The Governing Action of the Active Participle
إِعْمَالُ اسْمِ الْفَاعِلِ
Verses 428–439 · chapter 33 of 78
This chapter sets the conditions under which the active participle (ism al-fāʿil) governs like its verb. A bare participle must refer to present or future time and lean on a support such as an interrogative, a negation, a vocative, a noun it qualifies, or a subject it is predicated of. A participle with al governs at any time. The same rules extend to the intensive forms, to duals and plurals, and to the passive participle (ism al-mafʿūl), which may also be annexed to a noun that is nominative in meaning. AI
Topics:Active and passive participlesIntensives and the elative
- 428
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The active participle is like its verb in governing, provided it stands apart from [denoting] past time [i.e., it refers to the present or future]: Zaydun ḍāribun ʿAmran al-āna aw ghadan.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 428Arabic
لا يخلو اسم الفاعل من أن يكون معرفا بأل أو مجردا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4804 · vol. 3, p. 105 ↗فإن كان مجردا عمل عمل فعله من الرفع والنصب إن كان مستقبلا أو حالا نحو هذا ضارب زيدا الآن أو غدا
وإنما عمل لجريانه على الفعل الذي هو بمعناه وهو المضارع ومعنى جريانه عليه أنه موافق له في الحركات والسكنات لموافقة ضارب ل يضرب فهو مشبه للفعل الذي هو بمعناه لفظا ومعنى
وإن كان بمعنى الماضي لم يعمل لعدم جريانه على الفعل الذي هو بمعناه فهو مشبه له معنى لا لفظا فلا تقول هذا ضارب زيدا أمس بل يجب إضافته فتقول هذا ضارب زيد أمس وأجاز الكسائي إعماله وجعل منه قوله تعالى ﴿ وكلبهم باسط ذراعيه بالوصيد ﴾ ف ذراعيه منصوب ب باسط وهو ماض وخرجه غيره على أنه حكاية حال ماضية
- 429
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
[It must also rest on a support:] it follows an interrogative, a vocative particle, or a negation, or it comes as a qualifier or as a predicate: a-ḍāribun Zaydun ʿAmran?; yā ṭāliʿan jabalan; mā ḍāribun Zaydun ʿAmran; marartu bi-rajulin ḍāribin ʿAmran; Zaydun ḍāribun ʿAmran. [A circumstantial ḥāl counts as a qualifier: jāʾa Zaydun rākiban farasan.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 429Arabic
أشار بهذا البيت إلى أن اسم الفاعل لا يعمل إلا إذا اعتمد على شيء قبله كأن يقع بعد الاستفهام نحو أضارب زيد عمرا أو حرف النداء نحو يا طالعا جبلا أو النفي نحو ما ضارب زيد عمرا أو يقع نعتا نحو مررت برجل ضارب زيدا أو حالا نحو جاء زيد راكبا فرسا ويشمل هذين النوعين قوله أو جاصفة وقوله أو مسندا معناه أنه يعمل إذا وقع خبرا وهذا يشمل خبر المبتدأ نحو زيد ضارب عمرا وخبر ناسخه أو مفعوله نحو كان زيد ضاربا عمرا وإن زيدا ضارب عمرا وظننت زيدا ضاربا عمرا وأعلمت زيدا عمرا ضاربا بكرا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4816 · vol. 3, p. 106 ↗ - 430
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It may be the qualifier of an omitted noun that is understood, and it then earns the governing action described: yā ṭāliʿan jabalan [= yā rajulan ṭāliʿan jabalan]; mukhtalifun alwānuhu [= ṣinfun mukhtalifun alwānuhu].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 430Arabic
قد يعتمد اسم الفاعل على موصوف مقدر فيعمل عمل فعله كما لو اعتمد على مذكور ومنه قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4824 · vol. 3, p. 107 ↗256 ( وكم مالئ عينيه من شيء غيره … إذا راح نحو الجمرة البيض كالدمى ) فعينيه منصوب ب مالئ ومالئ صفة لموصوف محذوف وتقديره وكم شخص مالئ ومثله قوله
257 ( كناطح صخرة يوما ليوهنها … فلم يضرها وأوهى قرنه الوعل
التقدير كوعل ناطح صخرة
- 431
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If it is the relative clause of al [i.e., it carries the article al], its governing action is accepted both in the past and at other times, and no support is required: jāʾa ḍ-ḍāribu Zaydan amsi / al-āna / ghadan.
OpenITI line 564 · vol. 1, p. 39 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: وَإِنْ يَكُنْ صِلَةَ أَلْ فَفِي الْمُضِي. The transcription drops the word «أل» after «صلة». Without it the hemistich loses a syllable and breaks the rajaz metre, and the sense ('relative clause of al') becomes incomplete.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 431Arabic
إذا وقع اسم الفاعل صلة للألف واللام عمل ماضيا ومستقبلا وحالا لوقوعه حينئذ موقع الفعل إذ حق الصلة أن تكون جملة فتقول هذا الضارب زيدا الآن أو غدا أو أمس
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4832 · vol. 3, p. 109 ↗هذا هو المشهور من قول النحويين وزعم جماعة من النحويين منهم الرماني أنه إذا وقع صلة لأل لا يعمل إلا ماضيا ولا يعمل مستقبلا ولا حال وزعم بعضهم أنه لا يعمل مطلقا وأن المنصوب بعده منصوب بإضمار فعل والعجب أن هذين المذهبين ذكرهما المصنف في التسهيل وزعم ابنه بدر الدين في شرحه أن اسم الفاعل إذا وقع صلة للألف واللام عمل ماضيا ومستقبلا وحالا باتفاق وقال بعد هذا أيضا ارتضى جميع النحويين إعماله يعني إذا كان صلة لأل
- 432
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The patterns faʿʿāl, mifʿāl, and faʿūl substitute for fāʿil to express abundance [intensive forms]: ḍarrāb, minḥār, ḍarūb.
- 433
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
So [each of these] earns the governing action that fāʿil has [under the same conditions]: ammā l-ʿasala fa-ana sharrābun. With faʿīl and faʿil this is less frequent: Allāhu samīʿun duʿāʾaka; ḥadhirun umūran.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 432–433Arabic
يصاغ للكثرة فعال ومفعال وفعول وفعيل وفعل فيعمل عمل الفعل على حد اسم الفاعل وإعمال الثلاثة الأول أكثر من إعمال فعيل وفعل وإعمال فعيل أكثر من إعمال فعل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4843 · vol. 3, p. 110 ↗فمن إعمال فعال ما سمعه سيبويه من قول بعضهم أما العسل فأنا شراب وقول الشاعر
258 ( أخا الحرب لباسا إليها جلالها … وليس بولاج الخوالف أعقلا
ف العسل منصوب ب شراب وجلالها منصوب ب لباس
ومن إعمال مفعال قول بعض العرب إنه لمنحار بوائكها ف بوائكها منصوب ب منحار
ومن إعمال فعول قول الشاعر
259 ( عشية سعدى لو تراءت لراهب … بدومة تجر دونه وحجيج
قلى دينه واهتاج للشوق إنها … على الشوق إخوان العزاء هيوج
ف إخوان منصوب ب هيوج
ومن إعمال فعيل قول بعض العرب إن الله سميع دعاء من دعاه ف دعاء منصوب ب سميع
ومن إعمال فعل ما أنشده سيبويه
260 ( حذر أمورا لا تضير وآمن … ماا ليس منجيه من الأقدار
وقوله
261 ( أتاني أنهم مزقون عرضى … جحاش الكرملين لها فدير
ف أمورا منصوب ب حذر وعرضى منصوب ب مزق
- 434
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
What is not singular [the dual and the plural of these forms] is treated like the singular, in rule and in conditions, wherever it governs: az-Zaydāni ḍāribāni ʿAmran; hum ḍurrābun Zaydan; al-ḍāribūna Zaydan.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 434Arabic
ما سوى المفرد هو المثنى والمجموع نحو الضاربين والضاربتين والضاربين والضراب والضوارب والضاربات فحكمها حكم المفرد في العمل وسائر ما تقدم ذكره من الشروط فتقول هذان الضاربان زيدا وهؤلاء القاتلون بكرا وكذلك الباقي ومنه قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4865 · vol. 3, p. 115 ↗262 ( أوالفا مكة من ورق الحمى …
أصله الحمام وقوله
263 ( ثم زادوا أنهم في قومهم … غفر ذنبهم غير فخر
- 435
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With the governing participle, put the noun that directly follows it in the accusative or put it in the genitive [by annexation]: ḍāribun Zaydan or ḍāribu Zaydin. For anything beyond that first noun, the participle requires the accusative: hādhā muʿṭī Zaydin dirhaman.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 435Arabic
يجوز في اسم الفاعل العامل إضافته إلى ما يليه من مفعول ونصبه له فتقول هذا ضارب زيد وضارب زيدا فإن كان له مفعولان وأضفته إلى أحدهما وجب نصب الآخر فتقول هذا معطى زيد درهما ومعطى درهم زيدا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4873 · vol. 3, p. 117 ↗ - 436
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Put a follower [a coordinated noun or other appositive] of the genitive noun in the genitive or in the accusative, as in mubtaghī jāhin wa-mālan man nahaḍ, 'he who strives is a seeker of rank and wealth' [mālan is accusative following the sense; mālin is also allowed].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 436Arabic
يجوز في تابع معمول اسم الفاعل المجرور بالإضافة الجر والنصب نحو هذا ضارب زيد وعمرو وعمرا فالجر مراعاة للفظ والنصب على إضمار فعل وهو الصحيح والتقدير ويضرب عمرا أو مراعاة لمحل المخفوض وهو المشهور وقد روى بالوجهين قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4877 · vol. 3, p. 117 ↗264 ( الواهب المائة الهجان وعبدها … عوذا تزجى بينها أطفالها
بنصب عبد وجره وقال الآخر
265 ( هل أنت باعث دينار لحاجتنا … أو عبد رب أخا عون بن مخراق
بنصب عبد عطفا على محل دينار أو على إضمار فعل والتقدير أو تبعث عبد رب
- 437
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Everything established for the active participle is given to the passive participle without difference [in conditions and in the effect of al].
- 438
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
It governs like a verb formed for the object [a passive verb] of the same meaning: it takes a nāʾib al-fāʿil in the nominative and any further object in the accusative. Example: al-muʿṭā kafāfan yaktafī, 'the one given a sufficiency is content' [kafāfan is the second object, as in uʿṭiya kafāfan].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 437–438Arabic
جميع ما تقدم في اسم الفاعل من أنه إن كان مجردا عمل إن كان بمعنى الحال أو الاستقبال بشرط الاعتماد وإن كان بالألف واللام عمل مطلقا يثبت لاسم المفعول فتقول أمضروب الزيدان الآن أو غدا أو جاء المضروب أبوهما الآن أو غدا أو أمش
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4889 · vol. 3, p. 120 ↗وحكمه في المعنى والعمل حكم الفعل المبني للمفعول فيرفع المفعول كما يرفعه فعله فكما تقول ضرب الزيدان تقول أمضروب الزيدان وإن كان له مفعولان رفع أحدهما ونصب الآخر نحو المعطى كفافا يكتفى فالمفعول الأول ضمير مستتر عائد على الألف واللام وهو مرفوع لقيامه مقام الفاعل وكفافا المفعول الثاني
- 439
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
This [passive participle] may be annexed to a noun that is nominative in meaning [its nāʾib al-fāʿil]: al-waraʿu maḥmūdu l-maqāṣidi, 'the pious man is praiseworthy in his aims' [= maḥmūdatun maqāṣiduhu]. [The verse fronts the predicate: maḥmūdu l-maqāṣidi l-waraʿu.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 439Arabic
يجوز في اسم المفعول أن يضاف إلى ما كان مرفوعا به فتقول في قولك زيد مضروب عبده زيد مضروب العبد فتضيف اسم المفعول إلى ما كان مرفوعا به ومثله الورع محمود المقاصد والأصل الورع محمود مقاصده ولا يجوز ذلك في اسم الفاعل فلا تقول مررت برجل ضارب الأب زيدا تريد ضارب أبوه زيدا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4899 · vol. 3, p. 121 ↗
- اسْمُ الْفَاعِلِ ism al-fāʿil · active participle · فعل
- اسْمُ الْمَفْعُولِ ism al-mafʿūl · passive participle · فعل
- الْعَمَلُ / الْإِعْمَالُ al-ʿamal / al-iʿmāl · governing action; making a word govern · عمل
- الْمُضِيُّ al-muḍiyy · past time · مضي
- الِاسْتِفْهَامُ al-istifhām · interrogation · فهم
- النِّدَاءُ an-nidāʾ · vocative, address · ندو
- النَّفْيُ an-nafy · negation · نفي
- الصِّفَةُ / النَّعْتُ aṣ-ṣifa / an-naʿt · qualifier, adjective · وصف
- الْمُسْنَدُ al-musnad · predicate (that which is attributed) · سند
- الصِّلَةُ aṣ-ṣila · relative clause (the 'link' completing a relative) · وصل
- صِيَغُ الْمُبَالَغَةِ ṣiyagh al-mubālagha · intensive (hyperbolic) forms · بلغ
- التَّابِعُ at-tābiʿ · follower (appositive, coordinated noun, etc.) · تبع
- الْإِضَافَةُ al-iḍāfa · annexation (genitive construct) · ضيف