Mashrabaمشربة

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فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ مُهَيَّمِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ إِبْرَاهِيمِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶3 in the text

3 · 57 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

وَإِنْ كَانَ الخَلْقُ هُوَ الظَّاهِرُ فَالحَقُّ مَسْتُورٌ بَاطِنٌ فِيهِ فَالْحَقُّ سَمْعُ الخَلْقِ وَبَصَرُهُ وَيَدُهُ وَرِجْلُهُ وَجَمِيعُ قُوَاهُ كَمَا وَرَدَ فِي الْخَبَرِ الصَّحِيحِ ثُمَّ إِنَّ الذَّاتَ لَوْ تَعَرَّتْ عَنْ هَذِهِ النِّسَبِ لَمْ تَكُنْ إِلٰهًا وَهَذِهِ النِّسَبُ أَحْدَثَتْهَا أَعْيَانُنَا فَنَحْنُ جَعَلْنَاهُ بِمَأْلُوهِيَّتِنا إِلٰهًا فَلَا يُعْرَفُ حَتَّى نُعْرَفَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلاَمُ مَن عَرَفَ نَفْسَهُ عَرَفَ رَبَّهُ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ الخَلْقِ بِاللَّهِ

And if creation is the manifest, then the Real is veiled [and] nonmanifest within it; so the Real is the hearing of creation, its sight, its hand, its foot, and all its faculties, as has come in the sound report [ḥadīth]. Moreover, were the Essence stripped of these relations, It would not be a god. And these relations, our entities brought them about: so we, through our being objects of divinity [maʾlūhiyya], have made Him a god. Thus He is not known until we are known. He—upon him be peace—said: "Whoever knows himself knows his Lord" [ḥadīth]; and he is the most knowing of creation concerning God.

On the whole passage · 1 of 6

Only al-Qāshānī comments here.

al-Qāshānī

﴿ثم إن الذات لو تعرت عن هذه النسب لم يكن إلها ، وهذه النسب أحدثتها أعياننا فنحن جعلناه بمألوهيتنا إلها فلا يعرف حتى نعرف ، قال عليه الصلاة والسلام « من عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربه» وهو أعلم الخلق باللَّه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

يعنى إن الذات الإلهية لا تثبت لها الصفات والنسب الأسمائية إلا بثبوت الأعيان ، فإن الصفات نسب والنسب لا تثبت بدون المنتسبين ، فالإلهية لا تثبت إلا بالمألوهية ، والربوبية بالمربوبية ، وكذا الخالقية والرازقية وأمثالها ، ولا يعرف أحد المتضايفين إلا بالآخر ، ولذلك علق عليه الصلاة والسلام معرفة الرب بمعرفة المربوب . "" من حاشية تعليقات بالى أفندي

meaning: the Divine Essence does not have the Attributes and the relations pertaining to the Names established for it except through the establishment of the entities (aʿyān), for the Attributes are relations, and relations are not established without those related to them. Thus Divinity (al-ilāhiyya) is not established except through being-deified (al-maʾlūhiyya), nor Lordship (al-rubūbiyya) except through being-lorded-over (al-marbūbiyya), and likewise Creatorship, Providership, and the like. Neither of two correlative terms can be known except through the other, and that is why he (peace and blessings be upon him) made knowledge of the Lord contingent upon knowledge of that which is lorded over. "" From the marginal notes/commentary of Bālī Afandī

al-Qāshānī

﴿وإذا كان الخلق هو الظاهر ، فالحق مستور وباطن فيه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي في الخلق ، فالحق سمع الخلق وبصره ويده اه بالى . "" إلى مقامي قربات الفرائض والنوافل ، فإن الأصل هو الحق الواجب ، فهو الفرض ، والخلق : هو النفل الزائد ، فإذا كان الحق ظاهرا كان الخلق متخللا محمولا فيه خفيا . وكان جميع أسماء الحق وصفاته ، كسمعه وبصره وسائر قواه وجوارحه ، كما قال عليه الصلاة والسلام « إن الله قال على لسان عبده سمع الله لمن حمده وقال هذه يد الله وأشار إلى يده » وقال تعالى " ولكِنَّ الله رَمى" واليد يد محمد عليه الصلاة والسلام . وقد نفى عنه الرمي حيث قال :" وما رَمَيْتَ إِذْ رَمَيْتَ ولكِنَّ الله رَمى ". وذلك قرب الفرائض ، وإن كان الخلق ظاهرا كان الحق متخللا محمولا فيه مستورا ، فكان سمع العبد وبصره وجميع جوارحه وقواه كما جاء في الحديث وذلك قرب النفل ، وكلا الأمرين جائز في إبراهيم كما ذكر. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

i.e., within creation, so the Real is the hearing of creation, its sight, and its hand. End of Bālī. "" [This leads] to the two stations of the proximity of obligatory and supererogatory acts (qurbat al-farāʾiḍ wa-l-nawāfil), for the root is the Real, the Necessary, which is the obligation (farḍ), while creation is the additional supererogation (nafl). So when the Real is manifest, creation becomes interwoven, carried within it, hidden; and all the Names and Attributes of the Real—such as His hearing, His sight, and all His other faculties and limbs—become manifest, as he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "God said upon the tongue of His servant: 'God hears whoever praises Him,'" and he said, "This is the hand of God," pointing to his own hand. And the Exalted said: "But it was God who cast," though the hand was the hand of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). Yet He negated the casting from him, saying: "You did not cast when you cast, but it was God who cast." That is the proximity of the obligatory acts. And if creation is manifest, then the Real becomes interwoven, carried within it, concealed, so that the hearing of the servant, his sight, and all his limbs and faculties become [the Real's], as came in the ḥadīth—and that is the proximity of the supererogatory acts. Both of these are possible in Abraham, as was mentioned. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Ibn Turka

﴿وإن كان الخلق هو الظاهر﴾

- كما هو مقام قرب النوافل على ما ورد في حديث : « كنت سمعه وبصره » -

- as is the station of the proximity of supererogatory acts, according to what is related in the hadith: 'I was his hearing and his sight' -

Jāmī

﴿وإن كان الخلق﴾

يعني العبد المتجلى له

meaning the servant to whom self-disclosure occurs

Bālī Zāde

﴿وإذا كان الخلق هو الظاهر فالحي مستور وباطن فيه … فالحق يكون سمع الخلق وبصره ويده ورجله وجميع قواه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي يرى العبد أن الحق قراء الظاهرة و الباطنة فأخبر الحق عن ذلك المقام على حسب مشاهدة العبد وإلا لم يكن الحق يد أحد ولا رجله في نفس الأمر

is concealed and nonmanifest within it... so the Real becomes the hearing of creation, its sight, its hand, its foot, and all its faculties] i.e., the servant sees that the Real is his outward and inward faculties/readers [of reality]. The Real informed of this station according to the servant's witnessing; otherwise the Real is not, in the very fact of the matter, anyone's hand or anyone's foot

Words 4–5 · 1 of 6

هُوَ الظَّاهِرُ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿هو الظاهر﴾

بذلك الاستناد

through that attribution

Ibn Turka

﴿فالحقّ مستور باطن فيه فالحقّ سمع الخلق وبصره ويده ورجله وجميع قواه - كما ورد في الخبر الصحيح﴾

فالحق حينئذ في عين اختفائه واستتاره هو الظاهر بأوصافه وآثاره . بمألوهيّة العبد يكون الحقّ إلها ثمّ إنّه بعد ذلك ينبّه إلى أن من لم يعرف الحقّ في هذا الموطن على هذه النسب هو بمعزل عن العرفان ، مشيرا في ذلك إلى علوّ رتبة العبد وتقدّم نسبته على الأسماء كلَّها بقوله

- the Real, then, in the very state of His hiddenness and concealment, is the manifest one through His attributes and effects. By the servant's being a locus of divinity (maʾlūhiyya), the Real becomes a god (ilāh). Then, after this, he points out that whoever does not know the Real in this station according to these relations (nisab) is removed from [true] gnosis, alluding thereby to the elevated rank of the servant and the precedence of his relation over all the Names, by his saying:

Jāmī

﴿فالحق مستور باطن فيه﴾

لا يستند إليه شيء في نظره إلا بالآلية

nothing is attributed to Him in his view except instrumentally

Jāmī

﴿فالحق سمع الخلق وبصره و یده ورجله وجميع قواه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وجوارحه وهذا نتيجة قرب النوافل

and its limbs. This is the result of the proximity of the supererogatory acts (qurb al-nawāfil)

Jāmī

﴿كما ورد في الخبر الصحيح﴾

من أنه صلى الله عليه وسلم قال إشارة إلى قرب الفرائض إن الله قال على لسان عبده : "سمع الله لمن حمده " رواه البخاري ومسلم . وقال: "هذه يد الله وهذه يد عثمان" رواه النسائي فى السنن ووافقه الألباني وابن تيمية ، وأشار إلى يده ومع أنه صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : حكاية عن الله سبحانه إشارة إلى قرب النوافل "لا يزال العبد يتقرب إلي بالنوافل" الحديث رواه البخاري . "" قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: " إن الله قال: من عادى لي وليا فقد آذنته بالحرب، وم تقرب إلي عبدي بشيء أحب إلي مما افترضت عليه، وما يزال عبدي يتقرب إلي بالنوافل حتى أحبه، فإذا أحببته: كنت سمعه الذي يسمع به، وبصره الذي يبصر به، ويده التي يبطش بها، ورجله التي يمشي بها، وإن سألني لأعطينه، ولئن استعاذني لأعيذنه، وما ترددت عن شيء أنا فاعله ترددي عن نفس المؤمن، يكره الموت وأنا أكره مساءته ."" قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

that he, peace and blessings be upon him, said — in reference to the proximity of the obligatory acts — that God said on the tongue of His servant: "God hears the one who praises Him" (narrated by al-Bukhārī and Muslim). And he said: "This is the hand of God and this is the hand of ʿUthmān" (narrated by al-Nasāʾī in the Sunan, with al-Albānī and Ibn Taymiyya concurring), and he pointed to his hand. And although he, peace and blessings be upon him, said — narrating from God, Glorified be He, in reference to the proximity of the supererogatory acts — "The servant continues to draw near to Me through supererogatory acts," the ḥadīth (narrated by al-Bukhārī). The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "God said: Whoever shows enmity to a friend (walī) of Mine, I have declared war upon him. My servant does not draw near to Me with anything more beloved to Me than what I have made obligatory upon him. And My servant continues to draw near to Me through supererogatory acts until I love him. And when I love him, I become his hearing with which he hears, his sight with which he sees, his hand with which he strikes, and his foot with which he walks. If he asks Me, I surely give him; and if he seeks refuge in Me, I surely grant him refuge. I do not hesitate about anything as I hesitate about the soul of the believer: he dislikes death, and I dislike to grieve him." The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Bālī Zāde

﴿كما ورد في الخبر الصحيح﴾

"كنت سمعه وبصره" هذا إذا تجلى الحق العبد بالاسم الظاهر . فيرى للعبد وجوده في مرآة الحق فيشاهد أن الأحكام كلها ثابتة لنفسه وأن الحق سبب له لظهور الأحكام من العبد وهو نتيجة قرب النوافل . هذا إن اعتبرت الذات الإلهية من حيث النسب والإضافات وهي اعتبار الذات مع جميع الصفات

"I was his hearing and his sight"—this is when the Real discloses Himself to the servant by the manifest Name. So the servant's existence appears to him in the mirror of the Real, and he witnesses that all the attributions are established for himself, and that the Real is the cause for him of the manifestation of the attributions from the servant. This is the result of the proximity of supererogatory devotions (qurb al-nawāfil). This is the case if the Divine Essence is considered in respect of relations and ascriptions—that is, the consideration of the Essence together with all the Attributes

al-Jandī

﴿ثم إنّ الذات لو تعرّت عن هذه النسب ، لم تكن إلها . وهذه النسب أحدثتها أعياننا ، فنحن جعلناه بألوهيّتنا إلها ، فلا يعرف حتى نعرف﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

يعني رضي الله عنه : أنّ تحقّق أحد المتضايفين يتوقّف على الآخر بالضرورة فالإلهية والربوبية والخالقية لا تتحقّق إلَّا بالمألوه والمربوب والمخلوق وجودا وتقديرا ، فلا يعرف الله من كونه إلها ، حتى يعرف المألوه . قال رضي الله عنه : ( قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : « من عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربّه » وهو أعلم الخلق بالله . فإنّ بعض الحكماء وأبا حامد ادّعوا أنّه يعرف الله من غير نظر إلى العالم ، وهذا غلط . نعم ، تعرف ذات قديمة أزليّة لا يعرف إنّها إله ، حتى يعرف المألوه ، فهو الدليل عليه ). يعني رضي الله عنه : أنّ الألوهية والربوبية وغيرهما من النسب لا تحقّق لها كما مرّ إلَّا بالمألوهية والمربوبية ، فإنّها حقائق إضافية ، فلا وجود لها إلَّا بالنسبة والإضافة ، ولا تثبت للذات المطلقة إلَّا بشرط موصوفيتها بالإيجاد والربوبيّة ، ولا ربوبية إلَّا بالمربوب ، فالربوبية والإلهية والخالقية ومعرفتها يتوقّف ثبوتها للذات المطلقة على المربوب والمألوه والمخلوق وإن لم يتوقّف وجودها الذاتي على شيء أصلا ، فإنّ الله من حيث ذاته غنيّ عن العالمين وعن الأسماء الإلهية . قال رضي الله عنه

He - may God be pleased with him - means that the realization of one of two correlative terms necessarily depends on the other. So Godhood (ulūhiyya), Lordship (rubūbiyya), and Creatorship (khāliqiyya) are not realized except through the one-made-a-deity (maʾlūh), the one-lorded-over (marbūb), and the created (makhlūq), both in existence and in conceptual estimation. Thus God is not known as a deity until the one-made-a-deity is known. He - may God be pleased with him - said: (The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: 'Whoever knows himself knows his Lord' - and he was the most knowing of creation regarding God. Some philosophers and Abū Ḥāmid [al-Ghazālī] claimed that one can know God without any regard to the cosmos, and this is an error. Yes, one may know an eternal, pre-eternal Essence, but one does not know that it is a deity until the one-made-a-deity is known, for it is the proof of Him.) He - may God be pleased with him - means that Godhood, Lordship, and the other relations have no realization, as mentioned before, except through being-made-a-deity and being-lorded-over, for these are relational realities (ḥaqāʾiq iḍāfiyya) having no existence except through relation (nisba) and ascription (iḍāfa). They are not established for the Absolute Essence except on condition of its being qualified by bringing-into-existence and Lordship, and there is no Lordship without a lorded-over. So Lordship, Godhood, Creatorship, and the knowledge of them have their establishment for the Absolute Essence dependent upon the lorded-over, the made-a-deity, and the created, even though their essential existence does not depend on anything at all - for God, in respect of His Essence, is independent of the worlds and of the divine Names. He - may God be pleased with him - said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ثم، إن الذات لو تعرت عن هذه النسب لم تكن إلها﴾

واعلم، أن (الإله) اسم الذات من حيث هي هي. مع قطع النظر عن الأسماء والصفات باعتبار،واسم الذات مع جميع الأسماء والصفات باعتبار آخر. والمراد هنا الاعتبار الثاني. و(الإلهية) اسم مرتبة حضرة الأسماء والصفات التي هي النسب المتكثرة باعتبارات ووجوه تحصل للذات بالنظر إلى الأعيان الثابتة المتكثرة الثابتة في أنفسها واستعداداتها، لأن المرتبة كما يستدعى من يقوم به. كذلك يستدعى من يجرى عليه أحكامها، كالسلطنة والقضاء. فلو لم تعتبر هذه النسب، لم يبق إلا الذات الإلهية التي لا يشار إليها بوجه من الوجوه، ولا يوصف بنعت من النعوت، وهو مقام الهوية الأحدية التي تستهلك النسب كلها فيه. فيكون الحق تعالى إلها، أي في مرتبة حضرة الأسماء والنسب الإلهية باعتبار أعياننا، كما أن السلطان سلطان بالنسبة إلى الرعية، والقاضي قاض بالنظر إلى أهل المدينة. فتلحق هذه النسب إليه تعالى بناء، كما تلحق النسب للواحد بالنظر إلى الأعداد: وهي كونه نصف الاثنين وثلث الثلاثة وربع الأربعة، وكالخواص الحاصلة للواحد بواسطة لزومها المراتب العددية. ولو قطعنا النظر عن هذه المراتب، لم يلحق للواحد تلك النسب، ولم يحصل له تلك الخواص. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

Know that "god" (ilāh) is a name for the Essence (al-dhāt) considered in itself, apart from the Names and Attributes, in one respect; and it is a name for the Essence together with all the Names and Attributes, in another respect. What is meant here is the second respect. "Godhood" (al-ilāhiyya) is the name of the level of the presence of the Names and Attributes, which are the multiple relations (nisab) occurring, by various considerations and aspects, to the Essence with regard to the fixed entities (aʿyān thābita), multiple and fixed in themselves and in their preparednesses (istiʿdādāt). For just as the level requires someone who sustains it, so too it requires someone upon whom its rulings are enacted—like sultanate and judgeship. So if these relations were not taken into consideration, nothing would remain but the divine Essence, to which no indication can be made in any respect, and which cannot be described by any attribute—this being the station of the Unique Identity (al-huwiyya al-aḥadiyya) in which all relations are utterly absorbed. Thus the Real, exalted is He, becomes a god—that is, [occupies] the level of the presence of the divine Names and relations—with respect to our entities, just as the sultan is a sultan in relation to his subjects, and the judge is a judge with respect to the people of the city. These relations are attached to Him, exalted is He, derivatively, just as relations are attached to the One (al-wāḥid) with respect to numbers: namely, its being half of two, a third of three, a quarter of four, and like the properties that accrue to the One by virtue of its necessary connection to the numerical levels. And if we were to disregard these levels, those relations would not attach to the One, nor would those properties accrue to it." The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Ibn Turka

﴿ثمّ إنّ الذات لو تعرّت عن هذه النسب لم تكن إلها ، هذه النسب أحدثتها أعياننا ، فنحن جعلناه - بمألوهيّتنا - إلها﴾

ضرورة أن العبد القابل هو الذي صار سبب تطوّرات الذات في طيّ صنوف التعيّنات

- necessarily, because the receptive servant is what became the cause of the transformations of the Essence within the various kinds of determinations (taʿayyunāt).

Jāmī

﴿ثم إن الذات لو تعرت عن هذه النسب لم تكن إلها. وهذه النسب أحدثتها أعياننا: فنحن جعلناه بمألوهيتنا إلها، … ثم إن الذات … لو تعرت﴾

أي تجردت (عن النسب المسماة بالأسماء والصفات اللاحقة للذات بقياسها إلى أعيان العالم واستعداداتها ولم يكن إلها) . فإن الإلهية عبارة عن مرتبة أحدية جمع هذه النسب التي هي الأسماء والصفات، فلو لم نعتبر هذه النسب لم يبق إلا الذات الإلهية التي لا يشار إليها بوجه من الوجوه وانتفت مرتبتها التي هي الإلهية

i.e., divested (of the relations named by the Names and Attributes that attach to the Essence in its comparison to the entities of the cosmos and their preparednesses), (it would not be a deity). For divinity (ilāhiyya) is an expression for the station of the unified gathering (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) of these relations, which are the Names and Attributes. So were we not to take these relations into consideration, nothing would remain except the divine Essence, to which no indication whatsoever can be made, and its station — which is divinity — would be nullified

Bālī Zāde

﴿ثم إن الذات لو تعرت عن هذه النسب لم تكن إلها﴾

أي لم يظهر ألوهيته

i.e., its Godhood would not manifest

al-Qāshānī

﴿وهذه النسب﴾

أي الصفات الإلهية التي ثبتت للحق كالخالق والرازق ، إلى غير ذلك من الصفات الإضافية ، فلا يعلم الحق من غير نظر إلى العالم . اهـ بالى "" قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

i.e., the Divine Attributes that are established for the Real, such as Creator and Provider, and other relational attributes besides these—for the Real is not known without regard to the cosmos. End, Bālī. "" The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

﴿وهذه النسب﴾

أي الصفات الإلهية التي ثبتت للحق كالخالق والرازق ،إلى غير ذلك من الصفات الإضافية ، فلا يعلم الحق من غير نظر إلى العالم.أه

i.e., the Divine Attributes established for the Real, such as Creator and Provider, and other relational attributes besides these—for the Real is not known without regard to the cosmos. End.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وهذه النسب أحدثتها أعياننا﴾

أي، هذه الصفات إنما ظهرت بأعياننا،إذ لو لم تكن، لما كان يظهر (الخالق) و (الرازق) و (القادر) ، ول (السميع) و (البصير)، وغير ذلك من الأسماء والصفات الإضافية. وليس المراد ب (الإحداث) الجعل والإيجاد، لأنا مجعولون وموجودون بها فبجعل الحق وإيجاده إيانا تظهر تلك الصفات

That is, these attributes appeared only through our entities (aʿyān), for had they not existed, "the Creator," "the Provider," "the Powerful," "the Hearer," "the Seer," and other such relational Names and Attributes would not have appeared. What is meant by "bringing about" (iḥdāth) is not making and bringing into existence, for we ourselves are made and brought into existence by these [Names]; rather, it is through the Real's making and bringing us into existence that these Attributes appear

Jāmī

﴿وهذه النسب أحدثتها أعياننا﴾

فإنه لا يتحقق إلا بالمتناسبين فلكل منهما دخل في تحققها وإن لم يستقل وهذا هو المراد بإحداثها، و المراد بالأعيان أعم من أن تكون ثابتة علمية أو موجودة عينية . فإن بعض هذه النسب نلحق الذات بالنسبة إلى الأعيان الثابتة وبعضها يلحقها بالنسبة إلى الأعيان الخارجية

for a relation is not realized except through the two correlated terms; each of the two has a role in its realization, though neither is independently sufficient. This is what is meant by their 'being brought into being.' And by 'entities' is meant what is more general than being either fixed/intelligible (thābita ʿilmiyya) or existent/concrete (mawjūda ʿayniyya). For some of these relations attach the Essence relative to the fixed entities, and some attach it relative to the external entities

Bālī Zāde

﴿وهذه النسب﴾

أي الصفات الإلهية التي تثبت للحق كالخالق والرزاق وغير ذلك من الصفات الإضافية

i.e., the divine attributes which are established for the Real, such as Creator, Provider, and other relational attributes

Words 36–37 · 1 of 6

أَحْدَثَتْهَا أَعْيَانُنَا

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿أحدثتها أعياننا﴾

أي أظهرت أعياننا الخارجية هذه الصفات

i.e., our external entities manifested these attributes

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فنحن جعلناه بمألوهيتنا إلها﴾

المراد ب (المألوهية) عند هذه الطائفة، مرتبة العبودية، وب (المألوه) العبد، لا المعبود، لا كما يقول المفسرون من أن (الإله) بمعنى (المألوه)، وهو المعبود، كالكتاب بمعنى المكتوب. ومعناه: نحن أظهرنا بعبوديتنا معبوديته، وبأعياننا إلهيته، إذ لو لم يوجد موجود قط، ما كان يظهر أنه تعالى (إله). بل العلة الغائية من إيجادنا ظهور إلهيته، كما نطق به: (كنت كنزا مخفيا %~% ) . ف (الجعل) ليس على معناه الحقيقي، بل على معناه المجازى. وهذا ليس بلسان أهل الصحو. وفيه نوع من الشطح لما فيه من الرعونة الغير اللائقة للمتأدبين بين يدي الرحمن. ونظيره كما يقول لسان الرعية والمريد والتلميذ: إن السلطان بوجودي صار سلطانا، وبإرادتي وقرائتي عليه صار الشيخ شيخا والأستاذ أستاذا. وفيه أقول: ألا جابري رفقا علي فإنني %~% أكاشف عما فيكم من سرائري فيظهر بالقلب المعنى جمالكم %~% كما ظهرت ليلى بقيس بن عامري قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : (فلا يعرف حتى نعرف. قال، عليه السلام

What is meant by "maʾlūhiyya" (the state of being an object of godhood) according to this group is the level of servanthood (ʿubūdiyya), and by "al-maʾlūh" (the one governed as an object of godhood) is meant the servant, not the object of worship—contrary to what the exegetes say, namely that "ilāh" means "maʾlūh" in the sense of "the object of worship," like "kitāb" meaning "maktūb" (the thing written). Its meaning is: we, through our servanthood, manifested His being-worshipped, and through our entities, His godhood; for had no existent thing ever existed, it would not have appeared that He, exalted is He, is "a god." Rather, the final cause of our being brought into existence is the manifestation of His godhood, as expressed in [the saying]: "I was a hidden treasure..." So "making" (jaʿl) here is not meant in its literal sense but in its figurative sense. This is not the language of the people of sobriety (ṣaḥw), and it contains a kind of ecstatic utterance (shaṭḥ), owing to the impropriety unbecoming of those who comport themselves properly before the All-Merciful. Its analogue is as when the tongue of the subject, the aspirant, or the disciple says: "By my existence the sultan became a sultan," and "by my will and my recitation before him, the Shaykh became a Shaykh and the teacher became a teacher." And regarding this I say: Oh Jābir, be gentle with me, for I reveal what is of my inner secrets within you; Then your beauty appears in the heart as meaning, just as Laylā appeared through Qays ibn ʿĀmir. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said: ("So He is not known until we are known." He, peace be upon him, said

Jāmī

﴿فنحن جعلناه بمألوهيتنا إلها﴾

أي جعلناه بعبوديتنا وكوننا محل تصرفه بحيث اتصف بالنسب الإلهية وإطلاق لفظ المألوه على العبد . خلاف ما يقوله المفسرون من أن الإله بمعنى المألوه و هو المعبود وكأنه رضي الله عنه لاحظ في الإله بمعنى التأثير والتصرف فيما سواه . فلا جرم يكون اسم المفعول منه هو العبد والمفسرون لما لاحظوا فيه معنى استحقاق من سواه لعبادته وعبوديته لا يكون اسم المفعول منه عندهم إلا المعبود . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

i.e., we made Him, through our servanthood and our being the locus of His disposal, such that He is described by the divine relations — and the application of the term 'deified one' (maʾlūh) to the servant is contrary to what the exegetes say, namely that 'ilāh' means 'maʾlūh,' i.e., the one worshipped. It is as though he, may God be pleased with him, considered in 'ilāh' the meaning of effecting and exercising disposal over what is other than it — so necessarily its passive-participle form is the servant. Whereas the exegetes, having considered in it the meaning of the deserving of worship and servitude from what is other than Him, hold that its passive-participle form is none other than the worshipped one. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Bālī Zāde

﴿فنحن جعلناه بمالوهيتنا إلها﴾

أي فنحن بعبوديتنا أظهرنا معبوديته كما أظهرنا بأعياننا الخارجية ألوهيته . وهي اتصافه بجميع الصفات فإذن لم يكن ظهور الصفات إلا بوجودنا (فلا يعرف الحق من حيث الصفات

i.e., so we, by our servanthood, manifested His being-worshipped, just as we manifested, by our external entities, His Godhood—that is, His qualification by all the Attributes. Thus the manifestation of the Attributes occurs only through our existence. (So the Real is not known in respect of the Attributes

Ibn Turka

﴿فلا يعرف … حتّى نعرف … قال عليه السّلام : « من عرف نفسه عرف ربّه » - وهو أعلم الخلق باللَّه﴾

استدلال الحكماء على وجود الواجب تعالى وهذا ذوق عال يعزّ واجده

- [this is like] the inference of the philosophers (al-ḥukamāʾ) for the existence of the Necessary Being, exalted is He; and this is a lofty [experiential] taste (dhawq) whose attainer is rare.

Jāmī

﴿فلا يعرف حتى نعرف. قال عليه السلام: «من عرف نفسه عرف ربه» وهو أعلم الخلق بالله. فإن بعض الحكماء وأبا حامد ادعوا أنه يعرف الله من غير نظر في العالم وهذا غلط.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

(فلا يعرف الحق) سبحانه من حيث مرتبة الإلهية

(So the Real is not known), Glorified be He, from the standpoint of the station of divinity

Words 44–45 · 2 of 6

حَتَّى نُعْرَفَ

Jāmī

﴿حتى نعرف﴾

نحن من حيث مرتبة عبوديتنا ومألوهيتنا ، أي يمتد عدم معرفته إلا حين وجود معرفتنا أنفسنا وينتفي ضدها، في حين تعرف نحن يعرف هو

we, from the standpoint of our station of servanthood and our being-deified, i.e., His unknownness persists only until our knowledge of ourselves comes into existence and its opposite is negated; precisely when we are known, He is known

Bālī Zāde

﴿حتى نعرف﴾

فيتوقف معرفة الحق من حيث الصفات إلى معرفة وجودنا كما توقف ظهور الصفات إلى وجودنا

so the knowledge of the Real in respect of the Attributes is contingent upon the knowledge of our existence, just as the manifestation of the Attributes is contingent upon our existence

Bālī Zāde

﴿قال عليه السلام: فمن عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

فقد ربط معرفة الرب إلى معرفة النفس . "" ففي الأثر: «من عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربه» .ذكره المناوي في التيسير بإسناد جيد وكذلك فى فتح القدير و ذكره على القاري فى مشكاة المصابيح. قال الشيخ الأكبر محيي الدين: هذا الحديث «من عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربه» ؛ وإن لم يصح من طريق الرواية؛ فقد صح عندنا من طريق الكشف.أه كذلك تؤكده صحته شواهده فى الآية :"سَنُرِيهِمْ آيَاتِنَا فِي الْآفَاقِ وَفِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ " [فصلت : اية41 ] و الآية : " وَفِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَفَلَا تُبْصِرُونَ (21) الذاريات" فمن عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربه. ""

— thus he has linked knowledge of the Lord to knowledge of the self. "" In the ḥadīth: "Whoever knows himself knows his Lord." Al-Munāwī mentioned it in al-Taysīr with a sound chain of transmission, and likewise in Fatḥ al-Qadīr, and ʿAlī al-Qārī mentioned it in Mishkāt al-Maṣābīḥ. The Greatest Shaykh Muḥyī al-Dīn said: this ḥadīth "whoever knows himself knows his Lord" — even if it is not established through the path of transmission, it is established for us through the path of disclosure (kashf). End [of his words]. This is likewise confirmed by its corroborating witnesses in the verse: "We shall show them Our signs in the horizons and in themselves until it becomes clear to them that He is the Real" [Fuṣṣilat: 41], and the verse: "And in yourselves—do you not then see?" [al-Dhāriyāt: 21]. So whoever knows himself knows his Lord. ""

al-Qayṣarī

﴿من عرف نفسه، فقد عرف ربه.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وهو أعلم الخلق بالله) . أي فلا يعرف الحق من حيث إنه (إله) حتى نعرف، لتوقف تعقل هذه الحيثية التي هي النسبة إلى تعقل المنتسبين، كما قال،عليه السلام صلى الله عليه وسلم

That is, the Real is not known qua "god" until we are known, since the conceptualization of this respect, which is the relation (nisba), depends upon the conceptualization of those related to it, as he, peace and blessings be upon him, said

﴿من عرف نفسه، فقد عرف ربه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، أوقف معرفة الرب على معرفة النفس التي هي المربوب. فإن الرب، من حيث هو رب، يقتضى المربوب، وهو، أي النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم، أعرف الخلق بالله. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

That is, he made knowledge of the Lord dependent upon knowledge of the self, which is the object-of-lordship (marbūb). For the Lord, qua Lord, requires an object of lordship; and he—that is, the Prophet, God's blessings and peace be upon him—is the most knowing of creation regarding God. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Jāmī

﴿قال : من عرف نفسه عرف ربه وهو أعلم الخلق بالله.﴾

فالأمر على ما هو أخبر عنه سبحانه . وبعدما عرفت هذ

So the matter is as he, Glorified be He, has informed. And after you have known this

Words 54–57 · 1 of 6

وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ الخَلْقِ بِاللَّهِ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿وهو أعلم الخلق بالله﴾

فدل ذلك على أن الأمر كما قلناه فلا يعلم الحق من حيث إنه إله من غير نظر إلى العالم . فلا تطلب أنت معرفة الحق من غير نظر إلى العالم لئلا تقع في الغلط

— this indicates that the matter is as we have said, namely that the Real is not known as God without regard to the world. So do not seek knowledge of the Real without regard to the world, lest you fall into error.

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

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