Atlas
About this atlas
The atlas holds the chains of transmission from the Prophet as the standard references and the classical sources record them: the Sufi orders, the chains of Qurʾān recitation, the teachers of the schools of law and ḥadīth, and the lines of the Prophet's family, with the places they spread and the living houses and teachers who carry them today. Every link shows its sources; where they differ, both readings are shown, and we do not rule on any community's claims. Ibn ʿArabī's own life, teachers and readers are on their own page.
محمود أنجير فغنوي
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī
Died 685/1286 · Bukhara
Khwājagān master
Sources for this person
The chain up to the Prophet
Dates are given where the sources give them. Years are CE; the Hijri year is in each name's detail.
Route 1 of 3, the best-sourced: Naqshbandiyya. Tap a rule to read its basis, sources and checks.
Sources differ on 9 links of this route.
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
- Yūsuf al-Hamadānīيوسف الهمداني1140
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · Yūsuf al-Hamadānī to ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānī · Two independent sources
Ghujduwānī is one of Hamadānī's four khalifas and is often regarded as the founder of the Khwājagān.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3896-3902 · agreesal-Ghujdawānī called al-Hamadānī's khalifa by spiritual appointment; Trimingham dates him d. 1220, the atlas 575/1179.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, p. 94 · silentLater sources say Khiḍr taught Ghujduwānī silent dhikr and nafy wa-ithbāt; Hamadānī not mentioned in that passage.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- The order's own chain interposes al-Khiḍr (Abū l-ʿAbbās) between Hamadānī and Ghujduwānī.the community's own account: naqshbandi.org, 'Origins' (Naqshbandi Haqqani Order's own golden chain)
- Buehler: later sources say Khiḍr taught Ghujduwānī dhikr khafī and nafy wa-ithbāt, making Khiḍr Bahāʾ al-Dīn's 'grandfather pir'; Khiḍr is first of four sources of the Khwājagān nisba and is later dropped from formal genealogies.Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, pp. 88, 90 n. 28
ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānīعبد الخالق الغجدواني1179two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānī to ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarī · Two independent sources
TDV Hâcegân: according to Naqshbandī tradition Ghujduwānī left four khalifas, and Ārif-i Rīwgarī carried on the line.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3922 · agreesʿArif Riwgarī follows al-Ghujdawānī in the succession; Trimingham d. 657/1259.
ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarīعارف الريوغريtwo sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarī to Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī · Two independent sources
Next in the Khwājagān sequence (d. 685/1286) (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3924 · agreesAnjīr Faghnawī follows Riwgarī; his death given 643/1245 or 670/1272, not the atlas 685/1286.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Trimingham gives Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī's death as 643/1245 or 670/1272, not 685/1286.See checks
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawīمحمود أنجير فغنوي1286
Other routes (2)
Route 2 of 3: Naqshbandiyya
Sources differ on 8 links of this route.
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
- Yūsuf al-Hamadānīيوسف الهمداني1140
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · Yūsuf al-Hamadānī to ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānī · Two independent sources
Ghujduwānī is one of Hamadānī's four khalifas and is often regarded as the founder of the Khwājagān.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3896-3902 · agreesal-Ghujdawānī called al-Hamadānī's khalifa by spiritual appointment; Trimingham dates him d. 1220, the atlas 575/1179.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, p. 94 · silentLater sources say Khiḍr taught Ghujduwānī silent dhikr and nafy wa-ithbāt; Hamadānī not mentioned in that passage.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- The order's own chain interposes al-Khiḍr (Abū l-ʿAbbās) between Hamadānī and Ghujduwānī.the community's own account: naqshbandi.org, 'Origins' (Naqshbandi Haqqani Order's own golden chain)
- Buehler: later sources say Khiḍr taught Ghujduwānī dhikr khafī and nafy wa-ithbāt, making Khiḍr Bahāʾ al-Dīn's 'grandfather pir'; Khiḍr is first of four sources of the Khwājagān nisba and is later dropped from formal genealogies.Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, pp. 88, 90 n. 28
ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānīعبد الخالق الغجدواني1179two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānī to ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarī · Two independent sources
TDV Hâcegân: according to Naqshbandī tradition Ghujduwānī left four khalifas, and Ārif-i Rīwgarī carried on the line.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3922 · agreesʿArif Riwgarī follows al-Ghujdawānī in the succession; Trimingham d. 657/1259.
ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarīعارف الريوغريtwo sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarī to Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī · Two independent sources
Next in the Khwājagān sequence (d. 685/1286) (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3924 · agreesAnjīr Faghnawī follows Riwgarī; his death given 643/1245 or 670/1272, not the atlas 685/1286.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Trimingham gives Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī's death as 643/1245 or 670/1272, not 685/1286.See checks
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawīمحمود أنجير فغنوي1286
Route 3 of 3: Naqshbandiyya
Sources differ on 7 links of this route.
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
- Yūsuf al-Hamadānīيوسف الهمداني1140
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · Yūsuf al-Hamadānī to ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānī · Two independent sources
Ghujduwānī is one of Hamadānī's four khalifas and is often regarded as the founder of the Khwājagān.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3896-3902 · agreesal-Ghujdawānī called al-Hamadānī's khalifa by spiritual appointment; Trimingham dates him d. 1220, the atlas 575/1179.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, p. 94 · silentLater sources say Khiḍr taught Ghujduwānī silent dhikr and nafy wa-ithbāt; Hamadānī not mentioned in that passage.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- The order's own chain interposes al-Khiḍr (Abū l-ʿAbbās) between Hamadānī and Ghujduwānī.the community's own account: naqshbandi.org, 'Origins' (Naqshbandi Haqqani Order's own golden chain)
- Buehler: later sources say Khiḍr taught Ghujduwānī dhikr khafī and nafy wa-ithbāt, making Khiḍr Bahāʾ al-Dīn's 'grandfather pir'; Khiḍr is first of four sources of the Khwājagān nisba and is later dropped from formal genealogies.Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, pp. 88, 90 n. 28
ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānīعبد الخالق الغجدواني1179two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Ghujduwānī to ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarī · Two independent sources
TDV Hâcegân: according to Naqshbandī tradition Ghujduwānī left four khalifas, and Ārif-i Rīwgarī carried on the line.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3922 · agreesʿArif Riwgarī follows al-Ghujdawānī in the succession; Trimingham d. 657/1259.
ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarīعارف الريوغريtwo sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · ʿĀrif al-Rīwgarī to Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī · Two independent sources
Next in the Khwājagān sequence (d. 685/1286) (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3924 · agreesAnjīr Faghnawī follows Riwgarī; his death given 643/1245 or 670/1272, not the atlas 685/1286.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Trimingham gives Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī's death as 643/1245 or 670/1272, not 685/1286.See checks
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawīمحمود أنجير فغنوي1286
How to read the marks
- Two sources: a solid rule. Two independent references give the same link.
- One source: a lighter rule, so labelled.
- The community's own account: a dotted rule. The order tells it; we have not yet read it against a reference source.
- A gap in the rule: the sources omit names between the two. The label says which.
- The sources differ: tap the ≠ to read each reading with its source.
- A ring: a spiritual link, without a meeting (uwaysī).
Who received from Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī
1 recorded, each with the chain set it belongs to.
- ʿAlī Rāmītanīعلي الرامتيني1321
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī to ʿAlī Rāmītanī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence; linked to Kubrawī ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Simnānī and credited with reintroducing vocal dhikr (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3925 · agreesʿAzīzān ʿAlī al-Rāmitanī follows Anjīr Faghnawī (d. 705/1306 or 721/1321).
How to cite
Mashraba Reader, Atlas of transmission, “Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī”, https://www.mashraba.org/atlas/figure/mahmud-anjir-faghnawi (data of 31 October 2026).