق .كلّ هذه الاعتبارات والعبارات صادقة ، ويتداولها طائفة من المحقّقين في عرفهم الخاصّ بهم ، وهي في عرصة العلم الذاتي متمايزة بخصوصياتها الذاتية يدركها المكاشف عند رفع الأستار ، والتجلَّي والشهود متمايزة الحقائق لخصوصياتها ، ولا يدركها المفكَّر كذلك .بل إنّما يدرك هذه الحقائق متلبّسة بالوجود العيني الموجب للتوحيد ، والرافع للتمييز والتعديد ، ونظنّ أنّها لم تزل على هذا ، وليس ذلك كذلك .فإذا انشرحت العقول عن حجابيّات قيود العادات ، وانطلقت عن عقال ضمنيات الكائنات ، ويخلص السرّ الإلهيّ من أحكام التعيّن وآثار القيود الحجابية ، وانكشفت عن بصائرها وأبصارها الأستار ، حينئذ تأتّى للمدرك أن يدرك الحقائق على ما هي عليها في عالم الحقائق والمعاني .وقد يظنّ العامّة من ظاهرية المتفلسفة ، أنّ علم الحقائق على ما هي عليها عبارة عن إدراكها في هذه اللوازم والعوارض واللواحق وأنّها لا تحقّق لحقائق بدونها في الخارج .وهذا المتفلسف المدّعي للحكمة ما عرف الفرق بين حقائق الأشياء وبين أعيانها فإنّه ما أدرك إلَّا أعيان الموجودات ولم يدرك الحقائق من حيث إطلاقها وباطنها الحقيقية مجرّدة عن هذه العوارض واللوازم واللواحق ، وهو معذور لكون هذا العلم والشهود فوق طور العقل ، وراء طور الفكر ، والفرق بين المقامين بيّن ، فانظر ما ذا ترى ؟وإذا تحقّقت ما ذكرنا ، علمت أنّ من الكشف ما هو عقلي وهو الذي يدركه العقل بجوهره النوري المطلق عن قيود الفكر والمزاج .ومنه ما هو نفسانيّ وهو ما يحصل للنفوس المطلقة عن قيودها المزاجية بإدمان الرياضات والمجاهدات من النفوس الكلَّية العالية ، بكشف حجاب ما به المباينة والممايزة .ومن الكشف ما هو روحاني ، وذلك بعد كشف الحجب النفسانية والعقلية ومطالعة الروح الإنساني لمطالع الأنفاس الرحمانية .ومن الكشف ما هو رباني بطريق التجلَّي ، إمّا بالتنزّل والتدلَّي ، أو بالمعراج والتسلَّي ، أو بالمنازلات بأسرار التولَّي والتجلَّي ، أو بالجمع والتجلَّي بعد التخلَّي من الربّ المتولَّي .وهو متعدّد بحسب تعدّدات الحضرات الأسمائية فإنّ للحق تجلَّيا من كل حضرة ، ومن الحضرات.وأعلى التجلَّيات الأسمائية هو التجلَّي الإلهيّ الجمعيّ الأحديّ الذي يعطي المكاشفات الكلَّية الأحدية الجمعية ، وليس كلّ كشف كذلك.وفوقها التجلَّي الذاتيّ الاختصاصيّ الذي يعطي الكشف بحقيقة الحقائق ومراتبها ، وبحقيقة النفس والعلماء ، وبالحقيقة الإلهية ، وبحقيقة الطبيعة الكلَّية ، فافهم واعرف قدر ما دسّيت لك من الأسرار ، والله وليّ التوفيق والتحقيق .ثمّ أعلم : أنّ « الحقيقة » يصدق إطلاقها على كل ما له تحقّق في الجملة بالإطلاق العامّ ، فثمّ حقيقة تحقّقها بذاتها وهي حقيقة الحق ، وقد تكون حقيقة تحقّقها لا بذاتها .بل تحقّقها بما هو متحقّق بذاته من ذاته ، إمّا في العلم أو في العين أو في بعض مراتب الوجود أو في جميعها دائما أو لا دائما ، بل في وقت دون وقت .وعلى هذا يصدق إطلاق الحقيقة على الحق والخلق وعلى النسب والإضافات والجواهر والأعراض ، إن قلنا إنّ الخلق له تحقّق ، وقد تكون الحقيقة واحدة وكثيرة ، ومطلقة ومقيّدة ، فاعلم ذلك .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه
The servant—may God support him—said: This is an allusion to the universal science of Nature (ʿilm al-ṭabīʿa al-kull), which comprises the receptacles of the world, its higher and its lower [realms]. Universal Nature (al-ṭabīʿa al-kulliyya) is an allusion to the manifest aspect (ẓāhiriyya) of the reality that is active in producing forms, as we have mentioned. Know that forms are more general than what is known in the customary philosophical definition and formal speculation. Unveiling and verification (taḥqīq) require that they be more general than what [the philosophers] knew and defined, and that they not be restricted to corporeality. Rather, forms may be intelligible, imaginal, mental, luminous, spiritual, and divine—as has come in the sound [ḥadīth]: "God created Adam upon His form (ṣūra)." For God, exalted is He, has a divine, luminous form befitting His majesty. It is said: "the form of the matter" and "the form of the state." And he [the Prophet] said: "I saw my Lord in the most beautiful form." The Trustworthy Spirit [Gabriel] used to come to the Messenger of God, God bless him and grant him peace, in the form of Diḥya and others; and he was represented to Mary as "a well-proportioned human being," even though it is established that spirits are not spatially confined. This was thus a spiritual manifestation in an imaginal form (ṣūra mithāliyya). The reality of form is a compositional configuration of formal dispositions, in whatever matter is posited, in whatever parts are apportioned and represented—so understand. Once you have grasped the reality of form, you will know it to be more general than what has been said. Forms, on the plane of verificatory unveiling, are higher and lower. The higher are [of two kinds]: real and relative. The real higher forms are the forms of the Names of Lordship and the necessary realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-wujūbiyya); the matter and hyle of these forms is the Cloud (ʿamāʾ) of the Lord, and the effective Reality possesses, for them, the oneness comprehending the Essence of Divinity, whose manifest aspect is universal Nature. The relative higher [forms] are the realities of the intellective spirits, the ravished spirits (al-arwāḥ al-muhaymana), the psychic spirits, and the ravished angelic [spirits]; the matter of these spiritual forms, in the verificatory unveiling perspective, is Light. As for the lower, contingent forms belonging to the created realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-kiyāniyya) in general, they are the forms of the contingent realities and the manifesting relations (nisab) of created being. These too divide into higher and lower: the higher among them are what we mentioned from the World of Command, being relatively higher—higher relative to the corporeal realities; their matter is the Cloud of the created (ʿamāʾ al-marbūb) arising from the Breath of the All-Merciful (al-nafas al-raḥmānī)—called "cloud" because it is tinged with darkness. Among the higher created forms are the forms of the World of Imagination, absolute and delimited, and the World of Isthmuses (barāzikh); the matter of these forms is breaths, deeds, character-traits, dispositions, and attributes. As for the lower created [forms], they are the forms of the World of Bodies, themselves higher and lower: the higher are the Throne, the Footstool, the celestial spheres, the stars, and the heavens, whose matter is the universal body. The corporeal lower ones are the elements and elemental things, themselves also higher and lower: the higher are the forms of airy, fiery, and flame-like spirits, whose matter is air and fire mixed with the remainder of the two heavy elements overcome within the two light ones, as we mentioned in its proper place. The truly lower are those in whose constitution the two heavy [elements]—earth and water—predominate over the two light ones—fire and air. These are three: mineral forms, plant forms, and animal forms. Each of these worlds comprises individual forms without end, known in their number only to God, exalted is He. Nature is the reality bearing all these forms—being, in one respect, identical with matter itself, and in another respect, the agent producing all these forms; its reality is the essential all-comprehensive oneness (al-aḥadiyya al-jamʿiyya al-dhātiyya) effective, by itself, for its own form. So although universal Nature is the locus of manifestation of the divine essential act, its reality is nonetheless the reality of the oneness comprehending the active and passive forms in the Lordly and the created worlds. The absolute universal form is wholly passive within the great universal Cloud-matter, [receiving] from this essential, active reality of the Divine Reality latent in the First Entification (al-taʿayyun al-awwal); it is from It and in It, while the Agent is God. Nature, considered otherwise, is among the faculties of the Universal Soul (al-nafs al-kulliyya), pervading the lower natural bodies and the higher celestial bodies, producing their forms impressed in their hyletic matters known to the formal philosophers (ḥukamāʾ al-rusūm). In the first respect it is a universal faculty of the Divine Soul (al-nafs al-ilāhiyya), effective for all forms—its intelligible meanings: the eternal divine knowledge-forms, the intellective, spiritual, psychic, imaginal, luminous, natural, elemental, imaginative, mental, conceptual, and the human psychic verbal forms—the forms of letters and words, and likewise the written traces—so understand. And what I think you will not understand, set aside; for your very self, if you are delimited, is not the Real. God, exalted is He, has alluded to His Self (nafs), from whose power comes this universal Nature, in His saying: "God warns you of Himself" and "I have fashioned you for Myself." So universal Nature, in this respect, is a faculty among the faculties of the universal essential Divine Self, whose contents none knows nor encompasses save God—as He, exalted is He, said, narrating of the righteous servant: "You know what is in my self, and I do not know what is in Your Self." And as the Messenger of God, God bless him and grant him peace, said: "You are as You have praised Yourself; I cannot enumerate praise of You; I cannot attain all that is in You." Since the Divine all-comprehensive oneness, and the all-comprehensive oneness proper to the Reality of Realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq), and the all-comprehensive oneness proper to universal Nature—within the constitution (nashʾa) bearing all these descriptions of Realness and createdness and what falls beneath them—pervade, by the Breath of the All-Merciful, all realities and faculties with the perfections and ranks reverting to these comprehensivenesses; and since in every dominion, every faculty, and every form, [each] supposed itself entitled to all these perfections—yet how could that be for it? Each has only a known station—so understand. For this unveiling is among the most difficult sciences, proper to the unveiling of the rank of Muḥammadan, Seal-bearing perfection, attained only by one who inherits from the Seal of the Prophets and the niche of the Seal of the Muḥammadan Saints. May God grant realization to us, our brethren, and the divine lovers through His sciences, stations, states, witnessings, encounters, and ascensions; verily He is All-Knowing, All-Powerful, All-Wise, All-Aware. Then know: that unveiling is an expression for the lifting of the dark and luminous veils standing between the reality and the perceiver among us. If the perceiver is the soul or the intellect, and the modes of perception are their speculative, reflective psychic faculties—by way of ordering premises and principles and particulars toward conclusions—this is the path of demonstration (burhān) and inference from proximate and remote concomitants (lawāzim) to that of which they are concomitant (malzūmāt). Though this, in the estimation of its practitioners, leads to the perception of realities, it does not lead to the realities as they are in themselves in the eternal knowledge, stripped of relations and attributions—but only to them as existents, as concomitants and subjects of accidents and concomitants, not as absolute realities. That comes only through unveiling the veils constituted by these concomitants and accidents, as veils. Likewise, being-a-concomitant, being-an-accident, and being-a-subject are relations occurring to the realities when they become clothed with concrete existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaynī); for in God's knowledge they are unseen, immaterial realities, bare of concrete existence. Or say: they are eternal knowledge-relations, or forms of the known-objects of things, or letters of the psychic Merciful words, or affairs (shuʾūn) of the Essence of the Godhead, or the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita) in the essential knowledge, or quiddities, or the identities of existents, such that when they come to exist for their entities, some become concomitants and subjects, and others concomitants, accidents, and appendages (lawāḥiq). All these considerations and expressions are true, used interchangeably by a group of the verifiers (muḥaqqiqūn) in their own particular terminology; and in the arena of essential knowledge they are distinguished by their essential particularities, perceived by the unveiler when the veils are lifted—in self-disclosure (tajallī) and witnessing (shuhūd) the realities are distinct in their particularities, though the reflective thinker does not perceive them thus. Rather he perceives these realities only as clothed with concrete existence, which necessitates unification (tawḥīd) and removes distinction and enumeration; and we suppose they have always been so—but that is not the case. So when the intellects are freed from the veiling constraints of habitual custom, released from the bondage of the implicit conditions of created things, and the divine secret is liberated from the rulings of entification and the effects of veiling constraints, and the veils are lifted from its insight and sight—then it becomes possible for the perceiver to perceive the realities as they are in the world of realities and meanings. The common people among the exoteric philosophizers (ẓāhiriyyat al-mutafalsifa) may suppose that knowledge of realities as they are in themselves is [simply] perceiving them within these concomitants, accidents, and appendages, and that realities have no realization apart from these externally. But this philosophizer, claiming wisdom, has not known the difference between the realities of things and their entities (aʿyān); he has perceived only the entities of existents, not the realities in their absoluteness and true nonmanifest aspect (bāṭin), stripped of these accidents, concomitants, and appendages. He is excused, since this knowledge and witnessing lies above the level of the intellect, beyond the level of reflective thought; and the difference between the two stations is plain—so consider what you see. Once you have grasped what we have mentioned, you will know that unveiling is of several kinds: some is intellectual (ʿaqlī), perceived by the intellect through its luminous substance, unconditioned by the constraints of reflective thought and temperament. Some is psychic (nafsānī), occurring to absolute souls freed from their temperamental constraints through persistent spiritual exercise and striving, among the higher universal souls, through unveiling the veil that produces otherness and distinction. Some unveiling is spiritual (rūḥānī), occurring after the unveiling of the psychic and intellective veils, through the human spirit's beholding of the risings of the Merciful breaths. Some unveiling is Lordly (rabbānī), by way of self-disclosure—whether through descent and condescension, or through ascension (miʿrāj) and consolation, or through encounters (munāzalāt) by the secrets of [divine] patronage and self-disclosure, or through comprehensive gathering and self-disclosure after self-emptying (takhallī) before the patronizing Lord. This is multiple according to the multiplicity of the presences of the Names, for the Real has a self-disclosure from every presence and from the presences [collectively]. The highest of the self-disclosures of the Names is the Divine, comprehensive, unitary self-disclosure, granting universal, unitary, comprehensive unveilings—though not every unveiling is of this kind. Above it is the essential, exclusive self-disclosure, granting unveiling of the Reality of Realities and its ranks, of the reality of the Self and of [divine] knowledges, of the Divine Reality, and of the reality of universal Nature—so understand, and know the measure of what has been instilled in you of these secrets. God is the Patron of success and verification. Then know: that "reality" (ḥaqīqa) truly applies to everything possessing realization (taḥaqquq) in the broadest general sense. There is a reality whose realization is by itself—the Reality of the Real—and there may be a reality whose realization is not by itself, but through that which is realized by its own essence, from itself, whether in knowledge, or in the concrete (al-ʿayn), or in some or all ranks of existence, permanently or not, but at one time and not another. On this basis, "reality" truly applies to the Real and to creation, and to relations, attributions, substances, and accidents—if we say creation has realization. A reality may be one or many, absolute or delimited—know that. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:
al-Qayṣarī
﴿وهذا لا يعرفه عقل بطريق نظر فكري، بل هذا الفن من الإدراك لا يكون إلا عن كشف إلهي منه يعرف ما أصل صور العالم القابلة لأرواحه﴾
أي، هذا الأمر المذكور وتحقيقه، على ما هو عليه، طور وراء أطوار العقل، أي النظري، فإن إدراكه يحتاج إلى نور رباني يرفع الحجب عن عين القلب ويحدبصره فيراه القلب بذلك النور، بل يكشف جمع الحقائق الكونية والإلهية. وأما العقل بطريق النظر الفكري وترتيب المقدمات والأشكال القياسية، فلا يمكن أن يعرف من هذه الحقائق شيئا، لأنها لا تفيد إلا إثبات الأمور الخارجية عنها اللازمة إياها لزوما غير بين. والأقوال الشارحة لا بد وأن يكون أجزاؤها معلومة قبلها إنكان المحدود مركبا، والكلام فيها كالكلام في الأول. وإن كان بسيطا لا جزء له في العقل ولا في الخارج، فلا يمكن تعريفه إلا باللوازم البينة، فالحقائق على حالها مجهولة. فمتى توجه العقل النظري إلى معرفتها من غير تطهير المحل من الريون الحاجبة إياه عن إدراكه، كما هي، يقع في تيه الحيرة وبيداء الظلمة ويخبط خبطةعشواء. وأكثر من أخذت الفطانة بيده وأدرك المعقولات من وراء الحجاب لغاية الذكاء وقوة الفطنة من الحكماء زعم أنه أدركها على ما هي عليه، ولما تنبه في آخر أمره، إعترف بالعجز والقصور. كما قال أبو على عند وفاته عن نفسه: يموت وليس له حاصل * سوى علمه أنه ما علم وقال أيضا: إعتصام الورى بمغفرتك %~% عجز الواصفون عن صفتك تب علينا فإننا بشر %~% ما عرفناك حق معرفتك وقال الإمام: نهاية إدراك العقول عقال %~% وغاية سعى العالمين ضلال ولم نستفد من بحثنا طول عمرن %~% سوى أن جمعنا فيه قيل وقال وأما الذات الإلهية فحار فيها جميع الأنبياء والأولياء، كما قال، صلى الله عليه وسلم: "ما عرفناك حق معرفتك" و "ما عبدناك حق عبادتك". وقال أبو بكر،رضى الله عنه: "العجز عن درك الإدراك إدراك" وقال آخر: قد تحيرت فيك خذ بيدي %~% يا دليلا لمن تحير فيك وقال الشيخ: ولست أدرك من شئ حقيقته %~% وكيف أدركه وأنتم فيه وإنما قيد قوله: (بطريق نظري فكري) لأن القلب إذا تنور بالنور الإلهي، يتنور العقل أيضا بنوره ويتبع القلب، لأنه قوة من قواه، فيدرك الحقائق بالتبعية إدراكا مجردا من التصرف فيها، ويسلم أمره إلى الله المتصرف بالحقيقة في كل شئ. ويعترف اعترافه الأول بقوله: "سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا إنك أنت العليم الحكيم." قوله
That is, this matter mentioned and its verification, as it truly is, is a plane beyond the planes of the intellect, namely the theoretical [intellect], for its apprehension requires a lordly light that lifts the veils from the eye of the heart and sharpens its sight, so that the heart sees it by that light—rather, it unveils the totality of cosmic and divine realities. As for the intellect by way of theoretical reasoning and the ordering of premises and syllogistic forms, it cannot know anything of these realities at all, because these only yield the establishing of matters external to them that are necessarily entailed by them in a non-evident manner. Explanatory statements must have their parts known prior to them if the thing defined is composite, and the discussion regarding them is like the discussion regarding the first case. And if it is simple, having no part either in the intellect or externally, then it cannot be defined except by evident concomitants, so the realities remain, as they are, unknown. Whenever the theoretical intellect turns to know them without the locus being purified of the doubts veiling it from perceiving them as they are, it falls into the wilderness of bewilderment and the desert of darkness, and gropes about blindly. Most of those whom acuity of mind has led by the hand, and who have apprehended intelligibles from behind the veil due to the utmost sharpness and strength of perspicacity among the philosophers, claimed to have grasped them as they truly are; but when they awakened at the end of their affair, they confessed to incapacity and shortcoming. As Abū ʿAlī [Ibn Sīnā] said of himself at his death: 'He dies, and he has attained nothing / save his knowledge that he knew not.' And he also said: 'The refuge of mankind is in Your forgiveness / those who describe [You] are incapable of describing You; forgive us, for we are [but] human / we have not known You with the true knowledge due to You.' And the Imam [al-Rāzī] said: 'The furthest reach of the intellects' grasp is a fetter / and the utmost striving of the knowers is misguidance; and we have gained nothing from our long lifetime's inquiry / except that we have gathered therein hearsay and gossip.' As for the Divine Essence, all the prophets and saints were bewildered by it, as he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: 'We have not known You with the true knowledge due to You' and 'We have not worshipped You with the true worship due to You.' And Abū Bakr, may God be pleased with him, said: 'Incapacity to attain [full] apprehension is [itself] apprehension.' And another said: 'I have become bewildered in You, take my hand / O Guide of him who is bewildered in You.' And the Shaykh [Ibn ʿArabī] said: 'I do not apprehend the true reality of anything / and how should I apprehend it, when You are in it?' His statement 'by way of theoretical/discursive reasoning' is qualified thus because when the heart is illumined by the divine light, the intellect too is illumined by its light and follows the heart, since it is one of its faculties; so it apprehends the realities by way of following, an apprehension stripped of [independent] disposal over them, and it surrenders its affair to God, who truly has disposal over everything. And it makes its former confession, saying: 'Glory be to You, we have no knowledge except what You have taught us; indeed You are the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.' His statement:
Ibn Turka
﴿وهذا لا يعرفه عقل بطريق نظر فكريّ ، بل هذا الفنّ من الإدراك لا يكون إلَّا عن كشف إلهيّ ، منه يعرف ما أصل صور العالم القابلة لأرواحه﴾
فإنّك قد عرفت أنّ القابل وأصله راجع إلى الفيض الأقدس عن ثنويّة القابل والفاعل والكاسب والمكتسب منه ، فهو إذن بمعزل عن أن تقتنص شوارد حقائقه بمخالب قوى العقل وجوارحه . أو يصل إليه أحد بسلاليم الأقيسة الفكريّة ومدارج مقدّماتها ، ضرورة أنّ الثنويّة التقابليّة غالبة في نشأة العقل وجبلَّته القدسيّة العالميّة على ما يظهر من تلويحه أيضا سيما فيما يدركه باستعانة من قواه وتوسّل إليها . نعم ، يمكن له الوصول إليه عند انطواء الأسباب والآلات التعمّليّة والاكتسابيّة ، وانطفاء مشاعل مشاعره الجزئيّة ، عند سطوع تباشير إصباح المكاشفات الإلهيّة ، وشروق أنوار شمس الحقيقة من مطلع الوهب والامتنان ، وافق اليقين ، الخالص عن شوائب الحجج والبرهان . وجه تسمية آدم إنسانا وخليفة ثمّ إنّه بعد تحقيق الحقيقة الآدميّة وتفصيل جمعيّتها التامّة شرع في تبيين أساميها ، كشفا عن كنه أحكامها ولوازمها المعربة عن تمام ذلك التفصيل ، وما له من كماليّة في الظهور والإظهار ، فإنّك قد عرفت أنّ حقيقة كلّ شيء بخواصّها ولوازمها إنّما تستعلم من أساميها وألفاظها المختصّة بها ، بقوله
For you have already known that the receiver (qābil) and its root revert to the Most Holy Effusion (al-fayḍ al-aqdas), [which is] beyond the duality of receiver and agent, acquirer and that from which acquisition is made. It is therefore beyond the reach of anyone who would hunt the strays of its realities with the talons of the powers of reason and its faculties, or attain to it by the ladders of intellectual syllogisms and the rungs of their premises—necessarily, since oppositional duality predominates in the constitution of reason and its holy, universal nature, as also appears from its indication, especially with regard to what it perceives with the aid of its own powers and by recourse to them. Indeed, it is possible for one to attain to it when the causes and instrumental, acquisitive tools are folded up, and the lamps of one's particular senses are extinguished, at the shining forth of the first gleams of the dawn of divine unveilings, and the rising of the lights of the sun of the Real Truth from the point of dawning of [divine] bestowal and grace, upon the horizon of certainty (yaqīn) purified from the admixtures of arguments and proofs. The reason for naming Adam "Human" and "Vicegerent": Then, after establishing the Adamic reality and detailing its complete comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya), he [Ibn ʿArabī] proceeded to clarify its names, unveiling the essence of their properties and concomitants that express that complete detailing, and what belongs to it of perfection in manifestation and making-manifest. For you have already known that the reality of everything, with its properties and concomitants, is only known from its names and the terms proper to it, in his saying:]
Bālī Zāde
Bosnevî
﴿وهذا لا اعرفه عقل بطريق نظر فكري بل هذا الفن من الادراك﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
لایکون الاعن
“Does not come about except from […]”
Bālī Zāde
Words 8–26 · 2 of 7
بَلْ هَذَا الفَنُّ مِنْ الإِدْرَاكِ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا عَنْ كَشْفٍ إِلَهِيٍّ مِنْهُ يُعْرَفُ مَا …al-Qāshānī
﴿بل هذا الفن من الإدراك لا يكون إلا عن كشف إلهى منه يعرف ما أصل صور العالم القابلة لأرواحه﴾
إشارة إلى أن صورة العالم أيض حقائق وأعيان وأصل الحقائق هو الذات الأحدية فحقيقة الحقائق كما تحقق الحقائق الروحانية في العالم الذي سماه الجناب الإلهي لتحقق أسماء الألوهية فيه فهي تحقق الحقائق الجسمانية في العالم السفلى بتجل واحد ذاتى . فأصل الجميع أي الجناب الإلهي وما تقتضيه الطبيعة الكلية الحاصرة للقوابل واحد ، وهو الذات الأحدية السارية في الكل ولهذا قال عليه الصلاة والسلام « لو دلى أحدكم دلوه لهبط على الله وهو الذي في السماء إله وفي الأرض إله » . وكيف يدرك العقل هذا المعنى فإنه لا يدركه إلا هو نفسه ، ولا يكشف إلا على من يأخذه من نفسه بنفسه
This is an indication that the form of the cosmos too consists of realities and entities (aʿyān), and that the root of the realities is the Unique Essence (al-dhāt al-aḥadiyya). Just as the Reality-of-realities (ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq) actualizes the spiritual realities in the world called the Divine Presence — for the actualization therein of the names of Divinity — so too it actualizes the corporeal realities in the lower world, through one single essential self-disclosure. Thus the root of all — that is, the Divine Presence and what the universal Nature encompassing the receptacles requires — is one: it is the Unique Essence pervading all things. Hence he, peace and blessings be upon him, said: 'Were one of you to lower his bucket, he would descend upon God' — 'and He is God in the heaven and God on the earth.' How could the intellect grasp this meaning, when none grasps it but It Itself, and It discloses Itself only to one who takes it from Itself, by Itself?
Jāmī
﴿بل هذا الفن … من الإدراك … لا يكون إلا عن كشف إلهي﴾
حاصل بالتوجيه والافتقار التام إلى الله سبحانه وتفريغ القلب. وتعريته بالكلية من جميع التعلقات الملكوتية والعلوم والقوانين الرسمية (منه)، أي من ذلك الكشف الإلهي
is obtained through orientation and complete need toward God, Exalted is He, and the emptying of the heart. And its being stripped entirely of all attachments to the celestial dominion (malakūt), formal sciences and formal rules (from him), i.e., from that divine unveiling
Bālī Zāde
﴿من الإدراك لا يكون﴾
أي لا يحصل للعقل
i.e., it does not occur for the intellect
Bālī Zāde
﴿إلا عن كشف إلهي﴾
فهذا المذكور لا يعرفه العمل إلا بالكشف الإلهي لأنه مسألة من مسائله بل هو أم الفصوص وأصل جميع مسائل الفن. فيحتاج إلى الكشف كمال الاحتياج (منه) أي من الكشف (یعرف) على الوجه اليقين
For this aforementioned matter is not known through [rational] endeavor except through divine unveiling, since it is one of the questions of this discipline — indeed it is the mother of the Fuṣūṣ and the root of all the questions of this discipline. So it stands in utter need of unveiling. (From it), i.e., from unveiling, (it is known) with certain knowledge.
Words 17–26 · 1 of 7
كَشْفٍ إِلَهِيٍّ مِنْهُ يُعْرَفُ مَا أَصْلُ صُوَرِ العَالَمِ القَابِلَةِ لِأَرْوَاحِهِOnly Bosnevî comments here.
Bosnevî
﴿كشف الهي منه يعرف مااصل صور العالم القابلة لا رواحه﴾
هذا طبیعة کلیة فننه اشارت ایدر که عالمک اعلی واسفل اولان أقوابلنی حاصره در یعنی طبیعت کلیه فنی عقل نظر فکری طریقی ایله عارف اولمز بلکه ادراکدن بو فن یعنی بوفنک ادراکی واقع اولمز الاکشف الهی ایله که اندن معلوم اولور ارواحنی قابله اولان عالم صورینک اصلی ندر* امدی طبیعت کلیه جمیعی صوری فعاله اولان حقیقتک ظاهر بنیدر پس شویله بیلکه صورت جسمانیه مخصوصه دکلدرزیرا آزاولو رکه صور عقلیه وعلمیه وخیالیه وذهنیه ونوریه وروحانیه والهیه دخی واقعه اواور نتکیم حدیث* صحیحده وارد اولدی (ان الله خلق آدم علی صورته فلله تعالی صورة الهیة نوریة لا یقة بجنابه تعالی) بس*• پس صور طور تحقیقده صور علویه وصور سفلیه در وصور علویه دخی علویة حقیقیه وعلویه اضافیه در* پس صور علویه حقیقیه اسماء ربوبیه وحقایق وجوبیه صوریدر و بوصورک ماده وهیولاسی عماء ریدر و بوصوری فعاله اولان حقیقت ذات الوهیت جمعنک احد یتیدر وبواحدیتک ظاهریتی طبیعت کلیه در وصور علویه اضافیه ارواح عقلیه وارواح مهیمه وارواح نفسیه وملائکه مهیمه ارواحنک حقایقی صوریدر و بوصور روحانیه نک مشرب تحقیقده . ماده سی نور تجلیدر وصور سفلیه صور حقایق امکانیه ونسب مظهر به کیانیه در وبونلر دخی علویه وسفلیه در* پس صور علویه عالم امرک صور یدر که علویه اضافیه در وحقایق جسمانیه یه نسبت ایله وبوصورک موادی وهیولاسی عماء هی و پدر وبوعما یه عماد یرلر ظلمات ایله مسوی اولدیغندن اوتری وعالم مثال مطلقک ومثال مقیدک وعالم برزخک صوری صور علویه کونیه دندر* وبوصورک ماده وهیولاسی انفاس واعمال واخلاق وملکات ونعوت وصفا تدر وصور سفلیة کونیه عالم اجسامک صور یدر وبونلر دخی علویه وسفلیه در علویه اولان عرش وکرسی وافلاک وسمواتدر و بونلرک ماده سی جسم کلدر وسفلیه اولان عناصر وعنصر یاتدر وبونلر دخی علویه وسفلیه در* پس علویه اولان ارواح هوائیه وارواح ناریه ومارجیه صور یدر و بوصورک ماده سی هوا ایله نارد روسفلیه اولان شول صوردر که نشأ تلرنده ثقیلتان اولان ارض ایله ما غالب اوله خفیفتین اولان نار ایله هوا اوزره و بونلر دخی اوچ نوعـد رصور معدنیه وصور نباتیه وصور حیوانیه در وعالم مذکوره دن هر برعالم غیر متناهیه اولان شخصیاتک صورتی مشتملدر 6 که حقدن غیری کیمسه انلری احصا ایتمز» پس طبیعت بوصوری حامله اولان برحقیقتدر که جمیع صوره من وجه عین ماده اولمغله ومن وجه صورک کلیسنی طبیعت فعاله در* امدی شویله بیلکل که طبیعت معقولة الوجودد ر خارجده انک وجودی یوقدر ولکن انک آثاری ظاهره در مافو قندن اکامضافه اولان صور حسیة وجودیه بی اعطا ایدر محل انفعالدراسماء مؤثره ایچون انثی کبیدر ذکرایجون که انده تکون ظاهر اولو رجمیع عالم قوابلنک صورته ماده اولمغله پس نفس رحمانینک اکا توجهی حسبیله عالم قوابلنک صوری واسماء الهیة وجوبیه صوری انده ظهور ایتمکله منفعله در وطبیعت الهیتک ظاهری اولوب باطنیله ماده عمائیه ده صوراسما، وجوبیه انکله ظاهره اولمغله وعالم قوابلنک صوری دخی اندن متأثره اولوب ظاهره اولمغله فعاله در* زیرا ماده عمائیه ده ظاهره اولان صور طبیعتنده طبیعتله متعینه او او ب ظاهره اولور* پس اول صورک فاعلی طبیعت اواور بلکه طبیعت حالت واحده ده فعاله ومنفعله در زیرا طبیعت ایله مسمی اولان شی ارکان اربعه اوزره اجزاء اربعه دن مرکبد ر ایکیسی فاعلتاندر وایکیسی منفعلتاندر فاعلتان اولان حرارت و بروددر ومنفعلتان اولان یبوست و رطوبتدر حرارت یبوستده فاعله ویبوست حرارتدن منفعله دروبرودت رطوبده فاعله ورطوبت برودتدن منفعله در* پس طبیعت کندی نفسنده بر فاعله اولد قده بروجله دخی منفعله اولور فاعله اولمسی منفعله او لمسندن منفک دکلدر* آمدی طبیعت کلیه ذکر اولند یعنی اوزره کرک عالم قوابلتک صورته ماده اولمغله منفعله اعتبار اولسون کرک صوره ذکوره طبیعت ایله ماده عمائیه ده متعینه اولمغله فعاله اعتبار اوانسون* ذوق صحیح وکشف صریح اعطا ایتدیکی بودرکه ارواح عالمی قائله اولان صورینک اصلی طبیعت کلیه درکه جمیع اموری حاصره وجامعه در وطبیعت کلیه فننک ادراکی تجلی ذاتی اعطا ابتدیکی کشف ایله واقع اولور* امدی شویله بیلکه کشف برقاج نوع اوزره در برنوعی عقلیدر یعنی عقلانی ادراک ایدر فکر ک ومزاجک قیود نده مطلق اولان جوهر ایله و بر نوعی نفسا نیدر قیود مزاجیه دن ادمان ریاضات ومجاهدات ایله منطلقه اولان نفوس کلیه اماکنه عالمیه ایچون حاصلدر* مابه المباینة والممایزه اولان حجابک کشفی قنده* وبرنوعی روحا بدر حجب نفسانیه وعقلیه نک کشفند نصکره روحی انسانی انفس رحمانیه مطالعن مطالعه ایتمکله* وبرنوعی ربانیدر که تجلی طر یقیله حاصل اواور یا جانب حقدن تنزیل ایله ویاعبد طرفندن تعرج ایله ویا اسرار تولی ایله منازلات ایله ویاخود رب متولیدن حقیقت تجلی ایله تجلید نصکره جمع وتجلی ایله* وبونوع کشف حضرات اسمائیه تعددی ایله متعدد اواور زیرا حق حضرات اسمائیه دن هر بر حضرتنده متجلیدر هر بر حضرته مخصوص اولان تجلی ایله وتجلیات اسمائیهنک اعلاسی تجلی الهی احدی جمعیدر که مکاشفات کلیه احدیة جمعیه بی اعطاابدر* وبونک فوقنده تجلی ذاتی اختصا صیدر که حقیقة الحقایق کشفنی ومرا نبنی ونفس رحمانی ایله عما حقیقتک وحقیقت الهیه نک وطبیعت کلبه حقیقتک کشفنی اعطا ابدر* پس طبیعت کلیه اگرچه کیم فصل الهی ذاتی به مظهر واقعه اولد یسه* ولکن انک حقیقتی عوالم ربانیه ده وعوالم کیانیه ده صور فعلیه وانفعالیه جمعی احدیتنک حقیقتی اولمغله انک معرفتی صعوبت دن اوری انک ادراکی کشف ذاتی به مخصو صدر* نظر فکری ایله عقل انی ادراک اتمکدن . قاصر در* وطبیعت بقیه تفصیلی فص عیسی وادر بعده ایراد اولنور ان شاء الله تعالی) قسمی
This points to the science of ṭabīʿa kulliyya (universal nature), which encompasses the qawābil (receptacles) of the world, which are [both] higher and lower. That is, one does not become a knower of the science of universal nature by way of intellectual, speculative, reflective thought; rather, no perception of this science, i.e. no perception of this science, occurs except by kashf ilāhī (divine unveiling), from which it becomes known what the origin of the forms of the ʿālam (world) that receive its spirits is. Now, universal nature is the ẓāhiriyya (outwardness) of the ḥaqīqa (reality) that is active upon all forms. So know thus that form is not specific to the corporeal, for […] forms also occur as intellectual, cognitive, imaginal, mental, luminous, spiritual and divine [forms], as has come in the sound ḥadīth: “God created Adam upon His form; so God Most High has a divine, luminous form befitting His majesty.” So forms, in the mode of taḥqīq (verification), are higher forms and lower forms; and the higher forms are also truly higher and relatively higher. The truly higher forms are the forms of the lordly names and of the realities of necessity; the matter and hyle of these forms is the […] ʿamāʾ (cloud); the reality that is active upon these forms is the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿ (gathering, all-comprehensiveness) of the essence of divinity; and the outwardness of this aḥadiyya is universal nature. The relatively higher forms are the forms of the realities of the intellectual spirits, the enraptured spirits, the soul-spirits and the spirits of the enraptured angels; and the matter of these spiritual forms, in the school of verification, is the light of tajallī (self-disclosure). The lower forms are the forms of the possible realities and of the engendered relations of maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation); and these too are higher and lower. The higher forms are the forms of the world of command (ʿālam al-amr), which are relatively higher, in relation to the corporeal realities; the matters and hyle of these forms is the […] ʿamāʾ, and they call this ʿamāʾ ʿamād because it is […] with darknesses. The forms of the world of the absolute image, of the restricted image and of the world of the barzakh (isthmus) are among the higher engendered forms; and the matter and hyle of these forms are breaths, deeds, character traits, habitual dispositions, qualities and attributes. The lower engendered forms are the forms of the world of bodies; and these too are higher and lower. The higher are the Throne, the Footstool, the spheres and the heavens, and their matter is the universal body; the lower are the elements and the elemental things, and these too are higher and lower. The higher are the forms of the airy spirits and the fiery and mārijī spirits, and the matter of these forms is air and fire; the lower are those forms in whose constitutions the two heavy ones, earth and water, prevail over the two light ones, fire and air; and these too are of three kinds: mineral forms, plant forms and animal forms. And each world of the aforementioned worlds comprises the forms of individuals that are infinite, which no one other than the Real can enumerate. So nature is a reality that bears these forms, in that in one respect it is the very matter of all forms, and in one respect nature is active upon the totality of forms. Now know thus that nature is intelligible in its wujūd (being); it has no being externally, but its effects are manifest. It gives the sensible, existential forms that are ascribed to it from what is above it; it is the locus of receptivity; it is like the female for the male in relation to the effective names, in that generation becomes manifest in it, since it is matter for the forms of all the receptacles of the world. So, in accordance with the turning of the nafas raḥmānī (breath of the All-Merciful) toward it, it is receptive, in that the forms of the receptacles of the world and the forms of the divine names of necessity become manifest in it; and it is active, in that nature is the outward of divinity, and through its inward the forms of the names of necessity become manifest by it in the ʿamāʾ-matter, and the forms of the receptacles of the world also become manifest being affected by it. For the forms that become manifest in the ʿamāʾ-matter become manifest being determined by nature in its nature. So the agent of those forms is nature; rather, nature is active and receptive in one and the same state, for the thing named “nature” is composed of four parts upon the four pillars: two of them are active and two are receptive. The two actives are heat and cold, and the two receptives are dryness and moisture. Heat is active in dryness and dryness is receptive from heat; cold is active in moisture and moisture is receptive from cold. So when nature in itself is active, it is also receptive in [another] respect; its being active is not separate from its being receptive. Now, universal nature, according to what has been mentioned — whether it be considered receptive, in being matter for the forms of the receptacles of the world, or considered active, in that the aforementioned forms are determined by nature in the ʿamāʾ-matter — what sound dhawq (tasting) and clear kashf (unveiling) give is this: that the origin of the forms that receive the spirits of the world is universal nature, which encompasses and gathers all matters; and the perception of the science of universal nature occurs by the unveiling that the essential tajallī gives. Now know thus that unveiling is of several kinds. One kind is intellectual, i.e. the intellect perceives by the substance that is free of the restrictions of thought and of the constitution. One kind is of the soul, which occurs for the universal souls […] that are freed from the restrictions of the constitution through persistence in austerities and struggles, upon the unveiling of the veil which is that by which there is distinction and differentiation. One kind is spiritual, [occurring] after the unveiling of the veils of the soul and the intellect, by the human spirit's contemplating the rising-places of the nafas raḥmānī. And one kind is lordly, which occurs by way of tajallī: either through descent from the side of the Real, or through ascent from the side of the servant, or through mutual descents by the secrets of taking-charge, or else through the reality of tajallī from the Lord who takes charge, [then] through gathering and tajallī after tajallī. This kind of unveiling becomes multiple by the multiplicity of the ḥaḍarāt (presences) of the names, for the Real discloses Himself in each of the name-presences with the tajallī specific to each presence; and the highest of the tajallīs of the names is the divine, unitive, all-comprehensive tajallī, which gives the universal unitive-comprehensive unveilings. Above this is the essential tajallī of special election, which gives the unveiling of the Reality of Realities and its marātib (levels), and the unveiling of the reality of the ʿamāʾ with the nafas raḥmānī, of the divine reality, and of the reality of universal nature. So although universal nature became a maẓhar (locus of manifestation) for the essential divine […], yet, since its reality is the reality of the aḥadiyya of the gathering of the active and receptive forms in the lordly worlds and the engendered worlds, because of the difficulty of knowing it, its perception is specific to essential unveiling; the intellect, through speculative thought, falls short of perceiving it. The rest of the detailed account of nature will be presented in the Faṣṣ of Jesus and [that of] Idrīs, God Most High willing. […]
Words 19–24 · 2 of 7
مِنْهُ يُعْرَفُ مَا أَصْلُ صُوَرِ العَالَمِal-Qayṣarī
﴿منه يعرف﴾
%~% أي، من الكشف الإلهي يعرف ما الذي ظهر على صور العالم التي قبلت لأرواحه. وضمير (أرواحه) عائد إلى (العالم). وإنما قيد (الكشف) ب (الإلهي) لخروج الصوري والملكي والجني، وكشف الخواطر والضمائر وأمثالها، فإنها لا تعطى ذلك. بل كشف الحقائق الأسمائية والتجليات الصفاتية تعد القلوب للتجليات الذاتية المفنية لما سواها الجاعلة لجبال الإنيات دكا، فتفنى فيها فناء يوجب البقاء الأبدي، فتطلع بحقيقتها وحقيقةغيرها بالحق، وتعلم أن الذات الإلهية هي التي تظهر بصور العالم، وأن أصل تلك الحقائق وصورها، تلك الذات، وأنها هي التي ظهرت في الصورة الجوهرية المطلقة التي قبلت هذه الصور كلها من حيث قيوميتها. والمراد ب (الصور) يجوز أن يكون الأجسام القابلة للأرواح، ويجوز أن يكون الأجسام والأجساد المثالية والهياكل النورية، فيكون مشتملا على جميع العقول والنفوس المجردة وغير المجردة والجن وغيرها، لأن لكل منها صورة في عالم الأرواح حسب ما يليق بكمالاته، كما مر بيانه في المقدمات
That is, from the divine unveiling one knows what has appeared upon the forms of the cosmos that received it for its spirits. The pronoun in 'its spirits' refers to 'the cosmos.' The unveiling is qualified as 'divine' in order to exclude formal, angelic, and jinn [unveilings], and the unveiling of inward thoughts and hidden intentions and the like, for these do not yield that. Rather, the unveiling of the reality-based [i.e., relating to the Divine Names] realities and the self-disclosures of the attributes prepares hearts for the essential self-disclosures that annihilate whatever is other than them, that reduce the mountains of egoic selfhood to dust—so [the heart] is annihilated therein with an annihilation that necessitates eternal subsistence, and it rises up with its own reality and the reality of others through the Real, and knows that the Divine Essence is that which manifests in the forms of the cosmos, and that the root of these realities and their forms is that very Essence, and that it is what appeared in the absolute substantial Form that received all these forms by virtue of its self-subsistence (qayyūmiyya). What is meant by 'forms' may be the bodies receptive to spirits, or it may be the imaginal bodies and forms and luminous frames, in which case it would encompass all the disembodied and embodied intellects and souls, and the jinn and others, since each of these has a form in the world of spirits according to what befits its perfections, as was explained previously in the introductory matters.
Jāmī
﴿يعرف ما أصل صورة العالم﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
المنطبعة في مواده بفعل تأثير من ذلك الأصل (القابلة) لتلك الصورة (لأرواحه) المنفوخة فيها إن كانت من الصور المجردة. فالمراد بأرواحها الأسماء التي هي مظاهر لها فإن نسبة الظاهر إلى المظهر نسبة الروح إلى الصورة المساواة له. اعلم أن الطبيعة في عرف علماء الرسوم قوة بين قوى النفس الكلية سارية في الأجسام الطبيعية السفلية والأجرام العلوية فاعلة تصورها المنطبعة في موادها الهيولانية . وفي سر من مشرب الكشف والتحقيق إشارة إلى حقيقة إلهية فعالة للصور كلها . وهذه الحقيقة بفعل الصورة الاسمانية بباطنها في المادة العلمية فإن النشأة واحدة جامعة تحقيقها للصور الحقانية الوجوبية والصور الخلقية الكونية روحانية كانت أو مادية أو جسمانية بسيطة أو مركبة. والصور في صور التحقيق الكشفي علوية وسفلية ؛ فالعلوية حقيقة وهي صور الأسماء الربوبية والحقائق الوجوبية ومادة هذه الصور الروحانية هي النور. وأما الصور السفلية في صور الحقائق الإمكانية . وهي أيضا منقسمة إلى علوية وسفلية ؛ فمن العلوية ما سبق من الصور الروحانية، ومنها صور عالم المثال المطلق والمقيد. وأما السفلية فمنها صور عالم الأجسام للغير العنصرية كالعرش والكرسي ومادتها الجسم الكل ومنها صور العناصر والعنصريات. ومن العنصريات الصور الهوائية والنارية والمازجية. مادة هذه الصور الهواء والنار وما اختلط معهما من الثقيلين الباقين من الأركان المغلوبين في الخفيفين. ومنها الصور السفلية حقيقة وهي ما غلب في نشأته الثقيلان وهم : الأرض والماء . على الخفيفين وهم: النار والهواء. وهي ثلاث صور معدنية وصور نباتية وصور حيوانية وكل عالم من هذه العوالم تستعمل على صور شخصية لا تتناهى ولا يحصيها إلا الله سبحانه. والحقيقة الفعالة الإلهية فاعلة بباطنها الصور الأسمائية وظاهرها الذي هو الطبيعة الكلية تفعل ما عداها من الصور. فالحقيقة الإلهية أصل جميع الصور والطبيعة الكلية التي هي مظهرها أصل صور العالم كله (تسمى هذه) الكون الجامع
impressed in its matters through the effect of an influence from that root (which receives) that form (for its spirits) breathed into it, if they were among the abstract forms. For what is meant by 'its spirits' are the Names which are loci of manifestation (maẓāhir) for it, for the relation (nisba) of the manifest (ẓāhir) to the locus of manifestation (maẓhar) is the relation of spirit to form, being equal to it. Know that Nature, in the convention of the scholars of formal learning, is a power among the powers of the universal soul, pervading the lower natural bodies and the higher celestial bodies, effecting their forms impressed in their prime matters (hayūlā). But in the secret of the way of unveiling and verification, it is an indication of a divine reality effecting all forms. And this reality acts through the nominal form (al-ṣūra al-ismāniyya) by its inward aspect (bāṭin) in the material substratum of knowledge, for the origination (nashʾa) is one, comprehensive, realizing the necessary divine forms (al-ṣuwar al-ḥaqqāniyya al-wujūbiyya) and the created contingent forms (al-ṣuwar al-khalqiyya al-kawniyya), whether spiritual, material, or corporeal, simple or composite. The forms, in the forms of unveiling-verification, are higher and lower; the higher are real (ḥaqīqa) and are the forms of the Lordly Names and the necessary realities, and the matter of these spiritual forms is light. As for the lower forms, they are among the forms of the possible realities. These too are divided into higher and lower; among the higher are the aforementioned spiritual forms, and among them are the forms of the absolute and delimited world of images (ʿālam al-mithāl). As for the lower, among them are the forms of the world of non-elemental bodies such as the Throne and the Footstool, whose matter is the universal body (al-jism al-kull); and among them are the forms of the elements and elemental things. Among the elemental things are the aerial, fiery, and mixed forms, the matter of these forms being air and fire and what is mixed with them of the two remaining heavy elements overcome by the two light ones. And among them are the lower forms properly speaking, which are what is dominated in its origination by the two heavy elements, namely earth and water, over the two light ones, namely fire and air. These are three: mineral forms, vegetal forms, and animal forms. Each world among these worlds is exercised in individual forms without end, which none can enumerate save God, Exalted is He. And the effective divine reality acts by its inward aspect (bāṭin) [producing] the nominal forms, while its outward aspect (ẓāhir), which is universal Nature, produces the rest of the forms besides these. So the divine reality is the root of all forms, and universal Nature, which is its locus of manifestation, is the root of the forms of the entire world (this is called) the All-Comprehensive Being (al-kawn al-jāmiʿ)
Bālī Zāde
Bālī Zāde
﴿صور العالم﴾
المساواة القابلة لأرواحه وهي حقيقة الحقائق كلها وهي الذات الإلهية من حيث أسمائه الحسنى منه متعلق بيعرف قدم للحصر . فإن قلت : إن كان الطالب من أهل النظر فلا حظ له من الفن لأنه قال في حقه لا يعرفه عقل . وإن كان من أهل الكشف فلا يحتاج إلى إبراز الكتاب لأنه قال في حقه إلا عن كشف. فما معنى قوله : وأخرج به إلى الناس ينتفعون به حكاية عن الرسول عليه السلام . وقوله : ثم منوه على طالبيه بإسناده إلى نفسه. قلت : أما أهل النظر فيحصل له في قراءة ذلك الكتاب من أهل الكشف واليقين منافع كثيرة وإن لم يحصل له كمال المنفعة فيدخل تحت قوله تعالی : "أو ألقى السمع وهو شهيد" 37 سورة ق . بسبب قراءته كما لا يخفى . وأما أهل الكشف فيحتاج إلى مطالعة الكتاب في إدراك المعاني المعتبرة بألفاظ منتظمة فيه فلا يكفي مجرد كشفه بل مع مطالعته إن كان من أهل المطالعة أو القراءة إن كان من أهله فإن مفردات القرآن الكريم وأجزائه معروفة للعرب قبل نزول القرآن العظيم . وأما المعاني المبينة بالقرآن الحكيم فيحتاج في إدراكها إلى الكلام القديم. فهذا الكتاب كرامة قوليه له: لا يأتي مثله في هذا الفن أحد من المصنفين لا قبله ولا بعده . فلا يتصور إدراك هذه المعاني بالكشف إلا من جهته كما لا يصل العلم إلى معاني القرآن إلا من الجهة القرآنية . فمن لم يصل إليه بعد إبرازه مع القدرة فلا نصيب له من معانيه ولو كان أهل كشف فاجتهد. فإن المراد بإبراز الكتاب منفعتنا به فهو مأمور بالإبراز بصيغة الأمر الحضوره فيه بقوله : خذه واخرج به إلى الناس ونحن مأمورون بصيغة الغيبة لغيبتنا فيه. بقوله ينتفعون به فوجب به علينا الانتفاع. فالكامل والناقص بعد إبراز الكتاب سواء في احتياج الانتفاع فلا يليق لنا ترك أمر الرسول عليه الصلاة والسلام
the correspondence receptive to its spirits, and it is the reality of realities in its entirety, and it is the Divine Essence from the aspect of His most beautiful Names. [The phrase] 'from it' is connected to '[it] is known'; [the qualifier] was put forward for the sake of restriction. If you should say: if the seeker belongs to the people of rational speculation (ahl al-naẓar), then he has no share of this discipline, since it was said concerning it that 'no intellect knows it'; and if he belongs to the people of unveiling (ahl al-kashf), then he has no need of the book being brought forth, since it was said concerning it 'except through unveiling.' So what, then, is the meaning of his saying, 'and bring it forth to the people, that they may benefit from it,' narrated of the Messenger, peace be upon him, and his saying, 'then he bestowed it as a favor upon those who seek it by attributing it to himself'? I say: as for the people of rational speculation, they obtain, in reading this book [composed] by the people of unveiling and certainty, many benefits, even if they do not attain the complete benefit; thus they fall under His saying, Exalted is He: 'or gives ear while he is a witness' (Qāf 50:37), by virtue of their reading, as is not hidden. As for the people of unveiling, they need to study the book in order to grasp the meanings established by the ordered expressions within it; mere unveiling on its own does not suffice, but rather [it requires] study, if one is among the people of study, or reading, if one is among the people of reading. For the individual words of the Noble Qurʾān and its parts were known to the Arabs before the revelation of the Mighty Qurʾān, whereas the meanings made clear by the Wise Qurʾān require, for their comprehension, the Eternal Speech [itself]. So this book is a mark of honor granted to him in speech: none among the authors, neither before him nor after him, can produce its like in this discipline. Thus the comprehension of these meanings through unveiling is not conceivable except by way of him, just as knowledge does not reach the meanings of the Qurʾān except by the Qurʾānic way. So whoever fails to attain it after it has been brought forth, despite having the capacity, has no share in its meanings, even if he be among the people of unveiling, however much he strives. For what is intended by the bringing-forth of the book is our benefiting from it. He [the Prophet] was thus commanded to bring it forth, in the form of a command addressed to one present, by his saying: 'Take it and bring it forth to the people'; while we are addressed in the form [proper] to one absent, on account of our being absent [at that time], by his saying: 'that they may benefit from it.' Thus benefiting from it became incumbent upon us. So the perfect one and the deficient one, after the bringing-forth of the book, are equal in their need to benefit from it; hence it is not fitting for us to abandon the command of the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him.
Words 27–63 · 6 of 7
فُسُمِّيَ هَذَا المَذْكُورُ إِنْسَانًا وَخَلِيفَةً فَأَمَّا إِنْسَانِيَّتُهُ فَلِعُمُومِ نَشْأَتِهِ وَحَصْرِهِ الحَقَائِقَ كُلَّهَا وَهُوَ لِلحَقِّ …al-Qāshānī
﴿فسمى هذا المذكور إنسانا وخليفة ، فأما إنسانيته فلعموم نشأته وحصره الحقائق كلها﴾
أي لأن نشأته تحوى الحقائق كلها ، وجميع مراتب الوجود العلوية والسفلية بأحدية الجمع التي ناسب لها حقيقة الحقائق. وهي الجمعية المذكورة إذ لا شيء في النشأتين إلا وهو موجود فيه أي لا مرتبة في الوجود إلا وشيء منها فيه فناسب وجود الكل مؤانسا به ، فسمى إنسانا لأنه عالم صغير ، والعالم يسمى إنسانا كبيرا ، أو باعتبار آخر ( وهو ) أنه
That is, because his constitution embraces all realities and all levels of existence, both higher and lower, through the oneness of all-comprehensiveness (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) to which the Reality-of-realities corresponds. This is the aforementioned comprehensiveness (jamʿiyya), since there is nothing in the two constitutions [the spiritual and the corporeal] but that it exists within him — that is, there is no level of existence but that something of it is within him. Thus he corresponds to the existence of the whole, being intimate (muʾānis) with it through it; hence he was named insān [from uns, 'intimacy'], for he is a small world (ʿālam ṣaghīr), while the world is called the Great Human (al-insān al-kabīr) — or, according to another consideration, [it is] that he is
al-Jandī
﴿فسمّي هذا المذكور إنسانا وخليفة . فأمّا إنسانيته فلعموم نشأته وحصره الحقائق كلَّها .وهو للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي به يكون النظر وهو المعبّر عنه بالبصر ، فلهذا سمّي إنسانا فإنّه به ينظر الحقّ إلى خلقه ، فيرحمهم﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
يعني رضي الله عنه : أنّ اعتبار الحقيقة الإنسانية على وجه يكون الاشتقاق اللفظي محفوظا فيه ، إن كان بمعنى الأنس من كونها مؤنسة للحقائق ومأنوسة.وليس سائر الحقائق كذلك لكون كلّ حقيقة غيرها ممتازة عن غيرها بخصوصها المباين الموجب للغيرية بخلاف الحقيقة الإنسانية فإنّها أحدية جمع جميع الحقائق الحقيّة والخلقية والبرزخية .فما امتازت الحقيقة الإنسانية عنها إلَّا بأحدية جمع الجمع والإحاطة ، وبها أنست بالكلّ ، وأنس بها الكلّ بعضه بالبعض .ولهذا لم يكن مثله شيئا لعموم نشأته جميع النشئات ، وعدم عموم غيرها لأنّها ما من نشأة من النشآت إلَّا وفي نشأته نظيرتها .وما من حقيقة من الحقائق إلَّا وفي الحقيقة الإنسانية محتدها وأصلها لأنّ العوالم كلَّها على صورة الإنسان .كما أنّ الإنسان على صورة الله فما من عرش ولا كرسي ولا فلك ولا روحاني ولا كوكب ولا منازل ولا بروج ولا سماوات ولا أرضين ولا نار ولا هواء ولا تراب ولا ماء ولا مولَّد من معدن ونبات وحيوان ماش أو ساع أو سائح أو طائر أو ناش إلَّا وفي النشأة الإنسانية أمثالها ونظائرها .ولهذا قيل : الإنسان هو العالم الصغير .وقالوا : العالم الإنسان الكبير .وفيه نظر على ما سنبيّنه في موضعه ، فهو بصورته الطبيعية وبروحه جامع لخصائص عالم الأرواح من المهيّمة ومن العقول والنفوس والملائكة والجنّ ، وكذلك يجمع بحقيقته الإنسانية البرزخية بين بحريّ الوجوب والإمكان وبين الإطلاق والتعيّن .وقابليته أجمع القابليات ، ومظهريته أكمل المظهريات ، وما يخصّه من الفيض والتجلَّي أتمّ وأكمل وأعمّ وأشمل .وبهذا استحقّ الخلافة وسجود الملائكة فإنّ السجود هو الدخول في الطاعة والتذلَّل والانقياد والخضوع.فلمّا جمعت النشأة الإنسانية الكمالية بسعة قابليته وحيطة دائرة استعداده جميع الحقائق والقوى القائمة بصور العالم ، والمنتشرة والمطويّة منها في أعلاه وأسفله ، سجدت الملائكة التي هي عبارة عن صور أرواحها لآدم هو أوّل مظهر إنساني لافتقار العالم في كماله إلى وجوده واستغناء الإنسان بنشأته الكاملة عن العالم وما فيه .فهو على حدته مغن عن العالم ، أو كان في مظهرية التجلَّي الذاتي الأحدي الجمعي والأسماء التفصيلية الفرعية .والعالم بلا إنسان كامل غير كامل ولا كاف فيما ذكر .ولهذا ما عرفته الملائكة إلَّا أسماء حين سألهم الحق عنها بقوله : " أَنْبِئُونِي بِأَسْماءِ هؤُلاءِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صادِقِينَ " ، أي هؤلاء النسب والحقائق الإلهية الزمانية ، إشارة إلى حقائق الأسماء متجلَّية في صورها النورية وحقائق الموجودات القابلة لتلك التجليات .فلمّا لم يعرف الملائكة أسماء تلك الصورة النورانية والحقائق المعنوية من حيث التمايز والخصوصيات التي تقوّمت بها نشأتهم ، قال الله تعالى : " يا آدَمُ أَنْبِئْهُمْ بِأَسْمائِهِمْ " أي أعلمهم وأخبرهم بأسمائهم .أي بيّن المظاهر وأسماء الحق ، التي هم مستندون إليها في وجودهم فإنّ كلّ واحد منهم مظهر لحقيقة مخصوصة من حقائق أسماء الواجب الوجود ، وخادم لاسم معيّن ، وسادن لنسبة ربانية من النسب الإلهية ، فكلّ منهم لا يعرف الحقّ إلَّا من حيث مظهريته المعيّنة وقابليته الجزئية واستعداداته الخصوصية.فالحق المسمّى بفتح الميم وآدم المسمّى بكسر الميم والملائكة لا يعرفون الحق ولا أنفسهم ولا ما يستند إليه من الأسماء إلَّا من وجه جزئي تعيّنيّ .ولهذا لمّا أنبأهم آدم بأسمائهم في الحضرات الأسمائية ، وأظهر خصوصيات عبدانيات كلّ واحد منهم لاسم هو ربّه ، وأنبأهم بأسماء الحق ، التي هم مستندون إليها التي لها السلطان والحكم عليها. قالوا : " سبحانك لا عِلْمَ لَنا إِلَّا ما عَلَّمْتَنا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ ". فلهذا أنس بهذه الحقيقة الإنسانية الكلّ ، وأنس بالكلّ ، فسمّي الوجود الحق المتعيّن في هذه الحقيقة الكلَّية المطلقة إنسانا .وهو « فعلان » من الأنس على صيغة المبالغة .وسمّي أيضا إنسان العين إنسانا بهذا الاعتبار لأنّ العين تأنس بكلّ ما تقع عليه ولا يناسبه أيضا نور الحق المتعيّن بالجمع في نار الفرق .وإيناس النور في النور مؤنس يعطي الأنس لناظر الناظر ، ولأنّ الإنسان من عين الإنسان آلة النظر ، وإدراك ظاهرية المبصرات وإبصار كلّ ذي بصر إنّما هو بحسبه .وكان نظر الله أحديا جمعيا بأحدية جمع العلم والشهود لظاهرية أحدية جمعيات الحقائق والأشياء ، ولم يكن في الموجودات والحقائق حقيقة جمعية أحدية جامعة لجميع الجمعيات إلَّا هذا المظهر الأعمّ الأكمل ، والمنظر الأتمّ الأجمع الأوسع الأشمل ، به نظر الله في إبصاره لظاهريات الحقائق كلَّها ، فهو مجلى النظر الإلهي وإنسان العين المنزّهة ، فسمّاه بهذه الاعتبارات إنسانا .قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه
That is, may God be pleased with him: the consideration of the human reality is such that the verbal derivation is preserved in it, taken in the sense of uns (intimacy), insofar as it brings intimacy to the realities and is itself the object of intimacy (maʾnūsa). The rest of the realities are not so, since every other reality is distinguished from others by its particular exclusiveness, which grounds otherness—unlike the human reality, which is the all-comprehensive oneness of all the Real, created, and isthmus-like realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-ḥaqqiyya wa'l-khalqiyya wa'l-barzakhiyya). The human reality is distinguished from them only by the oneness comprehending the comprehensive-gathering (aḥadiyyat jamʿ al-jamʿ) and encompassment; through it, it has intimacy with the whole, and through it the whole has intimacy with one another, part with part. For this reason "there is nothing like him" (laysa mithluhu shayʾ), because of the universality of his constitution encompassing all constitutions, while others' constitutions are not universal—for there is no constitution among the constitutions but that its counterpart is [also] in his constitution, and no reality among the realities but that its root and origin is in the human reality, because all the worlds are upon the form of the human, just as the human is upon the form of God. So there is no Throne, no Footstool, no celestial sphere, no spiritual being, no star, no [lunar] stations, no zodiacal signs, no heavens, no earths, no fire, no air, no earth [element], no water, and nothing generated of mineral, plant, or animal—walking, running, roaming, or flying, or creeping—but that its likenesses and counterparts are in the human constitution. For this it has been said: "The human is the microcosm (al-ʿālam al-ṣaghīr)." And they said: "The [macro]cosm is the great human (al-insān al-kabīr)." There is a consideration to be examined here, as we shall clarify in its proper place. He, by his natural form and by his spirit, gathers the special properties of the world of spirits—of the ravished spirits (al-muhaymana), and of the intellects, souls, angels, and jinn; and likewise, by his isthmus-like human reality, he joins between the two seas of necessity (wujūb) and contingency (imkān), and between absoluteness (iṭlāq) and entification (taʿayyun). His receptivity (qābiliyya) is the most comprehensive of all receptivities, his locus-of-manifestation-hood (maẓhariyya) the most perfect of all loci of manifestation, and what is specific to him of effusion (fayḍ) and self-disclosure (tajallī) is the most complete, most perfect, most general, and most comprehensive. By this he deserved the vicegerency (khilāfa) and the prostration of the angels; for prostration is entry into obedience, self-abasement, submission, and humility. Since the perfective human constitution, by the breadth of its receptivity and the encompassing circle of its preparedness (istiʿdād), gathered together all the realities and faculties subsisting in the forms of the world—spread out and enfolded, above and below—the angels, which are the expression for the forms of its spirits, prostrated to Adam, the first human locus of manifestation; for the world's perfection depends upon his existence, while the human, through his perfect constitution, is independent of the world and all within it. He, in his own singularity, suffices in place of the world—or [rather he does so] as the locus of manifestation of the essential, unitary, comprehensive self-disclosure and the detailed, derivative Names. The world without a perfect human is imperfect and insufficient for what has been mentioned. For this reason the angels knew nothing but names, when the Real asked them about them, saying: "Inform Me of the names of these, if you are truthful"—that is, these temporal divine relations and realities, alluding to the realities of the Names manifested in their luminous forms, and the realities of existents receptive to those self-disclosures. Since the angels did not know the names of that luminous form and those meaning-realities in respect of the distinction and particularities that constituted their own being, God, exalted is He, said: "O Adam, inform them of their names"—that is, teach them and inform them of their names—that is, clarify the loci of manifestation and the Names of the Real upon which they depend for their existence. For each one of them is a locus of manifestation for a particular reality among the realities of the Names of the Necessarily Existent, a servant of a specific Name, and a custodian of a particular one of the divine relations (nisab); so each of them knows the Real only from the aspect of its own specific locus of manifestation, its partial receptivity, and its particular preparednesses. So the Real—the Named (musammā, with fatḥa)—and Adam—the named (musammā, with kasra)—and the angels, know neither the Real, nor themselves, nor that upon which they depend among the Names, except from a partial, entified aspect. For this reason, when Adam informed them of their names in the presences of the Names, and manifested the particularities of the servant-hoods (ʿabdāniyyāt) of each one of them for a Name that is its Lord, and informed them of the Names of the Real upon which they depend and which hold authority and rule over them, they said: "Glory be to You! We have no knowledge except what You have taught us; verily You are the All-Knowing, the All-Wise." For this reason the whole found intimacy through this human reality, and it found intimacy with the whole. Thus the Real Existence, entified in this universal, absolute, comprehensive reality, was named insān—a [morphological pattern] fiʿlān from uns, in the intensive form. He was also named insān al-ʿayn [the pupil, lit. "human of the eye"] in this same respect, because the eye finds intimacy with everything it falls upon; and likewise the light of the Real, entified through gathering, does not correspond to [remain confined within] the fire of differentiation (nār al-farq). The intimating of light within light is itself intimate, granting intimacy to the seer of the seer; and because the pupil within the human eye is the instrument of sight, the perception of the manifest aspect of visible things, and the seeing of every possessor of sight, are only according to it. God's looking was a unitary, comprehensive looking, through the oneness comprehending knowledge and witnessing, [directed] at the manifest aspect of the unitary comprehensivenesses of the realities and things; and among existents and realities there was no comprehensive, unitary reality gathering all the comprehensivenesses save this most general, most perfect locus of manifestation—this most complete, most all-gathering, most expansive, most comprehensive vista—through which God looked, in His seeing, upon the manifest aspects of all realities. He is thus the mirror of the Divine Looking and the Pupil of the transcendent Eye. So He named him, by these considerations, insān. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:
al-Qayṣarī
﴿فسمى هذا المذكور إنسانا وخليفة. فأما إنسانيته فلعموم نشأته وحصره الحقائق كلها. وهو للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي به يكون النظر، وهوالمعبر عنه بالبصر، فلهذا سمى إنسانا﴾
أي، سمى هذا الكون الجامع إنسانا وخليفة. أما تسميته (إنسانا) فلوجهين: أحدهما، عموم نشأته. أي، اشتمال نشأته المرتبية على مراتب العالم وحصره الحقائق، أي المفصلة في العالم. وذلك لأن (الإنسان) إما مأخوذ من (الأنس) أو من (النسيان) . فإن كان من (الأنس) ، وهو ما يؤنس به، فهو حاصل للإنسان لكونه مجمع الأسماء ومظاهرها وتؤنس به الحقائق وتحصر في نشئاته الجسمانية والروحانية والمثالية لإحاطة النشأة إياها. وإن كان من (النسيان)، وهو الذهول عن بعض الأشياء بعد التوجه إليه بالاشتغال إلى غيره، فالإنسان بحكم اتصافه ب (كل يوم هو في شأن) لا يمكن وقوفه بشأن واحد. وهذا، أيضا يقتضى العموم والإحاطة، إذ لو لم تكن نشأته محيطة بها، لكانت على منوال واحد ونسق معين كغيره من الموجودات. وأيا ما كان سمى الإنسان إنسانا، لهذه المناسبة الجامعة بين الاسم والمسمى. وثانيهما، أنه للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي يحصل به النظر، وهو الذي يعبر عنه بالبصر وكما أن إنسان العين هو المقصود والأصل من العين، إذ به يكون النظر ومشاهدة عالم الظاهر الذي هو صورة الحق، كذلك الإنسان هو المقصود الأول من العالم كله، إذ به يظهر الأسرار الإلهية والمعارف الحقيقية المقصودة من الخلق، وبه يحصل اتصال الأول بالآخر، وبمرتبته يكمل مراتب عالم الباطن والظاهر. ففي قوله
was named human and vicegerent. As for his humanity, it is due to the universality of his constitution and his encompassing of all realities. And he is, for the Real, in the position of the pupil to the eye, through which seeing occurs, and which is expressed as sight (baṣar); therefore he was named human] That is, this comprehensive cosmic being was named 'human' (insān) and 'vicegerent' (khalīfa). As for his being named 'human,' this is for two reasons: One of them is the universality of his constitution—that is, his graded constitution's inclusion of the levels of the cosmos, and his encompassing of the realities, namely those made distinct/detailed in the cosmos. This is because 'insān' is derived either from 'uns' [intimacy/sociability] or from 'nisyān' [forgetfulness]. If it is from 'uns,' which is that by which one finds intimacy, then this is attained by the human because he is the locus where the Names and their loci of manifestation converge, and the realities find intimacy through him and are encompassed within his corporeal, spiritual, and imaginal constitutions due to the all-encompassing nature of his constitution. And if it is from 'nisyān,' which is heedlessness of some things after having turned to them, due to being occupied with something else, then the human, by virtue of his being characterized by [the verse] 'Every day He is upon some task' (kulla yawmin huwa fī shaʾn), cannot remain fixed upon a single task. This likewise entails universality and comprehensiveness, since if his constitution were not all-encompassing of these [tasks], it would proceed upon a single mode and a fixed pattern like other existents. Whichever it be, the human was named 'insān' due to this comprehensive correspondence between the name and the named. The second reason is that he is, for the Real, in the position of the pupil to the eye, by which seeing occurs, and which is expressed as sight (baṣar). Just as the pupil of the eye is the object intended and the essential [part] of the eye, since by it seeing and the witnessing of the manifest world—which is the form of the Real—occurs, likewise the human is the first object intended from the entire cosmos, since through him the divine secrets and the true forms of knowledge intended by creation are manifested, and through him the connection of the First to the Last comes about, and by his rank the levels of the nonmanifest and manifest worlds are perfected. So in his statement
Ibn Turka
﴿فسمّي هذا المذكور « إنسانا » و « خليفة »﴾
بحسب كمالية الأوّل والآخر
by virtue of the perfection of the First and the Last.
Bālī Zāde
﴿فسمي هذا المذكور﴾
وهو الكون الجامع
— namely, the all-comprehensive being (al-kawn al-jāmiʿ)
Bosnevî
﴿هذا المذكور انسانا وخليفة فاما انسانيته فلعموم نشأته وحصر . الحقايق كلها﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
پس بومذکور یعنی عالم مرأ تبنک جلاسی وعالم صورتنک روحی اولان کون جامع انسان ایله وخلیفه ایله تسمیه اولندی اما انک انسانیتی یعنی انسان ایله تسمیه اولنمسی پس نشأه سنت عمو مند، ، او تریدرو حقایقک کلیسنی حاصراولدیغندن اوتریدر یعنی انک نشأسی جمیع نشأت الهیه وکونیه بی جامعه اولوب جمیع نشأ نده انک وجودی ساری وحکمی جار یدر وجمیع نشأت انک نشأه سنده مجمله وانک نشأه سی جمیع نشأتده مفصله درو برزخیة 5 کبری جمعنک احد یتی حقیقتی ایله جمیع حقایق حقیه وخلقیه بی وبرزخیة بی حاصره در* پس ذکر اولنان کون جامعک انسانیتی اشتقاق لفظی اعتباریله جمیع حقایقه مونس ومأنوس اولدیغندن اوتریدر* واما حقیقت انسانیه دن غیری اولان جمیع حقایق پس بری برندن متمیزدر هربر حقیقتده غیریتی موجب اولان خصوص مباین ایله* پس حقیقت انسانیه سار حقایقدن احدیت جمع جمع ایله واحاطت کل ابله ممتازه اولدی واحاطت کل واسطه سیله جمیع حقایق ایله مونسه وجمیع حقایق دخی انکله مأنوسه اولدی* پس انسان کبی برشی یو قدر زیرا انک نشأ سی جمیع نشأته عامه در ونشأت عالمده دخی برشی یوقدرکه انسانده انک اصلی ونظیری اولیه «زیرا عالم انسانک صورتی اوزره درانسان صورت الهیه اوزره اولدیغی کی* پس انسان صورت طبیعیه سی ونشأت عنصریه سیله عالم طبیعتک جمیع مظهر یاتنی جامعدر وروحی ایله عالم ارواح خصایصی یعنی ارواح مهیه وعقول ونفوس وملائکه وجن ارواحنی جامعد روانک حقیقت انسانیه سی برزخیتیله بحر وجوب ایله بحر امکان بینی واطلاق لاتعین ایله تعیین بیننی جامهدر* پس قابلیتی جمیع قابلیاتک اجمعیدر ومظهریتی جمیع مظهر یاتک کلیدر واکا مخصوص اولان فیض وتجلی اتم واکمل واعم واشملدر* پس وقتا که نشأت انسانیه سعت قابلیتی ایله واستعدادی احاطتی ایله صور عالم ایله قائمه وعوالمک اعلی واسفلنده منتشره اولان قواایله حقایقک جمله سنی جامعه اولد یسه قوا ایله حقایقک ارواحی صورندن عبارت اولان ملائکه مظهر انسانیتک اولی اولان آدمه سجده ایتد یلر زیرا عالم کمالنده انسانک وجود نه مفتقر در* وانسان نشأت کامله سی ایله عالمدن مستغنیدر* پس انسان عالمدن مغنید رو تجلی ذاتی احدی جمعی به واسماء تفصیلیه فرعیه به مظهریتده کافیدر وعالم آنسز کافی دکلدر* والسجود هو الدخول فی الطاطة والانقیاد لان الاشیاء تحن الی اصولها والانسان جامع* فجمیع القوی وارواح الملائکة وایضا هو جامع* فجمیع الاسماء الالهیة التی بعضها ارباب ارواح الملائکة التی هم مستندون الیها فی وجودهم فان کل واحد منهم مظهر الحقیقة مخصوصة من حقایق اسماء واجب الوجود وخادم لاسم معین الذی هور به فلا یعرف الحق الامن حیث مظهریة المتعینة وقابلیة الجزئیة التی تحت حیطة الجمعیة الانسانیة الکمالیة فلهذا ولامور اخر امرت الملائکة بسجود آدم علیه السلام)
So this mentioned one, i.e. the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), which is the polishing of the mirror of the ʿālam (world) and the spirit of the form of the world, was named “human” (insān) and “vicegerent” (khalīfa). As for his humanity, i.e. his being named “human”, it is because of the universality of his nashʾa (configuration) and because he encompasses all ḥaqāʾiq (realities); that is, his configuration gathers all the divine and engendered configurations, his wujūd (being) pervades and his rule runs in all configurations, all configurations are summarized in his configuration and his configuration is detailed in all configurations; and by the reality of the aḥadiyya (unity) of the jamʿ (gathering, all-comprehensiveness) of the greatest barzakhiyya (isthmus-hood) he encompasses all the realities of the Real and of creation, and the barzakhī [realities]. So the humanity of the mentioned kawn jāmiʿ, in respect of the verbal derivation, is because he is intimate with all realities and [they are] intimate with him. As for all realities other than the human reality, they are distinguished from one another by the distinctive particularity that necessitates otherness in each reality. So the human reality became distinguished from the other realities by the aḥadiyya of the gathering of gathering and by encompassing all; and by means of encompassing all it became intimate with all realities, and all realities also became intimate with it. So there is nothing like the human, for his configuration comprehends all configurations, and in the configurations of the world there is also nothing whose origin and counterpart is not in the human, for the world is upon the form of the human, just as the human is upon the divine form. So the human, by his natural form and his elemental configuration, gathers all the loci of manifestation of the world of nature; by his spirit he gathers the properties of the world of spirits, i.e. the spirits of the enraptured spirits, the intellects, the souls, the angels and the jinn; and his human reality, by its barzakhiyya, gathers between the sea of necessity and the sea of possibility, and between non-determined absoluteness and taʿayyun (determination). So his qābiliyya (receptivity) is the most comprehensive of all receptivities, his maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation) is the totality of all locus-hoods, and the fayḍ (effusion) and tajallī (self-disclosure) specific to him are the most complete, most perfect, most general and most encompassing. So when the human configuration, by the vastness of its receptivity and the encompassment of its istiʿdād (preparedness), came to subsist with the forms of the world and to gather the whole of the realities with the powers spread through the highest and lowest of the worlds, the angels — which are [the] expression of the forms of the spirits of the powers and realities — prostrated to Adam, the first locus of humanity; for the world, in its perfection, is in need of the existence of the human, and the human, by his perfect configuration, is independent of the world. So the human suffices in place of the world, and is sufficient in being the locus of the essential, unitive, all-comprehensive tajallī and of the detailed, derivative names; and the world without him is not sufficient. “Prostration is entry into obedience and submission, because things yearn for their roots, and the human gathers all the powers and the spirits of the angels; and he also gathers all the divine names, some of which are the lords of the spirits of the angels, upon which they depend in their existence; for each one of them is a locus of manifestation of a specific reality among the realities of the names of the Necessary Being, and a servant of a specific name which is his lord; so he does not know the Real except in respect of his determined locus-hood and his particular receptivity, which is beneath the encompassment of the perfect human all-comprehensiveness. So for this, and for other matters, the angels were commanded to prostrate to Adam, peace be upon him.”
Words 29–35 · 2 of 7
المَذْكُورُ إِنْسَانًا وَخَلِيفَةً فَأَمَّا إِنْسَانِيَّتُهُ فَلِعُمُومِ نَشْأَتِهِJāmī
﴿المذكور إنسانا وخليفة فأما إنسانيته فلعموم نشأته﴾
المرآتية . فإن له ثلاث نشأت : نشأة روحية ونشأة عنصرية ونشأة مرآتية هي أحدية جمعهم والعموم أهل :متن نص فصوص الحكم كلها وهو يلحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي به يكون النظر وهو المعبر عنه بالبصر . فإنه به نظر الحق تعالى إلى خلقه فرحمهم . شرح الجامي : المرآتية
mirror-like (mirʾātiyya). For he has three origination: a spiritual origination, an elemental origination, and a mirror-like origination, which is the unitary comprehension of them both. And comprehensiveness belongs to: [Text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam in its entirety] and it attaches to the rank of the pupil of the eye (insān al-ʿayn) within the eye, by which sight occurs, which is expressed as vision (baṣar). For through it the Real, Exalted is He, looks upon His creation and has mercy upon them. Jāmī's commentary: mirror-like
Bālī Zāde
﴿إنسانا وخليفة فأما إنسانيته فلعموم نشانه﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
وهي المرتبة الجامعة بين النشأة الروحانية وهي على صورة الحق والجسمانية وهي من حقائق العالم وصوره
— which is the station comprehending both the spiritual constitution, which is upon the form of the Real, and the corporeal constitution, which belongs to the realities of the world and its forms
Words 32–38 · 1 of 7
فَأَمَّا إِنْسَانِيَّتُهُ فَلِعُمُومِ نَشْأَتِهِ وَحَصْرِهِ الحَقَائِقَ كُلَّهَاOnly Ibn Turka comments here.
Ibn Turka
﴿فأمّا إنسانيّته : فلعموم نشأته وحصره الحقائق كلَّها﴾
حصرا جميعا امتزاجيّا يتعاكس فيه النسب من الكلّ على الكلّ ، ويأنس بها الكلّ إلى الكل
a comprehensive, blending encompassment in which the relations (nisab) intersect from the whole to the whole, and through which the whole is intimate with the whole.
Words 36–38 · 2 of 7
وَحَصْرِهِ الحَقَائِقَ كُلَّهَاJāmī
﴿وحصره الحقائق كلها﴾
إلهية كانت أو كونية (وهو) ، أي الكون الجامع
whether divine or cosmic (and it), i.e., the All-Comprehensive Being (al-kawn al-jāmiʿ)
Bālī Zāde
﴿وحصره الحقائق كلها﴾
من الإلهيات والكونيات، فإنه حينئذ يونس جميع الحقائق فهو من الإنس (وهو) بيان لوجه تسمية أخرى
— of the divine matters and the cosmic matters — for at that point he unites intimately (yūnisu) all the realities, so he is [named] from uns (intimacy/companionship). (And it) is an explanation of the aspect of another naming
Words 39–53 · 6 of 7
وَهُوَ لِلحَقِّ بِمَنْزِلَةِ إِنْسَانِ العَيْنِ مِنْ العَيْنِ الَّذِي بِهِ يَكُونُ النَّظَرُ وَهُوَ المُعَبَّرُ عَنْهُ …al-Qāshānī
﴿للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي به يكون النظر وهو المعبر عنه بالبصر﴾
لأن الله تعالى نظر به إلى الخلق فرحمهم
For God, exalted is He, looked through him upon creation, and so had mercy upon them.
al-Qayṣarī
﴿وهوللحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين﴾
وإشارة إلى أن الكامل هو سبب إيجاد العالم وبقائه وكمالاته أزلا وأبدا دنيا وآخرة. وذلك إما في العلم: فلأن الحق تعالى لما تجلى لذاته بذاته وشاهد جميع صفاته وكمالاته في ذاته وأراد أن يشاهدها في حقيقة تكون له كالمرآة . كما ذكره في أول الفص - أوجد (الحقيقة المحمدية) التي هي حقيقة هذا النوع الإنساني في الحضرة العلمية. فوجدت حقائق العالم كلها بوجودها، وجودا إجماليا، لاشتمالها عليها من حيث مضاهاتها للمرتبة الإلهية الجامعة للأسماء كلها، ثم أوجدهم فيها وجودا تفصيليا، فصارت أعيانا ثابتة،كما تقرر في موضعها. وإما في العين بحسب وجوداتهم: فلأنه جعل الوجودالخارجي مطابقا للوجود العلمي بإيجاد العقل الأول الذي هو النور المحمدي . المعرب عنه: (أول ما خلق الله نوري) أولا، ثم غيره من الموجودات التي تضمنها العقل الأول وعلمها ثانيا. وإما بحسب كمالاتهم: فلأنه جعل قلب الإنسان الكامل مرآة التجليات الذاتية والأسمائية ليتجلى له أولا، ثم بواسطته تجلى للعالم، كانعكاس النور من المرآة المقابلة للشعاع إلى ما يقابلها، فأعيانهم في العلم والعين وكمالاتهم إنما حصلت بواسطة الإنسان الكامل . وأيضا، لما كان الإنسان مقصودا أوليا ووجوده الخارجي يستدعى وجود حقائق العالم، أوجد أجزاء العالم أولا ليوجد الإنسان آخرا، لذلك جاء في الخبر: "لولاك لما خلقت الأفلاك". وهذا الشهود الأزلي، والإيجاد العلمي والعيني عبارة عن النظر إليهم وإفاضة الرحمة الرحمانية المجملة والرحيمية المفصلة عليهم، إذ جميع الكمالات مترتبة على الوجود لازمة له. فالوجود هو الرحمة الأصلية التي يتبعها جميع أنواع الرحمة والسعادة الدنيوية والأخروية. قوله
It is an allusion to the fact that the perfect [human] is the cause of the existence of the cosmos, its persistence, and its perfections, eternally and everlastingly, in this world and the next. This is so, whether with respect to knowledge: for when the Real, exalted is He, disclosed Himself to His own Essence by His Essence and witnessed all His attributes and perfections in His Essence, and wished to witness them in a reality that would be for Him like a mirror—as He mentioned at the beginning of the chapter—He brought into existence 'the Muḥammadan Reality' (al-ḥaqīqa al-muḥammadiyya), which is the reality of this human species, within the Presence of Knowledge. So all the realities of the cosmos came into existence by its existence, a summary [global] existence, due to its containing them by virtue of its correspondence to the Divine Level that comprehends all the Names; then He brought them into existence within it with a detailed existence, so they became fixed entities (aʿyān thābita), as has been established in its proper place. Or with respect to the [external] entity, according to their existences: for He made external existence conform to knowledge-based existence by bringing into existence the First Intellect, which is the Muḥammadan Light, expressed [in the ḥadīth]: 'The first thing God created was my light'—first, then the other existents which the First Intellect comprised and knew, second. Or with respect to their perfections: for He made the heart of the perfect human the mirror of the essential and Names-based self-disclosures, so that He might disclose Himself to it first, then through its mediation disclose Himself to the cosmos, like the reflection of light from a mirror facing the ray onto what faces it. So their entities—in knowledge and in [external] existence—and their perfections were only attained through the mediation of the perfect human. Also, since the human was the primary object intended, and his external existence requires the existence of the realities of the cosmos, He brought the parts of the cosmos into existence first, so that the human might come into existence last; for this reason it is stated in the report: 'Were it not for you, I would not have created the celestial spheres' (lawlāka lamā khalaqtu al-aflāk). This eternal witnessing, and this existentiation in knowledge and in [external] entity, is an expression for [the Real's] looking upon them and pouring forth upon them the all-comprehensive Raḥmānī mercy and the detailed Raḥīmī mercy, since all perfections are consequent upon existence and necessarily entailed by it. So existence is the original mercy which all types of mercy and worldly and otherworldly felicity follow. His statement:
Ibn Turka
﴿وهو للحقّ بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين﴾
أي كما أنّ إنسان العين من العين الشخصي فيه مثال الشخص بعينه حاصر الجميع أجزائه بأوضاعها وأشكالها ، كذلك الإنسان مثله من العين الوجودي ، وليس كمثله شيء ، أو كما أن بإنسان العين ينظر على الشيء ، فكذلك بحقيقته الأصليّة السابقة على الكلّ نظر الحقّ إلى العالم بعينه ، حسبما سمعه من ألسنة قابليّاتهم ، فرحمهم بوجوده . فالإنسان بحقيقته هو
That is, just as the pupil of the eye, within the individual eye, contains the image of the individual person himself, encompassing all his parts with their configurations and shapes, so likewise the Human [stands] in relation to the eye of Existence—and there is nothing like unto Him. Or, just as by the pupil of the eye one sees a thing, so likewise, by his [the Human's] original reality, which precedes the whole, the Real looks upon the world through it [that reality], according to what He heard from the tongues of their [the entities'] receptivities (qābiliyyāt), and so had mercy upon them through [granting them] existence. So the Human, by his reality, is
Jāmī
﴿للحق سبحانه بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين الذي يكون به النظر وهو﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
أي إنسان العين
i.e., the pupil of the eye
Bālī Zāde
﴿للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين … من العين الذي به يكون النظر وهو المعبر عنه بالبصر فلهذا﴾
أي فلأجل أنه للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين
i.e., because he is, to the Real, in the position of the pupil of the eye relative to the eye
Bosnevî
﴿وهو للحق بمنزلة انسان العين من المين الذي به يكون النظر وهو لمعبر عنه بالبصر﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
وآدم اولان کون جامع انسان ابله تسمیه اولندیغنک بروجهی دخی بودرکه اول مذکور یعنی آدم حقیجون عیندن عینک انسانی یعنی بیکی منزله سنده درکه نظر انکله واقع اولور* و بصرایله معبر عنه اولان دخی اولدر* یعنی قوت باصره مبصراتک ظاهر یتن عینک انسانی ایله ادراک ایتد یکی کبی علم وشهود جمعی احدیتی ایله حقایق اسیانک جمعیاتی احدیتنه حقک نظری بومظهر اعم واکل ومنظر اجمع واشمل اولان انسان کامل ایله واقعدر* زیراحقک عین منز هیدر
And one further aspect of the kawn jāmiʿ (all-comprehensive being), which is Adam, being named “human” is this: that the mentioned one, i.e. Adam, is for the Real in the rank of the insān (pupil) of the eye in relation to the eye, i.e. the pupil, by which seeing occurs; and he is also what is expressed as “sight”. That is, just as the visual faculty perceives the outwardness of visible things by the pupil of the eye, [so] the Real's gaze upon the aḥadiyya (unity) of the gatherings of the ḥaqāʾiq (realities) of things, by the aḥadiyya of the jamʿ (gathering, all-comprehensiveness) of knowledge and witnessing, takes place through this insān kāmil (perfect human), who is the most general and most perfect maẓhar (locus of manifestation) and the most comprehensive and most encompassing place of viewing. For he is the transcendent eye of the Real.
al-Qayṣarī
﴿بمنزلة إنسان العين﴾
إشارة إلى نتيجة قرب الفرائض، وهو كون العبدسمع الحق وبصره ويده، الحاصلة للإنسان الكامل عند فناء الذات وبقائها به فيمقام الفرق بعد الجمع. وهذا أعلى رتبة من نتيجة قرب النوافل، وهو كون الحق سمع العبد وبصره، لأنه عند فناء الصفات فالإنسان الذي للحقبمنزلة إنسان العين من العين هو الإنسان الكامل لا غير. وأيضا، الكامل لكونه واسطة بين الحق والعالم باعتبار، صار بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين، لأنه أيضا واسطةبين الرائي الحقيقي وبين المرئي. قوله: (فإنه به نظر الحق إلى الخلق فرحمهم) تعليل لقوله
This is an allusion to the result of the proximity gained through obligatory works (qurb al-farāʾiḍ), which is the servant becoming the Real's hearing, sight, and hand—attained by the perfect human at the annihilation of the Essence and its subsistence through Him, in the station of differentiation after union (farq baʿda al-jamʿ). This is a higher rank than the result of the proximity gained through supererogatory works (qurb al-nawāfil), which is the Real becoming the servant's hearing and sight, since that occurs at the annihilation of the attributes [only]. So the human who is for the Real in the position of the pupil to the eye is the perfect human alone, none other. Also, the perfect [human], by virtue of being an intermediary between the Real and the cosmos in one respect, becomes in the position of the pupil to the eye, since he is likewise an intermediary between the true Seer and the object seen. His statement: 'for through him the Real looks upon creation and has mercy on them' is a justification for his statement:
Words 46–53 · 1 of 7
الَّذِي بِهِ يَكُونُ النَّظَرُ وَهُوَ المُعَبَّرُ عَنْهُ بِالبَصَرِOnly Ibn Turka comments here.
Ibn Turka
﴿الذي يكون به النظر ، وهو المعبّر عنه بالبصر﴾
في قوله : "وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ"
in His saying: "And He is the Hearing, the Seeing."
Jāmī
﴿هو المعبر عنه بالبصر﴾
الذي به يبصر الشيء ويؤنس (فلهذا) ، أي لمعنى الإبصار المتضمن للإنسان (سمي) إنسان العين (إنسانا) وهو فعلان من الأنس للمبالغة فيه (فإنه) الضمير للشأن أو للكون الجامع (به) ، أي بالكون الجامع المذكور (نظر الحق سبحانه إلى خلقه فرحمهم) . قوله : فلعموم نشأته مقدمة تقوله : فإنه به نظر الحق فإنه لو لم تكن نشأته عامة حاصرة للحقائق كلها لم يمكن به النظر إلى خلفه كله. وتوصيف إنسان العين بقوله : الذي يكون النظر واردة فالوصف بقوله : وهو المعبر عنه بالبصر إشارة إلى وجه تسمية إنسان العين بالإنسان وهو كونه بحيث يبصر ويؤنس به. ولهذا فرع عليه قوله : فلهذا سمي إنسانا. وقوله : وهو للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين إشارة إلى أن وجه التسمية كما أنه متحقق في إنسان العين كذلك متحقق في الكون الجامع. وقوله : فإنه به نظر الحق تعليل له. ولو حمل قوله : فلهذا سمي إنسانا على أن معناه فلكون الكون الجامع بمنزلة إنسان العين للحق سبحانه . سمي ذلك الكون الجامع إنسان . و جعل قوله : فإنه نظر الحق علة له لا لما ذكر في الوجه الأول كان علة للعلية كما لا يخفى. وإذا تحقق وجه تسمية إنسان العين بالإنسان الكون الجامع فكما يناسب تسمية إنسان العين به كذلك يناسب تسمية الكون الجامع بالإنسان بواسطة تسمية إنسان العين به ، فإن العكس أولى كما لا يخفى وعلى هذا التقدير هذا الكلام وجه واحد للتسمية لا رجحان. ويمكن أن يجعل وجهين : أحدهما : قوله لعموم النشأة، فإن عموم النشأة وحضرة الحقائق كلها تقتضي أن يكون له مع كل حفيفة نسبة مخصوصة بها أنس بالكل وأنس الكل به ، فيتحقق معنى الأنس فيه . وثانيها : قوله: وهو للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين لأنه يفهم منه وجه تسمية إنسان العين به وهو متحقق بعينه في الكون الجامع كما عرفت. ثم اعلم أن الشيخ الكبير رضي الله عنه أورد في كتاب "الفكوك" أن الإنسان الكامل الحقيقي هو البرزخ بين الوجوب والإمكان والمرأة الجامعة بين صفات القدم وأحكامه و بين صفات الحدثان . وهو الواسطة بين الحق والخلق وبه ومن مرتبته يصل فیض الحق والعدد الذي هو سبب بقائه ما سوى الحق إلى العالم كله علوا وسفلا. ولولاه من حيث برزخيته التي تغاير الطرفين لم يقبل شيء من العالم المدد الإلهي الوحداني لعدم المناسبة والارتباط ولم يصل إليه . انتهى كلامه. وكان الشيخ رضي الله عنه ما أراد بنظر الحق به إلى خلقه ورحمته عليهم إل :متن نص فصوص الحكم هو الإنسان الحادث الأزلي و النشؤ الدائم الأبدي، والكلمة الفاصلة الجامعه . تم العالم بوجوده . هو من العالم كفص الخاتم من الخاتم، الذي هو محل النقش والعلامة التي بها يختم الملك على خزانته، وسماه خليفة من أجل هذا. شرح الجامي : وصول الفيض من مرتبته إليهم (فهو) ، أي (الإنسان) هو (الحادث) بوجوده العيني العنصري بالذات والزمان. أما حدوثه الذاتي فلعدم اقتضاء ذاته الوجود. وأما حدوثه الزماني فلكون نشأته العنصرية مسبوقة بالعدم الزماني (الأزلي) المتقدم على سائر الأعيان باعتبار وجوده العلمي في عينه الذاتية . وأما بحسب وجوده الغيبي الروحي فإن كان من الكمل فهو أيضا أزلي فإن نفوس الكمل كلية أزلية مساوية في الوجود للعقل الأولى. وأما من كان نفسه جزئية يستحيل عليه ذلك، لأن النفوس الجزئية لا تتعين إلا بعد حصول المزاج وبحسبه، ولا وجود لها قبل ذلك. كذا قال الشيخ الكبير في بعض رسائله . والفرق بين أزلية الأعيان الثابتة وبين بعض الأرواح المجردة وبين أزلية المبدع إياها أن أزلية المبدع تعالی نعت سلبي ينفي الأولية بمعنى افتتاح الوجود من العدم، لأنه عين الوجود وأزلية الأعيان والأرواح دوام وجودها مع دوام مبدعها مع افتتاح الوجود من العدم لكونه من غير م (والنشاء الدائم الأبدي) النشاء النمو والارتفاع والازدياد والمراد به ذو النشاء. أي الذي ينمو ويزداد دائما ابدا في المراتب هو الإنسان الكامل فإن أول مراتبه : التعيين الأول الذي هو الحقيقة المحمدية ثم التعيين الثاني الذي هو صورته التفصيلية ثم العقل الأول ثم النفس الكلي وهكذا إلى آخر المراد الذي هو نشأته العنصري لا يزال يزداد وينمو بحسب التجليات الإلهية والشؤونات الربانية دائما أبدأ دنيا وآخرة
by which the thing is seen and by which intimacy (uns) occurs (therefore), i.e., due to the meaning of vision which implies humanity (insāniyya) (it is called) the pupil of the eye (a human being/insān), it being an intensive form (fiʿlān) from uns (intimacy), for emphasis therein (for) — the pronoun referring either to the matter in general or to the All-Comprehensive Being (by it), i.e., by the aforementioned All-Comprehensive Being (the Real, Exalted is He, looks upon His creation and has mercy upon them). His saying: 'due to the comprehensiveness of his origination' is a premise for his saying: 'for through it the Real looks,' for had his origination not been comprehensive, encompassing all the realities, it would not have been possible for vision toward His creation entirely to occur through it. And the description of the pupil of the eye by his saying 'by which vision occurs' is a preliminary matter, while the description by his saying 'which is expressed as vision' indicates the reason for naming the pupil of the eye 'human' (insān), namely, its being such that one sees and finds intimacy through it. Therefore he built upon it his saying: 'therefore it is called human.' And his saying 'and it is, in relation to the Real, in the position of the pupil of the eye' indicates that just as the reason for the naming is realized in the pupil of the eye, so too is it realized in the All-Comprehensive Being. And his saying 'for through it the Real looks' is the explanation (taʿlīl) for this. Now, if one takes his saying 'therefore it is called human' to mean: because the All-Comprehensive Being is, in relation to the Real, Exalted is He, in the position of the pupil of the eye, that All-Comprehensive Being is named 'human' — and one makes his saying 'for through it the Real looks' the explanation for this, not for what was mentioned in the first way — then it would be an explanation for the explanation, as is not hidden. And once the reason for naming the pupil of the eye 'human' is realized in the All-Comprehensive Being, then just as it is fitting to name the pupil of the eye by it [i.e., by 'human'], so too is it fitting to name the All-Comprehensive Being 'human' by means of the naming of the pupil of the eye by it, for the reverse [inference] is more fitting, as is not hidden. On this reckoning, this discourse has a single aspect for the naming, without preference [among alternatives]. But it is possible to make it two aspects: one of them is his saying 'due to the comprehensiveness of origination,' for the comprehensiveness of origination and its encompassing of all realities requires that he have, with every reality, a particular relation (nisba) proper to it, an intimacy with the whole and an intimacy of the whole with him, so that the meaning of intimacy (uns) is realized in him. The second is his saying: 'and it is, in relation to the Real, in the position of the pupil of the eye,' for from this is understood the reason for naming the pupil of the eye by it, which is itself realized identically in the All-Comprehensive Being, as you have come to know. Then know that the great Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, stated in the book 'al-Fukūk' that the true Perfect Human (al-insān al-kāmil al-ḥaqīqī) is the isthmus (barzakh) between necessity and possibility, and the comprehensive mirror joining together the attributes of pre-eternity and its rulings and the attributes of temporal origination; and he is the intermediary between the Real and creation, and through him and from his rank the effusion (fayḍ) of the Real and the [divine] Breath, which is the cause of the subsistence of all besides the Real, reaches the entire world, above and below. And were it not for him, in respect of his isthmus-nature (barzakhiyya) which differs from both extremes, nothing of the world would receive the singular divine succor, due to the absence of correspondence and connection, and it would not reach it. End of his words. And the Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, did not intend by 'the Real's looking through him upon His creation and His mercy upon them' except: [Text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam] He is the eternally originated human being (al-insān al-ḥādith al-azalī) and the everlastingly abiding origination (al-nashʾ al-dāʾim al-abadī), and the differentiating, all-comprehensive Word. The world is completed by his existence. He is to the world as the bezel (faṣṣ) is to the signet ring, which is the locus of the engraving and the seal by which the king seals his treasury; and for this he was named vicegerent (khalīfa). Jāmī's commentary: the arrival of the effusion (fayḍ) from his rank to them (so he), i.e., (the human being) is (originated/ḥādith) in his concrete elemental existence, in essence and in time. As for his essential origination (ḥudūth dhātī), it is because his essence does not necessitate existence. As for his temporal origination (ḥudūth zamānī), it is because his elemental origination (nashʾa ʿunṣuriyya) is preceded by temporal nonexistence. (Eternal/azalī) preceding all other entities (aʿyān) in respect of his knowledge-based existence in his essential entity (ʿayn dhātiyya). As for his existence with respect to the unseen and spiritual, if he be among the perfect ones (al-kummal), he is likewise eternal, for the souls of the perfect are universal and eternal, equal in existence to the First Intellect. But as for one whose soul is particular, that is impossible for him, because particular souls are not determined (lā tataʿayyan) except after the occurrence of the [bodily] temperament and in accordance with it, and they have no existence before that. So said the great Shaykh in some of his treatises. And the difference between the eternality of the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita) and some of the abstract spirits on one hand, and the eternality of the Originator (al-mubdiʿ) of them on the other, is that the eternality of the Originator, Exalted is He, is a negative attribute (naʿt salbī) negating priority in the sense of the inception of existence from nonexistence, because He is Existence Itself; whereas the eternality of the entities and spirits is the continuance of their existence together with the continuance of their Originator, along with the inception of existence from nonexistence, since it is other than He. (And the everlastingly abiding origination/al-nashʾ al-dāʾim al-abadī) — nashʾ meaning growth, elevation, and increase, and what is meant by it is 'that which grows,' i.e., that which grows and increases perpetually, everlastingly, through [ascending] ranks — namely the Perfect Human. For the first of his ranks is the First Entification (al-taʿayyun al-awwal), which is the Muhammadan Reality; then the Second Entification, which is his differentiated form; then the First Intellect; then the Universal Soul; and so on, down to the final [rank] which is intended, namely his elemental origination — he never ceases to increase and grow according to the divine self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) and the Lordly affairs (shuʾūnāt), perpetually and everlastingly, in this world and the hereafter.
Words 54–63 · 4 of 7
فَلِهَذَا سُمِّيَ إِنْسَانًا فَإِنَّهُ بِهِ نَظَرَ الحَقُّ إِلَى خَلْقِهِ فَرَحِمَهُمْal-Qāshānī
﴿فلهذا سمى إنسانا﴾
أيضا . والمعنى أنه المقصود من خلق العالم لأنه الحامل للسر الإلهي وأمانته أي معرفته والمقصود من الكل معرفته ،. كما قال « فأحببت أن أعرف فخلقت الخلق » فلو لا محبة المعرفة لم يخلق الخلق فلا يعرفه من العالم إلا الإنسان فلو لا الإنسان العارف باللَّه لم يخلق العالم فالعالم تابع لوجوده
The meaning is that he is the one intended by the creation of the cosmos, for he is the bearer of the divine secret and its trust (amāna), that is, its gnosis (maʿrifa); and the purpose of the whole is His being known. As He said: 'I loved to be known, so I created creation' — for were it not for the love of being known, creation would not have been brought into being. None in the cosmos knows Him but the human being; and were it not for the human who knows God, the cosmos would not have been created. Thus the cosmos is subordinate to his existence.
Ibn Turka
﴿فلهذا سمّي إنسانا, فإنّه به نظر الحقّ إلى الخلق﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
ورآهم بصورهم التي صوّرهم بها ألسنة قابليّاتهم في صيغ صبغ تعيّناتهم ( فرحمهم ) بالوجود التامّ المترتّب على ما حصل من المشعرين من العلم الكامل وكأنّك قد نبّهت على سبب طيّ أحد المشعرين في عبارته . الصفات المتقابلة في الإنسان الكامل ثمّ إنّ المثلية والتماميّة في المظهريّة إنّما تستدعي استيعاب الأوصاف المتقابلة والأحكام المتناقضة من أوّل الأزل إلى آخر الأبد ، مع الكليّة الجمعيّة التي هي الفاصلة بين الكلّ في جمعه ، فأشار إلى ذلك قائلا
and sees them in the forms in which the tongues of their receptivities fashioned them, in the modes of the coloring of their entifications (taʿayyunāt), and had mercy on them (fa-raḥimahum) through complete existence, consequent upon what resulted from the two [divine] faculties [hearing and sight] of complete knowledge. And it is as though you have already been alerted to the reason for the folding together of one of the two faculties in his expression. The Opposite Attributes in the Perfect Human: Then, similitude (mathaliyya) and completeness in loci of manifestation (maẓhariyya) necessarily require the encompassing of opposite qualities and contradictory properties from the first of pre-eternity to the last of post-eternity, together with the comprehensive totality (al-kulliyya al-jamʿiyya) that is the distinguishing factor among the whole within its comprehensiveness. To this he alluded, saying:]
Bālī Zāde
﴿سمي إنسانا﴾
بكسر الهمزة للفرق (فإنه) تعليل لقوله وهو للحق بمنزلة إنسان العين من العين أي أن الشأن (به) أي بالمذكور لا بغيره
. (For indeed) is an explanation of his saying, 'and he is, to the Real, in the position of the pupil of the eye relative to the eye,' meaning that the matter [occurs] (through him), i.e., through the one mentioned, and not through another
Bosnevî
﴿ولهذا سمي انسانا فانه به نظر الحق الي خلقه فرحهم﴾
Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).
پس بوندن اوتری آدم انسان ایله تسمیه اولندی زیراشان بودر که حق انکله خلقنه نظر ایلدی وانلره رحمت ایلدی* پس حقک عین منزهی اولان انسان کامل مظهرنده ظهور کلی ایله حقک ظهوری اعتبار یله حق انک مظهریتی ایله خلقه نظر ایدوب* اولا رحمت رحمانیه ایله انلره رحمت ایلدی یعنی صورت نوعیة ادمیه ایله انسان کاملک ظهورندن مقدم اولان عالمک صور نوعیة خلقیه سی رو حسز جسد مسوی کی ابدی انسان کاملک ظهوری روحی نفخ اولنمغله حیوة ووجود ایله متصف اولدی وانک مظهریتی ایله حق تعالی خلقه نظر ایدوب رحمت رحمانیه ایله رحمت ایلدی* وبعده مطلقا انسان کامل مظهر نده صورت الهیه جمعیه ذاتیه ایله ظهور ایدوب انک مظهریتی ایله خلقه نظر ایدوب هرفردک استعدادی حسبیله حقنی اعطا ایتمکله رحمت ایتدی کده استعدادی کامل اولان افراده رحمت رحیمیه ایله رحمت ایلدی• وحق انسان کاملک مظهریتیله نظر ایدوب انسانک بصری وسمعی وسائر ادراکاتی قرب فرایضده اولورکه حق ظاهر وخلق انده باطن اولوب حقک جمیع اسماسی ونسب وادراکانی اولور اویله اولسه قرب فرایضده حق انسانک بصری ایله ناظر وسمعی ایله سامع اولور* پس انک مظهر یتنده حقی مشاهده ایدوب حقک منظوری اولان کسنه حقک رحت خاصنه مظهر اولور* واکا بیعت ایدن حقه بیعت ایدر (ان الذین یبایعونک انما یبایعون الله (الایة* امدی انسان کامل عالم صورتنک روحی وانسانک عینی وعینک انسانیدر* ظهور واظهار عالمدن علت غائیه اولد ر
So because of this Adam was named “human”, for the matter is this: that the Real looked through him upon His creation and had mercy on them. So, in respect of the Real's ẓuhūr (manifestation) by universal manifestation in the maẓhar (locus of manifestation) of the insān kāmil (perfect human), who is the transcendent eye of the Real, the Real, looking upon creation through his maẓhariyya (being a locus of manifestation), first had mercy on them with the all-merciful mercy (raḥma raḥmāniyya); that is, the specific creaturely forms of the ʿālam (world), which preceded the manifestation of the perfect human in the specific Adamic form, were like a proportioned body without spirit; the manifestation of the perfect human being the breathing-in of the spirit, it became qualified with life and wujūd (being), and through his locus-hood the Real Most High looked upon creation and had mercy with the all-merciful mercy. And afterwards, manifesting absolutely in the locus of the perfect human with the essential, all-comprehensive divine form, and looking upon creation through his locus-hood, by giving each individual its due according to its istiʿdād (preparedness), when He had mercy, He had mercy upon the individuals whose preparedness is perfect with the all-compassionate mercy (raḥma raḥīmiyya). And the Real, looking through the locus-hood of the perfect human, becomes the human's sight, hearing and other perceptions in the qurb al-farāʾiḍ (nearness of the obligatory works), wherein the Real is outward and the creature is inward in Him, and [the human] becomes all the names, relations and perceptions of the Real; that being so, in the nearness of the obligatory works the Real is the seer by the human's sight and the hearer by his hearing. So whoever witnesses the Real in his locus-hood and is looked upon by the Real becomes a locus of the Real's special mercy. And whoever pledges allegiance to him pledges allegiance to the Real: “Truly those who pledge allegiance to you pledge allegiance only to God” (Q 48:10) (the verse). Now, the perfect human is the spirit of the form of the world, the eye of the human, and the pupil of the eye; he is the final cause of the manifestation and the making-manifest of the world.
Words 57–63 · 1 of 7
فَإِنَّهُ بِهِ نَظَرَ الحَقُّ إِلَى خَلْقِهِ فَرَحِمَهُمْOnly al-Qāshānī comments here.
al-Qāshānī
﴿فإنه به نظر الحق إلى خلقه فرحمهم﴾
أي فهو الذي نظر به إلى الخلق الموقوف هو عليهم فرحمهم بالإيجاد
That is, he is the one through whom the Real looked upon creation — creation being dependent upon Him — and so had mercy upon them through bringing them into being.
Bālī Zāde
﴿نظر الحق إلى خلقه﴾
أي إلى موجوداته الخارجية بعد إيجادها به . فالمقصود الأصل بإيجاد الإنسان الكامل النظر به وهو النظر بالغير في النظر بالذات لا كالنظر بالواسطة إلى خلقه فأحب النظر إليهم بالحب الذاتي (فرحمهم) بسبب نظره الحبي إليهم وأعطى حوائجهم على حسب استعدادهم . وإنما قال : فرحمهم مع أن المقصود يتم بدونه وهر بيان لوجه التسمية إشارة إلى أن نظر الحق إلى عباده نظر عناية أزلية . فإن الله تبارك وتعالى أحب أن ينظر إليهم على الدوام بحسب العوالم ومن لا يحبه شيئا لم ينظر إليه . فنظر إليهم بعد إيجادهم بسبب حبه فرحمهم بسبب نظره ففيه بشارة للمذنبين حتى لا يقنطوا من رحمة الله . وإنما فسرنا الخلق بالموجودات فإن النظر بالغير لا يتعلق بالمعدوم كالصورة الحاصلة في المرأة . فإنه لا يتعلق النظر بها إلا بعد وجودها في المرآة فإن مآل النظر ونتيجته الرحمة والشفقة للمنظور إليه الذي يمسه العذاب ولو مغضوبا للناظر فضلا عن أن يكون محبوبا له . بخلاف العلم الخالي عن النظر فهو نظر الرحمة والشفقة لا نظر الوجود ولو كان نظر الوجود . كما قال الشيخ رضى الله عنه في التدبيرات الإلهية القطب معلوم غير معين وهو خليفة الزمان ومحال النظر والتجلي ومنه يصدر الآثار على ظاهر العالم وباطنه وبه يرحم ويعذب من يعذب
i.e., upon His external existent entities after bringing them into existence through him. So the fundamental purpose in bringing the Perfect Human into existence is [the Real's] gazing through him — this being a gazing-through-another (bi'l-ghayr) within a gazing-by-the-Essence (bi'l-dhāt), not like a gazing mediated toward His creation [merely]. So He loved to gaze upon them with essential love (al-ḥubb al-dhātī); (so He had mercy on them) by virtue of His loving gaze upon them, and He granted their needs according to their preparedness (istiʿdād). He said only 'so He had mercy on them,' even though the intended purpose is complete without it, as an explanation of the aspect of the naming, indicating that the Real's gaze upon His servants is a gaze of eternal solicitude (ʿināya azaliyya). For God, Blessed and Exalted, loved to gaze upon them continuously according to the [various] worlds, and whomever He does not love at all, He does not gaze upon. So He gazed upon them after bringing them into existence, on account of His love, and had mercy on them on account of His gaze — and in this is glad tidings for sinners, so that they not despair of God's mercy. We have interpreted 'creation' (khalq) as 'existent entities' because gazing-through-another does not attach to the nonexistent, like the form arising in a mirror: for gazing does not attach to it except after its existence in the mirror. For the outcome and result of gazing is mercy and compassion for the one gazed upon, who is thereby touched [by that gaze] — even were he an object of the gazer's wrath, let alone were he beloved to him. This is unlike knowledge devoid of gazing, for it [i.e., the gaze] is a gaze of mercy and compassion, not a gaze of existentiation (wujūd), even though it may [in some sense] be a gaze of existentiation. As the Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said in al-Tadbīrāt al-Ilāhiyya: 'The Pole (quṭb) is known but not specified; he is the vicegerent of the age and the locus of gazing and self-disclosure (tajallī); from him the [divine] effects issue upon the manifest and nonmanifest of the world, and through him mercy is shown, and through him punishment is inflicted upon whomever is punished.'
Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
- ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ
Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)
Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.
Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.
Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.
- ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ
Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)
Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).
Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.
Licence: Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.
The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.
Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.