Mashrabaمشربة

The commentators side by side

One passage at a time. Each column is a commentator; each row gathers the comments on the same words, so readings and emphases can be compared.

فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ إِلَهِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ آدَمِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶11 in the text

11 · 139 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

وَإِذَا كَانَ الارْتِبَاطُ بَيْنَ مَنْ لَهُ وُجُودٌ عَيْنِيٌّ وَبَيْنَ مَنْ لَيْسَ لَهُ وُجُودٌ عَيْنِيٌّ قَدْ ثَبَتَ وَهِيَ نِسَبٌ عَدْمِيَّةٌ فَارْتِبَاطُ المَوْجُودَاتِ بَعْضِهَا بِبَعْضٍ أَقْرَبُ أَنْ يُعْقَلَ لِأَنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ بَيْنَهَا جَامِعٌ وَهُوَ الوُجُودُ العَيْنِيُّ وَهُنَاكَ فَمَا ثَمَّ جَامِعٌ وَقَدْ وُجِدَ الارْتِبَاطُ بِعَدَمِ الجَامِعِ فَبِالجَامِعِ أَقْوَى وَأَحَقُّ وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّ المُحْدَثَ قَدْ ثَبَتَ حُدُوثُهُ وَافْتِقَارُهُ إِلَى مُحْدِثٍ أَحْدَثَهُ لِإمْكَانِهِ لِنَفْسِهِ فَوُجُودُهُ مِنْ غَيْرِهِ فَهُوَ يَرْتَبِطُ بِهِ ٱرْتِبَاطَ افْتِقَارٍ وَلَا بُدَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ المُسْتَنَدُ إِلَيْهِ وَاجِبَ الوُجُودِ لِذَاتِهِ غَنِيًّا فِي وُجُودِهِ بِنَفْسِهِ غَيْرَ مُفْتَقِرٍ وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَعْطَى الوُجُودَ بِذَاتِهِ لِهَذَا الحَادِثِ فَانْتَسَبَ إِلَيْهِ وَلَمَّا اقْتَضَاهُ لِذَاتِهِ كَانَ وَاجِبًا بِهِ وَلَمَّا كَانَ اسْتِنَادُهُ إِلَى مَنْ ظَهَرَ عَنْهُ لِذَاتِهِ اقْتَضَى أَنْ يَكُونَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ فِيمَا يُنْسَبُ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ اسْمٍ وَصِفَةٍ مَا عَدَا الوُجُوبَ الذاتيَّ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يَصِحُّ فِي الحَادِثِ وَإِنْ كَانَ وَاجِبَ الوُجْوُدِ وَلَكِنْ وُجُوبُهُ بِغَيْرِهِ لَا بِنَفْسِهِ

And if the linkage between that which has concrete existence and that which has no concrete existence has been established—and these are nonexistent relations—then the linkage of existents with one another is closer to being understood, because in any case there is between them something that brings [them] together, namely concrete existence; whereas there [in the former case] there is nothing that brings [them] together. And [since] linkage has been found in the absence of what brings together, then with what brings together it is stronger and more fitting. And there is no doubt that the temporally originated has been established [as to] its temporal origination and its need for an originator who originated it, because of its possibility in itself. So its existence is from other than itself, and hence it is linked to it by a linkage of need. And that upon which it rests must necessarily be necessary of existence through its own essence, independent in its existence by itself, not in need; and it is He who, through His essence, gave existence to this temporally originated thing, and so it became related to Him. And since He required it by His essence, it was necessary through Him. And since its resting was upon Him from whom it became manifest through His essence, it was required that it be upon His form in everything that is attributed to Him—name and attribute alike—except essential necessity, for that is not valid in the temporally originated; even though it is necessary of existence, its necessity is through another, not through itself.

al-Qāshānī

﴿وإذا كان الارتباط بين من له وجود عينى وبين من ليس له وجود عينى قد ثبت وهي نسب عدمية ، فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعقل لأنه على كل حال بينها جامع وهو الوجود العيني وهناك ، فما ثمة جامع وقد وجد الارتباط بعدم الجامع فبالجامع أقوى وأحق﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

رجع إلى المقصود من تمهيد القاعدة ، وهو أن الارتباط بين الموجودات الغيبى الذي لا وجود له إلا في العقل وبين الموجودات العيني ثابت كما ذكر وهي نسبة عدمية عقلية فبالحرى أن يكون بين الموجودات العينية ثابتا ، وكيف لا وبينهما جامع وهو الوجود العيني وما ثم جامع ، إذ لا يكون بين الموجود العيني وبين المعدوم في العين جامع . قوله

there is no common factor. Since connection was found despite the absence of a common factor, then with a common factor it is stronger and more fitting.] This returns to the intended purpose of the preliminary establishment of the principle, namely that the connection between the unseen existents (al-mawjūdāt al-ghaybiyya), which have no existence except in the intellect, and the entified existents (al-mawjūdāt al-ʿayniyya) is established, as mentioned, and this is a nonexistential, intellectual relation (nisba ʿadamiyya ʿaqliyya). It is thus all the more fitting that [connection] be established between the entified existents themselves. And how could it not be, when between them there is a common factor, namely entified existence, whereas there [in the former case] there is no common factor at all, since there can be no common factor between an entified existent and what is nonexistent in entity (al-maʿdūm fī l-ʿayn). His saying:

al-Jandī

﴿وإذا كان الارتباط بينها وبين من له وجود عيني قد ثبت ، وهي نسب عدمية ، فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعقل لأنّه على كل حال بينها جامع وهو الوجود العيني وهناك ، فما ثمّ جامع . وقد بعد الارتباط بعدم الجامع ، فبالجامع أقوى وأحقّ﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

يعني رضي الله عنه : أنّ هذا الأمر العامّ من حيث عدم تعيّنه في الوجود العيني متميّز ، وتميّزه عن الأعيان الوجودية في الخارج أمر عدمي ، وهو معدوم العين. ومهما ساغ الارتباط بينها مع كونها معدومة الأعيان وبين الموجودات العينية ، فوجود الارتباط بين الموجودات أولى وأحقّ ، وعلى هذا يكون الارتباط بين الموجود القديم الحق ، وبين الحادث الخلق ثابتا صحيحا ، وهو المطلوب .قال رضي الله عنه

being non-existential relations (nisab ʿadamiyya) — then the relation of existents to one another is nearer to being intelligible, because in every case there is between them a common factor (jāmiʿ), namely concrete existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaynī), whereas there [between non-existent entities and existents] there is no common factor. Yet the relation was established despite the absence of a common factor; so with a common factor it is stronger and more fitting.] He means, may God be pleased with him: that this universal matter (al-amr al-ʿāmm), insofar as it is undetermined (lā taʿayyun) in concrete existence, is [nonetheless] distinguished; and its distinction from the existential entities (al-aʿyān) in the external [world] is a non-existential matter, it being non-existent in entity (maʿdūm al-ʿayn). And however much a relation between them — despite their being non-existent in entity — and concrete existents may be admissible, the existence of a relation between existents is more fitting and more deserving. Accordingly, the relation between the Eternal Existent, the Real, and originated creation is established and sound, which is what was sought. He said, may God be pleased with him:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وإذا كان الارتباط بين من له وجود عيني وبين من ليس له وجود عيني قدثبت وهي نسبة عدمية، فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعقل، لأنه على كل حال بينهما جامع وهو الوجود العيني﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وإنما قال: إن تلك الأمور الكلية نسب عدمية، لأنها صفات لا أعيان لها غير معروضاتها في الخارج، فهي بالنسبة إلى الخارج عدمية، وإن كانت بالنسبة إلى العقل وجودية. وكونها (نسبا) إنما هو باعتبار أنها غير الذات لازمة لها. قوله

He said that those universal matters are privative relations only because they are attributes (ṣifāt) that have no entities (aʿyān) apart from that which they qualify externally; hence with respect to the external they are privative (ʿadamiyya), even though with respect to the intellect they are existential (wujūdiyya). And their being called 'relations' (nisab) is only insofar as they are other than the Essence (al-dhāt) while being necessary concomitants of It. His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿وإذا كان الارتباط بين من له وجود عيني وبين من ليس له وجود عيني ، قد ثبت - وهي نسب عدميّة - فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعقل ، لأنّه على كلّ حال بينها جامع - وهو الوجود العيني - وهناك فما ثمّ جامع - وقد وجد الارتباط بعدم الجامع - فبالجامع أقوى وأحقّ﴾

ف « هي » يحتمل أن يجعلها عائدة إلى « الارتباط » ، وأن يرجع إلى « من ليس » وهذا أنسب بما هو في صدده . افتقار الممكن إلى الواجب ثمّ إذ قد بيّن الجهة الارتباطيّة بين الباطن والظاهر وما في العقل لما في الخارج ، يريد أن يبيّن تلك الجهة بين الموجودات العينيّة ، ربطا بين الأوّل والآخر على وجه ينساق إلى إثبات الواجب ، وإلى أن نسبة غيره إليه بالعبوديّة وسبب تسميته عبدا ، وغيره من الأحكام - كل ذلك بلسان أهل النظر . فأشار إلى تلك الأمور كلَّها بقوله

there is no common factor - yet the relation was found to exist without a common factor - so with a common factor it is stronger and more fitting."] As for "hiya" (it/she), it is possible to make it refer back to "al-irtibāṭ" (the relation), or to refer to "man laysa" (the one who has not); and this latter is more fitting to what is intended here. The Poverty of the Possible (Mumkin) toward the Necessary (Wājib) Then, having clarified the relational aspect (al-jiha al-irtibāṭiyya) between the nonmanifest (bāṭin) and the manifest (ẓāhir), and between what is in the intellect and what is in the external world, he wishes to clarify that same aspect between entitative existents (al-mawjūdāt al-ʿayniyya), linking the First and the Last in a manner that leads toward establishing the Necessary Being (al-wājib), and toward [establishing] that the relation of other-than-Him to Him is one of servanthood (al-ʿubūdiyya), and the reason for His being named a servant (ʿabd), and other such judgments - all of this in the language of the people of speculative reasoning (ahl al-naẓar). He alluded to all these matters in his statement:

Jāmī

﴿وإذا كان الارتباط بين من له وجود وبين من ليس له وجود عيني﴾

المراد به الأمور الكلية والتعبير عنها كأنه بناء على المشاكلة. وفي نسخة شرح مؤيد الدين الجندي هكذ وإذا كان الارتباط بينهما. أي بين تلك الأمور الكلية وبين من له وجود عيني (قد ثبت وجود) من ليس له وجود عيني والتأنيث إما باعتبار المعنى الخبر. وإما على النسخة الثانية مرجع الضمير هو الأمور الكلية كما لا يخفي

What is meant by this are the universal matters (al-umūr al-kulliyya), and the expression concerning them is as if based on grammatical assimilation (mushākala). In the manuscript of the commentary of Muʾayyid al-Dīn al-Jandī it reads thus: "And when the relation is between the two of them" — i.e., between those universal matters and that which has entified existence — "(the existence) of that which has no entified existence has been established." The feminine form is either due to consideration of the meaning of the predicate (khabar), or, according to the second reading, the referent of the pronoun is the universal matters, as is not hidden.

Bālī Zāde

﴿وإذا كان الارتباط بين من له وجود عيني وبين من ليس له وجود عيني قد ثبت و﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

الحال (هي نسبة عدمية) لا وجود لها في الخارج بدون موصوفاتها

the state (ḥāl) — (it is a nonexistential relation, nisba ʿadamiyya) — has no existence in the external world apart from its qualified subjects (mawṣūfāt)

Bosnevî

﴿واذاكان الارتباط بينمن له وجود عيني وبين من ليس له وجود عيني قد ثبت وهي نسب عدمية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وقحتکم وجود عینیسی اولان من بینیله وجود عینیسی اولمیان من بیننده که امور کلیه در ارتباط ثابت وحال بوکه امور کلبه نسب عدمیه در)

And when the irtibāṭ (connection) is established between that which has wujūd ʿaynī (entified being) and that which has no entified being — namely the umūr kulliyya (universal matters) — while in fact the universal matters are nisab ʿadamiyya (non-existent relations))

Words 18–19 · 1 of 7

نِسَبٌ عَدْمِيَّةٌ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿نسب عدمية﴾

وكون الأمور الكلية نسبة إما بناء على كونها منتسبة إلى الموجودات العينية ثابتة لها . وإما بناء على أخذ نسبة الكلية معها، وإما عدمها فنسبة كليته

The universal matters being a relation (nisba) is either based on their being ascribed to the entified existents, [a relation] established for them; or based on taking the relation of universality along with them; or on their nonexistence, in which case the relation is [merely that of] its universality.

Jāmī

﴿فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعمل لأنه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

الضمير للشأن

The pronoun refers to the situation (al-shaʾn).

Bālī Zāde

﴿فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض أقرب أن يعقل لأنه على كل حال بينهما جامع وهو الوجود العيني وهناك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي بين الموجودات جامع حذف الخبر وهو جامع لدلالة قرينة الحال عليه فمأثمه أي ليس بين الأمور الكلية ويبن الموجودات العينية

i.e., between existents there is a common factor — the predicate is elided, [understood as] "a common factor," since the contextual indication of the state points to it. As for that — i.e., there is no [common factor] between universal matters and entitative existents

Bosnevî

﴿فارتباط الموجودات بعضها ببعض اقرب ان يعقل لانه علي كل حال بينها جامع وهو الوجود العيني وهناك فيماتم جامع وقد وجد الارتباط بعدم الجامع فبالجامع اقوي﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

پس موجودا نده بعضیستک بعضنه ارتباطی فهم اولنمغه اقربدر وجود عینیله امر معقول بیننده اولان ارتباطدن زیراشان بودرکه علی کل حال موجودات بیننده جامع ورابط واردرکه اول وجود عینیدر وامر کلی ایله وجود عینی بیننده اولان ارتباطده پس جامع ورابط یوقدر وتحقیق عدم جامع ایله ارتباط بولندی* پس جامعک وجودیله ارتباط اقوی واحقدر یعنی معقول ومعدوم اولان امر کلی ایله موجودات عینیه بیننده جامع یوغیکن ارتباط موجود اولیجق پس موجودات عینیه بیننده جامعک وجودی ایله ارتباطک وجودی اقوی واحقدر پس بوطریق اوزره موجود قدیم حق بینیله موجود حادث خلق بیننده ارتباط ثابت اولور جامع اولان وجود سبیله* آمدی شویله معلوم اوله که امور کلیه دن مراد اعیان وجودیه نک ذات حقده استهلاکی قتنده أنلرک ایچون شئون ذاتیه اولان نسب عدمیه در حیوة وعلم کبی وعالم مثال وجودات عینیه دندر* پس عالم مثالده متمثله وظاهره اولان صور مثالیه کرک اهل اشراق مذهبی اوزره امور کلیه اعتبار اولنسون وکرک اعتبار اولنمسون وجودات عینیه دندر زیر انجلی عام ابله وجوددن برضرب ایله موجوده در وامور کلیه اولان نسب عدمیه معدومهدر وجوددن برضرب ایله موجوده دکلدر پس) منلا نوعی رحمه الله) بومقامده اهل اشراق فولی ایله ایراد ایتدیکی اعتراض باطل اولور زیرادرکه اهل اشراق قولی اوزره امور کلیه ایجون عالم مثالده وجود ثابتدر اول تقدیر اوزره مراتب وجودیه دن آنلرک حظی اواور* پس ذکر اولندیغی اوزره امور کلیه دن شیخ رضی الله تعالی عنهک مرادی نسب عدمیه درکه وجوده داخله دکلدر الاعیان ماشمت رایحة الوجود والاعدم ارواحده وعالم مثال وشها دنده واقعه اولان وجودات عینیة حسیه دن هر روجود نسبت ایله امر کلیدر لکن شیخ رضی الله عنهک مرادی وجود ایله مقیده اولان امور کلیه دکادر امور عدمیه در)

So the connection of existents with one another is nearer to being understood than the connection that is between entified being and an intelligible matter, because the case is that in any event there is between the existents a jāmiʿ (gatherer) and binder, which is wujūd ʿaynī (entified being); whereas in the connection that is between a amr kullī (universal matter) and entified being there is no gatherer and binder. And indeed connection has been found with the absence of a gatherer; so with the existence of the gatherer the connection is stronger and more fitting. That is, since connection exists while there is no gatherer between the universal matter, which is intelligible and non-existent, and the entified existents, then the existence of connection, with the existence of a gatherer between the entified existents, is stronger and more fitting. So in this way connection is established between the eternal existent, the Ḥaqq (Real), and the originated existent, the creation, by reason of wujūd (being), which is the gatherer. Now let it be known thus: what is meant by the umūr kulliyya (universal matters) is the nisab ʿadamiyya (non-existent relations) which, at [the level of] the istihlāk (consumption) of the existential entities in the Essence of the Real, are shuʾūn dhātiyya (essential affairs) for them, such as life and knowledge; and the ʿālam al-mithāl (world of images) is among the entified existences. So the imaginal forms that are represented and manifest in the world of images — whether or not they are considered universal matters according to the school of the ahl al-ishrāq (Illuminationists) — are among the entified existences, because they are existent with a kind of being through the general tajallī (self-disclosure); whereas the non-existent relations, which are the universal matters, are non-existent and are not existent with any kind of being. So the objection that Mullā Nawʿī (may God have mercy on him) raised in this place by means of the saying of the Illuminationists becomes void; because [his objection] is that according to the saying of the Illuminationists being is established for the universal matters in the world of images, [and] on that supposition they would have a share of the levels of being. So, as has been mentioned, what the Shaykh (may God Most High be pleased with him) means by the universal matters is the non-existent relations, which are not included in being: “The entities have not smelled the scent of being.” Otherwise […], each of the entified, sensible existences occurring in the spirits, the world of images and the [world of] shahāda (sensible witnessing) is, by relation, a universal matter; but what the Shaykh (may God be pleased with him) means is not the universal matters that are delimited by being; [they] are non-existent matters.)

Words 28–31 · 1 of 7

عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ بَيْنَهَا

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿على كل حال بينها﴾

أي بين الموجودات (جامع) يعتد به (وهو) ، أي ذلك الجامع هو (الوجود العبني و) إم (هناك) ، أي بين الأمور العدمية وبين الموجودات العينية (فما ثمة) إشارة إلى ما أشير إليه بقوله : هناك قائم مقام الضمير يعني إما هناك فما فيه (جامع) يعتد به وإنما قيد بذلك، لأنه لا يوجد مفهومان إلا وبينهما جامع وأقله مكان الوجود العقلي

— i.e., between the existents — "(a common factor)" (jāmiʿ) of due consideration, "(and it is)" — i.e., that common factor is — "(entified existence). And (there)" — i.e., between the nonexistential matters and the entified existents — "(there is none)" — an allusion to what was pointed to by his saying "there," standing in place of the pronoun, meaning: either there is a common factor of due consideration, or there is none — and it was so qualified because there exist no two concepts (mafhūmān) without a common factor between them, the least of which is the locus of intelligible existence (al-wujūd al-ʿaqlī).

Words 36–40 · 1 of 7

وَهُنَاكَ فَمَا ثَمَّ جَامِعٌ وَقَدْ

Only al-Qayṣarī comments here.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وهناك فما ثم - ثمة - جامع﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، بين الأمور العدمية وبين الموجودات الخارجية. قوله

i.e., between the privative matters and the external existents. His saying:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وقد وجد الارتباط بعدم الجامع﴾

أي، مع عدم الجامع. قوله

i.e., together with the absence of a common factor. His saying:

Jāmī

﴿وقد وجد﴾

من الوجود أو الوجدان (الارتباط) حال كونه ملتبسة

— from wujūd (existence) or wijdān (finding) — "(the relation)" while it is qualified —

Bālī Zāde

﴿جامع وقد وجد الارتباط بعدم الجامع بالجامع﴾

أي بوجود الجامع

i.e., through the existence of the common factor

Words 43–44 · 1 of 7

بِعَدَمِ الجَامِعِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿بعدم الجامع﴾

الذي هو الوجود العيني (فبالجامع) ، أي فالارتباط الملتبس بالجامع الذي هو الوجود العيني (اقوى) من ارتباط غير ملتبس به في ترتب آثار الارتباط (وأحق) منه بالتحقق وأنيق . ولما فرغ رضي الله عنه عن الأصل الذي هو بناء عليه بيان الارتباط بين الحق سبحانه والعالم شرع في المقصود. وقال

which is entified existence. "(So through the common factor)" — i.e., the relation qualified by the common factor which is entified existence — "(is stronger)" than a relation not so qualified, with respect to the ensuing effects of the relation, "(and more deserving)" than it of being realized, and fitting (anīq). And when he — may God be pleased with him — had finished with the foundation upon which is built the exposition of the relation between the Real, glory be to Him, and the cosmos, he began upon the intended matter, saying:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فبالجامع أقوى وأحق. ولا شك أن المحدث قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدثأ حدثه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، إلى موجد أوجده. قوله

i.e., for an existentiator (mūjid) who brought it into existence. His saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿أقوى وأحق﴾

فظهر أن وجود الارتباط بين الواجب والممكن أقوى وأحق لوجود الجامع وهو الوجود العيني .وشرع في بيان ذلك بقوله: (ولا نشك أن المحدث) الموجود الخارجي

— thus it becomes clear that the existence of the connection between the Necessary (al-wājib) and the Possible (al-mumkin) is stronger and more fitting, due to the existence of the common factor, which is entitative existence. He began to explain this by his statement: "(And we do not doubt that the originated thing)" — [meaning] the external existent —

al-Qāshānī

﴿ولا شك أن المحدث قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدث أحدثه لإمكانه لنفسه فوجوده من غيره فهو مرتبط به ارتباط افتقار ولا بد أن يكون المستند إليه واجب الوجود لذاته غنيا في وجوده بنفسه غير مفتقر ، وهو الذي أعطى الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث فانتسب إليه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

ظاهر ، وهو بيان الارتباط بين الواجب والممكن وهو الافتقار . قوله

—and it is That which gave existence, through Its own Essence, to this originated thing, so that the originated thing became ascribed/related to It.] This is clear; it is an explanation of the connection between the Necessary (al-wājib) and the possible (al-mumkin), namely dependency (iftiqār). His saying:

al-Jandī

﴿ولا شكّ أنّ المحدث قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدث أحدثه لإمكانه لنفسه ، فوجوده من غيره ، فهو مرتبط به ارتباط افتقار ، ولا بدّ أن يكون المستند إليه واجب الوجود لذاته غنيّا في وجوده بنفسه ، غير مفتقر ، وهو الذي أعطى الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث فانتسب إليه ولمّا اقتضاه لذاته كان واجبا به﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قال العبد أيّده الله :كون العالم ممكنا في حقيقته يقتضي أن يكون في ذاته مفتقرا إلى المرجّح في الوجود لأنّ الممكن من حيث هو ممكن مع قطع النظر عن المرجّح نسبته إلى الوجود والعدم بالسواء .فهو من حيث هو ممكن ليس بأولى أن يوجد ، وإلَّا لكان واجبا ، ولا أن لا يوجد وإلَّا لكان ممتنعا وكلّ ممتنع الوجود فليس بممكن وإلَّا لكان الممكن باللاوجود أولى ولم يكن ممكنا ، وكذلك كل واجب الوجود فليس بممكن بالإمكان الخاصّ .وإن صدق إطلاق الإمكان العامّ عليه عرفا خاصّا ، فإنّا لا نعني بالإمكان العامّ إلَّا عدم الامتناع ، فلمّا لم تكن للممكن أولويّة الانحياز إلى أحد النقيضين ، افتقر في تعيّنه إما في الوجود أو في العدم إلى المرجّح ، وعلى جميع التقادير ثبت افتقاره إلى المرجّح .وهو الحق الواجب الوجود لذاته لأنّ المفتقر إليه إن لم يكن واجب الوجود ، لزم أن يكون ممكنا أو ممتنعا ، فإن كان ممكنا فالقول فيه كالقول في كل ممكن ، ولزم إمّا الدور وإمّا التسلسل في العلَّة ، وهما باطلان عقلا ، وإن كان ممتنعا .فلا يصلح أن يكون واجب الوجود ما لا وجود له ، ولا قابلا للوجود ، فلم يبق إلَّا أن يكون المرجّح الواهب للوجود واجب الوجود لذاته غنيّا في وجوده بذاته عن الغير ، غير مفتقر إليه .وليس المراد من الواجب إلَّا ذاتا لا افتقار بها في وجودها إلى الغير ، فوجودها إذن من ذاتها ضروري واجب .فإن قيل : الوجوب في تعقّله مفتقر إلى تعقّل ما ليس بضروري الوجود واجبة ، فهو إذن من الحقائق النسبية ، وفيه رائحة الافتقار ، وتوقّف تعقل الوجوب على الامتناع أو الإمكان كتوقّف تعقّله على تعقّل غيره .قلنا : لا يلزم من توقّف تعقّل الواجبية على تعقّل غيرها توقّف تحقّقه في ذاته على تحقّق ما ليس كذلك ، أو على عدم تحقّق غيره كذلك فإنّ ثبوت الوجود بالذات أمر ذاتي للواجب الوجود بالذات ، فلا يفتقر في ذلك إلى غيره ولا يتوقّف عليه .ولكنّ الواجب الوجود مفيض من وجوده ووجوبه على ما ليس كذلك ، ومستلزم له في الوجود المستلزم لوجود غيره والموجب له لا يتأخّر في تحقّقه عن لازمه في الوجود لتوقّف وجود اللازم على الملزوم ، ولكن عدم اللازم قد يستلزم عدم الملزوم في الدلالة .وإذا ثبت وجوب الوجود لذات من عينها ونفسها ، وثبت افتقار غيرها في وجوده إليها ، فمهما وجد ذلك الغير فوجوده من فيض وجود واجب الوجود بالذات ، فبالضرورة ينسب ذلك الغير في وجوده إلى من أفاض عليه الوجود .ولا بدّ أن تكون الإضافة ذاتية للواجب الوجود بالذات ، فيوجب وجود المفاض عليه المفتقر في وجوده عنه إليه ، والمقتضي أمرا لذاته لا يزال عليه ما دامت ذاته .فلمّا اقتضى الحق الواجب الوجود فيضه وهو الوجود المطلق أن يفيض الوجود على الخلق المقيّد ، كان واجبا به بالضرورة إذ الإله يقتضي وجود المألوه .والربّ يوجب المربوب ، والخالق يستلزم وجود المخلوق وذلك من كونه إلها ربّا موجدا أو مفيضا للوجود بالذات وعلَّة ، لا من حيث ذاتية الذات المطلقة عن كل وصف ونعت ، الغنيّة عن العالمين ، فإنّ اعتبار ذاتية الذات سابق ومتقدّم على جميع الاعتبارات .ولمّا كان وجوده عين ماهيته ، فلا تلزم مساوقة وجود الحادث لوجود القديم ، ولكنّه من كونه مفيضا للوجود وموجدا لهذا الحادث يوجد عنه الحادث ، فالارتباط من قبل الحادث بالافتقار الذاتي إلى محدث يحدثه ويوجده على التعيين ، ومن قبل الموجد بالإيجاد والاستلزام .قال رضي الله عنه

; and it is He who gave existence, by His own Essence, to this originated thing, so that the latter became ascribed to Him; and since He necessitated it by His Essence, it became necessary through Him.] The servant — may God support him — said: The fact that the world (al-ʿālam) is possible (mumkin) in its reality requires that it be, in itself, in need of a determinant (al-murajjiḥ) for existence, because the possible, considered as possible, apart from the determinant, has an equal relation (nisba) to existence and non-existence. So, insofar as it is possible, it is no more entitled to exist — otherwise it would be necessary — nor to not exist — otherwise it would be impossible; and everything impossible of existence is not possible, otherwise the possible would be more entitled to non-existence and would not be possible; and likewise everything necessary of existence is not possible by special possibility (al-imkān al-khāṣṣ), though the application of general possibility (al-imkān al-ʿāmm) to it may hold true by a special convention, for by general possibility we mean nothing but the absence of impossibility. Since the possible has no priority inclining it toward either of the two contraries, it is in need, for its determination (taʿayyun) in either existence or non-existence, of a determinant; and on every supposition its need for the determinant is established. And that [determinant] is the Real, Necessary of Existence in Itself, because if that which is needed were not Necessary of Existence, it would have to be either possible or impossible. If possible, the same reasoning applies to it as to every possible thing, necessitating either circularity (dawr) or infinite regress (tasalsul) in the cause, both of which are rationally invalid; and if impossible, then it would not be fitting for the Necessary of Existence to be that which has no existence, nor is even susceptible of existence. So nothing remains but that the determinant, the Bestower of existence, be Necessary of Existence in Itself, self-sufficient in Its existence through Itself with respect to other, not in need of it. And by 'necessary' nothing is meant but an essence which has no need, in its existence, of another; its existence, then, is from its own essence — necessary and obligatory. If it is objected: necessity, in being conceived, requires the conception of that which is not necessary of existence; it is thus among the relative realities (al-ḥaqāʾiq al-nisbiyya), and there is in it a trace of need, since the dependence of the conception of necessity upon [the conception of] impossibility or possibility is like the dependence of its conception upon the conception of something else — we reply: it does not follow, from the dependence of the conception of necessity upon the conception of something else, that its realization in itself depends upon the realization of what is not such, or upon the non-realization of something else that is such; for the establishment of existence by essence is an essential matter for the Necessary of Existence by Essence, so It has no need in that respect of another, nor does It depend upon it. But the Necessary of Existence effuses (yufīḍ) from Its existence and necessity upon what is not such, and necessitates it in existence; and that which necessitates the existence of another and obligates it does not lag in its own realization behind its necessary concomitant (lāzim) in existence, since the existence of the necessary concomitant depends upon that which necessitates it (al-malzūm); yet the non-existence of the concomitant may, by way of indication (dalāla), imply the non-existence of that which necessitates it. Once the necessity of existence is established for an essence by its own entity and self, and the need of another for its existence upon it is established, then whenever that other comes to exist, its existence is from the effusion (fayḍ) of the existence of the Necessary of Existence by Essence; so by necessity that other, in its existence, is ascribed to the One who effused existence upon it. And this relation (iḍāfa) must be essential to the Necessary of Existence by Essence, so that It necessitates the existence of that upon which existence is effused — which is in need, for its existence, of Him — and that which necessitates a matter by its essence continues to necessitate it as long as its essence remains. So when the Real, Necessary of Existence, required by His effusion — which is Absolute Existence — that existence be effused upon delimited creation, He became necessary through it, by necessity, since divinity (al-ilāh) necessitates the existence of that which is subject to divinity (al-maʾlūh). Lordship (al-rabb) necessitates that which is under lordship (al-marbūb), and Creatorship (al-khāliq) entails the existence of the created (al-makhlūq); and that is by virtue of His being a divinity, a lord, a giver of existence, or an effuser of existence by essence and a cause — not by virtue of the essentiality of the Essence, absolute of every description and qualification, self-sufficient with respect to the worlds, for the consideration of the essentiality of the Essence is prior to and precedes all [other] considerations. And since His existence is identical with His quiddity, the co-extensiveness (musāwaqa) of the existence of the originated with the existence of the Eternal does not follow necessarily; but by virtue of His being an effuser of existence and a giver of existence to this originated thing, the originated comes to exist from Him. So the relation, on the part of the originated, is by essential need for an originator who originates it and brings it specifically into existence, while on the part of the Giver of existence it is by bringing-into-existence and necessitation (istilzām). He said, may God be pleased with him:

Ibn Turka

﴿ولا شكّ أنّ المحدث قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدث أحدثه لإمكانه لنفسه﴾

وكلّ ما هو ممكن لنفسه مفتقر إلى ما يرجّح أحد طرفيه ، فالحادث مفتقر إلى ما يرجّح وجوده ويوجده

And everything that is possible in itself is in need of that which tips the balance (yurajjiḥ) in favor of one of its two sides; thus the originated thing is in need of that which tips the balance of its existence and brings it into existence.

Jāmī

﴿ولا شك أن المحدث﴾

بالحدوث الذاتي، أو الزماني

— whether by essential origination (ḥudūth dhātī) or temporal origination (ḥudūth zamānī) —

Bosnevî

﴿ولا شك ان المحدث قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره الي محدث احدثه لا مكانه لنفسه﴾

وفی نسخة) فی نفسه (وشک یوقدرکه تحقیق محدثک حدوثی وآنی احداث ایدر محدثه انک افتقاری ثابت اولدی انک کندی نفسنده امکانندن اوتری یعنی آنک وجودی کندی ذاتنده اولدیغندن اوتری زیرا ممکن اولدیغی حیثیتله وجودده مرجحدن نظری قطع ایتمکله وجود ایله عدمه نسبتی علی السویه در

(And in one copy: “fī nafsihi” (in itself).) And there is no doubt that the ḥudūth (origination) of the muḥdath (originated) and its iftiqār (need) for the muḥdith (originator) who originates it have been established, because of its imkān (possibility) in itself; that is, because of its being [considered] in its own essence; for, inasmuch as it is possible, with regard to a murajjiḥ (preponderating cause) in being set aside, its relation to being and to non-being is equal.

Jāmī

﴿قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدث … أحدثه لإمكانه﴾

الذي هو يساري نسبته إلى جانب الوجود والعدم (لنفسه) فلا بد من مرجح يرجح جانب الوجود وهو المحدث

— which extends equally toward the side of existence and the side of nonexistence "(in itself)" (li-nafsihi) — so there must be a preponderator (murajjiḥ) that gives preponderance to the side of existence, and that is the originator (al-muḥdith).

Bālī Zāde

﴿قد ثبت حدوثه﴾

أي وافتقاره في وجوده

— i.e., and its dependence (iftiqār) in its existence

Words 56–57 · 1 of 7

إِلَى مُحْدِثٍ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلى محدث﴾

أي موجد (أحدثه) أي أوجده

— i.e., a bringer-into-existence (mūjid). "(originated it)" — i.e., brought it into existence

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لإمكانه بنفسه فوجوده من غيره، فهو مرتبطبه ارتباط افتقار﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، المحدث مرتبط بموجده ارتباط افتقار. قوله

i.e., the originated thing is bound to its existentiator with a bond of dependency. His saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿لإمكانه لنفسه فوجوده﴾

كان بالضرورة

was, by necessity,

Ibn Turka

﴿فوجوده من غيره ، فهو يرتبط به ارتباط افتقار﴾

ولا يخفى أنّ هذا إنّما يكون جهة ارتباطيّة بين الممكن والواجب أن لو كان ذلك المحدث المفتقر إليه هو ، يجب أن يكون واجبا ، وإذ كان ذلك غير منحصر في الواجب عند الذاهبين إلى التنزيه ، أشار إلى إثبات ذلك تتميما لما هو بصدده وإثباتا لحدوث العالم وإبطالا لقاعدة العليّة التي هي معاقد قواعدهم. بقوله

It is not hidden that this would only constitute a relational aspect between the possible (mumkin) and the Necessary (wājib) if that originator upon which it is dependent were such that it must be Necessary [itself]. And since this is not restricted to the Necessary Being according to those who hold to [pure] transcendence (tanzīh), he alluded to establishing this as a completion of what he intends, and as an establishment of the origination of the world (ḥudūth al-ʿālam), and as an invalidation of the principle of causality (qāʿidat al-ʿilliyya) which is the linchpin of their principles - by his statement:

Jāmī

﴿فوجوده من غيره﴾

الذي هو المحدث (فهو) ، أي المحدث

— which is the originator — "(so it)" — i.e., the originator —

Bālī Zāde

﴿من غيره﴾

وهو واجب الوجود لذاته .(فهو) أي المحدث

— namely, the Necessary of Existence by Itself. "(so it)" — i.e., the originated thing —

Bosnevî

﴿فوجوده من غيره﴾

پس حدوثک وجودی غیردن مستفاددرکه حق محدثک وجودیدر (فهو مرتبط بارتباط افتقار) پس محدث فتح دال ایله مرتبطدر غیره که محدثدر* کسر دال ایله وجودده ارتباط افتقار ایله* پس قبل حادثدن ارتباط حادثی احداث ایدر محدثه افتقار ابله واقعدر وقبل محدث . وجودک ارتباطنی ایجاب و استلزام ابله واقعدر* پس محدث وجودده محدثه مستنددر) ولا بدان

So the being of the origination [i.e. of the originated] is acquired from another, which is the being of the Ḥaqq (Real), the originator. (“So it is connected by a connection of need.”) So the muḥdath, with fatḥa on the dāl, is connected in being, by a connection of iftiqār (need), to another, which is the muḥdith, with kasra on the dāl. So from the side of the originated, the connection occurs through the need of the originated for the originator who originates it; and from the side of the originator, the connection of being occurs through necessitation and entailment. So the originated rests upon the originator in being.) And it is necessary that

Words 65–66 · 2 of 7

يَرْتَبِطُ بِهِ

Jāmī

﴿مرتبط به﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي بمحدثة (ارتباط متن نص فصوص الحكم : الوجود لذاته غنياً في وجوده بنفسه غير مفتقر، و هو الذي أعطى الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث فانتسب إليه. و لما اقتضاه لذاته كان واجباً به. و لما كان استنادُه إلى من ظهر عنه لذاته، اقتضى أن يكون على صورته فيما ينسب إليه من كل شئ من اسم و صفة ما عدا الوجوبَ الذاتيَّ فإن ذلك لا يصح في الحادث و إن كان واجب الوجود و لكن وجوبه بغيره لا بنفسه. شرح الجامي : افتقار) و مستند إليه استناد احتیاج وذلك يقتضي إفاضة الوجود منه عليه . فهذه الإفاضة أثر من الممكن في الوجوب

— i.e., to what originated it — "(a relation..." Matn of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: "Existence, in itself, is self-sufficient (ghanī) in its existence, by itself, not in need [of anything]; and it is that which gave existence, by Its Essence, to this originated thing, which was thereby ascribed to it. And since it required It by virtue of its [own] essence, it became necessary through It (wājib bihi). And since its reliance (istinād) is upon that from which it manifested by virtue of Its own Essence, this necessitated that it be upon Its form (ṣūra) in whatever is ascribed to it — of everything, whether name or attribute — except essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī), for that is not valid of the originated thing, even though it is necessary of existence; but its necessity is through other than itself, not through itself." Jāmī's commentary: [glossing "relation" as] "need" — and it is grounded in Him with the grounding of need (iḥtiyāj), and that necessitates the effusion (fayḍ) of existence from Him upon it. So this effusion is an effect [passing] from the possible into the Necessary.

Bālī Zāde

﴿مرتبط به﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي بالله تعالى

— i.e., to God, exalted be He

Bālī Zāde

﴿ارتباط افتقار فلا بد أن يكون﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

ذلك المستند إليه لذاته غنيا في وجوده بنفسه غير مفتقر إلى غيره.كما ثبت في موضعه بالأدلة القطعية (وهو) أي واجب الوجود

that which is relied upon in itself is self-sufficient (ghaniyy) in its existence by itself, not dependent upon another — as has been established in its proper place by decisive proofs. "(and He)" — i.e., the Necessary of Existence —

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ولا بد أن يكون المستند إليه واجب الوجود لذاته غنيا في وجوده بنفسه غير مفتقر، وهو الذي أعطى الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث فانتسب إليه﴾

أي، هذا الحادث إلى الواجب الوجود لذاته . قوله

i.e., this originated thing became attributed to the One Necessary of Existence through Its own Essence. His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿ولا بد أن يكون المسند﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

افتقار الحادث

is ascribed (musnad)..."] - [this refers to] the poverty of the originated thing (al-ḥādith).

Jāmī

﴿ولا بد أن يكون المستند إليه﴾

أي الذي يستند إليه الحدث في وجوده بالآخرة

— i.e., the one upon whom the originated thing (al-ḥadath) relies for its existence in the end (bi'l-ākhira) —

Bosnevî

﴿يكون المستند اليه واجب الوجود لذاته غنيا في وجوده بنفسه غير مفتقر﴾

یعنی لا بدرکه مستند الیه لذاته واجب الوجود اوله کندی نفسیله وجودنده غنی اوله وجود آخره مفتقر اولیه* پس محدث ایجون مستند الیه اولان وجود البته لذاته واجب الوجود کرکدر وجودنده غیردن غنی کرکدر* پس بالذات واجب الوجود ایجون بالذات وجودک ثبوتی امر ذاتیدر وجودده غیره مفتقردکلدر واکامتوقف دکادر* ولکن واجب الوجود کندی وجودندن ووجوبندن مفیضدر بالذات وجودی اولمیان شی اوزره . پس حادثک وجودی بالذات واجب الوجوددن مفاضدر والادور وباتسلسل لازم کاور

That is, it is necessary that the mustanad ilayh (that which is relied upon) be necessary of being by its essence, self-sufficient in its being by itself, not in need of another being. So the being that is relied upon for the originated must definitely be necessary of being by its essence, and must be independent of another in its being. So for that which is necessary of being by essence, the establishment of being by essence is an essential matter; it is not in need of another in being, and does not depend on it. But the necessary of being is mufīḍ (effusing), from its own being and necessity, upon the thing that does not have being by essence. So the being of the originated is effused from that which is necessary of being by essence; otherwise dawr (circularity) or tasalsul (infinite regress) would follow.

Ibn Turka

﴿إليه واجب الوجود لذاته غنيّا في وجوده بنفسه ، غير مفتقر﴾

وإلَّا يلزم أن يكون الحادث مفتقرا في الوجود إلى مفتقر بالذات مثله ، وذلك بيّن البطلان . لا يقال : لم لا يجوز أن يكون المفتقر بالذات واسطة بين الحادث وبين الواجب بالاستفاضة ؟ لأن الواسطة لما كانت مفتقرة في وجودها بالذات لا يصلح لأن يكون واسطة في استفاضة الوجود أصلا ، وإن أمكن أن يتوسّط في غيرها من الشرف وعلوّ الرتبة ، فإنّ الذي انتسب إليه افتقار الحادث في الوجود ، لا بد وأن يكون معطيا له بذاته ( و ) الواجب

."] Otherwise it would necessarily follow that the originated thing is, in its existence, dependent upon something dependent-by-essence like itself, and that is manifestly invalid. It may not be objected: why is it not permissible that the thing dependent-by-essence be an intermediary between the originated thing and the Necessary Being by way of effusion (istifāḍa)? [The answer is] because the intermediary, since it is dependent-by-essence in its existence, is not fit to be an intermediary in the effusion of existence at all - even though it may be possible for it to serve as an intermediary in other matters such as nobility (sharaf) and elevation of rank (ʿuluww al-rutba). For that to which the poverty of the originated thing in existence is ascribed must necessarily be one who grants it [existence] by Its own Essence. (And) the Necessary [Being]...

Jāmī

﴿واجب الوجود لذاته﴾

لا بغيره دفعا للتسلسل

— not through other than Itself — in order to preclude infinite regress (tasalsul).

Words 78–81 · 1 of 7

غَنِيًّا فِي وُجُودِهِ بِنَفْسِهِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿غنيا في وجوده بنفسه﴾

عن غيره (غير مفتقر إليه) وإلا لكان ممكنا. (وهو) أي المستند إليه الواجب الوجود هو

— apart from other than Itself — "(not in need of it)," otherwise It would be possible (mumkin). "(And He is)" — i.e., the one relied upon, the Necessary of Existence, is —

Ibn Turka

﴿هو الذي أعطى الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث ، فانتسب إليه﴾

ضرورة . أحكام الممكن عند أهل التحقيق ثمّ بعد نفي تلك القواعد يشير إلى امّهات أصول التحقيق مما يتعلَّق بهذه الحكمة : منها : إنّ الممكن لمّا كان مقتضى ذات الواجب ، لا بدّ وأن يكون واجبا ، ضرورة أنّ مقتضى الذات ضروري ، فيكون مطلق الوجوب أيضا من الجهة الارتباطيّة بينهما ، إلَّا أنّ وجوب الواجب لذاته ووجوب الممكن به . فأشار إلى هذا بقوله

is ascribed to It"] - necessarily. The Judgments of the Possible (Mumkin) According to the People of Verification (Ahl al-Taḥqīq) Then, after negating those [causal] principles, he alludes to the fundamental principles of verification (uṣūl al-taḥqīq) pertaining to this wisdom (ḥikma). Among them: since the possible (mumkin), being the necessary implicate (muqtaḍā) of the Essence of the Necessary Being, must itself be necessary - inasmuch as the implicate of the Essence is necessary [by nature] - absolute necessity (muṭlaq al-wujūb) thus also belongs to the relational aspect (al-jiha al-irtibāṭiyya) between the two; except that the necessity of the Necessary Being is by Itself, while the necessity of the possible is through It. He alluded to this in his statement:

Jāmī

﴿الذي أعطى الوجود﴾

المفاض (بذاته) المتجلية السارية بأحدية جمعه الأسمائي في الحقائق كلها لهذا الحادث الذي قد ثبت حدوثه وافتقاره إلى محدث (فانتسب) ، أي انتسب هذا الحادث (إليه) ، أي إلى واجب الوجود في قبول الوجود منه وانتسب الواجب إلى الحادث في إعطاء الوجود إياه

— the effused [existence] — "(by His Essence)" — the self-disclosing (tajallī), pervading [Essence], through the oneness of the gathering (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) of His Names in all the realities (ḥaqāʾiq) — to this originated thing, whose origination and need for an originator have been established. "(So it was ascribed)" — i.e., this originated thing was ascribed — "(to Him)" — i.e., to the Necessary of Existence — in receiving existence from Him; and the Necessary was ascribed to the originated thing in giving it existence.

Bālī Zāde

﴿الذي اعطى الوجود﴾

قوله : (لذاته) متعلق بأعطى أي أعطى الوجود لذاته لا غيره

— his statement "(to His own Essence, li-dhātihi)" is connected with "gave" — i.e., He gave existence to His own Essence, not to another

Bosnevî

﴿وهو الذي اعطي الوجود بذاته لهذا الحادث فانتسب اليه﴾

ومستند الیه شول واجب الوجودرکه کندی ذاتیله بوحادثه وجودی اول اعطا ایلدی* پس حادث % ووجودده* وجودده اکامنتسب اولدی زیرا حادث وجودده واجب الوجود اولان محدثه مفتقردر* پس حادث اوزره وجودی افاضه ایدن واجب الوجوده حادث بالضروری منتسب اولدی)

And the one relied upon is that necessary of being who by its own essence gave being to this originated. So the originated, in being, became related to it, because the originated in being is in need of the originator, who is the necessary of being. So the originated necessarily became related to the necessary of being who effuses being upon the originated.)

Words 89–91 · 1 of 7

لِهَذَا الحَادِثِ فَانْتَسَبَ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿لهذا الحادث فانتسب﴾

هذا الحادث إلى الواجب الوجود لذاته انتسابا ذاتيا أي احتاج إليه في وجوده احتياجا ذاتيا، فكان ذلك الواجب مقتضيا لهذا الحادث اقتضاء ذاتي

— this originated thing to the Necessary of Existence by Itself, with an essential relation (intisāban dhātiyyan); i.e., it needed Him for its existence with an essential need, so that Necessary Being became one requiring (muqtaḍiyan) this originated thing with an essential requirement

al-Qāshānī

﴿ولما اقتضاه لذاته كان واجبا به ، ولما كان استناده إلى من ظهر عنه لذاته اقتضى أن يكون على صورته فيما ينسب إليه من كل شيء من اسم وصفة ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي فإن ذلك لا يصح في الحادث وإن كان واجب الوجود ولكن وجوبه بغيره لا بنفسه﴾

معناه ولما اقتضى الواجب لذاته الممكن لذاته كان الممكن لذاته واجبا به معدوما في حد نفسه مستندا إليه في وجوده وعينه لأنه الذي أعطى عينه من ذاته ثم وجوده من اسمه النور . فاستناده إلى الواجب الذي ظهر عنه لذاته اقتضى أن يكون على صورته في كل ما ينسب إلى ذلك الممكن من اسم وصفة وأي شيء كان لأن أصله العدم . فاستند إلى الواجب في عينه وكل ما يتبع عينه من صفاته ووجوده وذلك صمديته تعالى أو في كل ما ينسب إلى الواجب والمراد بالممكن كل ما للواجب الصمد إلا الوجوب الذاتي وإنما قيد الوجوب بالذاتي لأنه ما لم يجب لم يوجد لكنه واجب به لا بنفسه ( ثم ليعلم أنه لما كان الأمر على ما قلناه من ظهوره بصورته أحالنا تعالى في العلم به على النظر في الحادث وذكر أنه أرانا آياته فيه فاستدللنا بنا عليه ، فما وصفناه بوصف إلا كنا نحن ذلك الوصف إلا الوجوب الذاتي الخاص ، فلما علمناه بنا ومنا نسبنا إليه كل ما نسبناه إلينا ، وبذلك وردت الإخبارات الإلهية على ألسنة التراجم إلينا فوصف نفسه لنا بنا فإذا شهدناه شهدنا نفوسنا وإذا شهدنا شهد نفسه ، ولا شك أنا كثيرون بالشخص والنوع وإنا وإن كنا على حقيقة واحدة تجمعنا فنعلم قطعا أن ثم فارقا به تميزت الأشخاص بعضها عن بعض ، ولو لا ذلك ما كانت الكثرة في الواحد فكذلك أيضا ، وإن وصفنا بما وصف نفسه من جميع الوجوه فلا بد من فارق وليس إلا افتقارنا في الوجود وتوقف وجودنا عليه لإمكاننا وغناه عن مثل ما افتقرنا إليه ) معناه لما ظهر الحادث بصورته أحالنا في معرفته على النظر في الحادث فقال :" سَنُرِيهِمْ آياتِنا في الآفاقِ وفي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّه الْحَقُّ ". - فبسبب ما أحالنا استدللنا بنا عليه أي طلبنا الدليل بأنفسنا عليه ، فما وصفناه بوصف إلا وجدنا ذلك الوصف فينا إذ لو لم يكن فينا ولم نتصف به لم يمكنا أن نصفه به . وهو معنى قوله إلا كنا نحن ذلك الوصف أي لو لم نكن نحن ذلك الوصف لم نصف به إلا الوجوب الذاتي . فلما علمناه ومنا نسبناه إليه كل ما نسبناه إلينا كالحياة والعلم والإرادة والقدرة والسمع والكلام وغير ذلك ، والتراجم هم الأنبياء عليهم السلام . فإنهم أخبروا بهذا المعنى في قوله تعالى :"وما تَشاؤُنَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَشاءَ الله ". " وما رَمَيْتَ إِذْ رَمَيْتَ ولكِنَّ الله رَمى ". " من يُطِعِ الرَّسُولَ فَقَدْ أَطاعَ الله ". " إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُبايِعُونَكَ إِنَّما يُبايِعُونَ الله ". - وفي الحديث « من عرف نفسه فقد عرف ربه » وأمثالها . وهذا معنى قوله فوصف نفسه بنا فإذا شهدناه بوصف شهدنا نفوسنا بذلك الوصف ، إذ لو لم يكن ذلك الوصف فينا ما شهدناه به . وإذا شهدنا بوصف شهد نفسه بذلك الوصف ، فإن ذلك الوصف وصفه تجلى به لنا بحسب استعدادنا وإلا من أين حصل لنا ذلك ونحن عدم محض ، ومن ثمة يعلم أن وجودنا وجوده تعين بصورتنا وانتسب إلينا فتقيد وتذكر صمديته لكل شيء حتى تراه في كل شيء. " أَولَمْ يَكْفِ بِرَبِّكَ أَنَّه عَلى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ ". - ولما بين هذا الاتحاد أراد أن يبين الفرق بين الحق والخلق . فمثل بتعدد أشخاص النوع وأنواع الجنس . فقال: (ولا شك أنا أي المحدثات كثيرون بالشخص كأشخاص الإنسان مع اتحادهم في حقيقة الإنسان من حيث هو إنسان ، فإنه حقيقة واحدة ، وبالنوع كالإنسان والفرس المتحدين في حقيقة الحيوان ، التي هي حقيقة واحدة وبالجملة أشخاص الموجودات المحدثة والموجودات المتعينة فإنها متميزة متعينة متشخصة ومتنوعة مع اتحادها في حقيقة الوجود ، ولو لا ذلك لما كان الكثرة في الواحد ، فكذلك ، وإن وصفنا الحق بما وصف به نفسه من جميع الوجوه فلا بد من فارق وليس إلا افتقارنا إليه وغناه عنا ، فإن الوجود المشخص مطلق الوجود مع قيد ، فذلك القيد الذي هو به غير المقيد الآخر ، وهو افتقار المقيد إلى المطلق وغنى المطلق عن المقيد

was necessitated by [the Necessary] for Its own sake, it became necessary through It; and since its dependence was upon That from which it manifested for Its own sake, this required that it be upon Its form (ṣūra) in everything ascribed to it of name and attribute—except for essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī), for that is not valid in the originated thing even though it may be necessary of existence, but its necessity is through other than itself, not through itself.] Its meaning is: since the Necessary, for Its own sake, necessitated the possible for its own sake, the possible-in-itself became necessary through It, [while remaining] nonexistent in respect of itself, dependent upon It for its existence and its entity (ʿayn), since it is He who gave it its entity from His own Essence, then its existence from His Name 'the Light' (al-Nūr). So its dependence upon the Necessary, from whom it manifested for Its own sake, required that it be upon His form in everything ascribed to that possible thing—of name, attribute, or anything whatsoever—since its root is nonexistence. It thus depends upon the Necessary in respect of its entity and everything that follows upon its entity, of His attributes and existence; and that is His Self-Sufficiency (ṣamadiyya), exalted is He—that is, in everything ascribed to the Necessary. What is meant by the possible is everything belonging to the Necessary, the Self-Sufficient (al-wājib al-ṣamad), except essential necessity. He qualified necessity with 'essential' because as long as it is not made necessary [by another], it does not exist; but it is necessary through Him, not through itself. (Then know that, since the matter is as we have said—that He manifests in [the possible's] form—He, exalted, referred us, for knowledge of Him, to reflection upon the originated thing, and mentioned that He showed us His signs therein, so that we inferred Him by means of ourselves. We described Him with no attribute except that we were that attribute, save for the specific essential necessity. So when we knew Him by us and from us, we ascribed to Him everything we ascribed to ourselves; and by this the divine reports came, upon the tongues of the interpreters (al-tarājim), to us: He described Himself to us by us. So when we witness Him, we witness ourselves, and when we witness ourselves, He witnesses Himself. And there is no doubt that we are many in person and in species; and though we share one reality (ḥaqīqa wāḥida) that unites us, we know with certainty that there is a differentiating factor by which persons are distinguished from one another—were it not for that, there would be no multiplicity within unity. Likewise also, even if we are described with everything with which He described Himself, from every respect, there must be a differentiating factor, and it is nothing but our dependency (iftiqār) in existence and the contingency of our existence upon Him, due to our possibility, and His self-sufficiency from the like of that which we depend upon.)] Its meaning: since the originated thing manifested in His form, He referred us, for knowledge of Him, to reflection upon the originated thing, saying: 'We shall show them Our signs in the horizons and in themselves, until it becomes clear to them that He is the Real (al-Ḥaqq)' [Q. 41:53]. So, because of what He referred us to, we inferred Him by means of ourselves—that is, we sought the proof of Him within ourselves. We described Him with no attribute except that we found that attribute in ourselves, for if it were not in us, and we were not characterized by it, we could not have described Him with it. This is the meaning of his saying, 'except that we were that attribute'—that is, had we not been that attribute, we would not have described Him with it—save for essential necessity. So when we knew Him, and from ourselves ascribed to Him everything we ascribed to ourselves—such as life, knowledge, will, power, hearing, speech, and other than that—and 'the interpreters' (al-tarājim) are the prophets, peace be upon them, for they reported this meaning in His saying, exalted: 'And you do not will except that God wills' [Q. 81:29]; 'And you did not throw when you threw, but God threw' [Q. 8:17]; 'Whoever obeys the Messenger has obeyed God' [Q. 4:80]; 'Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you are only pledging allegiance to God' [Q. 48:10]—and in the ḥadīth, 'Whoever knows himself knows his Lord,' and the like of these. This is the meaning of his saying, 'He described Himself by us': so when we witness Him with an attribute, we witness ourselves with that attribute, for had that attribute not been in us, we would not have witnessed Him with it; and when we witness ourselves with an attribute, He witnesses Himself with that attribute, for that attribute is His attribute, which He disclosed (tajallā) to us by, according to our preparedness (istiʿdād); otherwise, how would that have come to us, while we are pure nonexistence? From this it is known that our existence is His existence, entified (taʿayyana) in our form and ascribed to us; so it becomes delimited [by us], and one should remember His self-sufficiency (ṣamadiyya) with respect to all things, until you see it in every thing: 'Does it not suffice as to your Lord that He is witness over all things?' [Q. 41:53]. And having explained this unity (ittiḥād), he wished to explain the difference between the Real and creation, so he gave the example of the multiplicity of individuals of a species, and species of a genus, saying: (And there is no doubt that we—that is, the originated things—are many in person, like the individuals of Man, despite their unity in the reality of Man qua man, for it is one single reality; and many in species, like Man and Horse, united in the reality of Animal, which is one single reality; and in general, the individuals of the originated, entified existents are distinct, determined, individuated, and diversified, despite their unity in the reality of Existence. Were it not for that, there would be no multiplicity within unity. Likewise also, even if we describe the Real with everything He described Himself with, from every respect, there must be a differentiating factor, and it is nothing but our dependency upon Him and His self-sufficiency from us. For the individuated existent is absolute existence together with a restriction (qayd); and that restriction is what makes it other than another restricted thing—and this is the dependency of the restricted upon the absolute, and the self-sufficiency of the absolute from the restricted.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ولما اقتضاه لذاته كان واجبا به﴾

أي، ولما اقتضى الواجب لذاتههذا الحادث، صار الحادث واجبا بالواجب الوجود. ويجوز أن يكون ضميرالفاعل راجعا إلى (الحادث) أي، ولما اقتضى الحادث لذاته من يوجده، وهوالواجب، كان الحادث واجبا به، إذا المعلول واجب بعلته. قوله

i.e., when the Necessary Existent, through His own Essence, required this originated thing, the originated thing became necessary through the Necessary Existent. It is also permissible that the pronoun of the agent refer back to 'the originated thing,' meaning: when the originated thing required, through its own [essence], One who would bring it into existence — namely the Necessary Existent — the originated thing became necessary through Him, since the effect is necessary through its cause. His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿ولما اقتضاه لذاته كان واجبا به﴾

ومنها : إنّ استناد الممكن في الافتقار والاستفاضة لما كان إلى الواجب الظاهر هو عنه لذاته ، اقتضى أن يكون الممكن مثله في جميع ما نسب إليه إلَّا الوجوب الذاتي ، وذلك لأنّ ما ظهر عن المبدء لذاته لا بدّ وأن يظهر المبدء به بذاته ، ويكون مظهرا لها بجميع مقتضياتها ، وإلَّا ما كان ظاهرا عن المبدء لذاته ، بل بواسطة ما ظهر به من المقتضيات . كما يطلعك على ذلك ظهور الكلام الجامع للكل عن الإنسان من حيث الجمعيّة الكماليّة التي له . وإلى ذلك أشار بقوله

Among them also: since the possible's dependence (istinād), in its poverty and its receiving effusion, is upon the Necessary Being who is manifest (ẓāhir) from it [i.e., through whom it is manifest] by His Essence, this necessitates that the possible be like Him in everything ascribed to it, except for essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī). This is because whatever becomes manifest from the Principle (al-mabdaʾ) by Its Essence, the Principle must necessarily become manifest through it by Its Essence, and [that thing] becomes a locus of manifestation (maẓhar) for It with all of Its necessary implicates (muqtaḍayāt); otherwise it would not be manifest from the Principle by Its Essence, but rather by the mediation of [only] some of the implicates through which it became manifest. This is illustrated for you by the manifestation of the all-comprehensive speech (al-kalām al-jāmiʿ li'l-kull) from the human being, in respect of the comprehensive perfection (al-jamʿiyya al-kamāliyya) that belongs to him. He alluded to this in his statement:

Jāmī

﴿ولما اقتضاه﴾

أي الواجب الحادث لذاته. أي التجلي ذاته المتجلية السارية فيه (كان واجبة به) في وجوب المعلول بعلته . فكما أعطاه الوجود أعطاه وجوب الوجود أيضا . فكل واحد من الوجود ووجوبه أثر في الواجب الممكن فلكل من الواجب والممكن حكم على الآخر . كما كان لكل من الأمور الكلية والأعيان الخارجية حكم على الآخر. ثم لما فرغ من بيان الارتباط بين الحق والعالم وكان ذلك الارتباط على وجه يقتضي أن يكون العالم على صورته سبحانه نبه عليه. بقوله

— i.e., the Necessary was required by the originated thing for its own sake (li-dhātihi), i.e., the self-disclosure (tajallī) — Its very Self, self-disclosing and pervading within it — "(it became necessary through It)" after the manner of the necessity of the effect through its cause. For just as He gave it existence, He gave it the necessity of existence as well. So each of existence and its necessity is an effect upon the Necessary [and] the possible; thus each of the Necessary and the possible has a ruling (ḥukm) over the other — just as each of the universal matters and the external entities (aʿyān) had a ruling over the other. Then, having finished expounding the relation between the Real and the cosmos, and that relation being of a kind that necessitates that the cosmos be upon His form, glory be to Him, he drew attention to this, saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿ولما اقتضاه﴾

أي اقتضى الواجب الوجود هذا الحادث.قوله : (لذاته) متعلق باقتضی (كان) الحادث (واجبة به) أي بالواجب الوجود والاقتضاء ههنا بمعنى الإعطاء لا بمعنى الإيجاب.كما قال الذي أعطى الوجود أو بمعنى الإيجاب بحسب تعلق الإرادة

— i.e., the Necessary of Existence required this originated thing. His statement "(for its own sake, li-dhātihi)" is connected with "required." "(it became)" — [i.e.,] the originated thing — "(necessary through Him)" — i.e., through the Necessary of Existence. Here, "requirement" (iqtiḍāʾ) is used in the sense of "giving" (iʿṭāʾ), not in the sense of "necessitation" (ījāb), as in his statement "He who gave existence" — or [it may be] in the sense of necessitation according to the attachment of the Will

Bosnevî

﴿ولما اقتضاه لذاته كان واجبا به﴾

وقتاکیم واجب الوجود حادثی لذاته اقتضا ایلدی حادث واجب الوجودک وجودیله واجب اولدی یعنی واجب الوجود حادثک وجودنی اقتضا ایتمک واکا وجودی افاضه ایتمک اقتضا وافاضه ذاتیدر که کندی ذاتی ایجون انی اقتضا ایدر زیرا الله مألوهک وجودنی مقتضی ایدر وربمر بویک وجودنی موجبدر* پس حادثک وجودی واجب الوجودک وجودی ایله* واجب اولدیکه کندی نفسیله وجودده اکا مفتقر اولدی (قال الشیخ رضی الله تعالی عنه فی الفتوحات اعلم ان الأمر حق وخلق وانه وجود محض لم یزل ولا یزال وامکان محض لم یزل ولا یزال وعدم محض لم یزل ولا یزال فالوجود المحض الذی لا یقبل العدم ازلا وابدا والعدم المحض لا یقبل الوجود ازلا وابدا* والامکان المحض یقبل الوجود بسبب والعدم بسبب ازلا وابدا فالوجود المحض هو الله لیس غیره والعدم المحض هو المحال لیس غیره والامکان المحض هو العالم لیس غیره ومرتبة بیده الوجود المحض والعدم المحض) انتهی کلامه

When the necessary of being required the originated by its essence, the originated became necessary by the being of the necessary of being. That is, the necessary of being's requiring the being of the originated and effusing being upon it is an essential requiring and effusion, such that it requires it for its own essence; for Allāh requires the being of the maʾlūh (the one over whom He is God), and the rabb (Lord) necessitates the being of the marbūb (the one lorded over). So the being of the originated became necessary by the being of the necessary of being, [in that] by its own self it was in need of it in being. (The Shaykh (may God Most High be pleased with him) said in the Futūḥāt: “Know that the matter is Real and creation, and that it is pure being, which has not ceased and will not cease; and pure possibility, which has not ceased and will not cease; and pure non-existence, which has not ceased and will not cease. Pure being is that which does not accept non-existence, without beginning and without end; and pure non-existence does not accept being, without beginning and without end; and pure possibility accepts being by a cause and non-existence by a cause, without beginning and without end. So pure being is God, nothing else; and pure non-existence is the impossible, nothing else; and pure possibility is the ʿālam (world), nothing else, and its martaba (level) is between pure being and pure non-existence.”) End of his words.

al-Jandī

﴿ولمّا كان استناده إلى من ظهر عنه لذاته ، اقتضى أن يكون على صورته فيما ينسب إليه من كل شيء من اسم وصفة﴾

يعني : من حيث اقتضائه أن يكون على صورته بحيث لا يخرج الاسم والصفة من حقيقتها الخاصّة ، وإن أوجبت الإضافة نعتا ، ليس لها بالفعل ، بل بالصلاحية وبشرط الإضافة كما ذكر في حقيقة العلم والحياة .قال رضي الله عنه

He means: in respect of its requiring that it be upon His form, such that the name and the attribute do not depart from their specific reality, even though the relation (iḍāfa) may necessitate a qualification (naʿt) which does not belong to it in actuality, but rather by aptitude (ṣalāḥiyya) and on condition of the relation, as was mentioned regarding the reality of knowledge and life. He said, may God be pleased with him:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ولما كان استناده﴾

أي، استناد الحادث. قوله

i.e., the dependence of the originated thing. His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿ولمّا كان استناده إلى ما ظهر عنه لذاته اقتضى أن يكون على صورته ، فيما ينسب إليه من كلّ شيء من اسم وصفه ، ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي ، فإنّ ذلك لا يصحّ في الحادث﴾

للمنافاة الضروريّة بين الضرورة الذاتيّة والإمكان الذاتي ، فالحادث بحسب وجوده الموجود به

- due to the necessary incompatibility between essential necessity (al-ḍarūra al-dhātiyya) and essential possibility (al-imkān al-dhātī). Thus the originated thing, with respect to its existence by which it exists...

Jāmī

﴿ولما كان استناده﴾

أي استناد الحادث

— i.e., the reliance of the originated thing —

Bālī Zāde

﴿ولما كان استناده﴾

أي الحادث قوله

— i.e., that of the originated thing — his statement —

Bosnevî

﴿ولماكان استناده الي من ظهر عنه لذاته اقتضي ان يكون علي صورته فيما ينسب اليه من كل شيء من اسم وصفة ماعدا الوجوب الذاتي فان ذلك لا يصح في الحادث﴾

وقتاکم حادثک استنادی شول واجب الوجود . اولدیسه که حادث آندن لذاته ظاهر اولدی یعنی واجب الوجودک ذاتی اقتضاسی ایجون ظاهر اولدی حادثک واجب الوجوده استنادی انک صورتی اوزره اولماسن اقتضا ایلدی اسم وصفندن اکانسبت اولنان هرشیده وجوب ذاتیدن غیری زبرا وجوب ذاتئ وصفی حادثک حقنده صحیح دکلدر* زیراحادث وجودده غیره مفتقردر ووجوب ذاتیله واجب الوجود اولان غیره مفتقر دکلدر زیرا آنک وجودی بذاته من ذاته در وحادث خود عین معدو مدر واجب الوجودک نوری افاضه سیله موجود در* پس حادثک حقنده وجوب ذاتی وصفی صحیح دکلدر

When the reliance of the originated was upon that necessary of being from which the originated became manifest by its essence — that is, became manifest because of the requirement of the essence of the necessary of being — the reliance of the originated upon the necessary of being required that it be upon its form in everything that is attributed to it, of name and attribute, other than wujūb dhātī (essential necessity); for the attribute of essential necessity is not valid in the case of the originated, because the originated is in need of another in being, whereas that which is necessary of being by essential necessity is not in need of another, since its being is by its essence, from its essence; while the originated in itself is a non-existent entity, existent through the effusion of the light of the necessary of being. So the attribute of essential necessity is not valid in the case of the originated.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿إلى من ظهر عنه لذاته، اقتضى أن يكون على صورته فيما ينسب إليه من كل شئ، من اسم وصفة، ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي، فإن ذلك لا يصح للحادث وإن كان واجب الوجود, ولكن وجوبه بغيره لا بنفسه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، اقتضى هذا الاستناد أن يكون الحادث على صورة الواجب، أي، يكون متصفا بصفاته وجميع ما ينسب إليه من الكمالات ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي، وإلا لزم انقلاب الممكن من حيث هو ممكن واجبا وذلك لأنه اتصف بالوجود والأسماء والصفات لازمة للوجود فوجب أيضا اتصافه بلوازم الوجود وإلا لزم تخلف اللازم عن الملزوم. ولأن المعلول أثر العلة، والآثار بذواتها وصفاتها دلائل على صفات المؤثر وذاته، ولا بد أن يكون في الدليل شيء من المدلول، لذلك صار الدليل العقلي أيضا مشتملا على النتيجة: فإن إحدى مقدمتيه مشتملة على موضوع النتيجة، والأخرى على محمولها، والأوسط جامع بينهما. ولأن العلة الغائية من إيجاد الحادث عرفان الموجد، كما قال تعالى: "وماخلقت الجن والإنس إلا ليعبدون". والعبادة تستلزم معرفة المعبود ولو بوجه، معأن عباس، رضى الله عنه، فسرها هنا بالمعرفة. ولا يعرف الشئ إلا بما فيه منغيره، لذلك قال، عليه السلام، حين سئل:" بم عرفت الله؟ عرفت الأشياء بالله." أي، عرفته به أولا، ثم عرفت به غيره. ولما كان وجوده من غيره،صار أيضا وجوبه بغيره. وغير الإنسان من الموجودات، وإن كان متصفا بالوجود، لكن لا صلاحية له لظهور جميع الكمالات فيه، كما مر في أول الفص. وقوله: "لذاته" يجوز أن يكون متعلقا ب "الاستناد". أي، ولما كان استناد الحادث إلى من يوجده لذات الحادث، اقتضى أن يكون على صورة موجده. ويجوز أن يكون متعلقا بـ "ظهر" وعلى هذا ضمير "لذاته" يجوز أن يعود إلى "من" ويجوز أن يعود إلى "الحادث". وعلى الأول معناه: لما كان استناد الحادث إلى موجد ظهر الحادث عنه لاقتضاء ذات الموجد إياه، اقتضى أن يكون علىصورته، وعلى الثاني، ظهر لاقتضاء ذات الحادث الموجد إياه. والله أعلم. وقوله

i.e., this dependence required that the originated thing be upon the form of the Necessary Existent — that is, that it be qualified with His attributes and with everything attributed to Him among the perfections (kamālāt), except for essential necessity; for otherwise it would necessitate the transformation of the possible (mumkin), qua possible, into the necessary. This is because it is qualified with existence, and names and attributes are necessary concomitants (lāzima) of existence, so it must likewise be qualified with the concomitants of existence, for otherwise the necessary concomitant (lāzim) would be detached from that to which it is a necessary concomitant (malzūm). Moreover, the effect is the trace (athar) of the cause, and traces, by their essences and attributes, are indications (dalāʾil) of the attributes and essence of that which produces the effect (muʾaththir); and it is necessary that in the indicator (dalīl) there be something of the indicated (madlūl). For this reason the rational proof (al-dalīl al-ʿaqlī) likewise comprises the conclusion (natīja): for one of its two premises comprises the subject of the conclusion, and the other comprises its predicate, while the middle term (al-awsaṭ) is the common factor joining the two. Moreover, the final cause (al-ʿilla al-ghāʾiyya) of bringing the originated thing into existence is the knowledge (ʿirfān) of the Existentiator (mūjid), as He, exalted, said: 'And I did not create jinn and mankind except that they might worship Me.' And worship necessitates knowledge of the One worshipped, even if only in some respect — indeed Ibn ʿAbbās, may God be pleased with him, interpreted it here as knowledge (maʿrifa). And a thing is not known except through what is in it of other than it; for this reason he, peace be upon him, said when asked, 'By what did you know God?': 'I knew things through God' — that is, I knew Him through Himself first, then I knew, through Him, that which is other than Him. And since its existence is from other than it, its necessity too came to be through other than it. And that which is other than man, among the existents, even though qualified with existence, has no fitness (ṣalāḥiyya) for the manifestation of all perfections within it, as was mentioned at the beginning of the chapter (faṣṣ). And his saying 'through his own essence' may be connected to 'the dependence,' meaning: when the dependence of the originated thing upon the One who brings it into existence was for the sake of the essence of the originated thing, this required that it be upon the form of its Existentiator. It may also be connected to 'manifested,' in which case the pronoun in 'through his own essence' may refer either to 'the One [from whom]' or to 'the originated thing.' On the first reading, the meaning is: when the dependence of the originated thing was upon an Existentiator from whom the originated thing manifested due to the requirement of the Existentiator's own essence, this required that it be upon His form; and on the second reading, it manifested due to the requirement of the originated thing's own essence for its Existentiator. And God knows best. And his saying:

Jāmī

﴿إلى من ظهر … عنه لذاته﴾

المتجلية بأحدية جمعه الأسماء في كل ما ظهر عنه. (يقتضي) ذلك الاستناد

— the self-disclosing [Essence], through the oneness of the gathering of Its Names, in everything that manifested from It — "(necessitates)" — that reliance —

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا من ظهر عنه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

متعلق بالاستناد قوله : (لذاته) متعلق بیان (اقتضى) الحادث اقتضاء ذاتية أن يكون أي أن يتكون ويوجد

is connected with "reliance." His statement "(for its own sake, li-dhātihi)" is connected with [the verb] "manifested." "(it required)" — the originated thing — required, with an essential requirement, "that it should be" — i.e., that it should be constituted and come into existence

Words 108–109 · 1 of 7

أَنْ يَكُونَ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿أن يكون﴾

الحادث الظاهر عنه

— the originated thing that manifested from Him —

Jāmī

﴿على صورته … فيما ينسب إليه … من كل شيء … من اسم وصفة﴾

بيان لشيء. فحاصله أن يكون على صفته تعالى في كل اسم. وصفة تنسب إليه تعالى كما أنه ينسب كل اسم وصفة إليه تعالى. كذلك إلى الحادث. فإنه بأحدية جمعه الأسماء متجلي وصار فيه . ولذا قيل : كل موجود متصف بالصفات السبع الكمالية لكن ظهورها فيه بحسب استعداده وقابليته

— "of name and attribute" is an explanation of "thing." The upshot is that it be upon His attribute, exalted is He, in every name and attribute ascribed to Him, exalted is He, just as every name and attribute is ascribed to Him, exalted is He — so likewise to the originated thing. For He, through the oneness of the gathering of His Names, discloses Himself and comes to be within it. Hence it is said: every existent is qualified by the seven perfective attributes (al-ṣifāt al-sabʿ al-kamāliyya), but their manifestation within it is according to its preparedness (istiʿdād) and receptivity (qābiliyya).

Bālī Zāde

﴿على صورته﴾

أي على صفة موجودة

— i.e., upon an existing attribute

Words 112–113 · 1 of 7

فِيمَا يُنْسَبُ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿فيما ينسب﴾

الحادث (إليه) إلى موجوده

— [by] the originated thing — "(to Him)" — to its Bringer-into-existence (mūjid)

Bālī Zāde

﴿من كل شيء من اسم وصفه ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي فإن ذلك لا يصح للحادث﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وإلا لكان واجبة لا حادثة، وإن كان واجب الوجود

— otherwise it would be necessary, not originated, even though it is [in a sense] Necessary of Existence —

al-Jandī

﴿ما عدا الوجوب الذاتيّ فإنّ ذلك لا يصحّ في الحادث وإن كان واجب الوجود ، ولكن وجوبه بغيره لا بنفسه﴾

يعني رضي الله عنه :لمّا كان العبد على صورة سيّده ، وجب أن يكون واجبا ، ولكن وجود العبد ووجوبه مستفاد من الواجب بذاته الموجب لوجود هذا الحادث ، فما له قدم في الوجوب الذاتي لكون وجوب وجود العبد لا بذاته لا بذات مطلقة منها ذاته ، أو وجود مطلق منه وجوده .قال رضي الله عنه

He means, may God be pleased with him: since the servant (al-ʿabd) is upon the form of his Master, it was necessary that he be necessary [of existence]; but the servant's existence and his necessity are derived from the One Necessary by Essence, who necessitates the existence of this originated thing. So the servant has no precedence (qidam) in essential necessity, since the necessity of the servant's existence is not through his own essence — not through an absolute essence of which his essence is [a part], nor through an absolute existence from which his existence [derives]. He said, may God be pleased with him:

Jāmī

﴿ما عدا الوجوب الذاتي … فإن ذلك﴾

أي الوجوب الذاتي (لا بصع للحادث) ولا ينسب إليه

— i.e., essential necessity (al-wujūb al-dhātī) — "(is not valid of the originated thing)," nor is it ascribed to it.

Ibn Turka

﴿وإن كان واجب الوجود ، ولكن وجوبه بغيره ، لا بنفسه﴾

فلئن قيل : سائر ما في الحادث من الصفات كذلك ليست عين ما في الواجب - كالعلم والقدرة والإرادة وغيرها - ضرورة أنّ الحادث حاكم عليها بالحدوث كما مرّ ، فما وجه تخصيص الوجوب بذلك ؟ قلنا: هو أنّ الحادث يمكن اتّصافه بسائر تلك الصفات بالذات ، دون الوجوب ، فإنّه لا يتّصف به إلَّا بملاحظة نسبته إلى الواجب ، وذلك لأنّ الوجوب طرف ظاهريّة الوجود ، وليس للممكن منها نصيب كما عرفت . حد التشبيه ثمّ لمّا مهّد هذا الأصل ، يشير إلى ما يتفرّع عليه من الأحكام ، مؤيّدا بما في التنزيل من الآيات الدالَّة عليها ، تأسيسا لذلك الأصل وتشييدا لما يبتنى عليه من أمر امّهات الأسماء التي هي بمنزلة المبادئ للمسائل المبحوث عنها في هذه الحكمة على ما عرفت . أعني الإضافيات الأربع التي لها الإحاطة بجميع الأسماء الإلهيّة منها والكونيّة والدلالة على سائر الطرق التنزيهيّة منها والتشبيهيّة . فقال رضي الله عنه

Now if it should be said: the rest of the attributes found in the originated thing likewise are not identical to what is in the Necessary Being - such as knowledge, power, will, and others - since the originated thing imposes upon them [the mark of] origination (ḥudūth), as mentioned before - so what is the reason for singling out necessity [as different from these]? We say: it is because the originated thing can be qualified by the rest of those attributes essentially (bi'l-dhāt), but not by necessity, for it is not qualified by it except by consideration of its relation (nisba) to the Necessary Being. This is because necessity is the extremity of the manifestness (ẓāhiriyya) of existence, and the possible has no share of it, as you have come to know. The Limit of Similarity (Tashbīh) Then, having laid the groundwork for this principle, he alludes to the judgments that branch out from it, supporting them with the Qur'anic verses (āyāt) that indicate them, so as to found that principle and to build up what is based upon it concerning the matter of the fundamental Divine Names (ummahāt al-asmāʾ), which serve as principles (mabādiʾ) for the questions discussed in this wisdom (ḥikma), as you have come to know - I mean the four relational [names] (al-iḍāfiyyāt al-arbaʿ) which encompass all the divine and cosmic names, and indicate all the remaining paths, both of transcendence (tanzīh) and of similarity (tashbīh). He, may God be pleased with him, said:

Jāmī

﴿وإن كان … واجب الوجود﴾

بالمعنى الأعم. فإنه أعم من أن يكون وجوبه بالذات أو بالغير، والحادث وإن لم يكن واجبا بذاته لكنه واجب بغيره كما قال

— in the more general sense, for that is more general than whether its necessity is through itself or through other than itself. And the originated thing, though not necessary through itself, is nevertheless necessary through other than itself, as he said:

Bosnevî

﴿وان كان واجب الوجود ولكن وجو به بغيره لا بنفسه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

واکرچه کیم حادث واجب الوجود اولدیسه واجب الوجود کندی وجودی ایله آنی مستلزم اولوب آنک صورتی اوزره او لمغله ولکن آنک وجوبی غیرک وجودی الله حاصادر کندی تفسیله حاصل دکلدر* زیرا آنک اصلی عد مدر وعدم کندی نفسیله موجود اولمز فکیف که آنک وجودی واجب اوله* امدی وقتا که عبدربک صورتی اوزره اولدیسه ربک وجودی واجب اولد یغی کبی آنک وجودی دخی واجبدر ولکن عبدک وجودی ربک وجودندن مستفاددر پس وجوب ذاتیدر . آنک قدمی وقدر زیراوجوب ذاتیله موجود اولان شیئک وجوبی لذا ته در

And although the originated has become necessary of being — the necessary of being entailing it by its own being, and [the originated] being upon its form — yet its necessity is obtained through the being of another, not obtained through itself; because its origin is non-existence, and non-existence does not exist by itself, so how could its being be necessary? Now, when the ʿabd (servant) was upon the form of the Lord, then just as the being of the Lord is necessary, its being too is necessary; but the being of the servant is acquired from the being of the Lord. So essential necessity […] its qadam (footing) […]; because the necessity of a thing that exists by essential necessity is for its essence.

Jāmī

﴿ولكن وجوبه﴾

أي وجوب الحادث (بغيره) الذي هو موجده

— i.e., the necessity of the originated thing — "(is through other than itself)," namely, through that which brought it into existence (mūjiduhu) —

Bālī Zāde

﴿ولكن وجوبه بغيره لا بنفسه﴾

وإلا لم يكن ممكنا بل واجبا بالوجوب الذاتي

— otherwise it would not be possible (mumkin) but rather necessary by essential necessity

Words 138–139 · 1 of 7

لَا بِنَفْسِهِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿لا بنفسه﴾

وإلا انقلب الممكن واجبا . متن نص فصوص الحكم : ثم لنعلم أنه لما كان الأمر على ما قلناه من ظهوره بصورته، أحالنا تعالى في العلم به على النظر في الحادث و ذكر أنه أرانا آياته فيه فاستدللنا بنا عليه. فما وصفناه بوصف إلا كنا نحن ذلك الوصف إلا الوجوب الخاص الذاتي. فلما علمناه بنا و منا نَسَبْنَا إليه كل ما نسبناه إلينا. و بذلك وردت الإخبارات الإلهية على ألسنة التراجم إلينا. فوصف نفسه لنا بنا: فإذا شهدناه شهدنا نفوسنا، و إذا شَهِدَنَا شهد نفسه. شرح الجامي : ولما فرغ من بیان كرن الحادث على صورته شرع في بيان ما يتفرع عليه من إحالة الحق إبانا في معرفته على النظر في الحادث. فقال : (ثم لنعلم أنه) الضمير للشأن

— otherwise the possible would be transformed into the necessary. Matn of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: "Then let us know that, since the matter is as we have said regarding His manifestation in its [the cosmos's] form, He, exalted, referred us, in the knowledge of Him, to consideration of the originated thing (al-ḥadath), and mentioned that He showed us His signs within it, so that we inferred Him by means of ourselves. For we never described Him with any description except that we ourselves were that very description — except for the specific essential necessity. So when we came to know Him by means of ourselves and from ourselves, we ascribed to Him everything that we ascribed to ourselves. And it is by this that the divine reports came to us upon the tongues of the interpreters (al-tarājim). Thus He described Himself to us by means of us: so when we witness Him, we witness ourselves, and when He witnesses us, He witnesses Himself." Jāmī's commentary: And when he finished expounding that the originated thing is upon His form, he began to expound what branches from this — namely, the Real's referring us, in our knowledge of Him, to consideration of the originated thing. He said: "(Then let us know that)" — the pronoun is that of the situation (ḍamīr al-shaʾn).

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAbdallāh al-Bosnawī (Abdullah Bosnevî, d. 1054/1644), Tecelliyât-ı ʿarâʾis en-nuṣûṣ fî menaṣṣât ḥikem el-Fuṣûṣ

Digital text: Our collation of two OCRs of the print, disagreements settled against the page images (AI, each page linked)

Print edition behind it: Istanbul, 1290/1873 (Ottoman Turkish), vol. 1; the scan of Princeton University Library's copy at HathiTrust (catalog record 008919315).

Taken from: HathiTrust. Full view of the scanned volume.

Licence: Public domain (1873 print); our OCR collation is ours. Each comment links to its page in the HathiTrust scan.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.