The Agents of the Jussive (jazm)
عَوَامِلُ الجَزْمِ
Verses 695–708 · chapter 58 of 78
The chapter lists the particles and nouns that put the muḍāriʿ verb in the jussive: the single-verb jussives (requestive lā and lām, lam, lammā) and the conditional tools that take two verbs, a condition (sharṭ) and an apodosis (jazāʾ/jawāb). It then covers the forms the two verbs may take, when the apodosis must carry fā' or may carry idhā of surprise, the moods of a verb joined after or between the two clauses, the omission of condition or apodosis, and which answer is kept when a condition and an oath occur together. AI
Topics:The jussivePerfect, imperfect, imperative
- 695
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With lā and lām, [used] as a request, put jazm on the [muḍāriʿ] verb, and likewise with lam and lammā. [Examples: lā taḍrib 'do not strike' (prohibition); li-yunfiq 'let him spend' (the lām of command); lam yaqum 'he did not stand'; lammā yaqum 'he has not yet stood'.]
- 696
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Put [the verb] in the jussive with in 'if', man 'whoever', mā 'whatever', mahmā 'whatever', ayy 'whichever', matā 'whenever', ayyāna 'whenever', ayna 'wherever', idhmā 'if',
- 697
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and ḥaythumā 'wherever' and annā 'wherever'. Idhmā is a particle (ḥarf), like in; the rest of the tools are nouns. [So in and idhmā are particles; man, mā, mahmā, ayy, matā, ayyāna, ayna, ḥaythumā and annā are nouns.]
OpenITI line 907 · vol. 1, p. 58 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: وَحَيْثُمَا أَنَّى وَحَرْفٌ إِذْ مَا — the transcription has أتى; the conditional tool is أنّى ('wherever'), as in the standard text. The slip is a dotting error (ت for ن), and 'atā' gives no sense in the list.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 695–697Arabic
الأدوات الجازمة للمضارع على قسمين
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6694 · vol. 4, p. 25 ↗أحدهما ما يجزم فعلا واحدا وهو اللام الدالة على الأمر نحو ليقم زيد أو على الدعاء نحو ﴿ ليقض علينا ربك ﴾ ولا الدالة على النهي نحو قوله تعالى ﴿ لا تحزن إن الله معنا ﴾ أو على الدعاء نحو ﴿ ربنا لا تؤاخذنا ﴾ ولم ولما وهما للنفي ويختصان بالمضارع ويقلبان معناه إلى المضي نحو لم يقم زيد ولما يقم عمرو ولا يكون النفي بلما إلا متصلا بالحال
والثاني ما يجزم فعلين وهو إن نحو ﴿ وإن تبدوا ما في أنفسكم أو تخفوه يحاسبكم به الله ﴾ ومن نحو ﴿ من يعمل سوءا يجز به ﴾ وما نحو ﴿ وما تفعلوا من خير يعلمه الله ﴾ ومهما نحو ﴿ وقالوا مهما تأتنا به من آية لتسحرنا بها فما نحن لك بمؤمنين ﴾ وأي نحو ﴿ أيا ما تدعوا فله الأسماء الحسنى ﴾ ومتى كقوله
334 ( متى تأته تعشو إلى ضوء ناره … تجد خير نار عندها خير موقد
وأيان كقوله
335 ( أيان نؤمنك نأمن غيرنا وإذا … لم تدرك الأمن منا لم تزل حذرا
أينما كقوله
336 ( أينما الريح تميلها تمل …
وإذ ما نحو قوله
337 ( وإنك إذ ما تأت ما أنت آمر … به تلف من إياه تأمر آتيا
وحيثما نحو قوله
338 ( حيثما تستقم يقدر لك الله نجاحا في غابر الأزمان …
وأنى نحو قوله
339 ( خليلي أني تأتياني تأتيا … أخا غير ما يرضيكما لا يحاول
وهذه الأدوات التي تجزم فعلين كلها أسماء إلا إن وإذ ما فإنهما حرفان وكذلك الأدوات التي تجزم فعلا واحدا كلها حروف
- 698
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
They [the conditional tools] require two verbs. The one placed first is the condition (sharṭ). The apodosis (jazāʾ) follows it, and it is also called the answer (jawāb). [Example: in taqum aqum 'if you stand, I will stand': taqum is the sharṭ, aqum the jazāʾ.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 698Arabic
يعني أن هذه الأدوات المذكورة في قوله واجزم بإن إلى قوله وأني يقتضين جملتين إحداهما وهي المتقدمة تسمى شرطا والثانية وهي المتأخرة تسمى جوابا وجزاء ويجب في الجملة الأولى أن تكون فعلية وأما الثانية فالأصل فيها أن تكون فعلية ويجوز أن تكون اسمية نحو إن جاء زيد أكرمته وإن جاء زيد فله الفضل
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6723 · vol. 4, p. 31 ↗ - 699
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
You find the two [verbs] both past, or both muḍāriʿ, or differing [one past and one muḍāriʿ]. [Examples: in qumta qumtu; in taqum aqum; in qumta aqum; in taqum qumtu, which is the least common pattern.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 699Arabic
إذا كان الشرط والجزاء جملتين فعليتين فيكونان على أربعة أنحاء
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6729 · vol. 4, p. 32 ↗الأول أن يكون الفعلان ماضيين نحو إن قام زيد قام عمرو ويكونان في محل جزم ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ إن أحسنتم أحسنتم لأنفسكم ﴾
والثاني أن يكونا مضارعين نحو إن يقم زيد يقم عمرو ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ وإن تبدوا ما في أنفسكم أو تخفوه يحاسبكم به الله ﴾
والثالث أن يكون الأول ماضيا والثاني مضارعا نحو إن قام زيد يقم عمرو ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ من كان يريد الحياة الدنيا وزينتها نوف إليهم أعمالهم فيها ﴾
والرابع أن يكون الأول مضارعا والثاني ماضيا وهو قليل ومنه قوله
340 ( من يكدني بسيء كنت منه … كالشجا بين حلقه والوريد ) وقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم من يقم ليلة القدر غفر له ما تقدم من ذنبه
- 700
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
After a past-tense [condition], your putting the apodosis [a muḍāriʿ] in the indicative (rafʿ) is good. Its rafʿ after a muḍāriʿ [condition] is weak. [Examples: in qāma zaydun yaqūmu ʿamrun is acceptable; in yaqum zaydun yaqūmu ʿamrun is weak, and jazm (yaqum) is expected.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 700Arabic
أي إذا كان الشرط ماضيا والجزاء مضارعا جاز جزم الجزاء ورفعه وكلاهما حسن فتقول إن قام زيد يقم عمرو ويقوم عمرو ومنه قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6742 · vol. 4, p. 34 ↗341 ( وإن أناه خليل يوم مسألة … يقول لا غائب مالي ولا حرم ) وإن كان الشرط مضارعا والجزاء مضارعا وجب الجزم فيهما ورفع الجزاء ضعيف كقوله
342 ( يا أقرع بن حابس يا أقرع … إنك إن يصرع أخوك تصرع
- 701
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Join the answer to fā', necessarily, when it is a clause that could not be made the condition of in or of another [conditional tool] if you tried. [Such answers include a nominal clause, an imperative, a clause with lan, qad, sa-, etc. Examples: in jāʾa zaydun fa-huwa muḥsinun; in jāʾaka fa-akrimhu; in taqum fa-lan aqūma.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 701Arabic
أي إذا كان الجواب لا يصلح أن يكون شرطا وجب اقترانه بالفاء وذلك كالجملة الاسمية نحو إن جاء زيد فهو محسن وكفعل الأمر نحو إن جاء زيد فاضربه وكالفعلية المنفية بما نحو إن جاء زيد فما أضربه أو لن نحو إن جاء زيد فلن أضربه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6749 · vol. 4, p. 36 ↗فإن كان الجواب يصلح أن يكون شرطا كالمضارع الذي ليس منفيا بما ولا بلن ولا مقرونا بحرف التنفيس ولا بقد وكالماضي المتصرف الذي هو غير مقرون بقد لم يجب اقترانه بالفاء نحو إن جاء زيد يجيء عمرو أو قام عمرو
- 702
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Idhā of surprise (al-mufājaʾa) may take the place of the fā' [in a nominal answer]. Example: in tajud idhā lanā mukāfaʾatun 'if you are generous, then there is a reward for us'.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 702Arabic
أي إذا كان الجواب جملة اسمية وجب اقترانه بالفاء ويجوز إقامة إذا الفجائية مقام الفاء ومنه قوله تعالى ﴿ وإن تصبهم سيئة بما قدمت أيديهم إذا هم يقنطون ﴾ ولم يقيد المصنف الجملة بكونها اسمية استغناء بفهم ذلك من التمثيل وهو إن تجد إذا لنا مكافأة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6757 · vol. 4, p. 37 ↗ - 703
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
A [muḍāriʿ] verb after the apodosis, if joined to it by fā' or wāw, admits all three [endings: jazm, naṣb and rafʿ]. [Example: in yaʾtinī zaydun āti-hi fa-uḥsin / fa-uḥsina / fa-uḥsinu ilayhi; compare Qurʾān 2:284 fa-yaghfiru / fa-yaghfir / fa-yaghfira.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 703Arabic
إذا وقع بعد جزاء الشرط فعل مضارع مقرون بالفاء أو الواو جاز فيه ثلاثة أوجه الجزم والرفع والنصب وقد قرىء بالثلاثة قوله تعالى ﴿ وإن تبدوا ما في أنفسكم أو تخفوه يحاسبكم به الله فيغفر لمن يشاء ﴾ بجزم يغفر ورفعه ونصبه وكذلك روى بالثلاثة قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6763 · vol. 4, p. 38 ↗343 ( فإن يهلك أبو قابوس يهلك … ربيع الناس والبلد الحرام
ونأخذ بعده بذناب عيش … أجب الظهر ليس له سنام
روى بجزم نأخذ ورفعه ونصبه
- 704
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Jazm or naṣb [is allowed, rafʿ is not,] for a verb that comes after fā' or wāw when it is enclosed by the two clauses [placed between the condition and the apodosis]. [Example: in yaqum zaydun wa-yakhruj / wa-yakhruja khālidun akrimhu.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 704Arabic
إذا وقع بين فعل الشرط والجزاء فعل مضارع مقرون بالفاء أو الواو جاز نصبه وجزمه نحو إن يقم زيد ويخرج خالد أكرمك بجزم يخرج ونصبه ومن النصب قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6771 · vol. 4, p. 39 ↗344 ( ومن يقترب منا ويخضع نؤوه … ولا يخش ظلما ما أقام ولا هضما
- 705
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The condition can stand in for an answer that is known [so the answer is omitted]. The reverse [omitting the condition and keeping the answer] sometimes occurs, if the meaning is understood. [Examples: anta ẓālimun in faʿalta 'you are unjust if you do it', where the answer is understood from what precedes. For the reverse, compare wa-illā yaʿlu mafriqaka l-ḥusāmu 'and if not [= if you do not divorce her], the sword will cleave your head', where the condition after illā is omitted.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 705Arabic
يجوز حذف جواب الشرط والاستغناء بالشرط عنه وذلك عند ما يدل دليل على حذفه نحو أنت ظالم إن فعلت فحذف جواب الشرط لدلالة أنت ظالم عليه والتقدير أنت ظالم إن فعلت فأنت ظالم وهذا كثير في لسانهم
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6777 · vol. 4, p. 41 ↗وأما عكسه وهو حذف الشرط والاستغناء عنه بالجزاء فقليل ومنه قوله
345 ( فطلقها فلست لها بكفء … وإلا يعل مفرقك الحسام
أي وإلا تطلقها يعل مفرقك الحسام
- 706
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
When a condition and an oath (qasam) come together, omit the answer of whichever you put later; this is obligatory. [The answer given belongs to the first. Examples: wa-llāhi in taqum la-aqūmanna, where the answer is the oath's; in taqum wa-llāhi aqum, where the answer is the condition's.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 706Arabic
كل واحد من الشرط والقسم يستدعي جوابا وجواب الشرط إما مجزوم أو مقرون بالفاء وجواب القسم إن كان جملة فعلية مثبتة مصدرة بمضارع أكد باللام والنون نحو والله لأضربن زيدا وإن صدرت بماض اقترن باللام وقد نحو والله لقد قام زيد وإن كان جملة اسمية فبإن واللام أو اللام وحدها أو بإن وحدها نحو والله إن زيدا لقائم والله لزيد قائم والله إن زيدا قائم وإن كان جملة فعلية منفية فينفي بما أولا أو إن نحو والله ما يقوم زيد ولا يقوم زيد وإن يقوم زيد والاسمية كذلك
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6784 · vol. 4, p. 42 ↗فإذا اجتمع شرط وقسم حذف جواب المتأخر منهما لدلالة جواب الأول عليه فتقول إن قام زيد والله يقم عمرو فتحذف جواب القسم لدلالة جواب الشرط عليه وتقول والله إن يقم زيد ليقومن عمرو فتحذف جواب الشرط لدلالة جواب القسم عليه
- 707
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
If the two [oath and condition] follow one another and something requiring a predicate (dhū khabar) precedes them, give preference to the condition in every case [whether it comes first or second], without hesitation. [Example: zaydun wa-llāhi in yaqum aqum, where the answer aqum is the condition's.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 707Arabic
أي إذا اجتمع الشرط والقسم أجيب السابق منهما وحذف جواب المتأخر هذا إذا لم يتقدم عليهما ذو خبر فإن تقدم عليهما ذو خبر رجح الشرط مطلقا أي سواء كان متقدما أو متأخرا فيجاب الشرط ويحذف جواب القسم فتقول زيد إن قام والله أكرمه وزيد والله إن قام أكرمه
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6796 · vol. 4, p. 43 ↗ - 708
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Occasionally the condition is given preference after an oath when nothing requiring a predicate precedes them. [This goes against the rule of bayt 706 and is rare. An example is la-in kāna … followed by a jussive answer, where the answer is the condition's although the oath (marked by the lām) comes first.]
Ibn ʿAqīl on verse 708Arabic
أي وقد جاء قليلا ترجيح الشرط على القسم عند اجتماعهما وتقدم القسم وإن لم يتقدم ذو خبر ومنه قوله
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 6801 · vol. 4, p. 44 ↗346 ( لئن منيت بنا عن غب معركة … لا تلفنا عن دماء القوم ننتفل
فلام لئن موطئة لقسم محذوف والتقدير والله لئن وإن شرط وجوابه لا تلفنا وهو مجزوم بحذف الياء ولم يجب القسم بل حذف جوابه لدلالة جواب الشرط عليه ولو جاء على الكثير وهو إجابة القسم لتقدمه لقيل لا تلفينا بإثبات الياء لأنه مرفوع
- جَزْمٌ jazm · the jussive mood of the muḍāriʿ verb, marked by sukūn or by dropping a final letter · جزم
- طَلَبٌ ṭalab · request (command or prohibition), expressed here by lām and lā · طلب
- أَدَاةٌ ج أَدَوَاتٌ adāh, pl. adawāt · tool; a conditional or other functional word · أدو
- شَرْطٌ sharṭ · condition; the protasis clause · شرط
- جَزَاءٌ jazāʾ · apodosis; the clause that follows the condition · جزي
- جَوَابٌ jawāb · answer; another name for the apodosis, also used for the clause that completes an oath · جوب
- إِذَا الفُجَائِيَّةُ / إِذَا المُفَاجَأَةِ idhā al-fujāʾiyya / idhā al-mufājaʾa · idhā of surprise, which can replace fā' before a nominal answer · فجأ
- تَثْلِيثٌ tathlīth · allowing all three endings (jazm, naṣb, rafʿ) · ثلث
- اِكْتَنَفَ iktanafa · to enclose; here, a verb placed between the condition and the apodosis · كنف
- قَسَمٌ qasam · oath · قسم
- ذُو خَبَرٍ dhū khabar · something requiring a predicate, such as a subject (mubtadaʾ) or the noun of kāna or inna · خبر