Root · 0 in the Quran · 1 in 1 text of the library
دن (root dn)
الدال والنون اصل واحد يدل على تطامن وانخفاض فالأدن الرجل المنحني الظهر
Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha
The family of the root
Patterns computed · our dataThe words of د ن that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.
3 words3 verbs
- دَنَّ—
- دَنََّّ—
- ادنّ—
The whole family1 group, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Reference
Why this shape?What each of the 3 patterns does
What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.
About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources
Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.
The dictionaries
Ibn Fāris · 395الدال والنون اصل واحد يدل على تطامن وانخفاض فالأدن الرجل المنحني الظهر يقال منه قد دننت دننا ويقال بيت أدن أي متطامن وفرس أدن أي قصير اليدين وإذا كان كذلك كان منسجه منخفضا ومن ذلك الدندنة وهو أن تسمع من الرجل نغية لا تفه
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).
Letters & sound
- دdāltongue-tip, roots of the teeth · voiced, stopSīb. · I. Jinnī
- نnūntip of the tongue · voiced, in betweenSīb. · I. Jinnī
How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.
Reference
How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
د
ومما بين طرف اللسان وأصول الثنايا مخرج الطاء، والدال، والتاء
From between the tip of the tongue and the roots of the front teeth is the place of the ṭāʾ, the dāl and the tāʾ. Sībawayh, line 26559 ↗
ومما بين طرف اللسان وأصول الثنايا، مخرج الطاء والدال والتاء
From between the tip of the tongue and the roots of the front teeth is the place of the ṭāʾ, the dāl and the tāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, line 982 ↗
ن
ومن حافة اللسان من أدناها إلى منتهى طرف اللسان ما بينها وبين ما يليها من الحنك الأعلى وما فويق الثنايا مخرج النون
From the edge of the tongue, from its nearest part to the end of its tip, between it and the upper palate next to it and what is just above the front teeth, is the place of the nūn. Sībawayh, lines 26555–26556 ↗
ومن طرف اللسان بينه وبين ما فويق الثنايا، مخرج النون
From the tip of the tongue, between it and what is just above the front teeth, is the place of the nūn. Ibn Jinnī, line 979 ↗
Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.
In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
د
Level of existence: السماء الدنيا · the lowest heaven (al-samāʾ al-dunyā)
Divine Name: المبين · the Clarifier (al-Mubīn)
Lunar mansion: الأكليل · al-Iklīl
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64682Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582ن
Level of existence: السماء الرابعة · the fourth heaven
Divine Name: النور · the Light (al-Nūr)
Lunar mansion: السماك · al-Simāk
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64663Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 8 line 2571 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
الثمانية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The eightfold [rank]: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2580Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
د
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى خارج عن الذات.
It is an indication of something external to the self.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى ما هو قليل أو قبيح ومعه غضب فيهما.
It is an indication of what is small or ugly, accompanied by anger in both cases.
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة إلى ما في الذات أو إلى ما هو داخل عليها أو إلى ما هو قريب منها.
It is an indication of what is in the self, or what is entering upon it, or what is near to it.
ن
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي الخير الساكن في الذات الشاعل فيها.
It is the good that dwells in the self, kindling [al-shāʿil, as written] within it.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى الخير الكامل أو النور الساطع.
It is an indication of perfect good or radiant light.
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة إلى شيء يدركه المتكلم أو هو له.
It is an indication of something that the speaker perceives or that belongs to him.
Two-letter nucleus7 roots in Ibn Fāris’s chapterد ن
Ibn Fāris groups his roots under two-letter chapters (“the X and the Y and what makes them three”). These are the roots of this root's chapter with the core sense he gives each. Setting them side by side is our juxtaposition; he does not himself draw a shared meaning. His chapter heading, line 10206 ↗
- دنىالدال والنون والحرف المعتل أصل واحد يقاس بعضه على بعض وهو المقاربة ومن ذلك الدني وهو القريب من دنا يدنو وسميت الدنيا لدنوها والنسبة إليها دنياوي والدنL10207
- دنخالدال والنون والخاء ليس أصلا يعول عليه وقدL10218
- دنعالدال والنون والعين أصل يدل على ضعف وقلة ودناءة فالرجل الدنع الفسل الذي لا خير فيه والدنع الذل ويزعمون أن الدنع ما يطرحه الجازر من البعير إذا جزرL10223
- دنفالدال والنون والفاء أصل يدل على مشارفة ذهاب الشيءL10226
- دنقالدال والنون والقاف قريب من الذي قبلهL10231
- دنمالدال والنون والميم أصل يدل على ضعف وقلة فالتدنيم الإسفاف للأمور الدنية والدنامة الرجل القصير ذكره الفراء ويقولون الدنامة النملة الصغيرةL10233
- دنرالدال والنون والراء كلمة واحدة وهي الدينار ويقولون دنر وجه فلان إذا تلألأ وأشرق والله أعلمQ 1 · L10235
In the sister scriptsHebrew ד נSyriac ܕ ܢ
| Arabic | د ن |
| Hebrew | ד נ |
| Syriac | ܕ ܢ |
| Ancient South Arabian (musnad) | 𐩵 𐩬 |
| Phoenician | 𐤃 𐤍 |
Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.
Reference