Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
تَعَدِّي الْفِعْلِ وَلُزُومُهُ
Verses 267–277 · chapter 20 of 78
The chapter gives the test that identifies a transitive verb, states that such a verb puts its object in the accusative, and lists the classes of verbs that are always intransitive. It explains how an intransitive verb reaches an object through a preposition, when that preposition may be dropped, and the rules for ordering two objects. It ends with the conditions for omitting an object and for omitting the verb that governs it. AI
- 267
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The sign of the transitive verb is that you can attach to it a hā' [a pronoun -hu] that refers to something other than the verbal noun, as with ʿamila [al-khayru ʿamiltuhu, 'the good deed, I did it']. [The hā' referring to the verbal noun is excluded because it attaches to intransitive verbs too: al-qiyāmu qumtuhu.]
AI note on the transcription: هَا غَيْرِ مَصْدَرٍ بِهِ نَحْوُ عَمِلْ — the transcription's هما has an extra mīm. The verse names the pronoun hā', and هما breaks the rajaz metre.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 267Arabic
ينقسم الفعل إلى متعد ولازم فالمتعدي هو الذي يصل إلى مفعوله بغير حرف جر نحو ضربت زيدا واللازم ما ليس كذلك وهو ما لا يصل إلى مفعوله إلا بحرف جر نحو مررت بزيد أولا مفعول له نحو قام زيد ويسمى ما يصل إلى مفعوله بنفسه فعلا متعديا ووافعا ومجاوزا وما ليس كذلك يسمى لازما وقاصرا وغير متعد ويسمى متعديا بحرف جر
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3150 · vol. 2, p. 144 ↗وعلامة الفعل المتعدي أن تتصل به هاء تعود على غير المصدر وهي هاء المفعول به نحو الباب أغلقته
واحترز بهاء غير المصدر من هاء المصدر فإنها تتصل بالمتعدي واللازم فلا تدل على تعدي الفعل فمثال المتصلة بالمتعدي الضرب ضربته زيدا أي ضربت الضرب زيدا ومثال المتصلة باللازم القيام قمته أي قمت القيام
- 268
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Put its object in the accusative by means of it, unless the object stands in for the agent [as nāʾib al-fāʿil, when it is nominative], as in tadabbartu l-kutuba ('I studied the books').
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 268Arabic
شأن الفعل المتعدي أن ينصب مفعوله إن لم ينب عن فاعله نحو تدبرت الكتب فإن ناب عنه وجب رفعه كما تقدم نحو تدبرت الكتب
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3161 · vol. 2, p. 146 ↗وقد يرفع المفعول وينصب الفاعل عند أمن اللبس كقولهم خرق الثوب المسمار ولا ينقاس ذلك بل يقتصر فيه على السماع
والأفعال المتعدية على ثلاثة أقسام
أحدها ما يتعدى إلى مفعولين وهي قسمان أحدهما ما أصل المفعولين فيه المبتدأ والخبر كظن وأخواتها والثاني ما ليس أصلهما ذلك كأعطى وكسا
والقسم الثاني ما يتعدى إلى ثلاثة مفاعيل كأعلم وأرى
والقسم الثالث ما يتعدى إلى مفعول واحد كضرب ونحوه
- 269
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The intransitive verb is any verb that is not transitive. Verbs of natural disposition are necessarily intransitive, such as nahima ('he was gluttonous') [also sharufa, ḥasuna, jabuna].
- 270
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The same holds for the pattern ifʿalalla [iqshaʿarra, iṭmaʾanna], for verbs resembling iqʿansasa [pattern ifʿanlala, e.g. iḥranjama], and for verbs that denote cleanliness or dirt [ṭahura, naẓufa; danisa, wasikha].
- 271
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It also holds for verbs that denote a passing state [mariḍa, kasila, fariḥa], and for a verb that is the muṭāwiʿ (the verb of receiving the action) of a verb transitive to one object, as in maddahu fa-mtadda ('he stretched it, so it stretched').
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 269–271Arabic
اللازم هو ما ليس بمتعد وهو ما لا يتصل به هاء ضمير غير المصدر ويتحتم اللزوم لكل فعل دال على سجية وهي الطبيعة نحو شرف وكرم وظرف ونهم وكذا كل فعل على وزن افعلل نحو اقشعر واطمأن أو على وزن أفعنلل نحو اقعنسس واحرنجم أو دل على نظافة كطهر الثوب ونظف أو على دنس كدنس الثوب ووسخ أو دل على عرض نحو مرض زيد واحمر أو كان مطاوعا لما تعدى إلى مفعول واحد نحو مددت الحديد فامتد ودحرجت زيدا فتدحرج
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3173 · vol. 2, p. 148 ↗واحترز بقوله لواحد مما طاوع المتعدي إلى اثنين فإنه لا يكون لازما بل يكون متعديا إلى مفعول واحد نحو فهمت زيدا المسألة ففهمها وعلمته النحو فتعلمه
- 272
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Make an intransitive verb reach an object by means of a preposition [marartu bi-zaydin]. If the preposition is dropped, the noun that was in the genitive takes the accusative,
- 273
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…and this is known only from transmitted usage [e.g. tamurrūna d-diyāra, 'you pass by the dwellings'; it is not extended by analogy]. With anna and an, however, dropping the preposition is regular, provided no ambiguity results, as in ʿajibtu an yadū ('I was surprised that they paid the blood-money') [= min an yadū].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 272–273Arabic
تقدم أن الفعل المتعدي يصل إلى مفعوله بنفسه وذكر هنا أن الفعل اللازم يصل إلى مفعوله بحرف جر نحو مررت بزيد وقد يحذف حرف الجر فيصل إلى مفعوله بنفسه نحو مررت زيدا قال الشاعر 159 -
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3184 · vol. 2, p. 149 ↗تمرون الديار ولم تعوجوا … كلامكم علي إذا حرام
أي تمرون بالديار ومذهب الجمهور أنه لا ينقاس حذف حرف الجر مع غير أن وأن بل يقتصر فيه على السماع وذهب أبو الحسن علي بن سليمان البغدادي وهو الأخفش الصغير إلى أنه يجوز الحذف مع غيرهما قياسا بشرط تعين الحرف ومكان الحذف نحو بريت القلم بالسكين فيجوز عنده حذف الباء فتقول بريت القلم السكين فإن لم يتعين الحرف لم يجز الحذف نحو رغبت في زيد فلا يجوز حذف في لأنه لا يدرى حينئذ هل التقدير رغبت عن زيد أو في زيد وكذلك إن لم يتعين مكان الحذف لم يجز نحو اخترت القوم من بني تميم فلا يجوز الحذف فلا تقول اخترت القوم بني تميم إذ لا يدرى هل الأصل اخترت القوم من بني تميم أو اخترت من القوم بني تميم
وأما أن وأن فيجوز حذف حرف الجر معهما قياسا مطردا بشرط أمن اللبس كقولك عجبت أن يدوا والأصل عجبت من أن يدوا أي من أن يعطوا الدية ومثال ذلك مع أن بالتشديد عجبت من أنك قائم فيجوز حذف من فتقول عجبت أنك قائم فإن حصل لبس لم يجز الحذف نحو رغبت في أن تقوم أو رغبت في أنك قائم فلا يجوز حذف في لاحتمال أن يكون المحذوف عن فيحصل اللبس
واختلف في محل أن وأن عند حذف حرف الجر فذهب الأخفش إلى أنهما في محل جر وذهب الكسائي إلى أنهما في محل نصب وذهب سيبويه إلى تجويز الوجهين
وحاصله أن الفعل اللازم يصل إلى المفعول بحرف الجر ثم إن كان المجرور غير أن وأن لم يجز حذف حرف الجر إلا سماعا وإن كان أن وأن جاز ذلك قياسا عند أمن اللبس وهذا هو الصحيح
- 274
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
[With verbs taking two objects of the aʿṭā / kasā type,] the basic order puts first the object that is the agent in meaning. An example is man in albisan man zārakum nasja l-yamani ('clothe whoever visits you in Yemeni weave'): man [the visitor] is the one who wears, so it precedes.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 274Arabic
إذا تعدى الفعل إلى مفعولين الثاني منهما ليس خبرا في الأصل فالأصل تقديم ما هو فاعل في المعنى نحو أعطيت زيدا درهما فالأصل تقديم زيد على درهم لأنه فاعل في المعنى لأنه الآخذ للدرهم وكذا كسوت زيدا جبة وألبسن من زاركم نسج اليمن فمن مفعول أول ونسج مفعول ثان والأصل تقديم من على نسج اليمن لأنه اللابس ويجوز تقديم ما ليس فاعلا معنى لكنه خلاف الأصل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3209 · vol. 2, p. 152 ↗ - 275
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
This basic order becomes obligatory when some cause arises [e.g. risk of ambiguity, aʿṭaytu zaydan ʿamran, or the second object is restricted: mā aʿṭaytu zaydan illā dirhaman]. Departing from it is sometimes obligatory [e.g. when the first object contains a pronoun referring to the second: aʿṭaytu d-dirhama ṣāḥibahu, or when the first object is restricted: mā aʿṭaytu d-dirhama illā zaydan].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 275Arabic
أي يلزم الأصل وهو تقديم الفاعل في المعنى إذا طرأ ما يوجب ذلك وهو خوف اللبس نحو أعطيت زيدا عمرا فيجب تقديم الآخذ منهما ولا يجوز تقديم غيره لأجل اللبس إذ يحتمل أن يكون هو الفاعل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3215 · vol. 2, p. 153 ↗وقد يجب تقديم ما ليس فاعلا في المعنى وتأخير ما هو فاعل في المعنى نحو أعطبت الدرهم صاحبه فلا يجوز تقديم صاحبه وإن كان فاعلا في المعنى فلا تقول أعطيت صاحبه الدرهم لئلا يعود الضمير على متأخر لفظا ورتبة وهو ممتنع والله أعلم
- 276
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Permit the omission of a complement (faḍla, e.g. an object) if omitting it does no harm [ḍarabtu, 'I struck', for ḍarabtu zaydan]. Harmful omission is, for example, omitting an object given as an answer [ḍarabtu zaydan in reply to man ḍarabta?] or an object that is restricted [mā ḍarabtu illā zaydan].
AI note on the transcription: وَحَذْفَ فَضْلَةٍ أَجِزْ إِنْ لَمْ يَضِرْ — the transcription's أجر has rāʾ where zāy (أَجِزْ, 'permit') is meant. Here zāy was miswritten as rāʾ, a pair of letters that are easily confused. The accusative حَذْفَ is governed by أَجِزْ.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 276Arabic
الفضلة خلاف العمدة والعمدة ما لا يستغنى عنه كالفاعل والفضلة ما يمكن الاستغناء عنه كالمفعول به فيجوز حذف الفضلة إن لم يضر كقولك في ضربت زيدا ضربت بحذف المفعول به وكقولك في أعطيت زيدا درهما أعطيت ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ فأما من أعطى واتقى ﴾ وأعطيت زيدا ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ ولسوف يعطيك ربك فترضى ﴾ وأعطيت درهما قيل ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ حتى يعطوا الجزية ﴾ التقدير والله أعلم حتى يعطوكم الجزية
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3223 · vol. 2, p. 154 ↗فإن ضر حذف الفضلة لم يجز حذفها كما إذا وقع المفعول به في جواب سؤال نحو أن يقال من ضربت فتقول ضربت زيدا أو وقع محصورا نحو ما ضربت إلا زيدا فلا يجوز حذف زيدا في الموضعين إذ لا يحصل في الأول الجواب ويبقى الكلام في الثاني دالا على نفي الضرب مطلقا والمقصود نفيه عن غير زيد فلا يفهم المقصود عنه حذفه
- 277
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The word that puts the complement in the accusative [its verb] may be omitted if it is known [zaydan in answer to man ḍarabta?]. Sometimes its omission is obligatory [as in ishtighāl, the vocative, and warnings: zaydan ḍarabtuhu, iyyāka wa-l-asada].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 277Arabic
يجوز حذف ناصب الفضلة إذا دل عليه دليل نحو أن يقال من ضربت فتقول زيدا التقدير ضربت زيدا فحذف ضربت لدلالة ما قبله عليه وهذا الحذف جائز وقد يكون واجبا كما تقدم في باب الاشتغال نحو زيدا ضربته التقدير ضربت زيدا ضربته فحذف ضربت وجوبا كما تقدم والله أعلم
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 3235 · vol. 2, p. 155 ↗
- الْفِعْلُ الْمُعَدَّى al-fiʿl al-muʿaddā · transitive verb · عدو
- اللَّازِمُ al-lāzim · intransitive verb · لزم
- الْمَصْدَرُ al-maṣdar · verbal noun · صدر
- الْمَفْعُولُ al-mafʿūl · object (lit. 'that which is done') · فعل
- نَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ nāʾib al-fāʿil · agent-substitute (subject of a passive verb) · نوب
- السَّجِيَّةُ al-sajiyya (pl. al-sajāyā) · natural disposition, innate trait · سجو
- الْمُطَاوَعَةُ al-muṭāwaʿa · reception of an action (the muṭāwiʿ verb expresses that the object yielded to the action) · طوع
- الْمُنْجَرُّ al-munjarr · noun in the genitive · جرر
- النَّقْلُ al-naql · transmitted usage (known by hearing, not by rule) · نقل
- الِاطِّرَادُ al-iṭṭirād · regularity, general applicability · طرد
- اللَّبْسُ al-labs · ambiguity · لبس
- الْفَضْلَةُ al-faḍla · complement, dispensable element (object, adverbial, etc.) · فضل
- الْحَصْرُ al-ḥaṣr · restriction (e.g. by mā … illā) · حصر
- النَّاصِبُ al-nāṣib · governor of the accusative · نصب