The Feminine
التَّأْنِيثُ
Verses 758–770 · chapter 65 of 78
The chapter names the two markers of the feminine, tāʾ and alif, and shows how a tāʾ can be understood as present in feminine nouns that do not show it. It lists the adjective patterns that normally take no tāʾ to separate masculine from feminine. It then distinguishes the shortened alif of the feminine from the lengthened one and lists the patterns that each regularly takes. AI
Topic:Masculine and feminine
- 758
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The marker of the feminine is a tāʾ or an alif. In some nouns [that are feminine but show no marker] the grammarians assume an understood tāʾ, as in katif 'shoulder'.
AI note on the transcription: وَفِي أَسَامٍ قَدَّرُوا التَّا كَالْكَتِفْ: the transcription has التاء with a final hamza. The editions read التَّا, and the metre requires it, since a hamza here adds a syllable and breaks the foot.
- 759
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The understood [tāʾ] is recognised from the pronoun [that refers back to the noun, as in al-katifu nahashtu-hā 'the shoulder, I bit it'] and similar indicators [such as a feminine adjective, demonstrative or verb], and from the restoration [of the tāʾ] in the diminutive, [as in kutayfa from katif].
OpenITI line 990 · vol. 1, p. 63 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: وَنَحْوِهِ كَالرَّدِّ فِي التَّصْغِيرِ: the transcription has الصغير, which drops the tāʾ of التَّصْغِير 'diminutive formation'. The sense (restoring the tāʾ in the diminutive) and the metre require التصغير.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 758–759Arabic
أصل الاسم أن يكون مذكرا والتأنيث فرع عن التذكير ولكون االتذكير هو الأصل استغنى الاسم المذكر عن علامة تدل على التذكير ولكون التأنيث فرعا عن التذكير افتقر إلى علامة تدل عليه وهي االتاء والألف المقصورة أو الممدودة والتاء أكثر في الاستعمال من الألف ولذلك قدرت في بعض الأسماء كعين وكتف
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7157 · vol. 4, p. 90 ↗ويستدل على تأنيث ما لا علامة فيه ظاهرة من الأسماء المؤنثة بعود الضمير إليه مؤنثا نحو الكتف نهشتها والعين كحلتها وبما أشبه ذلك كوصفه بالمؤنث نحو أكلت كتفا مشوية وكرد التاء إليه في التصغير ككتيفة ويدية
- 760
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
As a rule, the distinguishing [tāʾ] does not follow the pattern faʿūl [when it means an agent: rajulun ṣabūr, imraʾatun ṣabūr 'a patient man, a patient woman'], nor the patterns mifʿāl [mihdhār 'chatterer'] and mifʿīl [miʿṭīr 'much perfumed'].
- 761
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The same applies to mifʿal [mighsham 'reckless']. Any of these that is followed by the distinguishing tāʾ is irregular [as in ʿaduwwa 'female enemy', mīqāna, miskīna].
OpenITI line 992 · vol. 1, p. 63 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITI - 762
Metre: not scanned
As vowelled here, this verse does not fit al-rajaz, the metre of the poem; it is left unscanned rather than forced.
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
With faʿīl [in the sense of a patient noun], like qatīl 'killed', the tāʾ is usually excluded when the word follows the noun it describes [imraʾatun qatīl 'a slain woman'; when the noun is not stated, the tāʾ is used: qatīlatu banī fulān].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 760–762Arabic
قد سبق أن هذه التاء إنما زيدت في الأسماء ليتميز المؤنث عن المذكر وأكثر ما يكون ذلك في الصفات كقائم وقائمة وقاعد وقاعدة ويقل ذلك في الأسماء التي ليست بصفات كرجل ورجلة وإنسان وإنسانة وامرئ وامرأة
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7167 · vol. 4, p. 91 ↗وأشار بقوله ولا تلى فارقة فعولا الأبيات إلى أن من الصفات ما لا تلحقه هذه التاء وهو ما كان من الصفات على فعول وكان بمعنى فاعل وإليه أشار بقوله أصلا واحترز بذلك من الذي بمعنى مفعول وإنما جعل الأول أصلا لأنه أكثر من الثاني وذلك نحو شكور وصبور بمعنى شاكر وصابر فيقال للمذكر والمؤنث صبور وشكور بلا تاء نحو هذا رجل شكور وامرأة صبور
فإن كان فعول بمعنى مفعول فقد تلحقه التاء في التأنيث نحو ركوبة بمعنى مركوبة
وكذلك لا تلحق التاء وصفا على مفعال كامرأة مهذار وهي الكثيرة الهذر وهو الهذيان أو على مفعيل كامرأة معطير من عطرت المرأة إذا استعملت الطيب أو على مفعل كمغشم وهو الذي لا يثنيه شيء عما يريده ويهواه من شجاعته
وما لحقته التاء من هذه الصفات للفرق بين المذكر والمؤنث فشاذ لا يقاس عليه نحو عدوعدوة وميقان وميقانة ومسكين ومسكينة
وأما فعيل فإما أن يكون بمعنى فاعل أو بمعنى مفعول فإن كان بمعنى فاعل لحقته التاء في التأنيث نحو رجل كريم وامرأة كريمة وقد حذفت منه قليلا قال الله تعالى ﴿ من يحيي العظام وهي رميم ﴾ وقال الله تعالى ﴿ إن رحمة الله قريب من المحسنين ﴾ وإن كان بمعنى مفعول وإليه أشار بقوله كقتيل فإما أن يستعمل استعمال الأسماء أولا فإن استعمل استعمال الأسماء أي لم يتبع موصوفه لحقته التاء نحو هذه ذبيحة ونطيحة وأكيلة أي مذبوحة ومنطوحة ومأكولة السبع وإن لم يستعمل استعمال الأسماء أي بأن يتبع موصوفه حذفت منه التاء غالبا نحو مررت بامرأة جريح وبعين كحيل أي مجروحة ومكحولة وقد تلحقه التاء قليلا نحو خصلة ذميمة أي مذمومة وفعلة حميدة أي محمودة
- 763
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
The alif of the feminine is either short [maqṣūra, as in ḥublā 'pregnant'] or long [mamdūda], as in the feminine of al-ghurr [ghurrāʾ, feminine of agharr 'bright-faced'].
- 764
الرَّجَزal-rajaz––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
Among the patterns of the first [the short alif], the well-known ones are shown by the pattern of urabā [fuʿalā, 'calamity'] and of al-ṭūlā [fuʿlā, 'the longest'],
AI note on the transcription: وَالِاشْتِهَارُ فِي مَبَانِي الْأُولَى: the transcription writes the connecting alif with a hamza (والإشتهار). The alif of اشتهار is hamzat al-waṣl, elided in recitation (wa-l-ishtihāru), so it is written without hamza.
- 765
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and by the pattern of maraṭā [faʿalā, a kind of fast running], and faʿlā, whether a plural [qatlā 'the slain'], a verbal noun [daʿwā 'claim'] or an adjective, like shabʿā 'sated [f.]',
- 766
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and [the patterns] of ḥubārā [fuʿālā, 'bustard'], summahā [fuʿʿalā, 'falsehood'], sibaṭrā [fiʿallā, a kind of swaggering gait], dhikrā [fiʿlā, 'remembrance'], ḥiththīthā [fiʿʿīlā, 'urging'], together with kuffurrā [fuʿullā, 'spathe of the palm'],
- 767
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and likewise khulayṭā [fuʿʿaylā, 'confusion'] together with shuqqārā [fuʿʿālā, a plant]. Classify any [pattern with short alif] other than these as rare.
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 763–767Arabic
قد سبق أن ألف التأنيث على ضربين أحدهما المقصورة كحبلى وسكرى والثاني الممدودة كحمراء وغراء ولكل منهما أوزان تعرف بها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7197 · vol. 4, p. 94 ↗فأما المقصورة فلها أوزان مشهورة وأوزان نادرة
فمن المشهورة فعلى نحو أربى للداهية وشعبي لموضع
ومنها فعلى اسما كبهمى لنبت أو صفة كحبلى والطولى أو مصدرا كرجعى
ومنها فعلى اسما كبردى لنهر بدمشق أو مصدرا كمرطى لضرب من العدو أو صفة كحيدي يقال حمار حيدي أي يحيد عن ظله لنشاطه
قال الجوهري ولم يجيء في نعوت المذكر شيء على غيره
ومنها فعلى جمعا كصرعى جمع صريع أو مصدرا كدعوى أو صفة كشبعى وكسلى
ومنها فعالى كحبارى لطائر ويقع على الذكر والأنثى
ومنها فعلى كسمهى للباطل
ومنها فعلى كسبطرى لضرب من المشي
ومنها فعلى مصدرا كذكرى أو جمعا كظربي جمع ظربان وهي دويبه كالهرة منتنة الريح تزعم العرب أنها تفسو في ثوب أحدهم إذا صادها فلا تذهب رائحته حتى يبلى الثوب وكحجلى جمع حجل وليس في الجموع ماهو على وزن فعلى غيرهما
ومنها فعيلى كحثيثي بمعنى الحث
ومنها فعلى نحو كفرى لوعاء الطلع
ومنها فعيلي نحو خليظي للاختلاط ويقال وفعوا في خليطى أي اختلط عليهم أمرهم
ومنها فعالى نحو شقارى لنبت
- 768
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪––فَعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
For the long [alif] there are faʿlāʾ [ḥamrāʾ 'red (f.)'], afʿilāʾ with any of the three vowels on the ʿayn [arbaʿāʾ, arbiʿāʾ, arbuʿāʾ 'Wednesday'], and faʿlalāʾ [ʿaqrabāʾ, a place name],
- 769
الرَّجَزal-rajaz–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ––∪–مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–––مَفْعُولُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
then fiʿālāʾ [qiṣāṣāʾ 'retaliation'], fuʿlulāʾ [qurfuṣāʾ, a way of sitting], fāʿūlāʾ [ʿāshūrāʾ], fāʿilāʾ [qāṣiʿāʾ, a jerboa's burrow], fiʿliyāʾ [kibriyāʾ 'grandeur'] and mafʿūlāʾ [mashyūkhāʾ 'a group of old men'] [each with the long alif; the metre shortens the endings in this line],
OpenITI line 1000 · vol. 1, p. 63 ↗AI vowelling differs in letters from OpenITIAI note on the transcription: ثُمَّ فِعَالَا فُعْلُلَا فَاعُولَا: the transcription has فعلا, which drops the alif of فِعَالَا. The pattern meant is fiʿālāʾ (qiṣāṣāʾ), and the metre needs the long syllable.
- 770
الرَّجَزal-rajaz∪–∪–مَفَاعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ–∪∪–مُفْتَعِلُنْ∪∪∪–فَعِلَتُنْ
Ibn Jinnī on al-rajaz, “the trembling”
وهو على ستة أجزاء مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن مستفعلن
It has six feet: mustafʿilun, six times. Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, lines 842–843 (p. 101) ↗
Scanned by rule, not by a model. The vowelled text is read as it is pronounced, as Ibn Jinnī says scansion must be: doubled letters count twice, tanwīn adds an n, long vowels lengthen, the connecting alif drops inside the line, the article's l merges into a sun letter, and the last vowel of a line is drawn out. The syllables, long (–) and short (∪), are then fitted to each metre's feet with the common licences (zihāfāt) and line-endings. A poem has one metre: the one that fits most of its verses. A verse that does not fit it is marked 'not scanned'; nothing is guessed. Vowels scanned: AI vowelling (no vowelled edition is available to us).
Scanned by rule English: AI translation AI
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), Kitāb al-ʿArūḍ, ed. Aḥmad Fawzī al-Hayb (Kuwait: Dār al-Qalam, 1407/1987). Digital text: 0392IbnJinniMawsili.Carud.JK000956-ara1 (OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (OpenITI digital text); the classical text is public domain, the modern edition is not.
and faʿālāʾ with the ʿayn unrestricted [faʿālāʾ barākāʾ, faʿīlāʾ qarīthāʾ, faʿūlāʾ dabūqāʾ]. Likewise faʿalāʾ is taken with the fāʾ unrestricted [faʿalāʾ janafāʾ, fuʿalāʾ khuyalāʾ, fiʿalāʾ siyarāʾ].
Ibn ʿAqīl on verses 768–770Arabic
لألف التأنيث الممدودة أوزان كثيرة نبه المصنف على بعضها
Ibn ʿAqīl, OpenITI line 7220 · vol. 4, p. 96 ↗فمنها فعلاء اسما كصحراء أو صفة مذكرها على أفعال كحمراء وعلى غير أفعل كديمة هطلاء ولا يقال سحاب أهطل بل سحاب هطل وقولهم فرس أو ناقة روغاء أي حديدة القياد ولا يوصف به المذكر منهما فلا يقال جمل أروغ وكامرأة حسناء ولا يقال رجل أحسن والهطل تتابع المطر والدمع وسلانه يقال هطلت السماء تهطل هطلا وهطلانا وتهطالا
ومنها أفعلاء مثلت العين نحو قولهم لليوم الرابع من أيام الأسبوع أربعاء بضم الباء وفتحها وكسرها
ومنها فعللاء نحو عقرباء لأثنى العقارب
ومنها فعالاء نحو قصاصاء للقصاص
ومنها فعالاء كقرفصاء
ومنها فاعولاء كعاشوراء
ومنها فعالاء كقاصعاء لجحر من جحرة اليربوع
ومنها فعلياء نحو كبرياء وهي العظمة
ومنها مفعولاء نحو مشيوخاء جمع شيخ
ومنها فعالاء مطلق العين أي مضمومها ومفتوحها ومكسورها نحو دبوقاء للعذرة وبراساء لغة في البرنساء وهم الناس وقال ابن السكيت يقال ما أدري أي البرنساء هو أي أي الناس هو وكثيراء
ومنها فعلاء مطلق الفاء أي مضمومها ومفتوحها ومسكورها نحو خيلاء للتكبر وجنفاء اسم مكان وسيراء لبرد فيه خطوط صفر
- التَّأْنِيثُ al-taʾnīth · feminine gender; marking a word as feminine · أنث
- عَلَامَةٌ ʿalāma · marker, sign · علم
- تَاءُ الْفَرْقِ / التَّاءُ الْفَارِقَةُ tāʾ al-farq / al-tāʾ al-fāriqa · the distinguishing tāʾ (added to separate feminine from masculine) · فرق
- التَّقْدِيرُ al-taqdīr · assuming an element to be present though unexpressed · قدر
- التَّصْغِيرُ al-taṣghīr · diminutive formation · صغر
- أَلِفُ التَّأْنِيثِ الْمَقْصُورَةُ alif al-taʾnīth al-maqṣūra · the short feminine alif (-ā) · قصر
- أَلِفُ التَّأْنِيثِ الْمَمْدُودَةُ alif al-taʾnīth al-mamdūda · the long feminine alif (-āʾ) · مدد
- وَزْنٌ wazn · morphological pattern, measured against f-ʿ-l · وزن
- شُذُوذٌ shudhūdh · irregularity; a form that departs from the rule · شذذ
- اسْتِنْدَارٌ istindār · classing a form as rare · ندر
- الْمَوْصُوفُ al-mawṣūf · the noun qualified by an adjective · وصف
- مَصْدَرٌ maṣdar · verbal noun · صدر
- جَمْعٌ jamʿ · plural · جمع