Mashrabaمشربة

The commentators side by side

One passage at a time. Each column is a commentator; each row gathers the comments on the same words, so readings and emphases can be compared.

فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ قُدُّوسِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ إِدْرِيسِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶5 in the text

5 · 90 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فالمُسَمَّى مُحْدَثَاتٌ هِيَ العَلِيَّةُ لِذَاتِهَا وَلَيْسَتْ إِلَّا هُوَ فَهُوَ العَلِيُّ لَا عُلُوَّ إِضَافَةٍ لِأَنَّ الأَعْيَانَ الَّتِي لَهَا العَدَمُ الثَّابِتَةَ فِيهِ مَا شَمَّتْ رَائِحَةً مِنَ الوُجُودِ فَهِيَ عَلَى حَالِهَا مَعَ تَعْدَادِ الصُّوَرِ فِي المَوْجُودَاتِ وَالعَيْنُ وَاحِدَةٌ مِنَ المَجْمُوعِ فِي المَجْمُوعِ فَوُجُودُ الكَثْرَةِ فِي الأَسْمَاءِ وَهِيَ النِّسَبُ وَهِيَ أُمُورٌ عَدَمِيَّةٌ وَلَيْسَ إِلَّا العَيْنَ الَّذِي هُوَ الذَّاتُ فَهُوَ العَلِيُّ لِنَفْسِهِ لَا بِالإِضَافَةِ فَمَا فِي العَالَمِ مِنْ هَذِهِ الحَيْثِيَّةِ عُلُوُّ إِضَافَةٍ لَكِنَّ الوُجُوهُ الوُجُودِيَّةُ مُتَفَاضِلَةٌ فَعُلُوُّ الإِضَافَةِ مَوْجُودٌ فِي العَيْنِ الوَاحِدَةِ مِنْ حَيْثُ الوُجُوهُ الكَثِيرَةُ لِذَلكَ نَقُولُ فِيهِ هُوَ لَا هُوَ أَنتَ لَا أَنتَ

So that which is named 'temporally originated things' is high in its very self, and they are none other than He. So He is the High, not with a highness of relation, because the entities, which have nonexistence [as their state] and are fixed within it, have not smelled a whiff of existence; so they remain in their [original] state, notwithstanding the multiplicity of forms in the existents. And the entity is one, [taken] from the totality, within the totality. So the existence of multiplicity is in the names, and these are the relations, and these are nonexistent matters. And there is nothing but the entity, which is the Essence. So He is the High in Himself, not by relation. So in the cosmos, from this standpoint, there is no highness of relation; but the existential aspects are ranked in excellence above one another. So highness of relation exists within the one entity in respect of the many aspects. For that reason we say of it: He, not He; you, not you.

On the whole passage · 1 of 5

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿فهو العلي لنفسه لا بالإضافة. فما في العالم من هذه الحيثية علو إضافة، لكن الوجوه الوجودية متفاضلة. فعلو الإضافة موجود في العين الواحدة من حيث الوجود الكثيرة. لذلك نقول فيه هو لا هو، أنت لا أنت. قال الخراز رحمه الله تعالى، وهو وجه من وجوه الحق و لسان من ألسنته ينطق عن نفسه بأن الله تعالى لا يعرف إلا بجمعه بين الأضداد في الحكم عليه بها. فهو الأول والآخر والظاهر والباطن. فهو عين ما ظهر، وهو عين ما بطن في حال ظهوره. و ما ثم من يراه غيره، و ما ثم من يبطن عنه، فهو ظاهر لنفسه باطن عنه. و هو المسمى أبا سعيد الخراز وغير ذلك من أسماء المحدثات.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : (فهو) ، أي الحق سبحانه مع كونه في عين الكثرة العلي لنفسه لا بالإضافة إلى غيره

The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said: (So He is), i.e., the Real, glory be to Him, while being within the very entity of multiplicity, the Most High for Himself, not in relation to other than Him

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فالمسمى محدثات هي العلية لذاتها وليست إلا هو.﴾

(فعلو المكان ك

'So elevation of place is like'

Jāmī

﴿فالمسمى بالمحدثات هي العلية لذاتها﴾

لعدم المغايرة بينها وبين العلي لذاته . قال الشيخ الأكبر رضي الله عنه

due to there being no difference between them and the One who is High by His own essence. The Greatest Master, may God be pleased with him, said:

Bālī Zāde

﴿فالمسمى محدثات﴾

من حيث الوجود

from the standpoint of existence

Words 3–6 · 1 of 5

هِيَ العَلِيَّةُ لِذَاتِهَا وَلَيْسَتْ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿هي العلية لذاتها وليست﴾

من حيث الوجود

[they are the high ones in their own essences, and they are not] from the standpoint of existence

Jāmī

﴿وليست إلا هو. فهو العلي لا علو إضافة، لأن الأعيان التي لها العدم الثابتة فيه ما شمت رائحة من الموجود، فهي على حالها مع تعداد الصور في الموجودات. والعين واحدة من المجموع في المجموع. فوجود الكثرة في الأسماء، وهي النسب، وهي أمور عدمية. وليس إلا العين الذي هو الذات.﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : (وليست هي) تلك المحدثات

state, despite the multiplicity of forms among existents. And the entity (al-ʿayn) is one, from the aggregate in the aggregate. So the existence of multiplicity is in the names, which are relations (nisab), and these are nonexistential matters. And there is nothing but the entity (al-ʿayn), which is the Essence.] The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said: (And they are not) those created things

﴿إلا هو فهو﴾

أي الحق سبحانه في مرتبة الفرق أيضا هو (العلي) على ذات

i.e., the Real, glory be to Him, in the level of differentiation also is (the Most High) over an essence

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا هو﴾

أي إلا عين الحق (فهو) أي الحق

i.e., other than the very essence of the Real. (So He is) i.e., the Real

Ibn Turka

﴿فهو العليّ - لا علوّ إضافة﴾

أي المسمّى محدثات

— that is, [what is named] the contingent things

Bālī Zāde

﴿العلي لا علو إضافة﴾

إذ المضاف ليس إلا عين المضاف من حيث الوجود . فكل موجود من هذا الوجه فهو العلي لا على إضافة و إنما كان الحق من حيث الوجود عين الموجودات

since the related thing (muḍāf) is nothing but the very essence of the related thing from the standpoint of existence. So every existent from this aspect is the High, not with elevation by relation. And the Real, from the standpoint of existence, was only identical with the existents

Words 11–13 · 1 of 5

لَا عُلُوَّ إِضَافَةٍ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿لا علو إضافة﴾

إذ لا غير حينئذ حتى تعتبر إضافته إليه

since there is then no other, such that His relation to it could be considered

Ibn Turka

﴿لأنّ الأعيان﴾

- أي المحدثات باعتبار كونها مسمّى بها -

— that is, the contingent things considered as that which is named thereby —

Jāmī

﴿لأن الأعيان التي لها العدم﴾

الخارجي (الثابتة) منة للأعيان (فیه) . أي في ذلك العدم ما شمت (رائحة الوجود) الخارجي (فهي) دائم

- external [nonexistence] - (established) as a grant for the entities, (in it), i.e., in that nonexistence, [these entities] have not caught (the scent of existence) - external [existence] - (so they are) ever

Bālī Zāde

﴿لأن الأعيان التي لها العدم الثابتة فيه … ما شمت رائحة من الوجود﴾

(فهي) باقية في العدم بعد ظهور الموجودات

(they) remain in nonexistence after the appearance of the existents

Ibn Turka

﴿التي لها العدم الثابتة فيه ، ما شمّت رائحة من الوجود ، فهي على حالها﴾

في العدم ، وإلَّا لم تكن ثابتة فيه

in nonexistence, for otherwise they would not be fixed therein

Words 27–28 · 2 of 5

عَلَى حَالِهَا

Jāmī

﴿على حالها﴾

في العدم فلا غير في الوجود , حتى يكون علو الحق بالإضافة إليه ولو فرض وجودها, أيضا لا يلزم وجود الغير فإنها أيضا تكون حينئذ من صور تجلياته (مع تعدد الصور) الكائنة في الموجودات وتكثرها فإن الكل موجود صورة خاصة . (والعين) المتجلية في مجموع الصور (واحدة) ظاهرة

state] in nonexistence, so there is no other in existence such that the Real's highness could be relational to it. And even if their existence were supposed, it would still not necessitate the existence of an other, for they too would then be among the forms of His self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) (despite the multiplicity of forms) existing among existent things and their multiplication, for the whole is existent as a particular form. (And the entity) manifest in the totality of forms (is one), manifest

Bālī Zāde

﴿على حالها﴾

الأول من غير تغبیر. فالأعيان في المراتب المتمايزة المعلومة الله تعالى في عمله الأزلي لا تزال أن تكون معلومة أبد

- the first state, without change. So the entities in the distinct ranks known to God Most High in His eternal knowledge never cease to be known forever

al-Qayṣarī

﴿مع تعداد الصور … ما شمت﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، الأعيان ما شمت رائحة من الوجود، مع أن آثارها، وهي صورها المتكثرة الجاعلة للوجود الواحد، موجودات متعددة بحسب انعكاس صورها في مرآة الوجود، وقبول (النفس الرحماني) إياها حاصلة في الموجودات العينية

That is, the entities never caught a whiff of existence, even though their traces — namely their multiple forms, which render the single Existence into multiple existent things in concrete actuality according to the reflection of their forms in the mirror of Existence, and the reception by them of the 'Breath of the All-Merciful' (al-nafas al-raḥmānī) — are present among concrete existent things.

Ibn Turka

﴿مع تعداد الصور﴾

الظاهرة من آثاره

manifest from His effects

Bālī Zāde

﴿مع تعداد الصور﴾

أي مع تكثر الصور

i.e., along with the multiplication of forms

Ibn Turka

﴿في الموجودات﴾

وهذا في نظر التحقيق غير ممتنع - كما ستطلع عليه إن شاء الله تعالى - وأصل ذلك ما وقفت عليه مرارا ، من أنّ الوحدة الحقيقيّة التي للواحد الأحد هو الذي نسبة الكثرة العدديّة إليه كنسبة وحدتها إليه - بلا فرق - . ( والعين ) التي هي الحقّ

— and this, upon rigorous examination, is not impossible — as you shall come to see, God willing. The root of this is what you have encountered repeatedly: that the true oneness belonging to the One, the Unique, is such that the relation of numerical multiplicity to it is exactly like the relation of its unity to it — without difference. (And the entity) which is the Real

Bālī Zāde

﴿في الموجودات﴾

فالوجود حقيقة واحدة فهو بالأصالة لذات واحدة فهي ذات الواجب الوجود . فالذات واحدة والوجود حقيقة واحدة , فما كان الموجود الحقيقي إلا واحدا حقيقيا في الموجودات انعكاس ذلك الموجود الحقيقي في المراتب المعلومة . وعكس الشيء عين ذلك الشيء كصورك في المرايا المختلفة مع أنك واحد وهي عينك وهذه الكثرة لا وجود لها وهي نسب تحصل من ظهورك في المرايا المختلفة . (والعين) أي الموجود الحقيقي

For existence is one single reality, so it belongs essentially to one single Essence, which is the Essence of the Necessary of Existence. So the Essence is one and existence is one reality. The real existent is nothing but one, truly one; and the existents are the reflection of that real existent in the known ranks. And the reflection of a thing is identical with that thing, like your images in various mirrors even though you are one and they are you yourself. This multiplicity has no existence; it is relations (nisab) arising from your appearance in various mirrors. (And the entity) i.e., the real existent

al-Qayṣarī

﴿والعين واحدة من المجموع في المجموع﴾

أي، والحال أن الحقيقة التي تتبدل هذه الصور عليها، واحدة ممتازة من جميع الموجودات بحسب ذاتها من حيث إطلاقها وتقييد غيرها، وظاهرة بذاتها في صور جميع الموجودات من حيث أسمائها وصفاتها. أو، والحال أن العين القابلة للصور المتعددة واحدة ثابتة في صورة كل واحد من المجموع. و (من) للبيان، وعلى الأول للتعدية

That is, while the reality (ḥaqīqa) upon which these forms are superimposed is one, distinct from all existent things in respect of its own essence insofar as it is absolute (muṭlaq) while others are delimited (muqayyad); and manifest by its own essence in the forms of all existent things insofar as its Names and Attributes [are concerned]. Or: while the entity that receives the multiple forms is one, fixed in the form of each one of the multiplicity. Here 'min' (of/from) is for clarification (bayān), and on the first reading it is for transitivity (taʿdiya).

Ibn Turka

﴿واحدة من المجموع في المجموع﴾

يعني واحدة حاصلة من مجموع الموجودات في عين ذلك المجموع - لا في الخارج عنه – فإنّه قد سبق مرارا أنّ أحديّته تعالى أحديّة جمع ، فتحقّقها في الجمعيّة ومنها ، لا أحديّة فرق - حتّى يقابلها الكثرة ، ويقبل طريانها لتلك الوحدة - إذ الكثرة مستهلكة الحكم في الوحدة الذاتيّة

— meaning: one arising from the totality of existents within the very essence of that totality, not external to it — for it has been established repeatedly that His Oneness, exalted be He, is a oneness of gathering (aḥadiyyat jamʿ), such that its realization is within and from comprehensiveness, not a oneness of separation — such that multiplicity would stand opposed to it and could befall that unity — since multiplicity's ruling property is subsumed within essential Oneness

Bālī Zāde

﴿واحدة من المجموع﴾

, أي كان من جملة الموجودات التي هي عكسها وكان من حيث الوجود ثابتة في المجموع لا خارجة عنها . فما كان الموجود الحقيقي في جملة الموجودات إلا واحدا

i.e., it is among the totality of existents which are its reflection, and it is, from the standpoint of existence, fixed within the totality, not external to it. So the real existent within the totality of existents is nothing but one.

Words 36–37 · 1 of 5

مِنَ المَجْمُوعِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿من المجموع﴾

بل من كل جزء منه من حيث تقيدها باطنة

- rather from every part of it - in respect of its being delimited; nonmanifest (bāṭina)

Words 38–39 · 1 of 5

فِي المَجْمُوعِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿في المجموع﴾

من حيث إطلاقها أو نقول ظاهرة من المجموع بالنسبة إلى من كان وجود الخلق في نظره مرآة لوجود الحق تعالی. باطنة في المجموع بالنسبة إلى من كان وجود الحق في نظره مرة لوجود الخلق. وظاهره من المجموع وباطنه في المجموع معا بالنسبة إلى من جمع بين الأمرين وإذا كان العين واحدة

in respect of its unrestrictedness. Or we may say: manifest from the aggregate with respect to one for whom the existence of creation is, in his view, a mirror for the existence of the Real, Most High; nonmanifest in the aggregate with respect to one for whom the existence of the Real is, in his view, a mirror for the existence of creation; and manifest from the aggregate and nonmanifest in the aggregate both together, with respect to one who combines the two perspectives. And since the entity is one...

al-Qāshānī

﴿فوجود الكثرة في الأسماء هي النسب وهي أمور عدمية ، وليس إلا العين الذي هو الذات فهو العلى لنفسه لا بالإضافة ، فما في العالم من هذه الحيثية علو إضافة لكن الوجوه الوجودية﴾

أي المنسوبة إلى الوجود المطلق وهي الموجودات الآفاقية . قال رضي الله عنه

i.e., those ascribed to Absolute Existence, which are the cosmic, horizon-bound existents. He, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فوجود الكثرة في الأسماء هي النسب، وهي أمور عدمية﴾

أي، إذا كانت الذات واحدة، فالكثرة في أسمائها وصفاتها. وتلك الأسماء ذات مع كل واحدة من الصفات. فالكثرة في الصفات والصفات نسب معقولة ليست أمورا عينية، فهي أمور عدمية بالنسبة إلى الخارج، إذ لا أعيان لها فيه مجردة عن المظاهر، وإن كانت وجودية في العقل وفي المظاهر ضمنا. أو نقول، إن الأسماء لكونها ليستحقائق موجودة متميزة بوجودها عن وجود الحق، بل وجودها عين وجود الحق، كانت نسبا واقعة على الوجود الحق المطلق، حاصلة بينه وبين الأكوان التي هي الموجودات المقيدة. أما كون أسماء الأفعال نسبا، فظاهر، لأن (الباري) و (الخالق) و (المبدع) و (الرزاق) وأمثالها بالنسبة إلى المخلوق والمبدع والمرزوق. وأما أسماء الصفات، ف (العليم) و (الرحيم) و (السميع) و (البصير) ، فإنها أيضا بالنسبة إلى المعلوم والمرحوم والمسموع والمبصر. وأما أسماء الذات، كالاسم (الله) و (الرب) و (القيوم) ، فإنها أيضا من وجه نسب وإن كانت من وجه آخر غيرها فإنها يقتضى المألوه والمربوب وما يقوم به من الموجودات المقيدة، إذ معنى (القيوم) القائم بنفسه المقوم لغيره. و (الحق) أيضا اسم فاعل في صيغة المصدر كالعدل. ومعناه: الثابت بنفسه والمثبت لغيره

That is, since the Essence (al-dhāt) is one, the multiplicity is in Its names and attributes. Those names are identical with the Essence together with each one of the attributes. So the multiplicity is in the attributes, and the attributes are intelligible relations (nisab), not external entities (umūr ʿayniyya); hence they are nonexistential matters relative to the external world, since they have no entities (aʿyān) therein apart from the loci of manifestation (maẕāhir), even though they are existential in the intellect and implicitly within the loci of manifestation. Or we may say: since the names, inasmuch as they are not realities existing distinct in their existence from the existence of the Real, but rather their existence is identical with the existence of the Real, are relations (nisab) obtaining upon the absolute real existence, occurring between Him and the cosmos, which are the delimited existents. As for the fact that the names of acts are relations, this is evident, for 'the Maker' (al-Bārī), 'the Creator' (al-Khāliq), 'the Originator' (al-Mubdiʿ), 'the Provider' (al-Razzāq), and the like, are relative to the created, the originated, and the provided-for. As for the names of attributes, such as 'the Knowing' (al-ʿAlīm), 'the Merciful' (al-Raḥīm), 'the Hearing' (al-Samīʿ), and 'the Seeing' (al-Baṣīr), they too are relative to the known, the one shown mercy, the heard, and the seen. As for the names of the Essence, such as the name 'Allah,' 'the Lord' (al-Rabb), and 'the Self-Subsisting' (al-Qayyūm), they too, from one respect, are relations, even though from another respect they are not, for they require the deity (al-maʾlūh), the lordship-object (al-marbūb), and that which subsists through Him among the delimited existents, since the meaning of 'al-Qayyūm' is 'the One subsisting by Himself, who sustains all else.' And 'al-Ḥaqq' likewise is an active-participle name in the form of a verbal-noun pattern, like 'ʿadl' (justice). Its meaning is: 'the One firmly established by Himself, who establishes all else.'

Ibn Turka

﴿فوجود الكثرة﴾

إنّما هو ( في ) حضرة

is only (within) the presence of

Jāmī

﴿فوجود الكثرة … في الأسماء﴾

لأنه ليس هناك إلا عين مطلقة وتعين يسمى العين المتعينة به أسماء , فإذا لم تكن الكثرة في العين يجب أن تكون في الأسماء , باعتبار خصوصياتها التي هي التعينات لا باعتبار محض الذات . (وهي) ، أي الأسماء باعتبار تلك الخصوصيات (النسب) العارضة للعين الواحدة من حيث ظهورهما من صور الموجودات و بطونها فيها . (وهي) ، أي النسب

because there is nothing there except an absolute entity (ʿayn) and a determination (taʿayyun) called by it the determined entity, by means of names. So if multiplicity is not in the entity, it must be in the Names, with respect to their specific particularities which are the determinations, not with respect to the pure Essence. (And they are), i.e., the Names with respect to those particularities, (relations) that occur to the one entity insofar as the two of them [manifest/nonmanifest] appear from the forms of existent things and are nonmanifest within them. (And they are), i.e., the relations

Bālī Zāde

﴿فوجود الكثرة في الأسماء﴾

أي في مظهر الموجود الحقيقي (وهي) أي الأسماء النسب أي نسبة الذات الواحدة إلى المراتب المعلومة (وهي) أي النسب

i.e., in the locus of manifestation of the real existent (and they), i.e., the names, are relations (nisab), i.e., the relation of the one Essence to the known ranks, (and they), i.e., the relations,

Ibn Turka

﴿الأسماء ، وهي النسب ، وهي أمور عدميّة ، وليس﴾

في الوجود . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

in existence. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Jāmī

﴿أمور عدمية﴾

بالنسبة إلى الخارج لا وجود لها متميزا عن وجود الحق سبحانه وإن كانت موجودة متميزة في العقل فوجود الكثرة، أي ثبوتها يكون من الأمور العدمية . (وليس) ، أي الوجود

with respect to the external [world], having no existence distinguished from the existence of the Real, glory be to Him, even though they are existent and distinguished in the intellect. So the existence of multiplicity, i.e., its being established, is among the nonexistential matters. (And there is not), i.e., existence

Bālī Zāde

﴿أمور عدمية﴾

لا وجود لها في الخارج . (وليس) الموجود بالوجود الحقيقي في الموجودات

having no existence externally. (And there is not) anything existing with real existence among the existents

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وليس إلا العين الذي هو الذات﴾

أي، وليس وجود الكثرة الأسمائية إلا عين الذات الإلهية الظاهرة بحسب شؤونها المختلفة بصور الأعيان الثابتة، وهي على حالها في العدم. وفي بعض النسخ: (وليست) أي ( وليست الأسماء إلا عين العين الذي هو الذات الإلهية لكون الاسم عين المسمى

That is, the existence of the multiplicity of names is nothing but the very entity of the Divine Essence, manifest according to Its various aspects (shuʾūn) in the forms of the fixed entities (al-aʿyān al-thābita), while they remain in their state in nonexistence. In some copies it reads 'wa-laysat' (and they [the names] are not), i.e., 'and the names are nothing but the very entity which is the Divine Essence,' since the name is identical with the named (al-musammā).

Ibn Turka

﴿إلَّا العين الذي هو الذات ، فهو العليّ لنفسه - لا بالإضافة - فما في العالم من هذه الحيثيّة علوّ إضافة﴾

النسب الأسمائيّة وإذ قد حقّق حيثيّة الوحدة الذاتيّة والإطلاق الصرف الذي لا إضافة هناك ، لا بدّ وأن يلحق ذلك بتحقيق حيثيّة النسب الأسمائيّة وإثبات الإضافة تفصّيا عن تمام التحقيق وكمال التوحيد . واعلم أنّ النسب الأسمائيّة التي هي أمور عدميّة في نفسها ليست أعداما صرفا . فإنّها من حيث هي أعدام لا يمكن أن يشار إليها ويعبّر عنه ، بل لها نسبة إلى العدم بالقياس إلى أنفسها ، كما أنّ لها نسبة إلى الوجود بالإضافة إليه. فهي بالاعتبار الأوّل تسمّى ب « الأمور العدميّة » و « النسب الإمكانيّة الاعتباريّة » . وبالاعتبار الثاني تسمّى بـ « الوجوه الوجوديّة » إذ بها يظهر الوجود . وهذا الاعتبار هو الذي يسمّيه الحكيم ب « الوجوب اللاحق » ، وسائر الأحكام الثبوتيّة والأوصاف الوجوديّة إنّما يضاف إلى تلك الوجوه . فلذلك قال رضي الله عنه

of the Name-relations (al-nisab al-asmāʾiyya). Now that the standpoint of essential Oneness and pure absoluteness, wherein there is no relation, has been established, it is necessary to follow this with the establishment of the standpoint of the Name-relations and the affirmation of relation (iḍāfa), as a completion of the full realization and perfect declaration of unity (tawḥīd). Know that the Name-relations, which are in themselves nonexistential matters, are not pure nonexistence. For insofar as they are nonexistences, it would be impossible to point to them or express them; rather, they have a relation to nonexistence with respect to themselves, just as they have a relation to existence with respect to it. By the first consideration they are called "nonexistential matters" and "contingent, conceptual relations" (al-nisab al-imkāniyya al-iʿtibāriyya). By the second consideration they are called "existential aspects" (al-wujūh al-wujūdiyya), since existence manifests through them. This consideration is what the sage [Ibn ʿArabī] calls "the subsequent necessity" (al-wujūb al-lāḥiq), and all the other affirmative rulings and existential attributes are ascribed only to these aspects. Hence he, may God be pleased with him, said:

Jāmī

﴿إلا العين … الذي هو الذات﴾

أي متكثرة باتصاف تلك الأمور العدمية إيه قال الشيخ الأكبر رضي الله عنه

i.e., becoming multiple through the qualification of those nonexistential matters. Thus spoke the Greatest Shaykh, may God be pleased with him

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا العين الذي هو الذات﴾

الإلهية الظاهرة في مرايا الأعيان . (فهو) أي الحق

- the divine Essence manifest in the mirrors of the entities. (So He is), i.e., the Real,

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فهو العلى بنفسه لا بالإضافة فما في العالم من هذه الحيثية علو إضافة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، فوجود الكثرة أيضا هو العلى لذاته، لأنه ليس غير وجود الحق سبحانه من حيثالحقيقة. ويجوز أن يعود إلى الحق. أي، فالحق هو العلى لذاته، إذ ليس في الوجودغيره ليتعالى عليه وعنه. فليس في العالم من هذه الحيثية، أي من حيث الوحدة، علو إضافة بل علوه لذاته، لأن ظاهره ظاهر الحق وباطنه باطن الحق، والمجموعراجع إلى العين الواحدة التي هي عين الحق، وإن كان باعتبار آخر، هو جهة الغيرية واعتبار الكثرة للعالم، علو إضافة. وإليه أشار بقوله

That is, the existence of multiplicity is also the High by Its own essence, since it is nothing other than the existence of the Real, Glory be to Him, from the standpoint of reality (al-ḥaqīqa). It is also permissible for the pronoun to refer to the Real—i.e., the Real is the High by His own essence, since there is nothing else in existence above which He would be exalted and from which He would be transcendent. So there is nothing in the cosmos, from this standpoint—that is, from the standpoint of unity—that constitutes a relative highness; rather, its highness is by its own essence, since its manifest aspect is the manifest aspect of the Real and its nonmanifest aspect is the nonmanifest aspect of the Real, and the totality reverts to the single entity (al-ʿayn al-wāḥida) which is the very entity of the Real. Though from another consideration—namely, the aspect of otherness and the consideration of multiplicity applied to the cosmos—there is relative highness. To this he alludes by his saying:

Bālī Zāde

﴿العلي لنفسه لا بالإضافة﴾

إذ لا غير حينئذ حتى أضيف إليه

since there is then no other to which He might be related

Jāmī

﴿فما في العالم … من هذه الحيثية﴾

أي من حيثية كون العين واحدة والكثرة المشهودة عدمية

i.e., from the standpoint of the entity being one and the witnessed multiplicity being nonexistential

Bālī Zāde

﴿فما في العالم من هذه الحيثية علو إضافة﴾

إذ الإضافة تقتضي التغاير ولا تغاير من هذه الحيثية ومن هذه الحيثية الوجود للحق وإنك مرآته . وأما إذا كان الوجود لك والحق مرآتك فله حكم آخر وإليه أشار بقوله

since relation requires differentiation, and there is no differentiation from this standpoint. And from this standpoint existence belongs to the Real and you are His mirror. But if existence belonged to you and the Real were your mirror, that would have a different ruling, to which he alluded by saying:

Words 66–67 · 1 of 5

عُلُوُّ إِضَافَةٍ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿علو إضافة﴾

بل علو بذاته . وإن كان من حيثية أخرى وهي جهة الغيرية واعتبار الكثرة له على إضافة وإليه أشار بقوله

rather, a height by His own Essence. But from another standpoint - namely the aspect of otherness and the consideration of multiplicity in relation to Him - it is relational, and to this he alluded by his saying

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لكن الوجوه الوجودية متفاضلة، فعلو الإضافة موجودة في العين الواحدة من حيث الوجوه الكثيرة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، وإن كان للعالم كله علو بالذات من حيث الأحدية، لكن يقع التفاضل في الوجوه الوجودية التي هي المظاهر، بالعلم بالله وعدمه، والأعمال الحسنة وعدمها، والاتصاف بالأحوال وعدمه. ولكل أيضا درجات، كما قال: (والذين أوتوا العلم درجات). ولأصحاب الأعمال والأحوال أيضا كذلك مقامات ودرجات، كما لمقابليهم من الجهال وأصحاب الشرك والضلالدركات. فحصل العلو الإضافي بين الموجودات بحسبها في العين الواحدة التيهي عين الذات من الوجوه الكثيرة

That is, although the entire cosmos possesses an essential highness from the standpoint of unity (al-aḥadiyya), nevertheless differentiation occurs among the existential aspects, which are the loci of manifestation (maẕāhir), through knowledge of God and its absence, good deeds and their absence, and being qualified by spiritual states and their absence. Each also has degrees, as He said: 'and those who were given knowledge, [have] degrees.' Likewise for the possessors of deeds and states there are stations and degrees, just as for their opposites among the ignorant, the polytheists, and those astray there are descending ranks. Thus relative highness arises among the existents, according to their measure, within the single entity which is the very entity of the Essence, from the multiple aspects.

Ibn Turka

﴿ولكن الوجوه الوجوديّة متفاضلة ، فعلوّ الإضافة موجود في العين الواحدة من حيث الوجوه الكثيرة﴾

فإنّ الوجوه وكثرتها لا يقدح في تلك الوحدة ، بل يجعلها موردا للأحكام المتقابلة

— for the aspects and their multiplicity do not impair that oneness; rather, they make it a locus for opposing rulings

Jāmī

﴿لكن الوجوه الوجودية﴾

والاعتبارات المتضادة إلى الوجود الحق و الغير المتضادة مع كونها عدمية في نفسه (متفاضلة) بعضها أعلى من بعض

and the mutually opposed considerations with respect to the true existence - and those not mutually opposed - while being in themselves nonexistential, (are of differing degrees), some of them higher than others

Bālī Zāde

﴿لكن الوجوه الوجودية متفاضلة﴾

بعضها على بعض فإن محمدا عليه السلام وجه من الوجوه الوجودية متفاضل على سائر المخلوقات . فالحق هو العلي بالإضافة على ما تفاضل عليه محمد عليه السلام

one over another. For Muḥammad, peace be upon him, is one of the existential faces excelling over the rest of creatures. So the Real is the High by relation, according to what Muḥammad, peace be upon him, excels over.

al-Qāshānī

﴿متفاضلة فعلو الإضافة موجود في العين الواحدة من حيث الوجوه الكثيرة ولذلك تقول فيه هو﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي بحسب الحقيقة

i.e., according to reality

Jāmī

﴿فعلو الإضافة موجود في العين الواحدة من حيث الوجوه الكثيرة﴾

المحال المتضادة. (لذلك) ، أي لظهور العين الواحدة بالوجوه الكثيرة

the mutually opposed impossible ones. (For this reason), i.e., due to the one entity appearing through multiple faces

Bālī Zāde

﴿فعلو الإضافة موجود في العين الواحدة﴾

وهي ذات الحق

and it is the Essence of the Real

Words 78–81 · 1 of 5

مِنْ حَيْثُ الوُجُوهُ الكَثِيرَةُ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿من حيث الوجوه الكثيرة﴾

وهذا باعتبار الغيرية فكان الموجودات عينه من وجه وغيره من وجه . وإليه أشار بقوله : (لذلك) أي لأجل هذين الاعتبارين (تقول فيه) أي في حق الحق (هو) أي الحق عين جميع الموجودات من حيث الوجود

This is in consideration of otherness, for the existents were, from one aspect, identical with Him, and from another aspect, other than Him. To this he alluded by his saying: (therefore) i.e., because of these two considerations (you say of Him) i.e., of the Real (He is) i.e., the Real is identical with all the existents from the perspective of existence

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لذلك نقول فيه: هو لا هو، أنت لا أنت﴾

أي، لأجل ذلك الأمر الواحد الظاهر بمظاهر مختلفة، نقول في كل مظهر: إنه هو عين الحق. فنحمله عليه حمل المواطاة بهو هو، وتسلبه عنه بقولنا

That is, because of this single reality manifest in different loci of manifestation, we say of each locus of manifestation: it is indeed the very entity of the Real. So we predicate of it 'He is He' by way of co-extensive predication (ḥaml al-muwāṭāʾa), and we negate it from it by our saying:

Ibn Turka

﴿لذلك يقول فيه : هو لا هو﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي يقول في الحقّ : « غيب وباطن ، ليس بغيب وباطن » لإحاطة وحدته المطلقة بالظاهر والشاهد ، و

— that is, one says of the Real: "nonmanifest and inward, yet not nonmanifest and inward," due to the encompassment of His absolute oneness over the manifest and the witnessed, and

Jāmī

﴿نقول فيه﴾

أي في الحق تعالی ويحمل عليه كل وجه من تلك الكثرة من حيث الحقيقة وسلبه عنه من حيث التعين. فنقول: الحق (هو) كناية عن كل وجه باعتبار غيبته

i.e., of the Real, Exalted is He - and every face of that multiplicity may be predicated of Him with respect to reality, and negated of Him with respect to determination. So we say: the Real (is He) in allusion to every face with respect to its absence

Words 86–87 · 4 of 5

لَا هُوَ

al-Qāshānī

﴿لا هو﴾

بحسب الانحصار في التعين مع الإضافة . وكذلك في الخطاب

according to the confinement to determination together with relation. And likewise in direct address:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لا هو﴾

لتقيده وإطلاق الحق. قال رضي الله عنه : (قال الخراز، رحمه الله، وهو وجه من وجوه الحق ولسان من ألسنته، ينطقعن نفسه بـ

['Not He'] due to its delimitation and the absoluteness of the Real. He, may God be pleased with him, said: Al-Kharrāz, may God have mercy on him, said, and he is one face among the faces of the Real and one tongue among His tongues, speaking of himself by saying

Jāmī

﴿لا هو﴾

والحق (أنت) كناية عن كل وجه باعتبار الخطاب

and the Real (is You) in allusion to every face with respect to address

Bālī Zāde

﴿لا هو﴾

أي ليس الحق عين الموجودات من حيث الوجوه الكثيرة . وكذلك (أنت) أي الموجودات عین الحق من حيث الأحدية الذاتية

i.e., the Real is not identical with the existents from the standpoint of the many faces. And likewise (you) i.e., the existents are identical with the Real from the standpoint of essential oneness (al-aḥadiyya al-dhātiyya)

Words 88–102 · 4 of 5

أَنتَ لَا أَنتَ

al-Qāshānī

﴿أنت لا أنت ، قال الخراز رحمه الله وهو وجه من وجوه الحق ولسان من ألسنته﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

كما علمت

as you have learned

Ibn Turka

﴿أنت لا أنت﴾

وتقول فيه أيضا : « حاضر مشاهد ، ليس بحاضر مشاهد » ، لاحاطتها الغيب والبطون . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

— and one likewise says of Him: "present and witnessed, yet not present and witnessed," due to its encompassment of the nonmanifest and the inward. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

Jāmī

﴿لا أنت﴾

فالإطلاق لإثبات الحق سبحانه والسلب لتقييد الوجه

For the absolute [reference] is to affirm the Real, glory be to Him, and the negation is to delimit the face

Bālī Zāde

﴿لا أنت﴾

أي الموجودات ليس عین الحق من حيث التعينات الخلقية, وقد أورد على هذا المعنى نقلا عن كبار الأولياء. فقال : (قال "أبو سعيد" الخراز رحمه الله وهو وجه من وجوه الحق ولسان من ألسنته) أي وجوده وجه من وجوه وجود الحق ولسانه وجه من وجوه ألسنة الحق (ينطق) أي يخبر بلسان الحق

i.e., the existents are not identical with the Real from the perspective of the created determinations. He has cited in support of this meaning a transmission from the great saints (awliyāʾ), saying: (Abū Saʿīd al-Kharrāz, may God have mercy on him, said: it is a face among the faces of the Real and a tongue among His tongues) i.e., its existence is a face among the faces of the existence of the Real, and its tongue is a face among the faces of the tongues of the Real (speaking) i.e., reporting by the tongue of the Real

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0673AbuMacaliQunawi.Fukuk.IAC00079-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qunawi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.