The Particles of Jarr (Prepositions)

Verses 364–384 · chapter 29 of 78

The chapter lists the twenty particles that put a noun in the genitive (jarr) and states which of them take only overt nouns, which take only times, indefinites, or particular words. It then gives the meanings of each particle (partition, starting point, endpoint, ownership, cause, instrument, and others), how some of them are used as nouns, and what happens when mā is added after them or when rubba is omitted. ✦AI

Topic:The genitive

1. 364

   هَاكَ حُرُوفَ الْجَرِّ وَهْيَ مِنْ إِلَى

   حَتَّى خَلَا حَاشَا عَدَا فِي عَنْ عَلَى

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Here are the particles of jarr. They are min, ilā, ḥattā, khalā, ḥāshā, ʿadā, fī, ʿan, ʿalā,

   OpenITI line 482 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
2. 365

   مُذْ مُنْذُ رُبَّ اللَّامُ كَيْ وَاوٌ وَتَا

   وَالْكَافُ وَالْبَا وَلَعَلَّ وَمَتَى

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   mudh, mundhu, rubba, the lām, kay, the wāw and the tāʾ [of oaths], the kāf, the bāʾ, laʿalla and matā. [laʿalla governs jarr only in the dialect of ʿUqayl and matā only in that of Hudhayl.]

   OpenITI line 483 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 364–365Arabic

   هذه الحروف العشرون كلها مختصة بالأسماء وهي تعمل فيها الجر وتقدم الكلام على خلا وحاشا وعدا في الاستثناء وقل من ذكر كي ولعل ومتى في حروف الجر

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4124 · vol. 3, p. 1 ↗

   فأما كي فتكون حرف جر في موضعين

   أحدهما إذا دخلت على ما الاستفهامية نحو كيمة أي لمه فما استفهامية مجرورة بكى وحذفت ألفها لدخول حرف الجر عليها وجيء بالهاء للسكت

   الثاني قولك جئت كي أكرم زيدا فأكرم فعل مضارع منصوب بأن بعد كى وأن والفعل مقدران بمصدر مجرور بكى والتقدير جئت كي إكرام زيد أي لإكرام زيد

   وأما لعل فالجر بها لغة عقيل ومنه قوله

   196 ( لعل أبي المغوار منك قريب )

   وقوله

   197

   لعل الله فضلكم علينا … بشيء أن أمكم شريم

   ف أبي المغوار والاسم الكريم مبتدآن وقريب وفضلكم خبران ولعل حرف جر زائد دخل على المبتدأ فهو كالباء في بحسبك درهم

   وقد روى على لغة هؤلاء في لامها الأخيرة الكسر والفتح وروى أيضا حذف اللام الأولى فتقول عل بفتح اللام وكسرها

   وأما متى فالجر بها لغة هذيل ومن كلامهم أخرجها متى كمه يريدون من كمه ومنه قوله

   198 ( شربن بماء البحر ثم ترفعت … متى لجج خضر لهن نئيج

   وسيأتي الكلام على بقية العشرين عند كلام المصنف عليها

   ولم يعد المصنف في هذا الكتاب لولا من حروف الجر وذكرها في غيره

   ومذهب سيبويه أنها من حروف الجر لكن لا تجر إلا المضمر فتقول لولاى ولولاك ولولاه فالياء والكاف والهاء عند سيبويه مجرورات ب لولا

   وزعم الأخفش أنها في موضع رفع بالابتداء ووضع ضمير الجر موضع ضمير الرفع فلم تعمل لولا فيها شيئا كما لا تعمل في الظاهر نحو لولا زيد لأتيتك

   وزعم المبرد أن هذا التركيب أعنى لولاك ونحوه لم يرد من لسان العرب وهو محجوج بثبوت ذلك عنهم كقوله

   199 ( أتطمع فينا من أراق دماءنا … ولولاك لم يعرض لأحسابنا حسن

   وقوله

   200 ( وكم موطن لولاي طحت كما هوى … بأجرامه من قنة النيق منهوى

3. 366

   بِالظَّاهِرِ اخْصُصْ مُنْذُ مُذْ وَحَتَّى

   وَالْكَافَ وَالْوَاوَ وَرُبَّ وَالتَّا

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Restrict to the overt noun [they do not take a pronoun]: mundhu, mudh, ḥattā, the kāf, the wāw, rubba and the tāʾ.

   OpenITI line 484 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
4. 367

   وَاخْصُصْ بِمُذْ وَمُنْذُ وَقْتًا وَبِرُبّْ

   مُنَكَّرًا وَالتَّاءُ لِلَّهِ وَرَبّْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   With mudh and mundhu, restrict [the governed noun] to a time expression; with rubba, to an indefinite noun; and the tāʾ is for Allāh and rabb [tallāhi; tarabbī].

   OpenITI line 486 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
5. 368

   وَمَا رَوَوْا مِنْ نَحْوِ رُبَّهُ فَتَى

   نَزْرٌ كَذَا كَهَا وَنَحْوُهُ أَتَى

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Forms they have transmitted such as rubbahu fatan ['many a youth'], with rubba before a pronoun, are rare. Likewise kahā [the kāf before a pronoun] and similar forms have occurred [rarely].

   OpenITI line 487 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 366–368Arabic

   من حروف الجر ما لا يجر إلا الظاهر وهي هذه السبعة المذكورة في البيت الأول فلا تقول منذه ولا مذه وكذا الباقي

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4160 · vol. 3, p. 10 ↗

   ولا تجر منذ ومذ من الأسماء الظاهرة إلا أسماء الزمان فإن كان الزمان حاضرا كنات بمعنى في نحو ما رأيته منذ يومنا أي في يومنا وإن كان الزمان ماضيا كانت بمعنى من نحو ما رأيته مذ يوم الجمعة أي من يوم الجمعة وسيذكر المصنف هذا في آخر الباب وهذا معنى قوله واخصص بمذ ومنذ وقتا

   وأما حتى فسيأتي الكلام على مجرورها عند ذكر المصنف له وقد شذ جرها للضمير كقوله

   201 ( فلا والله لا يلفى أناس … فتى حتاك يا ابن أبي زياد

   ولا يقاس على ذلك خلافا لبعضهم ولغة هذيل إبدال حائها عينا وقرأ ابن مسعود ﴿ فتربصوا به حتى حين ﴾

   وأما الواو فمختصة بالقسم وكذلك التاء ولا يجوز ذكر فعل القسم معهما فلا تقول أقسم والله ولا أقسم تالله

   ولا تجر التاء إلا لفظ الله فتقول تالله لأفعلن وقد سمع جرها رب مضافا إلى الكعبة قالوا ترب الكعبة وهذا معنى قوله والتاء لله ورب وسمع أيضا تالرحمن وذكر الخفاف في شرح الكتاب أنهم قالوا تحياتك وهذا غريب

   ولا تجر رب إلا نكرة نحو رب رجل عالم لقيت وهذا معنى قوله وبرب منكرا أي واخصص برب النكرة وقد شذ جرها ضمير الغيبة كقوله

   202 ( واه رأبت وشيكا صدع أعظمه … وربه عطبا أنقذت من عطبه

   كما شذ جر الكاف له كقوله

   203 ( خلى الذنابات شمالا كثبا … وأم أوعال كها أو أقربا

   وقوله

   204 ( ولا ترى بعلا ولا حلائلا … كه ولا كهن إلا حاظلا

   وهذا معنى قوله وما رووا البيت أي والذي روى من جر رب المضمر نحو ربه فتى قليل وكذك جر الكاف المضمر نحو كها

6. 369

   بَعِّضْ وَبَيِّنْ وَابْتَدِئْ فِي الْأَمْكِنَةْ

   بِمِنْ وَقَدْ تَأْتِي لِبَدْءِ الْأَزْمِنَةْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   Use min for partition [akhadhtu min al-darāhim], for specification [fa-jtanibū r-rijsa mina l-awthān], and for the starting point in places [mina l-masjidi l-ḥarām]. It sometimes comes for the starting point in times [min awwali yawmin].

   OpenITI line 488 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
7. 370

   وَزِيدَ فِي نَفْيٍ وَشِبْهِهِ فَجَرّْ

   نَكِرَةً كَمَا لِبَاغٍ مِنْ مَفَرّْ

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   [Min] is added after a negation or something like it [a prohibition or a question], and then governs an indefinite noun in the jarr, as in mā li-bāghin min mafarr 'an oppressor has no escape'.

   OpenITI line 489 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 369–370Arabic

   تجيء من للتبعض ولبيان الجنس ولابتداء الغاية في غير الزمان كثيرا وفي الزمان قليلا وزائدة

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4187 · vol. 3, p. 14 ↗

   فمثالها للتبعيض قولك أخذت من الدراهم ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ ومن الناس من يقول آمنا بالله ﴾

   ومثالها لبيان الجنس قوله تعالى ﴿ فاجتنبوا الرجس من الأوثان ﴾

   ومثالها لابتداء الغاية في المكان قوله تعالى ﴿ سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلا من المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى ﴾

   ومثالها لابتداء الغاية في الزمان قوله تعالى ﴿ لمسجد أسس على التقوى من أول يوم أحق أن تقوم فيه ﴾ وقول الشاعر

   205 ( تخيرن من أزمان يوم حليمة … إلى اليوم قد جربن كل التجارب

   ومثال الزائدة ما جاءني من أحد ولا تزاد عند جمهور البصريين إلا بشرطين

   أحدهما أن يكون المجرور بها نكرة

   الثاني أن يسبقها نفي أو شبهه والمراد بشبه النفي النهى نحو لا تضرب من أحد والاستفهام نحو هل جاءك من أحد

   ولا تزاد في الإيجاب ولا يؤتى بها جارة لمعرفة فلا تقول جاءني من زيد خلافا للأخفش وجعل منه قوله تعالى ﴿ يغفر لكم من ذنوبكم ﴾

   وأجاز الكوفيون زيادتها في الإيجاب بشرط تنكير مجرورها ومنه عندهم قد كان من مطر أي قد كان مطر

8. 371

   لِلآنْتِهَا حَتَّى وَلَامٌ وَإِلَى

   وَمِنْ وَبَاءٌ يُفْهِمَانِ بَدَلَا

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   For the endpoint: ḥattā, the lām and ilā [sirtu ilā l-baṣra; akaltu s-samakata ḥattā raʾsihā]. Min and the bāʾ can convey substitution [a-raḍītum bi-l-ḥayāti d-dunyā mina l-ākhira 'are you content with this life in place of the next?'].

   OpenITI line 490 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

   AI note on the transcription: لِلِانْتِهَا حَتَّى وَلَامٌ وَإِلَى: the transcription writes آ (alif with madda) where the word has the plain connecting alif of al-intihāʾ, read li-l-intihā.

   Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 371Arabic

   يدل على انتهاء الغاية إلى وحتى واللام والأصل من هذه الثلاثة إلى فلذلك بحر الآخر وغيره نحو سرت البارحة إلى آخر الليل أو إلى نصفه ولا تجر حتى إلا ما كان آخرا أو متصلا بالآخر كقوله تعالى ﴿ سلام هي حتى مطلع الفجر ﴾ ولا تجر غيرهما فلا تقول سرت البارحة حتى نصف الليل واستعمال اللام للانتهاء قليل ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ كل يجري لأجل مسمى ﴾

   Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4207 · vol. 3, p. 16 ↗

   ويستعمل من والباء بمعنى بدل فمن استعمال من بمعنى بدل قوله عز وجل ﴿ أرضيتم بالحياة الدنيا من الآخرة ﴾ أي بدل الآخرة وقوله تعالى ﴿ ولو نشاء لجعلنا منكم ملائكة في الأرض يخلفون ﴾ أي بدلكم وقول الشاعر

   206 ( جاريه لم تأكل المرققا … ولم تذق من البقول الفستقا

   أي بدل البقول ومن استعمال الباء بمعنى بدل ما ورد في الحديث ما يسرني بها حمر النعم أي بدلها وقول الشاعر

   فليت لي بهم قوما إذا ركبوا … شنوا الإغارة فرسانا وركبانا ) 154

9. 372

   وَاللَّامُ لِلْمِلْكِ وَشِبْهِهِ وَفِي

   تَعْدِيَةٍ أَيْضًا وَتَعْلِيلٍ قُفِي

   الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

   Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

   وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

   It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

   Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

   Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

   Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

   The lām is for ownership [al-mālu li-zaydin] and what resembles ownership [al-julu li-l-faras 'the saddle-cloth is for the horse']. It is also used for making a verb reach its object [mā aḍraba zaydan li-ʿamrin] and for giving a reason [ji'tuka li-ikrāmik].

   OpenITI line 491 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
10. 373

    وَزِيدَ وَالظَّرْفِيَّةَ اسْتَبِنْ بِبَا

    وَفِي وَقَدْ يُبَيِّنَانِ السَّبَبَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    [The lām] is also added [radifa lakum]. Recognise the sense of place or time (ẓarfiyya) in the bāʾ [wa-laqad naṣarakumu llāhu bi-badr] and in fī [zaydun fī l-masjid]. Both sometimes express cause [fa-bi-ẓulmin mina lladhīna hādū; dakhalati mraʾatun an-nāra fī hirratin].

    OpenITI line 492 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 372–373Arabic

    تقدم أن اللام تكون للانتهاء وذكر هنا أنها تكون للملك نحو ﴿ لله ما في السماوات وما في الأرض ﴾ والمال لزيد ولشبه الملك نحو الجل للفرس والباب للدار وللتعدية نحو وهبت لزيد مالا ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ فهب لي من لدنك وليا يرثني ويرث من آل يعقوب ﴾ وللتعليل نحو جئتك لإكرامك وقوله

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4221 · vol. 3, p. 19 ↗

    207 ( وإني لتعروني لذكراك هزة … كما انتفض العصفور بلله القطر

    وزائدة قياسا نحو لزيد ضربت ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ إن كنتم للرؤيا تعبرون ﴾ وسماعا نحو ضربت لزيد

    وأشار بقوله والظرفية استبن إلى آخره إلى معنى الباء وفي فذكر أنهما اشتركا في إفادة الظرفية والسببية فمثال الباء للظرفية قوله تعالى ﴿ وإنكم لتمرون عليهم مصبحين وبالليل ﴾ أي وفي الليل ومثالها للسببية قوله تعالى ﴿ فبظلم من الذين هادوا حرمنا عليهم طيبات أحلت لهم وبصدهم عن سبيل الله كثيرا ﴾ ومثال في للظرفية قولك زيد في المسجد وهو الكثير فيها ومثالها للسببية قوله صلى الله عليه وسلم دخلت امرأة النار في هرة حبستها فلا هي أطعمتها ولا هي تركتها تأكل من خشاش الأرض

11. 374

    بِالْبَا اسْتَعِنْ وَعَدِّ عَوِّضْ أَلْصِقِ

    وَمِثْلَ مَعْ وَمِنْ وَعَنْ بِهَا انْطَلِقِ

    Metre: not scanned›

    As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Use the bāʾ for the instrument [katabtu bi-l-qalam], for making a verb transitive [dhahaba llāhu bi-nūrihim], for compensation [ishtaraytu l-faras bi-alf], and for contact [marartu bi-zayd]. Use it also with the sense of maʿa [ihbiṭ bi-salām], min [ʿaynan yashrabu bihā], and ʿan [fa-sʾal bihi khabīrā].

    OpenITI line 493 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    AI note on the transcription: وَمِثْلَ مَعْ وَمِنْ وَعَنْ بِهَا انْطِقِ: the transcription has an extra lām (انطلق). The rhyme with أَلْصِقِ and the metre require انْطِقِ 'say, use', and انطلق adds a syllable.

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 374Arabic

    تقدم أن الباء تكون للظرفية وللسببية وذكر هنا أنها تكون للاستعانة نحو كتبت بالقلم وقطعت بالسكين وللتعدية نحو ذهبت بزيد ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ ذهب الله بنورهم ﴾ وللتعويض نحو اشتريت الفرس بألف درهم ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ أولئك الذين اشتروا الحياة الدنيا بالآخرة ﴾ وللإلصاق نحو مررت بزيد وبمعنى مع نحو بعتك الثوب بطرازه أي مع طرازه وبمعنى من كقوله

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4237 · vol. 3, p. 21 ↗

    ( شربن بماء البحر )

    أي من ماء البحر وبمعنى عن نحو ﴿ سأل سائل بعذاب ﴾ أي عن عذاب وتكون الباء أيضا للمصاحبة نحو ﴿ فسبح بحمد ربك ﴾ أي مصاحبا حمد ربك

12. 375

    عَلَى لِلِاسْتِعْلَا وَمَعْنَى فِي وَعَنْ

    بِعَنْ تَجَاوُزًا عَنَى مَنْ قَدْ فَطَنْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    ʿAlā is for being over or upon [zaydun ʿalā s-saṭḥ]. It also has the sense of fī [ʿalā ḥīni ghaflatin 'at a time of heedlessness'] and of ʿan [raḍiyat ʿalayya 'she was pleased with me']. By ʿan, whoever understands [grammar] means going beyond or away [ramaytu s-sahma ʿani l-qaws].

    OpenITI line 494 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
13. 376

    وَقَدْ تَجِي مَوْضِعَ بَعْدٍ وَعَلَى

    كَمَا عَلَى مَوْضِعَ عَنْ قَدْ جُعِلَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    [ʿAn] sometimes comes in place of baʿda [la-tarkabunna ṭabaqan ʿan ṭabaq 'stage after stage'] and of ʿalā [fa-innamā yabkhalu ʿan nafsih], just as ʿalā has been put in place of ʿan.

    OpenITI line 495 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 375–376Arabic

    تستعمل على للاستعلاء كثيرا نحو زيد على السطح وبمعنى في نحو قوله تعالى ﴿ ودخل المدينة على حين غفلة من أهلها ﴾ أي في حين غفلة

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4247 · vol. 3, p. 22 ↗

    وتسعتمل عن للمجاوزة كثيرا نحو رميت السهم عن القوس وبمعنى بعد نحو قوله تعالى ﴿ لتركبن طبقا عن طبق ﴾ أي بعد طبق وبمعنى على نحو قوله

    208 ( لاه ابن عمك لا أفضلت في حسب … عني ولا أنت دياني فتخزوني ) أي لا أفضلت في حسب على كما استعملت على بمعنى عن في قوله

    209 ( إذا رضيت على بنو قشير … لعمر الله أعجبني رضاها

    أي إذا رضيت عني

14. 377

    شَبِّهْ بِكَافٍ وَبِهَا التَّعْلِيلُ قَدْ

    يُعْنَى وَزَائِدًا لِتَوْكِيدٍ وَرَدْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Use the kāf for likening [zaydun ka-l-asad]. With it a reason is sometimes meant [wa-dhkurūhu ka-mā hadākum 'remember Him because He guided you'], and it has occurred as an added particle for emphasis [laysa ka-mithlihi shayʾ].

    OpenITI line 496 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 377Arabic

    تأتي الكاف للتشبيه كثيرا كقولك زيد كالأسد وقد تأتى للتعليل كقوله تعالى ﴿ واذكروه كما هداكم ﴾ أي لهدايته إياكم وتأتى زائدة للتوكيد وجعل منه قوله تعالى ﴿ ليس كمثله شيء ﴾ أي مثله شيء ومما زيدت فيه قول رؤبة

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4257 · vol. 3, p. 24 ↗

    210 ( لواحق الأقراب فيها كالمقق …

    أي فيها المقق أي الطول وما حكاه الفراء أنه قيل لبعض العرب كيف تصنعون الأقط فقال كهين أي هينا

15. 378

    وَاسْتُعْمِلَ اسْمًا وَكَذَا عَنْ وَعَلَى

    مِنْ أَجْلِ ذَا عَلَيْهِمَا مِنْ دَخَلَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    [The kāf] has been used as a noun [yaḍḥakna ʿan ka-l-baradi 'they smile with teeth like hail'], and so have ʿan and ʿalā. For that reason min has been put before both of these [min ʿan yamīnī 'from my right side'; min ʿalayhi 'from upon it'].

    OpenITI line 497 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 378Arabic

    استعمل الكاف اسما قليلا كقوله

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4265 · vol. 3, p. 26 ↗

    211 ( أتنتهون ولن ينهى ذوى شطط … كالطعن يذهب فيه الزيت والفتل

    فالكاف اسم مرفوع على الفاعلية والعامل فيه ينهى والتقدير ولن ينهى ذوى شطط مثل الطعن

    واستعملت على وعن اسمين عند دخول من عليهما وتكون على بمعنى فوق وعن بمعنى جانب ومنه قوله

    212 ( غدت من عليه بعد ما تم ظمؤها … تصل وعن قيض بزيزاء مجهل ) أي غدت من فوقه وقوله

    213 ( ولقد أراني للرماح دريثة … من عن يميني تارة وأمامي

    أي من جانب يميني

16. 379

    وَمُذْ وَمُنْذُ اسْمَانِ حَيْثُ رَفَعَا

    أَوْ أُولِيَا الْفِعْلَ كَجِئْتُ مُذْ دَعَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Mudh and mundhu are nouns where they are followed by a noun in the rafʿ [mā raʾaytuhu mudh yawmu l-jumuʿa], or where a verb is placed after them, as in ji'tu mudh daʿā 'I came [the time] since he called'.

    OpenITI line 498 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗
17. 380

    وَإِنْ يَجُرَّا فِي مُضِيٍّ فَكَمِنْ

    هُمَا وَفِي الْحُضُورِ مَعْنَى فِي اسْتَبِنْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    If they govern jarr with a past time, they are like min [marking the starting point: mā raʾaytuhu mudh yawmi l-jumuʿa 'since Friday']. With a present time, recognise the sense of fī [mā raʾaytuhu mudh yawminā 'during today'].

    OpenITI line 499 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 379–380Arabic

    تستعمل مذ ومنذ اسمين إذا وقع بعدهما الاسم مرفوعا أو وقع بعدهما فعل فمثال الأول ما رأيته مذ يوم الجمعة أو مذ شهرنا فمذ اسم مبتدأ خبره ما بعده وكذلك منذ وجوز بعضهم أن يكونا خبرين لما بعدهما

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4278 · vol. 3, p. 30 ↗

    ومثال الثاني جئت مذدعا فمذ اسم منصوب المحل على الظرفية والعامل فيه جئت

    وإن وقع ما بعدهما مجرورا فهما حرفا جر بمعنى من إن كان المجرور ماضيا نحو ما رأيته مذ يوم الجمعة أي من يوم الجمعة وبمعنى في إن كان حاضرا نحو ما رأيته مذ يومنا أي في يومنا

18. 381

    وَبَعْدَ مِنْ وَعَنْ وَبَاءٍ زِيدَ مَا

    فَلَمْ يَعُقْ عَنْ عَمَلٍ قَدْ عُلِمَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    After min, ʿan and the bāʾ, mā is added, and it does not stop them from their known governing [mimmā khaṭīʾātihim; ʿammā qalīlin; fa-bimā raḥmatin].

    OpenITI line 500 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 381Arabic

    تزاد ما بعد من وعن والباء فلا تكفها عن العمل كقوله تعالى ﴿ مما خطيئاتهم أغرقوا ﴾ وقوله تعالى ﴿ عما قليل ليصبحن نادمين ﴾ وقوله تعالى ﴿ فبما رحمة من الله لنت لهم ﴾

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4286 · vol. 3, p. 30 ↗
19. 382

    وَزِيدَ بَعْدَ رُبَّ وَالْكَافِ فَكَفّْ

    وَقَدْ يَلِيهِمَا وَجَرٌّ لَمْ يُكَفّْ

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    [Mā] is added after rubba and the kāf and stops them from governing [rubbamā yawaddu lladhīna kafarū; kamā zaydun qāʾimun]. Sometimes it follows them and the jarr is not stopped [rubbamā ḍarbatin; kamā n-nāsi].

    OpenITI line 501 · vol. 1, p. 34 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 382Arabic

    تزاد ما بعد الكاف ورب فتكفهما عن العمل كقوله

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4290 · vol. 3, p. 31 ↗

    214 ( فإن الحمر من شر المطايا … كما الحبطان شر بني تميم

    وقوله

    215 ( ربما الجامل المؤبل فيهم … وعناجيج بينهن المهار

    وقد تزاد بعدهما ولا تكفهما عن العمل وهو قليل كقوله

    216 ( ماوى لا ربتما غارة … شعواء كاللذعة بالميسم

    وقوله

    217 ( وننصر مولانا ونعلم أنه … كما الناس مجروم عليه وجارم

20. 383

    وَحُذِفَتْ رُبَّ فَجَرَّتْ بَعْدَ بَلْ

    وَأَلْفَا وَبَعْدَ الْوَاوِ شَاعَ ذَا الْعَمَلْ

    Metre: not scanned›

    As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    Rubba has been omitted and has still governed jarr after bal and after fāʾ [bal baladin; fa-mithliki]. After wāw this governing is widespread [wa-laylin ka-mawji l-baḥri 'many a night like the waves of the sea']. [The noun is in jarr by the omitted rubba.]

    OpenITI line 503 · vol. 1, p. 35 ↗

    AI note on the transcription: وَالْفَا وَبَعْدَ الْوَاوِ شَاعَ ذَا الْعَمَلْ: the transcription writes أ (alif with hamza) where the article has the connecting alif read wa-l-fā, and it joins الفا to وبعد without a space.

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 383Arabic

    لا يجوز حذف حرف الجر وإبقاء عمله إلا في رب بعد الواو وفيما سنذكره وقد ورد حذفها بعد الفاء وبل قليلا فمثاله بعد الواو قوله

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4299 · vol. 3, p. 35 ↗

    وقاتم الأعماق خاوى المخترقن …

    ومثاله بعد الفاء قوله

    218 ( فمثلك حبلى فد طرقت ومرضع … فألهيتها عن ذي تمائم محول

    ومثاله بعد بل قوله

    219 ( بل بلد ملء الفجاج قتمه … لا يشترى كتانه وجهرمه

    والشائع من ذلك حذفها بعد الواو وقد شذ الجر برب محذوفة من غير أن يتقدمها شيء كقوله

    220 ( رسم دار وقفت في طلله … كدت أقضى الحياة من جلله

21. 384

    وَقَدْ يُجَرُّ بِسِوَى رُبَّ لَدَى

    حَذْفٍ وَبَعْضُهُ يُرَى مُطَّرِدَا

    الرَّجَزal-rajaz›∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ

    Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”

    وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن

    It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗

    Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).

    Scanned by rule English: AI translation ✦AI

    Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.

    A noun is sometimes put in jarr by a particle other than rubba when that particle is omitted [ashārat kulaybin bi-l-akuffi l-aṣābiʿu, meaning ilā kulaybin]. Some of this is regarded as regular [bi-kam dirhamin shtarayta? answered by dirhamin, meaning bi-dirham; allāhi la-afʿalanna, meaning wa-llāhi].

    OpenITI line 504 · vol. 1, p. 35 ↗

    Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 384Arabic

    الجر بغير رب محذوفا على قسمين مطرد وغير مطرد

    Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4311 · vol. 3, p. 38 ↗

    فغير المطرد كقول رؤبة لمن قال له كيف أصبحت خير والحمد لله التقدير على خير وقول الشاعر

    221 ( إذا قيل أي الناس شر قبيلة … أشارت كليب بالأكف الأصابع

    أي أشارت إلى كليب وقوله

    222 ( وكريمة من آل قيس ألفته … حتى تبذخ فارتقى الأعلام

    أي فارتقى إلى الأعلام

    والمطرد كقولك بكم درهم اشتريت هذا فدرهم مجرور بمن محذوفة عند سيبويه والخليل وبالإضافة عند الزجاج فعلى مذهب سيبويه والخليل يكون الجار قد حذف وأبقى عمله وهذا مطرد عندهما في مميز كم الاستفهامية إذا دخل عليها حرف الجر الإضافة

• حَرْفُ الْجَرِّ ḥarf al-jarr · particle of jarr; preposition · جرر
• التَّبْعِيضُ al-tabʿīḍ · partition; indicating a part of a whole · بعض
• انْتِهَاءُ الْغَايَةِ intihāʾ al-ghāya · reaching the endpoint (of place or time) · نهي
• التَّعْدِيَةُ al-taʿdiya · transitivization; making a verb reach an object · عدو
• التَّعْلِيلُ al-taʿlīl · giving a reason or cause · علل
• الظَّرْفِيَّةُ al-ẓarfiyya · the sense of place or time; containment · ظرف
• الِاسْتِعَانَةُ al-istiʿāna · instrumentality; the bāʾ of the instrument · عون
• الْإِلْصَاقُ al-ilṣāq · contact; attaching · لصق
• الْعِوَضُ al-ʿiwaḍ · compensation; price or exchange · عوض
• الِاسْتِعْلَاءُ al-istiʿlāʾ · being over or upon · علو
• الْمُجَاوَزَةُ al-mujāwaza · going beyond or away from · جوز
• الزَّائِدُ al-zāʾid · added (redundant) particle · زيد
• الْكَفُّ al-kaff · blocking a word from governing · كفف
• مُطَّرِدٌ muṭṭarid · regular; applicable by analogy · طرد