Mashrabaمشربة

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One passage at a time. Each column is a commentator; each row gathers the comments on the same words, so readings and emphases can be compared.

فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ سُبُّوحِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ نُوحِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶2 in the text

2 · 83 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

وَهُوَ كَمَنْ آمَنَ بِبَعْضٍ وَكَفَرَ بِبَعْضٍ وَلَا سِيَّمَا وَقَدْ عَلِمَ أَنَّ أَلْسِنَةَ الشَّرَائِعِ الإِلَهِيَّةِ إِذَا نَطَقَتْ فِي الحَقِّ تَعَالَى بِمَا نَطَقَتْ بِهِ إِنَّمَا جَاءَتْ بِهِ فِي العُمُومِ عَلَى الْمَفْهُومِ الأوَّلِ وَعَلَى الْخُصُوصِ عَلَى كُلِّ مَفْهُومٍ يُفْهَمُ مِنْ وُجُوهِ ذَلكَ اللَّفْظِ بِأَيِّ لِسَانٍ كَانَ فِي وَضْعِ ذَلكَ اللِّسَانِ فَإِنَّ لِلْحَقِّ فِي كُلِّ خَلْقٍ ظُهُورًا فَهُوَ الظَّاهِرُ فِي كُلِّ مَفْهُومٍ وَهُوَ البَاطِنُ عَنْ كُلِّ فَهْمٍ إِلَّا عَنْ فَهْمِ مَنْ قَالَ إِنَّ العَالَمَ صُورَتُهُ وَهُوِيَّتُهُ وهو الاسْمُ الظَّاهِرُ كَمَا أَنَّهُ بِالمَعْنَى رُوحُ مَا ظَهَرَ فَهُوَ البَاطِنُ

He is like one who believes in part and disbelieves in part, especially since he knows that when the tongues of the divine revealed Laws speak concerning the Real (exalted is He) with whatever they speak, they bring it, for the generality [of people], according to the first [obvious] sense, and for the elect, according to every sense that is understood from the aspects of that expression, in whatever language it may be, according to the conventional usage of that language. For the Real has a manifestation in every created thing: so He is the Manifest in every thing understood, and He is the Nonmanifest to every understanding, except the understanding of one who says that the cosmos is His form and His He-ness (huwiyya). And that is the name 'the Manifest', just as He is, in [respect of] meaning, the spirit of what has become manifest, so He is the Nonmanifest.

On the whole passage · 1 of 7

Only al-Tilimsānī comments here.

al-Tilimsānī

﴿فإن للحق في كل خلق ظهورا فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم، وهو الباطن عن كل فهم إلا عن فهم من قال: إن العالم صورته وهويته، وهو الاسم الظاهر، كما أنه بالمعنی روح ما ظهر، فهو الباطن فنسبته لما ظهر من صور العالم نسبة الروح المدير للصورة. فيؤخذ في حد الإنسان مثلا ظاهره وباطنه، وكذلك كل محدود. فالحق تعالی محدود بكل حد.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قلت: إذا أطلقه المذكوران، وهما الجاهل وصاحب سوء الأدب، أي إذا أطلقاه وقالا به، فنقول للمؤمن منهم بالشرائع: وقوفك عند التنزيه إن لم ترى غیره فقد أساءت الأدب . لاستلزام ما قلت به تکذیب الحق تعالی ورسله الكرام وأنت لا تشعر لأنك سددت باب الصفات التي وردت عن الله تعالى على ألسنة رسله. وسددت باب ما اقتضاه الكشف والشهود، فإن من انشق حسه ورأي بظاهره ظاهر الحق تعالى من حيث دخول ظاهريته في ظاهر الحق حتى لا يرى الحق إلا الحق تعالى، ومن سد البابين المذكورين فهو على غاية من سوء الأدب. فأما سوء الأدب الخاص ، برد ما جاءت به الرسل عن الله تعالی فذلك أنها أتت بها على العموم في المفهوم الأول يعني بلا تأويل بل على ظاهره . وذلك هو مفهوم العموم أي العامة، لأن الرسل، عليهم السلام، أمروا أن يخاطبوا الناس على قدر عقولهم، فكلامه تعالى على قدر عقول العامة، فهو محمول على مفهومهم. فمن خالف ذلك فقد أساء الأدب على الله تعالی. وأما سوء الأدب المختص بما إذا حمل ما جاءت به الرسل من الصفات على مفهوم الخصوص، فهو أن يحمل الصفات على كل مفهوم مفهوم مما يحتمله اللفظ في تلك اللغة التي جاءت بها الرسل الكرام. قال: وذلك لأن للحق تعالى في الخلق ظهورا، فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم فإذن لا يتخصص مفهوم دون مفهوم آخر بالحمل عليه حتى لو كان المفهوم في لغة مثلا مغايرا للمفهوم في لغة أخرى حمل المعنى على كل واحد من المفهومین ولم يضر اختلاف اللغتين ، فكيف إذا كانت اللغة واحدة فأحرى أن يحمل على كل مفهوم من مفهوماتها. ثم استطرد الشيخ، رضي الله عنه، في الكلام بذكر الباطن في قوله: وهو الباطن عن كل فهم، فإن هذا معنى آخر غير ما كان فيه، فإن كلامه في ذم من اعتمد التنويه فقط وذكر الباطن هو مناسب لمن اعتمد التنزیه فقط . فكان حقه أن لا يذكره لكن أراد أن أن يذكر ذلك، ليستثني القائلين: بأن العالم صورته وهويته جامعين لذلك مع أن يروا أنه بالمعنی روح ما ظهر فهو الباطن، فنسبته لما ظهر من العالم نسبة الروح المدير للصورة وحينئذ كيف كان القائل، فهو صادق، لأنه إن نزه صادف الحق من حيث باطن العالم، وإن شبه صادف الحق من حيث ظاهر الحق. وقوله: فيؤخذ في حد الإنسان مثلا باطنه وظاهره وكذلك كل محدود والمراد أن الجميع حق فيكون المحدود ليس هو غير الحق فيكون الحق محدودا بكل حد. قوله رضي الله عنه

I say: when the two aforementioned—the ignorant one and the one lacking proper conduct—apply this, that is, when they both apply it and hold to it, we say to the believer among them who upholds the Sharia: your stopping at tanzīh, if you see nothing beyond it, is poor conduct, because what you have said necessarily entails belying the Real, exalted, and His noble Messengers, without your realizing it—because you have closed the door to the attributes that came concerning God, exalted, on the tongues of His Messengers, and you have closed the door to what unveiling (kashf) and witnessing (shuhūd) require. For whoever's perception is opened and sees, with his outward sense, the outward aspect of the Real, exalted—inasmuch as his own outwardness enters into the outwardness of the Real—until he sees nothing but the Real, exalted, [attains true perception]; but whoever closes both aforementioned doors is at the utmost extreme of poor conduct. As for the specific poor conduct of rejecting what the Messengers brought from God, exalted, that is because they brought it, in general, according to the first understanding—that is, without allegorical interpretation (taʾwīl), but according to its apparent sense. And that is the meaning understood by the generality, that is, the common people, because the Messengers, peace upon them, were commanded to address people according to the measure of their intellects; so His speech, exalted, is according to the measure of the intellects of the common people, and is thus to be taken according to their understanding. Whoever opposes that has shown poor conduct toward God, exalted. As for the poor conduct specific to the case when what the Messengers brought of the attributes is taken according to particular understanding, it consists in applying the attributes to every single meaning that the expression may bear in the language in which the noble Messengers brought it. He said: that is because the Real, exalted, has, in creation, a manifestation, so He is the Manifest in every meaning understood; therefore no single meaning is to be specified over another in being applied to Him, such that even if the meaning in one language, for instance, differed from the meaning in another language, the meaning would be applied to each of the two understandings, and the difference of the two languages would not matter—how much more so, then, when it is a single language, is it fitting that it be applied to every meaning it can bear. Then the Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, digressed in speech by mentioning the Nonmanifest (al-bāṭin) in his saying: "and He is the Nonmanifest from every understanding," for this is another meaning distinct from what he was discussing, since his discourse was in censure of one who relies on tanzīh alone, while mentioning the Nonmanifest suits one who relies on tashbīh alone. So properly he should not have mentioned it, but he wished to mention it in order to make an exception for those who say: the world is His form and His identity, combining that with seeing that, in meaning, He is the spirit of what has appeared, so He is the Nonmanifest; thus His relation to what has appeared of the world is like the relation of the spirit governing the form. In that case, whatever the speaker says is true, for if he declares incomparability, he encounters the Real from the angle of the inward (bāṭin) of the world, and if he declares similarity (tashbīh), he encounters the Real from the angle of the outward (ẓāhir) of the Real. And his saying: "so there is taken in the definition of man, for example, his inward and his outward, and likewise every defined thing"—the meaning is that all is the Real (al-ḥaqq), so the defined thing is not other than the Real, and thus the Real is defined by every definition. His saying, may God be pleased with him]

Ibn Turka

﴿وهو كمن آمن ببعض وكفر ببعض﴾

فهو من المستجمعين بين الجهل وإساءة الأدب . المعنى المراد من الألفاظ الواردة بلسان الشرايع ثمّ لمّا استشعر ما يتمسّك به ذلك القائل من أنّ مؤدّى ألسنة الشرايع إنّما هو المفهوم الأوّل من مدلولاتها الوضعيّة ، والحكم إنّما يترتّب على الظاهر منها ، تعرّض لذلك بما يوهنه مشوّقا إلى ما يعلم منه مبدأ تقاعد الكلّ عند معتقداتهم الجزئيّة المتخالفة . وبلوغ الكمّل إلى ما يحيط منها بالكلّ بقوله

and so he is among those who combine both ignorance and ill manners. As for the meaning intended by the expressions conveyed in the tongue of the revealed Laws — then, when he became aware of what such a claimant relies upon, namely that the purport of the tongues of the revealed Laws is only the first meaning understood from their conventional significations, and that legal rulings are only based upon their apparent sense, he addressed this in a way that weakens it, inciting toward what he knows to be the source of the falling-short of all people at their divergent partial beliefs, and the arrival of the perfect ones (al-kummal) at what encompasses the totality of these meanings, by saying:

Jāmī

﴿وكفر ببعض﴾

وهو مقام التشبيه

and this is the station of tashbīh

Bālī Zāde

﴿و كفر ببعض ولا سيما﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

كالمعتزلة فإنهم أنكروا بعض الشرائع كصفات الله وبعض أمور الأخرة. ولما قال ووقف عند التنزيه فقد أساء الأدب واكذب الحق و الرسل أراد أن يبين التشبيه والتنزيه حتى ظهر تكذيبه الحق والرسل فقال

like the Muʿtazila, for they denied some of the [teachings of the] revealed Laws, such as the attributes of God and certain matters of the afterlife. Since he said, "and stops at tanzīh, then he has been discourteous and has given the lie to the Real and the Messengers," he wished to explain tashbīh and tanzīh so that his giving the lie to the Real and the Messengers would become evident, so he said

al-Qāshānī

﴿ولا سيما وقد علم أن ألسنة الشرائع الإلهية إذا نطقت في الحق تعالى بما نطقت به إنما جاءت به في العموم على المفهوم الأول وعلى الخصوص على كل مفهوم يفهم من وجوه ذلك اللفظ ، بأى لسان كان في وضع ذلك اللسان﴾

المراد من العموم عامة الناس ومن الخصوص خاصتهم . والمفهوم الأول ما يتبادر إلى الفهم عند سماع اللفظ ، وهو المعنى الذي يستوي فيه الخاصة والعامة . والمفهوم الثاني الذي يفهم من وجوه ذلك اللفظ مختص بالخاصة ، ولا يجوز أن يتكلم الحق بكلام يختص فهمه ببعض الناس دون البعض ، ولا يفهم العامة منه شيئا أو يفهم ما ليس بمراد وإلا لكان تدليسا ، بل الحق من حيث هو مطلع على الكل يكلمهم بكلام ظاهر ما يسبق منه إلى الفهم وهو لسان العموم ، وله وجوه بحسب تركيب اللفظ والدلالات الالتزامية لا يفهمها إلا الخصوص ، وبحسب مراتب الفهم وانتقالاته تتفاوت الدلالات وتزيد وتنقص . فللحق في كل مرتبة من مراتب الناس لسان ، ولهذا ورد قوله عليه الصلاة والسلام « نزل القرآن على سبعة أبطن » وقوله « ما من آية إلا ولها ظهر وبطن ، ولكل حرف حد ولكل حد مطلع » فمن الظهر إلى المطلع مراتب غير محصورة ولكن يجب أن يفهم أول المعاني من ذلك اللفظ بحسب وضع ذلك اللسان ، وترتب عليه سائرها بحسب الانتقالات الصحيحة فيكون الحق مخاطبا للكل بجميع تلك المعاني ، من المقام الأقدم الذي هو الأحدية إلى آخر مراتب الناس الذي هو لسان العموم ، كقوله مثلا

, according to the first understood meaning, and with respect to the elect, according to every meaning understood from the various aspects of that expression, in whatever tongue the convention of that tongue may be] — What is meant by "the generality" is the common people, and by "the elect," their elite. The "first understood meaning" is what comes readily to the understanding upon hearing the expression, and it is the meaning in which the elect and the common people are equal. The "second understood meaning," which is understood from the various aspects of that expression, is peculiar to the elect. It is not permissible for the Real to speak with speech whose understanding is peculiar to some people and not others, such that the common people understand nothing from it, or understand something not intended—for that would be deception (tadlīs). Rather, the Real, inasmuch as He is aware of all, addresses them with manifest speech, [conveying] what comes first to the understanding, and this is the tongue of generality. It has [other] aspects according to the composition of the expression and its necessary implications (dalālāt iltizāmiyya), which only the elect understand; and according to the ranks of understanding and their transitions, the significations vary, increasing and decreasing. So the Real has, for every rank among the ranks of people, a [particular] tongue. For this reason it has been transmitted that he (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "The Qur'an was sent down according to seven inner depths (abṭun)," and his saying, "There is no verse but that it has an outward and an inward [aspect], and every letter has a limit, and every limit has a point of view (maṭlaʿ)." So from the outward to the point of view there are unlimited ranks. But it is necessary that the first of the meanings be understood from that expression according to the convention of that tongue, and the rest be ordered upon it according to correct transitions, so that the Real addresses everyone with all of those meanings, from the most primordial station, which is Oneness (aḥadiyya), to the last of the ranks of people, which is the tongue of generality—as, for example, in His saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿ولا سيّما وقد علم﴾

- أي المنزّه القائل ، المؤمن المتيقّن ، إذا كان متفطَّنا -

— i.e., by the one asserting tanzīh, the believer who is certain, if he is truly discerning —

Jāmī

﴿لا سيما وقد علم﴾

على البناء للمفعول أو الفاعل

whether construed as passive or active

Words 9–10 · 1 of 7

وَقَدْ عَلِمَ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿وقد علم﴾

على البناء للمفعول

in the passive voice

al-Qayṣarī

﴿إن ألسنة الشرائع الإلهية إذا نطقت في الحق بما نطقت به، إنما جاءت به في العموم﴾

أي، في حق عامة الخلائق

That is, with respect to the generality of created beings.

Ibn Turka

﴿أنّ ألسنة الشرايع الإلهيّة إذا نطقت في الحقّ تعالى بما نطقت به﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

سريانيّا كان أو عبرانيّا أو يونانيّا أو عربيّا مبين

whether Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, or clear Arabic

Jāmī

﴿أن ألسنة الشرائع الإلهية إذا نطقت في الحق تعالى بما نطقت به إنما جاءت به في العموم﴾

أي في فهم عوام الخلائق على المفهوم الأول من اللفظ المنطوق به (و) أو ردته (على) أهل (الخصوص) دال

that is, in the understanding of the generality of created beings according to the first meaning of the expression uttered (or) it directs it (toward) the folk (of specificity) indicating

Bālī Zāde

﴿أن السنة الشرائع الإلهية إذا نطقت في الحق تعالی بما نطقت به﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

هذه الألسنة من التنزيه والتشبيه

i.e., these tongues [speaking] of tanzīh and tashbīh

Ibn Turka

﴿إنّما جاءت به في العموم﴾

من العباد والمكلَّفين

i.e., for the servants and those charged with obligations at large

Bālī Zāde

﴿إنما جاءت به في العموم على المفهوم الأول﴾

يفهمه كل من يسمع ذلك اللفظ . (وجاءت به على الخصوص) أي الخواص من المحققين جاءت به على كل مفهوم بفهم من وجود ذلك اللفظ بأني لسان كان سواء كان ذلك عربيا كالقرآن العظيم أو غير عربي كسائر الكتب المنزلة

understanding] which every hearer of that expression understands. (And they come with it, in particular)—i.e., for the elite among the verifying knowers (muḥaqqiqūn)—according to every [level of] understanding comprehensible from that expression, in whatever tongue it may be, whether Arabic like the Glorious Qurʾān or non-Arabic like the other revealed Books

al-Qayṣarī

﴿على المفهوم الأول، وعلى الخصوص﴾

أي، وعلى لسان الخاصة. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

That is, and according to the tongue [discourse] of the elect (khāṣṣa). The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Ibn Turka

﴿على المفهوم الأوّل﴾

من الدلالات الوضعيّة الحقيقيّة أو العقليّة المجازيّة التي في ذلك اللسان

of the conventional significations, whether literal-real or figurative-rational, that exist in that language

Words 31–32 · 1 of 7

وَعَلَى الْخُصُوصِ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿وعلى الخصوص﴾

من أهل الحقائق وعلى لسان الخواصّ من العباد واستعمل « على » موضع « في » مستشعرا منها معنى العلوّ

for the people of realities and on the tongue of the elite among the servants — and he used "ʿalā" (upon) in place of "fī" (in), being sensitive to the meaning of elevation contained in it —

al-Qayṣarī

﴿على كل مفهوم يفهم من وجوه ذلك اللفظ بأي لسان كان في وضع ذلك اللسان.﴾

أي، وقد علم هذا العالم المنزه أن الكلام الإلهي وإن كان له مفهوم عام يفهمه كلمن يسمعه لسبق الذهن إليه عند سماعه، لكن بالنسبة إلى طائفة معينة، من الموحدين والمحققين وباقي علماء الظاهر، له مفهومات خاصة و وجوه متكثرة ومعاني متعددة، يتجلى الحق لهم فيه، يعلمون ذلك أولا يعلمون. بل بالنسبة إلى كل شخص منهم، كما قال تعالى: (أنزل من السماء ماء فسالت أودية بقدرها.) وقال جعفر الصادق، عليه السلام: (إن الله تعالى قد يتجلى لعباده في كلامه لكنهم لا يعلمون) ولما كان هذا المعنى غير مختص بالقرآن، بل هو من خاصة كلامه تعالى، قال

That is: this scholar who declares incomparability has come to know that the divine speech, although it has a general meaning understood by everyone who hears it—since the mind leaps to it immediately upon hearing—nevertheless, with respect to a particular group among the professors of divine unity, the verifiers (muḥaqqiqūn), and the rest of the scholars of the outward, it has particular meanings, multiple aspects, and numerous significations, in which the Real discloses Himself to them—whether they are aware of this or not. Indeed, [it has a particular meaning] with respect to each individual among them, just as He, Exalted, said: 'He sent down water from the sky, and the valleys flowed according to their measure.' And Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, peace be upon him, said: 'God, Exalted, may disclose Himself to His servants in His speech, but they do not know it.' And since this meaning is not restricted to the Qurʾān alone, but rather belongs to the special property of His speech, Exalted, in general, he said:

Ibn Turka

﴿على كلّ مفهوم يفهم﴾

ثانيا أو ثالثا أو رابعا ، إلى أن ينتهي إلى الذوق الإحاطي الجمعي ، وكلّ ما انتقل إليه فهم من تلك الأفهام مراد للحقّ ، ولكن ينبغي أن تكون تلك الانتقالات صحيحة

secondarily, or thirdly, or fourthly, until it culminates in the all-encompassing, unitive tasting (dhawq). And every meaning that one is led to among these understandings is intended by the Real, but these transitions must be sound

Jāmī

﴿على كل مفهوم يفهم من وجوه … ذلك اللفظ﴾

مهما لم يرد فيها نص بتعيين وجه مخصوص

so long as no text has come specifying a particular aspect

Ibn Turka

﴿من وجوه ذلك اللفظ ، بأيّ لسان كان في وضع ذلك اللسان﴾

بمفردات حروفه ومركَّبات كلماته . الظاهر والباطن وإنّما قلنا أنّ كل ذلك مراد مجيء به

in the individual letters and composite words thereof — the manifest and the nonmanifest. As for our saying that all of this is intended in what He brought —

al-Qayṣarī

﴿بأي لسان كان في وضع ذلك اللسان﴾

وقد نبه النبي، صلىالله عليه وسلم، بقوله: (إن للقرآن ظهرا وبطنا وحدا ومطلعا.)

And the Prophet, God's blessings and peace be upon him, alerted [us] to this by his saying: 'Indeed the Qurʾān has an outward aspect (ẓahr) and an inward aspect (baṭn), a limit (ḥadd), and a point of ascent (maṭlaʿ).'

Jāmī

﴿بأي لسان كان﴾

ذلك اللفظ عربي أو غير عربي ولكن ينبغي أن يفهم

whether that expression be Arabic or non-Arabic, but it ought to be understood

Jāmī

﴿في وضع ذلك اللسان﴾

لا في وضع لسان آخر فلا يعتبر في الكلام العربي الخالص ما يفهم بحسب وضع لغة العجم مثلا . وإنما قلنا : مراد الحق سبحانه بالنسبة إلى العموم وهو المفهوم الأول وبالنسبة إلى الخواص جميع وجوه احتمالات اللفظ. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

not according to the usage of another language, so that in pure Arabic speech what is understood according to the usage of, say, a foreign language is not to be taken into account. And we said: what the Real, glory be to Him, intends with respect to the generality is the first meaning, while with respect to the elect it is all the possible aspects of the expression. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Bālī Zāde

﴿في وضع ذلك اللسان﴾

فبين الله للعباد كلها على حسب مراتبهم بألسنة الشرائع في حق نفسه من التنزيه والتشبيه فمن وقف عند التنزيه ولم ير التشبيه . وهو آمن ببعض وكفر ببعض لكنه لا يشعر بذلك وهو معذور بذلك لذلك لا يكفر بل هو مؤمن عند أهل الظاهر والباطن لكونه معتقدا بالشرائع كلها في ظنه . وإنما جاءت في عموم الناس على المفهوم الأول وعلى خصوصهم على كل مفهوم يفهم من وجود ذلك اللفظ

Thus God made clear to all His servants, each according to their rank, by the tongues of the revealed Laws, His tanzīh and tashbīh regarding Himself. Whoever stops at tanzīh and does not see tashbīh believes in part and disbelieves in part, though he is unaware of this and is excused for it; hence he is not deemed an unbeliever, but rather a believer in the view of the people of the outward and the inward, since he believes—in his own reckoning—in the revealed Laws in their entirety. It [i.e., the discourse] comes, for the generality of people, according to the first [level of] understanding, and for their elite, according to every [level of] understanding comprehensible from the existence of that expression

al-Qāshānī

﴿فإن للحق في كل خلق ظهورا خاصا ، وهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم وهو الباطن عن كل فهم ، إلا عن فهم من قال إن العالم صورته وهويته وهو الاسم الظاهر﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

تعليل لكون المفهوم الأول الذي هو مفهوم العامة مرادا للحق من كلامه ، وكذا المفهومات التي يفهم منها فيه الخاصة ، ولها مفهومات لا يفهم الخاصة أيضا إلا خواص الخاصة الأوحديون العارفون الراسخون في العلم المرادون بقوله : " وما يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَه إِلَّا الله والرَّاسِخُونَ في الْعِلْمِ " إن لم تقف على قوله إلا الله ، وإن وقفت فالراسخون الذين " يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا به " هم الخاصة . وأما الذين يبتغون التأويل بالفكر ويحملون معنى كلام الله على معقولهم كأرباب المعتقدات المتبعين للمشابهات الواقفين مع عقولهم كالمتشبهين بالخواص ، فهم الذين في قلوبهم زيغ ، فإن للحق في كل خلق ظهورا بحسب استعداد ذلك الخلق ، فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم بقدر استعداد الفاهم . وذلك حده كما قال تعالى : " فَسالَتْ أَوْدِيَةٌ بِقَدَرِها " وهو الباطن عن كل فهم بما زاد عن استعداده ، فإن رام ما فوق حده بالفكر وهو الذي بطن عن فهمه زاغ قلبه ، إلا فهم العارف الذي لا حد لفهمه وهو الفاهم باللَّه من الله لا بالفكر فلا يبطن عن فهمه شيء . فيعلم أن العالم صورته وهويته أي حقيقته باعتبار الاسم الظاهر ، فإن الحقيقة الإلهية المطلقة لم تكن هوية إلا باعتبار تقيدها ولو تقيد الإطلاق كقوله :" هُوَ الله أَحَدٌ " وأما من حيث هي هي فهي مطلقة مع تقيدها بجميع القيود الأسمائية ، فالعالم هويته أي حقيقته بقيد الظهور

the Name the Manifest] — This is an explanation of why the first understood meaning, which is the meaning [grasped by] the common people, is intended by the Real in His speech, and likewise the meanings which the elect understand therein. And it has [further] meanings which even the elect do not understand, except the elite of the elect—the singular ones (al-awḥadiyyūn), the knowers (al-ʿārifūn) firmly rooted in knowledge, who are intended by His saying: "And none knows its interpretation (taʾwīl) except God and those firmly rooted in knowledge"—if you do not stop at "except God"; but if you do stop [there], then "those firmly rooted" who "say, we believe in it" are the elect. As for those who seek interpretation through discursive thought (fikr) and carry the meaning of God's speech upon their [own] rational conceptions—like the adherents of [various] creeds who follow resemblances, standing fast with their intellects, resembling the elect [without truly being so]—they are those "in whose hearts is deviation." For the Real has, in every created thing, a manifestation according to the preparedness (istiʿdād) of that created thing; so He is manifest in every understood meaning to the extent of the preparedness of the one who understands. And that is its limit (ḥadd), as He, Exalted is He, said: "So the valleys flowed according to their measure." And He is nonmanifest from every understanding with respect to what exceeds its preparedness; for if [someone] seeks, by discursive thought, what is beyond his limit—which is that which is nonmanifest to his understanding—his heart deviates. [This is so] except for the understanding of the knower (al-ʿārif), whose understanding has no limit, for he is one who understands by God, from God, not by discursive thought; so nothing remains nonmanifest to his understanding. Thus it is known that the cosmos is His form and His selfhood (huwiyya)—i.e., His reality—with respect to the Name the Manifest. For the absolute divine reality is not a selfhood (huwiyya) except with respect to its being restricted (taqyīd), even if [that restriction is] the restriction of absoluteness, as in His saying: "He is God, One." As for it in itself (min ḥaythu hiya hiya), it is absolute, together with its being restricted by all the restrictions of the divine names. So the cosmos is His selfhood—i.e., His reality—under the restriction of manifestation (ẓuhūr).

al-Jandī

﴿فإنّ للحق في كلّ خلق ظهورا ، فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم ، وهو الباطن عن كل فهم إلَّا عن فهم من قال : إنّ العالم صورته وهويّته ، وهو الاسم الظاهر﴾

قال العبد أيّده الله به : اعلم : أنّ المعرفة الحاصلة للعقلاء توجب باتّفاقهم وتقتضي باجتماعهم وإطباقهم تنزيه الحقّ عن صفات المحدثات والجسمانيات ، وسلب النقائص عن جنابه ، ونفي النعوت الكونية الحدوثية عنه ، فالعقول مطبقة على ذلك . ولو كان المراد الإلهي من معرفته هذا القدر ، لكان بالعقول استغناء واكتفاء عن إنزال الشرائع والكتب ، وإظهار المعجزات والآيات لأهل الحجب ، ولكنّ الحقّ سبحانه وتعالى غنيّ عن تنزيه العقول بمقتضى أفكارها المقيّدة بالقوى المزاجية . ويتعالى عن إدراكها ما لم تتّصل بالعقول الكلَّية ، فاحتاجت من حيث هي كذلك في معرفتها الحقيقة إلى اعتناء ربّاني «وإلقاء رحمانيّ يهيّئ استعدادا لمعرفة ما لا تستقلّ العقول البشرية بإدراكه مع قطع النظر عن الفيض الإلهي . فلمّا جاءت ألسنة الشرائع بالتنزيه والتشبيه والجمع بينهما. كان الجنوح إلى أحدهما دون الآخر باستحسان عقلي فكري تقييدا أو تحديدا للحق بمقتضى الفكر والعقل من التنزيه عن شيء أو أشياء أو التشبيه بشيء أو أشياء ، بل مقتضى العقل المنصف المتّصف بصفة نصفة أن يؤمن بكلّ ما وردت به الشرائع على الوجه المراد للحق من غير جزم بتأويل معيّن ولا جنوح إلى ظاهر المفهوم العامّ مقيّدا بذلك ، ولا عدول إلى ما يخرجه عن ظاهر المفهوم من كل وجه محدّدا لذلك ، ولكنّ الأحقّ والأولى والأجدر والأحرى أن نأخذ القضيّة شرطيّة . فنقول : إن شاء الحقّ ، ظهر في كل صورة ، وإن لم يشأ لم تنضف إليه صورة ، بل الحق أنّ الحق منزّه في عين التشبيه ، ومطلق عن التقييد والحصر في التشبيه والتنزيه ، وذلك لأنّ التنزيه عن سمات الجسمانيات وصفات المتحيّزات تشبيه استلزامي ، وتقييد تضمّني بالمجرّدات العريّة عن صفات الجسمانيات من العقول والنفوس التي هي عريّة عن سمات المتحيّزات ، بريّة عن أحكام الظلمانيات . وإنّ نزّه الحقّ أيضا منزّه عن الجواهر العقليّة والأرواح العليّة والنفوس الكلَّية ، فذلك أيضا تشبيه معنوي بالمعاني المجرّدة عن الصور العقلية والنسب الروحانية والنفسانية . وإن نزّه عن كل ذلك ، فذلك أيضا إلحاق للحق بالعدم ، إذ الموجودات المتحقّقة الوجود ، والحقائق المشهودة على النحو المعهود منحصرة في هذه الأقسام الثلاثة ، والخارج عنها تحكَّم وهمي ، وتوهّم تخيّلي لا علمي ، وذلك أيضا تحديد عدمي بعدمات لا تتناهى ، وتقييد بعقائد تتباين وتتنافى ، وعلى كل حال ، فهو تحديد وتقييد ، وذلك تنزيه ليس في التحقيق وجه سديد ، وحقيقة الحق المطلق تأباه وتنافيه وتباينه ولا توانيه . ولا سيّما وقد نزلت الشرائع بحسب فهم المخاطب على العموم ولا يسوغ أن يخاطب الحق عبده بما يخرج عن ظاهر المفهوم ، فكما أمرنا أن نكلَّم الناس بقدر عقولهم ، فلا يخاطبهم كذلك إلَّا بمقتضى مفهومهم ومعقولهم ، ولو لم يكن المفهوم العامّ معتبرا من كل وجه ، لكان ساقطا وكانت الإخبارات كلَّها مرموزة ، وذلك تدليس ، والحق تعالى يجلّ عن ذلك ، فيجب الإيمان بكل ما أخبر به من غير تحكَّم عقلي ولا تأويل فكري ، إذ " ما يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَه ُ إِلَّا الله وَالرَّاسِخُونَ في الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا به ". وحيث أقرّت العقول بالعجز عن إدراك الحقائق فعجزها عن إدراك حقيقة الحق أحقّ في أصحّ المذاهب والطرائق ، فلا طريق لعقل ولا وجه لفكر مفكَّر أن يتحكَّم على الذات الإلهي بإثبات أمر لها أو سلب حكم عنها إلَّا بإخباره عن نفسه . فإنّ الذات المطلقة غير منضبطة في علم عقلي ولا مدركة بفهم فكري ، ولا سيّما لا وجه للحكم بأمر على أمر إلَّا بإدراك المحكوم به ، والمحكوم عليه ، وبالحكم حقيقة ، وبحقيقة النسبة بينهما . وهذا مقرّر عقلا وكشفا دائما ، فليس لأحد أن يتحكَّم بفكره على إخبارات الحقّ عن نفسه وتأوّلها على ما يوافق غرضه ويلائم هواه ومدركه ، فإنّ الإخبارات الإلهية مهما لم يرد فيها نصّ بتعيّن وجه وتخصيص حكم . فهي متضمّنة على جميع المفهومات المحتملة فيها من غير تعيين مفهوم دون مفهوم ، وهي إنّما تنزل في العموم على المفهوم الأوّل وفي الخصوص على كل مفهوم يفهمه الخاصّ من تلك العبارات ، والحق إنّما ذكر تلك العبارات عالما بجميع المفهومات ، محيطا بها وجميعها مراد له بالنسبة إلى كل فاهم ، ولكن بشرط الدلالة اللفظية بجميع وجوه الدلالة المذكورة على جميع الوجوه المفهومة عنها في الوضع العربي أو غيره أيّ لغة كانت تلك الإخبارات بها . لأنّ للحق ظهورا في كل مفهوم ومعلوم وملفوظ ومرقوم ، وفي كل موجود موجود ، سواء كان من عالم الأمر ، أو من عالم الخلق ، أو من عالم الجمع ، فهو الظاهر في الكلّ بالكل ، وعين الكلّ والجزء ، وكل الكلّ ، فهو الظاهر في كل فهم بحسبه غير منحصر فيه ولا في غيره من المفهومات ، وهو الباطن من كل فهم ومفهوم إلَّا من رزقه الله فهم الأمر على ما هو عليه ، وهو أن يرى أنّ العالم صورة الحق وهويّة العالم هويّة الاسم «الظاهر» ، وصورة العالم هو الاسم « الظاهر » ، وهويّة العالم هو الاسم « الباطن » وهو من حيث هو المطلق عن التقيّد بالظاهر والباطن والحصر في الجمع بينهما وهو غير المتعيّن المطلق مطلقا في عين تعيّنه بعين كلّ عين من أعيان العالم ، فافهم . قال رضي الله عنه

The servant—may God aid him through this—said: Know that the knowledge attained by rational beings necessitates, by their unanimous agreement and consensus, declaring the Real incomparable (tanzīh) with respect to the attributes of originated and corporeal things, negating imperfections from His presence, and denying from Him the contingent, originated descriptions—the intellects are unanimous on this. Now, if the divine purpose in knowing Him were this much alone, the intellects would have been sufficient and would have dispensed with the sending down of revealed laws and books, and the manifestation of miracles and signs to the people behind the veils. But the Real, glory be to Him and exalted is He, is independent of being declared incomparable by intellects according to what their thoughts—bound by temperamental faculties—require, and He transcends their apprehension so long as they are not connected to the universal intellects. Hence the intellects, being as they are, stand in need, in their knowledge of the Reality, of a divine attentiveness and a merciful bestowal (ilqāʾ raḥmānī) that prepares a readiness (istiʿdād) for knowing what human intellects, on their own, cannot apprehend independently of the divine effusion (fayḍ). So when the tongues of the revealed laws came with both incomparability (tanzīh) and similarity (tashbīh), and with the combining of the two, inclining toward one of them to the exclusion of the other, by rational-intellectual preference, would be a restriction or delimitation of the Real according to the requirements of thought and intellect—whether by declaring Him incomparable with respect to something or things, or by declaring Him similar to something or things. Rather, what the fair-minded intellect, characterized by equity, requires is to have faith in everything the revealed laws have brought, in the manner intended by the Real, without dogmatically fixing upon a particular interpretation (taʾwīl), and without inclining toward the literal sense of the general concept in a restrictive way, nor turning away from it toward what removes it entirely from the literal sense of the concept in a delimiting way. Rather, the truest, most fitting, most proper, and most worthy course is to take the matter conditionally. So we say: if the Real wills, He becomes manifest in every form; and if He does not will, no form is attributed to Him. Indeed, the truth is that the Real is incomparable in the very state of being declared similar, and is absolute, free from restriction and confinement in both similarity and incomparability. This is because declaring incomparability with respect to the marks of corporeal things and the attributes of spatially-extended things is itself an implicit similarity (tashbīh istilzāmī) and an implicit restriction to the abstract things devoid of corporeal attributes—namely, the intellects and souls that are free of the marks of spatially-extended things and cleared of the properties of dark, corporeal things. And if one also declares the Real incomparable with respect to intelligible substances, exalted spirits, and universal souls, that too is a conceptual similarity (tashbīh maʿnawī) to meanings abstracted from intelligible forms and spiritual and psychic relations. And if one declares Him incomparable with respect to all of that as well, that likewise amounts to associating the Real with nonexistence, since existent things whose existence is realized, and the realities witnessed in the accustomed manner, are confined to these three categories, and whatever lies outside them is imaginary arbitrary assertion and fanciful conjecture, not knowledge. That too is a negative delimitation by unlimited negations, and a restriction by beliefs that are at variance and mutually exclusive. In any case, it remains a delimitation and a restriction, and such a declaration of incomparability is, upon verification, not a sound approach; the reality of the absolute Real repels it, is at variance with it, differs from it, and does not tarry with it. This is especially so since the revealed laws came down according to the understanding of the addressee in general, and it is not permissible for the Real to address His servant with something that departs from the literal sense of the concept. Just as we have been commanded to speak to people according to the measure of their intellects, so too He does not address them except according to what they understand and conceive. Were the general concept not considered valid in every respect, it would be void, and all the reports would be merely coded ciphers—and that would be deceit, from which the Real, exalted is He, is far too exalted. Hence it is obligatory to have faith in everything He has reported, without rational imposition or speculative interpretation, since "none knows its interpretation (taʾwīl) except God, and those firmly rooted in knowledge say: We believe in it." And since the intellects have admitted their incapacity to apprehend realities, their incapacity to apprehend the Reality of the Real is all the more certain, according to the soundest schools and methods. So there is no path for intellect, nor any way for speculative thought, to impose judgment upon the divine Essence by affirming something of it or negating some property from it, except through His own report about Himself. For the absolute Essence is not bounded by rational knowledge, nor apprehended by speculative understanding—especially since there is no basis for judging one thing by another except through apprehension of the thing judged, the thing judged about, the reality of the judgment itself, and the reality of the relation (nisba) between them. This is established both rationally and, continually, through unveiling (kashf). So no one may impose upon the Real's reports about Himself, by his own thinking, an interpretation that suits his purpose and conforms to his caprice and his own apprehension. For the divine reports, whenever no explicit text has specified a particular aspect or restricted a specific ruling, contain within them all the possible meanings without any one meaning being singled out over another. In general they come down according to the first meaning, while in the particular case they come down according to whatever meaning the specialist understands from those expressions. The Real mentioned those expressions with knowledge of all the meanings, encompassing them all, and all of them are intended by Him relative to every understander—but on condition of the verbal indication (dalāla), in all the recognized modes of indication, covering all the meanings understood from those expressions, whether in Arabic usage or in any other language in which those reports were given. For the Real has a manifestation in every concept, every known thing, every uttered word, and every written word, and in every existent that exists, whether from the world of Command, or the world of creation, or the world of the Gathering (jamʿ). He is the Manifest in the all by means of the all, and He is the very identity of the whole and of the part, and He is the whole of the whole. He is the Manifest in every understanding according to its measure, not confined to it nor to any other concept; and He is the Nonmanifest from every understanding and concept—except for one to whom God has granted the understanding of the matter as it truly is, namely: that he sees that the cosmos is the form of the Real, that the identity (huwiyya) of the cosmos is the identity of the Name "the Manifest," that the form of the cosmos is the Name "the Manifest," and that the identity of the cosmos is the Name "the Nonmanifest." And He, in respect of His own reality, is absolute, free from restriction to "manifest" and "nonmanifest" and from confinement in the combination of the two; and He is the Undetermined (ghayr al-mutaʿayyin), absolute in every respect, even in the very state of His entification (taʿayyun) through the very entity of every one of the entities (aʿyān) of the cosmos. So understand. He—may God be pleased with him—said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فإن للحق في كل خلق ظهورا خاصا﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

تعليل على أن المراد مفهوم عموم الناس وخصوصهم، سواء كان ذلك الكلام عربيا كالقرآن، أو غير عربي كالتوراة والإنجيل. أي، الحق يتجلى لعباده على ما يعطيه استعداداتهم، فله فيكل خلق ظهور خاص

This is an explanation clarifying that what is meant is the general and the particular understanding of people, whether that speech be Arabic, like the Qurʾān, or non-Arabic, like the Torah and the Gospel. That is: the Real discloses Himself to His servants according to what their preparednesses (istiʿdādāt) allow, so He has, in every act of creation, a particular manifestation.

Ibn Turka

﴿فإنّ للحقّ في كل خلق ظهورا﴾

بحسب عموم رحمته الوجوديّة وشمول رأفته الشهودية

in accordance with the universality of His existential mercy and the comprehensiveness of His witnessed compassion

Jāmī

﴿فإن للحق في كل خلق﴾

سواء كان من العوام أو من الخواص (ظهورا خاصا) واستعدادا معينا لفهم ما يفهم. فأستعداد العموم لا يتجاوز فهم المعنى الأول و استعداد أهل الخصوص يعمه وسائر وجوه اللفظ

whether of the generality or of the elect, (a specific manifestation) and a particular preparedness for understanding what is to be understood. The preparedness of the generality does not go beyond understanding the first meaning, while the preparedness of the folk of specificity encompasses it along with all the other aspects of the expression

Bālī Zāde

﴿فإن للحق في كل خلق ظهورا﴾

خاصة ظهور الحق في العموم غير ظهوره في الخصوص. فتجلى الله تعالى في الكلام العزيز لعباده على حسب استعداداتهم فكلمهم على قدر عقولهم، فإذا كان للحق في كل خلق ظهورة خاصة

the Real's manifestation in the general differs from His manifestation in the particular. God, Exalted, disclosed Himself in the Mighty Speech to His servants according to their preparedness (istiʿdād), addressing them according to the measure of their intellects. So since the Real has, in every creation, a specific manifestation

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم ، وهو الباطن عن كل فهم﴾

أي، فهو المتجلي فيكل مفهوم ومدرك من حيث كونه مدركا، وهو مختف وباطن عن كل فهم، لعدم إدراك الفهوم جميع تجلياته وظهوراته في مظاهره

That is: He is the One who discloses Himself in every object of understanding and perception, insofar as it is perceived, while He is hidden and nonmanifest with respect to every [particular] understanding, because [no] understanding grasps the totality of His self-disclosures and manifestations in His loci of manifestation.

Ibn Turka

﴿فهو الظاهر في كلّ مفهوم﴾

من أوّل مراتبه للعامّة من العباد ، متدرّجا فيها ، مترقّيا إلى آخر ما تنتهي إليه درجات معتقدات الخواصّ منهم في ذلك ، وهو مكاشفات الكمّل ، المحيطة بالكلّ ، كلّ ذلك مجالي ظهور الحقّ

from its first level for the generality of servants, progressing gradually through it, ascending to the furthest point to which the levels of belief of the elite among them extend in this regard — which is the unveilings (mukāshafāt) of the perfect ones (al-kummal), all-encompassing of the totality — all of this being loci of manifestation of the Real

Jāmī

﴿فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم﴾

يتجلى به على الفاهم بحسب استعداده

disclosing Himself thereby to the one who understands, according to that one's preparedness

Bālī Zāde

﴿فهو الظاهر في كل مفهوم﴾

أي في كل يفهم من اللفظ الذي نطق في حقه

understanding] i.e., in every [meaning] understood from the expression spoken concerning Him

Ibn Turka

﴿وهو الباطن عن كلّ فهم﴾

من أفهام القاصرين عن درجة الكشف العلي والذوق الإحاطيّ فهم محاطون لمفهوماتهم ومعتقداتهم ، عاكفون لديها ، عابدون إياه

among the understandings of those falling short of the degree of the highest unveiling and the all-encompassing tasting, for they are confined within their own understood meanings and beliefs, dwelling upon them, worshipping Him

Jāmī

﴿وهو الباطن عن كل فهم إلا من فهم من قال إن العالم﴾

كله روحا ومثالا وحسين (صورته) التي هي عين هويته فإن هويته المطلقة إذا ظهرت بذاتها مقيدة بأحوالها فإنها باعتبار تقييدها تظهر ، وصورة لنفسها باعتبار إطلاقها. وهذا معنی قوله : وهويته، فالقائل بأن العالم صورته (وهويته) شاهده عينا في كل صورة ويراه ظاهرا في كل مظهر. فلا يكون باطنا عنه بهذا الاعتبار وإن كان باعتبار كنه حقيقته وعدم تناهي تجلياته وظهوراته باطن عنه أيضا . (وهو) ، أي العالم هو

entirely — spirit, imaginal form, and sensory body — (is His form) which is identical with His very identity (huwiyya); for His absolute identity, when it is manifested by its very Essence as restricted by its states, appears — with respect to its restriction — as a form for itself, with respect to its absoluteness. This is the meaning of his saying: "and His identity." So the one who holds that the cosmos is His form (and His identity) witnesses Him as an entity in every form and sees Him manifest in every locus of manifestation. He is thus not Nonmanifest to him in this respect, though with respect to the innermost reality of His essence and the non-finitude of His self-disclosures and manifestations, He is Nonmanifest to him as well. (And it) — that is, the cosmos — is

Bālī Zāde

﴿وهو الباطن عن كل فهم﴾

أي لا يفهم ظهوره في كل مفهوم

i.e., His manifestation is not understood in every [level of] understanding

al-Qayṣarī

﴿إلا عن فهم من قال: إن العالم صورته ومظهر هويته﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، هو مختلف عن كل فهم إلا عن فهم من يعرف أن العالم صورته ومظهر هويته، فإنه حينئذ يشاهده في جميع المظاهر، كما قالأبو يزيد، قدس الله سره: (الآن، ثلثين سنة ما أتكلم إلا مع الله، والناس يزعمون أني معهم أتكلم). واعلم، أن هذا الفهم إنما هو بحسب الظهوروالتجلي لا بحسب الحقيقة، فإن حقيقته وذاته لا يدرك أبدا ولا يمكن الإحاطة عليها سرمدا. ولا بحسب مجموع التفصيل أيضا، فإن مظاهر الحق مفصلا غيرمتناهية وإن كانت بحسب مجموع الأمهات متناهية. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

That is: He is hidden from every understanding, except the understanding of one who knows that the cosmos is His form and the locus of manifestation of His He-ness; for such a one then witnesses Him in all the loci of manifestation, just as Abū Yazīd, God sanctify his secret, said: 'For thirty years now I have spoken with none but God, while people imagine that I am speaking with them.' And know that this understanding pertains only to the level of manifestation and self-disclosure, not to the level of [ultimate] reality; for His Reality and Essence are never perceived and can never be comprehended, ever. Nor does it pertain to the totality of [His] differentiated manifestations either, for the Real's loci of manifestation, in their differentiated particulars, are unlimited, even though, with respect to the sum of their principal categories (ummahāt), they are limited. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Ibn Turka

﴿إلَّا عن فهم من قال: إنّ العالم﴾

بأعيانه ومفرداته الخارجيّة والذهنيّة ونسبه الكونيّة والإلهيّة

by its entities and its external and mental particulars and its cosmic and Divine relations,

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا عن فهم من قال إن العالم صورنه وهويته﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي إلا من عرف أن العالم بأعراضه مظهر صفاته و بجوهره مظهر ذاته فما في العالم شيء، إلا وهو دليل على صفاته ووحدانيته ذاته وفي كل شيء آية تدل على أنه واحد . فإن من عرف هذا يظهر له الحق في كل مفهوم فتجلى الله له في كلامه كما تجلى له في عالمه (وهو) أي العالم مظهر

i.e., except one who knows that the world, in its accidents, is the locus of manifestation of His attributes, and in its substance, the locus of manifestation of His Essence—so there is nothing in the world but that it is a proof of His attributes and the oneness of His Essence, and in everything there is a sign indicating that He is One. Whoever knows this, the Real is manifest to him in every [level of] understanding, and God discloses Himself to him in His speech just as He discloses Himself to him in His world. (And it) i.e., the world, is the locus of manifestation of

Words 71–72 · 1 of 7

صُورَتُهُ وَهُوِيَّتُهُ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿صورته وهويّته﴾

لبلوغ فهمه ذلك إلى ما لا يحيط به مفهوم ولا يحصره صورة من العقائد ، إذ الصورة الإحاطيّة هي له ، فله أحديّة جمع العقائد كلَّها . وفي قوله : « من قال » دون « فهم » أو « شهد » لطيفة لا بدّ من الاطلاع عليها : وهي أنّ القول أعلى درجات قوس الإظهار - يعني الشهود والكشف - وأتمّ مراتبه ، إذ ليس له في الخارج عين وراءه ، وهو المراد ب « عين اليقين » ، فإنّه ليس لليقين عين غير الكلام ، ومن هاهنا ترى سائر الآيات كريمة المشتملة على عقائل المعارف ونفائس العقائد مصدّرة ب « قل » . ( وهو ) أي العالم بجمله وتفاصيله

— because his understanding attains to that which no understood meaning encompasses and no single form of belief confines, since the all-encompassing form belongs to Him, for He possesses the oneness that gathers together all beliefs. In His saying "one who said" rather than "one who understood" or "one who witnessed" there is a subtlety that must be noted: namely, that speech (qawl) is the highest degree on the arc of manifestation — meaning witnessing and unveiling — and its most complete level, since it has no further external reality beyond it; and this is what is meant by "the essence of certainty" (ʿayn al-yaqīn), for certainty has no essence other than speech. From this you see that the rest of the noble verses containing the choicest gems of gnosis and the most precious of beliefs are prefaced with "Say" (qul). (It is), namely the world in its totality and its details,

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وهو الاسم الظاهر، كما أنه بالمعنى روح ما ظهر، فهو الباطن﴾

أي، العالم، بأسره، عبارة عن اسمه (الظاهر)، كما أن الحق من حيث المعنى والحقيقة روح العالم. وهذا الروح هو عبارة عن اسمه (الباطن.) واعلم، أن الاسم (الظاهر) اقتضى ظهور العالم، و (الباطن) اقتضى بطون حقائقه. والمقتضى وهو إن كان باعتبار غير المقتضى، لكون الربوبية غير المربوبية، لكنه باعتبار آخر عينه وهو أحدية حقيقة الحقائق، لذلك جعل العالم عين الاسم الظاهر وروحه عين الاسم الباطن

That is: the cosmos, in its entirety, is an expression of His Name 'the Manifest,' just as the Real, with respect to meaning and reality, is the spirit of the cosmos. And this spirit is an expression of His Name 'the Nonmanifest.' And know that the Name 'the Manifest' required the manifestation of the cosmos, while 'the Nonmanifest' required the nonmanifestation (buṭūn) of its realities. And that which requires (al-muqtaḍī), even though it is, in one respect, other than that which is required by it—since lordship (rubūbiyya) is other than that which is lorded over (marbūbiyya)—yet, in another respect, it is identical with it; and this [other respect] is the oneness of the Reality of realities (aḥadiyyat ḥaqīqat al-ḥaqāʾiq). For this reason, the cosmos is made identical with the Name 'the Manifest,' and its spirit identical with the Name 'the Nonmanifest.'

Ibn Turka

﴿الاسم الظاهر ، كما أنّه﴾

أي الحقّ الظاهر بصورته في العالم

— that is, the Real manifest in His form within the world —

Jāmī

﴿الاسم الظاهر … كما أنه﴾

سبحانه (بالمعنی) المجرد عن الصور المختفي فيه

glory be to Him (is, in meaning) which is abstracted from the forms concealed within it

Bālī Zāde

﴿الاسم الظاهر كما أنه﴾

أي كما أن الحق

i.e., just as the Real

al-Qāshānī

﴿كما أنه بالمعنى﴾

أي كما أن الحق بالمعنى

meaning...] i.e., just as the Real, by [His] meaning...

al-Jandī

﴿كما أنّه بالمعنى روح ما ظهر ، فهو الباطن﴾

يشير رضي الله عنه إلى أنّ الحق من حيث كونه عين العالم كان العالم صورته وهويّته ، وكان هو الاسم الظاهر عينه من هذا الوجه ، وهو من كونه عين معنى العالم وحقيقته هو روح العالم والاسم الباطن عينه . قال رضي الله عنه : «فنسبته لما ظهر من صورة العالم نسبة الروح المدبّر لصورته». قال العبد : لا يسبق إلى فهمك من هذه النسبة المذكورة ، وقوله : « ما ظهر » عالم الأجسام فقطَّ ، بل جميع ما يسمّى عالما من عالم المعاني فما دونه من العوالم العقلية والروحية والنفسية والطبيعة الجسمانية والعنصرية والمثالية والخيالية والبرزخية والحشرية والجنانية والجهنّمية وصور كثيب الرؤية وصور التجلَّيات الجلالية والجمالية والكمالية والجنابية والجهنّمية. وصور كثيب الرؤية وصور التجلَّيات الجلالية والجمالية والكمالية أبد الآبدين ودهر الداهرين ، كل هذه ظاهريّة الحق ، ونسبته إلى الكل كنسبة الروح المدبّر لهيكله ، فالمسمّى عالما هو صورة الحقّ والحق روحه المدبّر له ، فمن عرف شيئا من العالم ، وعرفه عريّا عن الحق ، فما عرفه ولا عرّفه على ما هو عليه ، وكذلك بالعكس من عرف الحق في زعمه وعرفه بريّا عن العالم وعريّا عنه ، فما عرفه ولا عرّفه . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : « فيؤخذ في حدّ الإنسان مثلا باطنه وظاهره ، وكذلك كل محدود ، فالحق محدود بكل حدّ » أي لكل محدود قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : « وصور العالم لا تنضبط ، ولا يحاط بها ولا يعلم حدود كلّ صورة منها إلَّا على قدر ما يحصل لكلّ عالم من صورة ، فلذلك يجهل حدّ الحق ، فإنّه لا يعلم حدّه إلَّا بعلم حدّ كلّ صورة ، وهذا محال حصوله ، فحدّ الحق محال " . قال العبد : لمّا كانت صورة العالم ظاهرية الحق ، وهويّته باطنه ، لزم أن يكون الحدّ الكامل لكل شيء هو بذكر حدّه آخذا ظاهره وباطنه ، والحق باطن الكلّ ، فإن لم يكن مذكورا في حدّ كل محدود ، لم يكن الحدّ كاملا . وهو تعالى إنّ حدّ ، حدّ بجميع الحدّ على الحدّ الذي ذكرنا ، لا على الحدّ الرسمي للحدود في عرف الحكمة الرسميّة المنطقيّة ، ولكنّ الحقّ يتعيّن في كل محدود بحسبه وقدره ، فلا ينحصر في حدّ ولا في جميع الحدود المحدودة ، ولا ينحصر حدّه أيضا في الجمع من جميع الحدود إن انحصرت ،ولكنّها لا تنحصر أصلا. فلا يحدّ الحقّ أبدا ، فهو حدّ كل شيء وليس له حدّ ، فلو حصل لنا الإحاطة بحدود جميع صور العوالم وأرواحها وحقائقها ومعانيها ، وانضبطت لنا حدودها ظاهرة وباطنة ، لتأتّى لنا من حدّه حدّه تعالى ، ولكنّها لا تنضبط ولا يحاط بها أبدا فلا يحدّ الحق . وأيضا : فإنّ الحق لا يتميّز بخصوصية تفصّله عن خصوصيّة ، وإلَّا لكان محدودا مقيّدا بتلك الخصوصيّة ، ولمّا لم تنحصر الصور ولم تنضبط التعيّنات غير المتناهية ، لم يكن حدّ الكلّ إلَّا بكلَّيّته مجملا ، وذلك أيضا اعتبار يعتبر مجملا ، فلم يكن حدّ الحق . وأيضا لأنّه تعالى أحديّة جمع جميع الحقائق الخصوصيّة والاشتراكيّة كلَّها ما تناسب وتشاكل وتباين وتنافي وتضادّ وتناقض ، فلا يعلم حدّه ، لكون الحدود مصوّرة للمحدودات ومتحقّقة فيها فهي غير معلومة ، ولا يحاط بها في نفس الأمر ، فلا يلزم من عدم الإحاطة بالحدود والمحدودات ولا من عدم علمنا بالحدود كلَّها على سبيل الحصر كونه تعالى محدودا بحدود المحدودات كلَّها من كونه تعالى عين الكلّ إلى ما لا يتناهى مطلقا عن الانحصار في الحدود والمحدوديّة واللامحدوديّة . ذلك مبلغنا من العلم ولا يبلغ كلّ ما فيه ، وهذا غاية البيان ، والله المستعان . قال رضي الله عنه

He (may God be pleased with him) indicates that the Real, insofar as He is the very entity (ʿayn) of the world, the world is His form and His identity (huwiyya), and He Himself is the very Name 'the Manifest' (al-Ẓāhir) from this respect; and insofar as He is the very meaning of the world and its reality, He is the spirit of the world and Himself the very Name 'the Nonmanifest' (al-Bāṭin). He said (may God be pleased with him): 'His relation (nisba) to what has become manifest of the form of the world is like the relation of the spirit that governs its form.' The servant [al-Jandī] says: Let it not occur to your understanding, from this mentioned relation, and from his saying 'what has become manifest,' that this refers to the world of bodies alone; rather it comprises everything called 'world' — from the world of meanings and what is below it, among the intelligible, spiritual, and psychic worlds, corporeal and elemental nature, the imaginal (mithālī) and imaginative (khayālī) [worlds], the isthmian (barzakhī), the resurrectional, the paradisal, and the infernal [worlds], the forms of the Dune of Vision, and the forms of the self-disclosures of majesty, beauty, perfection, the paradisal and the infernal — the forms of the Dune of Vision and the forms of the self-disclosures of majesty, beauty, and perfection, forever and ever, age upon age — all these are the manifest aspect (ẓāhiriyya) of the Real, and His relation to the totality is like the relation of the spirit that governs its bodily frame. So what is called 'world' is the form of the Real, and the Real is its spirit that governs it. Whoever knows something of the world and knows it as stripped bare of the Real has neither truly known it nor described it as it [really] is; and likewise, conversely, whoever, in his own claim, knows the Real and knows Him as free of the world and stripped of it, has neither truly known Him nor described Him [as He is]. The Shaykh said (may God be pleased with him): 'Thus in the definition of the human being, for example, both his inward and his outward are taken together, and likewise for everything delimited; so the Real is delimited by every limit' — that is, by the limit of everything delimited. The Shaykh said (may God be pleased with him): 'The forms of the world cannot be exactly fixed, nor can they be encompassed, nor can the limits of each of its forms be known except to the extent that a form is obtained for each knower. Therefore the limit of the Real remains unknown, for His limit cannot be known except through knowledge of the limit of every form, and this is impossible to attain; so the definition of the Real is impossible.' The servant says: Since the form of the world is the manifest aspect of the Real, and His identity (huwiyya) is its nonmanifest aspect, it necessarily follows that the complete definition of everything is achieved by stating its limit while taking together both its manifest and its nonmanifest [aspects]; and the Real is the nonmanifest [reality] of the totality, so if He is not mentioned in the definition of every delimited thing, the definition is not complete. And He, exalted, if He is defined, is defined by the totality of all limits according to the manner we have described, not according to the formal definition of 'limit' as used in the convention of formal logical wisdom. Rather, the Real becomes entified/determined (yataʿayyanu) in every delimited thing according to it and its measure; so He is not confined to one limit, nor to all delimited limits [taken individually]; nor is His limit confined even to the sum total of all limits, were they to be confined — but they are not confined at all. So the Real can never be delimited; He is the limit of everything, yet He has no limit. For if we could attain encompassment of the limits of all the forms of the worlds, their spirits, their realities, and their meanings, and their limits — manifest and nonmanifest — were exactly fixed for us, then His limit, exalted be He, could be attained by us through it; but these can never be exactly fixed nor encompassed, so the Real cannot be delimited. Moreover: the Real is not distinguished by any particularity that would set Him apart from [another] particularity, for otherwise He would be delimited and restricted by that particularity; and since the forms are not confined and the non-finite entifications (taʿayyunāt) are not exactly fixed, the limit of the totality can only be summary, by virtue of its universality — and this too is a consideration that is itself regarded only in summary fashion, so it is not [truly] a limit of the Real. And also because He, exalted, is the oneness comprising (aḥadiyyat jamʿ) all particular and common realities altogether — whether they correspond, resemble, differ, oppose, contradict, or negate one another — His limit cannot be known, since limits give form to delimited things and are realized within them, and [these delimited things] are not [exhaustively] known, nor can they be encompassed in reality (fī nafs al-amr). So it does not follow, from our failure to encompass limits and delimited things, nor from our lack of exhaustive knowledge of all limits, that He, exalted, is delimited by the limits of all delimited things — inasmuch as He, exalted, is the very entity of the totality, unto infinity, absolutely free from being confined within limits, within delimitation, or within non-delimitation. That is the extent of our knowledge, and it does not reach all that is [contained] therein; and this is the utmost of exposition. God is the One sought for help. He said (may God be pleased with him):

Ibn Turka

﴿في المعنى روح ما ظهر فهو الباطن﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وإذ ليس هاهنا محل تفصيل الاسم عن المسمّى ، ما أورد لفظ " الاسم " . هذا تحقيق معنى الاسمين بمفرديهما ، وهما الكاشفان على ما حقّقه عن طرف التشبيه فقط ، فأراد أن ينبّه على التنزيه الذي في عين هذا التشبيه المذكور ، كما هو مقتضى أصوله الممهّدة بقوله

— and since there is here no occasion for distinguishing the Name from the Named, the word "Name" was not used. This is the verification of the meaning of the two Names in their individual senses, both of which reveal, as he has established, only from the side of tashbīh (declaring similarity) alone. He then wished to draw attention to the tanzīh contained within this very tashbīh mentioned, as is required by his established principles, saying:

al-Qāshānī

﴿روح ما ظهر﴾

أي حقيقته بقيد البطون

i.e., His reality under the restriction of nonmanifestation (buṭūn).

Jāmī

﴿روح ما ظهر﴾

من الصور. (فهو) ، أي الحق سبحانه من حيث أنه روح ما ظهر هو

of the forms. (So He) — that is, the Real, glory be to Him — inasmuch as He is the spirit of what is manifest, is

Bālī Zāde

﴿بالمعنی روح ما ظهر فهو الباطن﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

والروح مظهر الاسم الباطن فإطلاق الروح على الحق مجاز

and the spirit is the locus of manifestation of the Name the Nonmanifest; so applying the term "spirit" to the Real is figurative (majāz)

Words 82–86 · 2 of 7

فَهُوَ البَاطِنُ

al-Qāshānī

﴿فهو الباطن﴾

وذلك أيضا هويته

— and that too is His selfhood (huwiyya).

Jāmī

﴿الباطن، فنسبته لما ظهر﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي ما ظهر

that is, to what is manifest

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.