The Patterns of Verbal Nouns (Maṣdars)
أَبْنِيَةُ الْمَصَادِرِ
Verses 440–456 · chapter 34 of 78
This chapter gives the regular maṣdar patterns of triliteral verbs according to their vowel pattern and transitivity. It lists special patterns for meanings such as refusal, movement, illness, sound and travel, and says that forms outside these rules are known only by transmission. It then gives the regular maṣdars of verbs of more than three letters, and ends with the nouns of single instance (faʿla) and of manner (fiʿla). AI
Topics:Patterns: weighing a wordThe verbal noun
- 440
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The regular pattern for the maṣdar of a transitive triliteral verb is faʿl, as radda 'he returned [something]' → radd.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 440Arabic
الفعل الثلائي المتعدى يجيء مصدره على فعل قياسا مطردا نص على ذلك سيبويه في مواضع فتقول ردردا وضرب ضربا وفهم فهما وزعم بعضهم أنه لا ينقاس وهو غير سديد
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4905 · vol. 3, p. 122 ↗ - 441
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The rule for intransitive faʿila is faʿal, as [fariḥa] → faraḥ 'joy', [jawiya] → jawan 'inner grief', and [shalla] → shalal 'paralysis of the hand'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 441Arabic
أي يجيء مصدر فعل اللازم على فعل قياسا كفرح فرحا وجوى جوى وشلت يده شللا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4909 · vol. 3, p. 122 ↗ - 442
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Intransitive faʿala, like qaʿada [→ quʿūd], regularly takes fuʿūl, as ghadā 'he went out in the morning' [→ ghudūw].
- 443
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
[This holds] unless the verb calls for fiʿāl, faʿalān, or fuʿāl. Take note of this.
- 444
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The first [fiʿāl] is for verbs meaning refusal, as abā 'he refused' [→ ibāʾ]. The second [faʿalān] is for verbs that imply moving about, [as jāla → jawalān, ṭāfa → ṭawafān].
- 445
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fuʿāl is for illness (dā, shortened from dāʾ) [as suʿāl 'coughing'] or for a sound [as ṣurākh 'shouting']. Faʿīl covers both travel [as raḥīl 'departure'] and sound, as ṣahala 'it neighed' [→ ṣahīl].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 442–445Arabic
يأتى مصدر فعل اللازم على فعول قياسا فتقول قعد قعودا وغدا غدوا وبكر بكورا
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4914 · vol. 3, p. 123 ↗وأشار بقوله مالم يكن مستوجبا فعالا إلى آخره إلى أنه إنما يأتى مصدره على فعول إذا لم يستحق أن يكون مصدره على فعال أو فعلان أو فعال
فالذي استحق أن يكون مصدره على فعال هو كل فعل دل على امتناع كأبي إباء ونفر نفارا وشرد شرادا وهذا هو المراد بقوله فأول لذى امتناع
والذي استحق أن يكون مصدره على فعلان هو كل فعل دل على تقلب نحو طاف طوفانا وجال جولانا ونزا نزوانا وهذا معنى قوله والثان للذي اقتضى تقلبا
والذي استحق أن يكون مصدره على فعال هو كل فعل دل على داء أو صوت فمثال الأول سعل سعالا وزكم زكاما ومشى بطنه مشاء ومثال الثاني نعب الغراب نعاباونعق الراعي نعاقا وأزت القدر أزازا وهذا هو المراد بقوله للدا فعال أو لصوت
وأشار بقوله وشمل سيرا وصوتا الفعيل إلى أن فعيلا يأتى مصدرا لما دل على سير ولما دل على صوت فمثال الأول ذمل ذميلا ورحل رحيلا ومثال الثاني نعب نعيبا ونعق نعيقا وأزت القدر أزيزا وصهلت الخيل صهيلا
- 446
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fuʿūla and faʿāla are for faʿula, as sahula l-amru 'the matter was easy' [→ suhūla] and zaydun jazula 'Zayd was sound in judgement' [→ jazāla].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 446Arabic
إذا كان الفعل على فعل ولا يكون إلا لازما يكون مصدره على فعولة أو على فعالة فمثال الأول سهل سهولة وصعب صعوبة وعذب عذوبة ومثال الثاني جزل جزالة وفصح فصاحة وضخم ضخامة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4930 · vol. 3, p. 125 ↗ - 447
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Whatever differs from the patterns given above is known only by transmission, as sukhṭ 'anger' [from sakhiṭa, where the rule expects sakhaṭ] and riḍā 'contentment' [from raḍiya, where the rule expects raḍan].
AI note on the transcription: Ṣadr: وَمَا أَتَى مُخَالِفًا لِمَا مَضَى. The transcription's محالفا has lost the dot of khāʾ, and the sense requires mukhālifan 'differing'. ʿAjuz: فَبَابُهُ النَّقْلُ كَسُخْطٍ وَرِضَا. قبابه has qāf in place of fāʾ; the fāʾ introduces the predicate after the conditional-type mā.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 447Arabic
يعني أن ما سبق ذكره في هذا الباب هو القياس الثابت في مصدر الفعل الثلاثي وما ورد على خلاف ذلك فليس بمقيس بل يقتصر فيه على السماع نحو سخط سخطا ورضى رضا وذهب ذهابا وشكر شكرا وعظم عظمة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4934 · vol. 3, p. 125 ↗ - 448
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The maṣdar of a verb of more than three letters is regular, as quddisa 'he was declared holy' → taqdīs.
- 449
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
[Faʿʿala with a weak final letter takes tafʿila:] 'zakkihi tazkiyatan' 'purify him with a purification'. [Afʿala takes ifʿāl:] 'ajmilan ijmāla…' 'act well, as does…'. [Tafaʿʿala takes tafaʿʿul:] '…one who adorned himself with adornment' (tajammala → tajammul).
- 450
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Istaʿidh istiʿādhatan 'seek refuge' [istafʿala → istifʿāl], then aqim iqāmatan 'establish' [afʿala → ifʿāl]. In these hollow verbs this tāʾ [which compensates for the dropped middle letter] is kept in most cases [it is sometimes omitted, as iqāma l-ṣalāt in Q 21:73; many editions read lazim, 'is required', with the same sense].
- 451
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In the maṣdar of a verb that begins [with a connecting hamza], give the letter before the last a fatḥa and lengthen it [with an alif], and give kasra to the letter that follows the second…
- 452
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
…with a connecting hamza, as iṣṭafā 'he chose' → iṣṭifāʾ. Give ḍamma to the fourth letter in verbs like talamlama 'it gathered together' [verbs beginning with ta-] → talamlum [likewise taqaddama → taqaddum].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 448–452Arabic
ذكر في هذه الأبيات مصادر غير الثلاثي وهي مقيسة كلها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4942 · vol. 3, p. 127 ↗فما كان على وزن فعل فإما أن يكون صحيحا أو معتلا فإن كان صحيحا فمصدره على تفعيل نحو قدس تقديسا ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ وكلم الله موسى تكليما ﴾ ويأتى أيضا على وزن فعال كقوله تعالى ﴿ وكذبوا بآياتنا كذابا ﴾ ويأتى على فعال بتخفيف العين وقد قرى ﴿ وكذبوا بآياتنا كذابا ﴾ بتخفيف الذال
وإن كان معتلا فمصدره كذلك لكن يحذف ياء التفعيل ويعوض عنها التاء فيصير مصدره على تفعلة نحو زكى تزكية وندر مجيئه على تفعيل كقوله
266 ( باتت تنزى دلوها تنزيا … كما تنزى شهلة صبيا
وإن كان مهموزا ولم يذكره المصنف هنا فمصدره على تفعيل وعلى تفعلة نحو خطأ تخطيئا وتخطئة وجرأ تجزيئا وتجزئة ونبأ تنبيئا وتنبئة
وإن كان على أفعل فقياس مصدره على إفعال نحو أكرم إكراما وأجمل إجمالا وأعطى إعطاء
هذا إذا لم يكن معتل العين فإن كان معتل العين نقلت حركة عينه إلى فاء الكلمة وحذفت وعوض عنها تاء التأنيث غالبا نحو أقام إقامة والأصل إقواما فنقلت حركة الواو إلى القاف وحذفت وعوض عنها تاء التأنيث فصار إقامة
وهذا هو المراد بقوله ثم أقم إقامة وقوله وغالبا ذا التاء لزم إشارة إلى ما ذكرناه من أن التاء تعوض غالبا وقد جاء حذفها كقوله تعالى ﴿ وأقام الصلاة ﴾
وإن كان على وزن تفعل فقياس مصدره تفعل بضم العين نحو تجمل تجملا وتعلم تعلما وتكرم تكرما
وإن كان في أوله همزة وصل كسر ثالثه وزيد ألف قبل آخره سواء كان على وزن انفعل أو افتعل أواستفعل نحو انطلق انطلاقا واصطفى اصطفاء واستخرج استخراجا وهذا معنى قوله وما يلي الآخر مد وافتحا
فإن كان استفعل معتل العين نقلت حركة عينه إلى فاء الكلمة وحذفت وعوض عنها تاء التأنيث لزوما نحو استعاذ استعاذة والأصل استعواذا فنقلت حركة الواو إلى العين وهي فاء الكلمة وحذفت وعوض عنها التاء فصار استعاذة وهذا معنى قوله واستعذ استعاذة
ومعنى قوله وضم ما يربع في أمثال قد تلملما أنه إن كان الفعل على وزن تفعلل يكون مصدره على تفعلل بضم رابعه نحو تلملم تلملما وتدحرج تدحرجا
- 453
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fiʿlāl or faʿlala is the maṣdar of faʿlala [as daḥraja 'he rolled' → diḥrāj, daḥraja]. Treat the second [faʿlala] as regular. The first [fiʿlāl] is not regular.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 453Arabic
يأتى مصدر فعلل على فعلال كدحرج دحراجا وسرهف سرهافا وعلى فعللة وهو المقيس فيه نحو دحرج دحرجة وبهرج بهرجة وسرهق سرهفة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4972 · vol. 3, p. 129 ↗ - 454
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Fāʿala takes fiʿāl and mufāʿala [as qātala 'he fought' → qitāl, muqātala]. For anything other than what has been given, transmission is its measure.
AI note on the transcription: ʿAjuz: وَغَيْرُ مَا مَرَّ السَّمَاعُ عَادَلَهْ. The last word is the verb ʿādala with the pronoun -hu ('matched it'), rhyming in pause with al-mufāʿalah. The transcription's final tāʾ marbūṭa (عادلة) is a wrong letter.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 454Arabic
كل فعل على وزن فاعل فمصدره الفعال والمفاعلة نحو ضارب ضرابا ومضاربة وقاتل قتالا ومقاتلة وخاصم خصاما ومخاصمة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4976 · vol. 3, p. 130 ↗وأشار بقوله وغير ما مر إلخ إلى أن ما ورد من مصادر غير الثلاثي على خلاف ما مر يحفظ ولا يقاس عليه ومعنى قوله عادلة كان السماع له عديلا فلاا يقدم عليه إلا بثبت كقولهم في مصدر فعل المعتل تفعيلا نحو
( باتت تنزى دلوها تنزيا )
والقياس تنزية وقولهم في مصدر حوقل قل حيقالا وقياسه حوقلة نحو دحرج دحرجة ومن ورود حيقال قوله
267 ( يا قوم قد حوقلت أو دنوت … وشر حيقال الرجال الموت
وقولهم في مصدر تفعل تفعالا نحو تملق تملاقا والقياس تفعل تفعلا نحو تملق تملقا
- 455
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
[From a triliteral verb,] faʿla denotes a single instance, as jalsa 'one sitting'. Fiʿla denotes a manner, as jilsa 'a way of sitting'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 455Arabic
إذا أريد بيان المرة من مصدر الفعل الثلاثي قيل فعلة بفتح الفاء نحو ضربته ضربة وقتلته قتلة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4988 · vol. 3, p. 131 ↗هذا إذا لم يبن المصدر على تاء التأنيث فإن بنى عليها وصف بما يدل على الوحدة نحو نعمة ورحمة فإذا أريد المرة وصف بواحدة
وإن أريد بيان الهيئة منه قيل فعلة بكسر الفاء نحو جلس جلسة حسنة وقعد قعدة ومات ميتة
- 456
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
In verbs other than triliterals, the single instance is made by adding tāʾ [to the maṣdar, as inṭilāq → inṭilāqa 'one setting-off']. A noun of manner from such verbs is irregular, as khimra 'a way of veiling' [from ikhtamarat 'she veiled herself'].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 456Arabic
إذا أريد بيان المرة من مصدر المزيد على ثلاثة أحرف زيد علي المصدر تاء التأنيث نحو أكرمته إكرامة ودحرجته دحراجة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 4995 · vol. 3, p. 132 ↗وشذ بناء فعلة للهيئة من غير الثلاثي كقولهم هي حسنة الخمرة فبنوا فعلة من اختمر وهو حسن العمة فبنوا فعلة من تعمم
- مَصْدَرٌ maṣdar · verbal noun · صدر
- أَبْنِيَةٌ (مفرده بِنَاءٌ) abniya (sing. bināʾ) · patterns, morphological forms · بني
- الْمُعَدَّى / الْمُتَعَدِّي al-muʿaddā / al-mutaʿaddī · transitive (verb) · عدو
- اللَّازِمُ al-lāzim · intransitive (verb) · لزم
- قِيَاسٌ / مَقِيسٌ qiyās / maqīs · regular rule; regular (formed by rule) · قيس
- اطِّرَادٌ iṭṭirād · regular occurrence, consistency · طرد
- سَمَاعٌ / نَقْلٌ samāʿ / naql · attested usage; transmission (forms learned from usage, not by rule) · سمع
- هَمْزَةُ الْوَصْلِ hamzat al-waṣl · connecting (elidable) hamza · وصل
- اسْمُ الْمَرَّةِ ism al-marra · noun of single instance · مرر
- اسْمُ الْهَيْئَةِ ism al-hayʾa · noun of manner · هيأ