Mashrabaمشربة

The commentators side by side

One passage at a time. Each column is a commentator; each row gathers the comments on the same words, so readings and emphases can be compared.

فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ نَفْثِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ شِيثِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶22 in the text

22 · 91 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فإنْ كانَ على حالٍ يَسْتَحِقُّ العُقُوبَةَ فيَسْتُرُهُ عنها أوْ على حالٍ لا يَسْتَحِقُّ العُقُوبَةَ فيَسْتُرُهُ عن حالٍ يَسْتَحِقُّ العُقُوبَةَ فيُسَمَّى مَعْصُومًا ومُعْتَنى بِهِ ومَحْفُوظًا وَغَيْرُ ذلكَ مِمَّا يُشَاكِلُ هذا النَّوْعَ والمُعْطِي هوَ اللهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ ما هوَ خازِنٌ لِما عِنْدَهُ في خَزائِنِهِ فما يُخْرِجُهُ إِلَّا بِقَدَرٍ مَعْلُومٍ على يَدَيِ اسْمٍ خاصٍّ بِذلكَ الأَمْرِ فَ أَعْطَىٰ كُلَّ شَىْءٍ خَلْقَهُۥ على يَدَ الٱسْمِيِ العَدْلِ وإِخْوانِهِ وأَسْماءُ اللهِ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ لا تَتَناهَى لأنَّها تُعْلَمُ بِما يَكونُ عنها وما يَكونُ عنها غَيْرُ مُتَناهٍ وإِنْ كانَتْ تَرْجِعُ إِلى أُصُولٍ مُتَناهِيَةٍ هي أُمَّهاتُ الأَسْماءِ أوْ حَضَراتُ الأَسْماءِ

So if [the locus] is in a state that deserves punishment, He veils it from [the punishment]. Or if it is in a state that does not deserve punishment, He veils it from [falling into] a state that deserves punishment, and so it is called 'protected [from sin],' 'cared for,' 'preserved,' and other [names] of this kind. The Giver is God inasmuch as He is the Treasurer of what He has with Him in His treasuries. He brings nothing out except in a known measure [cf. Q 15:21], at the hands of a Name specific to that matter. Thus 'He gave each thing its creation' [Q 20:50] at the hand of the Name the Just and its brothers. The Names of God are without end, since they are known through what comes to be from them, and what comes to be from them is without end. Even so, they go back to finite roots, which are the mothers of the Names, or the presences of the Names.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فإن كان﴾

أي فالمحل الذي هو مقتضى الغفار إن كان

i.e., if the locus which is the requirement of al-Ghaffār be

Jāmī

﴿فإن كان على حال يستحق﴾

بها (العقوبة فيستره الله) بالاسم الغفار من العقوبة. (أو) كان

thereby — "punishment, God shields it" — by the Name the All-Forgiving — from the punishment. "Or" it is

Bālī Zāde

﴿فإن كان على حال يستحق العقوبة فيستره عنها أو على حال لا يستحق العقوبة فيستره على حال يستحق العفوية فيسمى معصومة به ومحفوظة وغير ذلك مما يشاكل هذا النوع﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

كله من العطايا الأسمائية (والمعطي) الحقيقي

all of this belongs to the gifts pertaining to the Names, and (the Giver) — the true Giver

al-Qāshānī

﴿على حال يستحق العقوبة فيستره عنها﴾

ورفع العقوبة عنه

and lifts the punishment from it,

al-Qāshānī

﴿أو على حال لا يستحق العقوبة﴾

على تلك الحال

in that condition,

Jāmī

﴿على حال لا يستحق … العقوبة فيستره﴾

الله بالاسم الغفار عن حاله يستحق بها العقوبة (ويسمى) المعطی له (معصوما) على التقدير الثاني بشرط أن يكون من الأنبياء

— God, by the Name the All-Forgiving — from a state by which it would deserve punishment. "And he is called" — the recipient — "protected (maʿṣūm)" — according to the second supposition, on condition that he be among the prophets

Words 15–19 · 1 of 6

فيَسْتُرُهُ عن حالٍ يَسْتَحِقُّ العُقُوبَةَ

Only al-Qāshānī comments here.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فيستره عن حال يستحق العقوبة﴾

أي عما به يستحق العقوبة من المعاصي

i.e., from that by which it would deserve punishment, namely acts of disobedience,

al-Qāshānī

﴿فيسمى معصوما ومعتنى به ومحفوظا وغير ذلك مما يشاكل هذا النوع﴾

أي يناسب ذلك . قوله

i.e., suiting that. His saying,

Words 22–23 · 2 of 6

ومُعْتَنى بِهِ

Ibn Turka

﴿ومعتنى به﴾

فيمن كان غير قاصد ، فإن كان خاطرا بباله كالأولياء ، ( ومحفوظا ) فيمن حفظه الله من أن يخطر بباله ذلك كالأنبياء

for one who had no such intention: if it occurred to his mind, like the saints (awliyāʾ), (and "preserved," maḥfūẓ) for one whom God preserved from its ever occurring to his mind, like the prophets

Jāmī

﴿ومعتني به﴾

على التقديرين (ومحفوظا) عنى التقدير الثاني أيضا بشرط أن يكون من الأولياء. قال الجندي رحمه الله تعالى: المعصوم والمحفوظ هو العبد الذي يحول الغفار بينه وبين ما لا يرضاه من الذنوب والمعنى به أعم منهما. فقد يكون المعتني به من لا تضره الذنوب ويقلب المحبة الإلهية والاعتناء الرباني سيئاته حسناته ثم المعصوم يختص في العرف الشرعي بالأنبياء والمحفوظ بالأولياء. اعلم أن بعض هذه الأسماء المذكورة له دخل في كل من الفعل والقبول كالر حمن، فإن كلا من الاعضاء و قابلية المحل له من مقتضيات الرحمة الرحمانية وكذلك الحكيم فإن كل واحد منهما بحسب الحكمة. وكذلك الواهب فإن الكل من مواهبه وظاهر أن الواسع يعمم الكل بخلاف الجبار والغفار، لأن أثرهما الجبر و الستر، ولا دخل لهما في قابلية المحل بذلك الجبر والستر. فالجبار والغفار من حيث أنفسهما لا يقتضيان إلا الفعل، وإذا عرفت هذا تنبهت لسر تثنية اليد المضافة إلى الأسماء الأربعة . الأول: إشارة إلى يدي الفاعلية والقابلية وأفراد اليد المضافة إلى الأخرين و الصورة إلى اليد الفاعلة فقط على هذا القياس

on both suppositions (and preserved) — he means, on the second supposition also, on condition that he be among the saints (awliyāʾ). Al-Jandī, may God Most High have mercy on him, said: the protected one (maʿṣūm) and the preserved one (maḥfūẓ) is the servant between whom and whatever sins would not please Him the All-Forgiving interposes; but 'cared for' is more general than both. For sometimes one who is cared for is a person whom sins do not harm, and divine love and lordly care turn his evil deeds into good deeds. Then 'protected' (maʿṣūm) in customary legal usage is specific to the prophets, and 'preserved' (maḥfūẓ) to the saints. Know that some of these mentioned names have a role in both the act and the reception (qabūl), such as al-Raḥmān, for both the members [receiving] and the receptivity of the locus for it are among the requirements of Raḥmānī mercy. Likewise al-Ḥakīm, for each of the two is in accordance with wisdom. Likewise al-Wāhib, for the totality is from His gifts, and it is evident that al-Wāsiʿ encompasses everything universally, unlike al-Jabbār and al-Ghaffār, because their effect is compulsion (jabr) and concealment (satr), and they have no role in the receptivity of the locus for that compulsion and concealment. So al-Jabbār and al-Ghaffār, in respect of themselves, require only the act. Once you know this, you will be alerted to the secret of the dualization of the 'hand' ascribed to the four names. The first: an indication to the two hands of agency and receptivity, while singularizing the hand ascribed to the other [names] and to the form [is an indication] to the agentive hand alone — by this analogy.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وغير ذلك مما يشاكل هذا النوع﴾

أي، وقس على هذا غير ما ذكر مما يشاكل هذا النوع من العطاء الأسمائي

that is, measure by this whatever was not mentioned that resembles this kind of nominal gift (al-ʿaṭāʾ al-asmāʾī).

Ibn Turka

﴿وغير ذلك مما شاكل هذا النوع﴾

من العطاء ، وكذلك كل اسم يعطي بحسب ما يختصّ به من العطاء اسما يشاكل نوعه . العطاء باليدين أو باليد الواحدة ثمّ هاهنا دقيقة حكميّة لا بدّ من الوقوف عليها ليظهر المراد من تمام كلامه ، وهي أنّ الفعل العطائي المستحصل من الأسماء إلهيّة كانت أو ربوبيّة لا يخلو من أن يكون كلتا يدي القبول والفعل - الذين بهما يصدر ما يصدر من الأسماء - لهما دخل في اختصاص ذلك الصدور بوقته ومحلَّه ، وهو أن يكون المخصّص لبعض العباد بذلك العطاء ما للحقّ من الإرادة والحكمة - كتخصيص الرحمن والإله والواسع عطاياها ببعض العباد في وقت ، وآخر في آخر - أو يكون مبدأ ذلك الصدور أحدهما فقط ، وهو أن يكون المخصّص المذكور ما للعبد من الاستحقاق والافتقار ، كتخصيص الجبّار والغفّار بعض المستحقّين بعطائهما به فإذا عرفت هذا وقفت على وجه ما خصّص بعض الأسماء عند عطائها باليدين ، والآخر باليد

of giving. Likewise, every Name gives, according to what is specific to it of giving, a name resembling its type. [Section: Giving by Two Hands or by One Hand] Then here is a subtle point of wisdom which must be grasped so that the intent of the completion of his discourse becomes clear, which is that the act of giving resulting from the Names - whether divine (ilāhiyya) or lordly (rubūbiyya) - cannot but be that both hands of reception and action, by which whatever issues from the Names issues, have a role in specifying that issuance as to its time and locus - meaning that the specifier for some servants of that giving is what belongs to the Real of will and wisdom, as in the specification of al-Raḥmān, al-Ilāh, and al-Wāsiʿ's gifts to some servants at one time and others at another; or else the origin of that issuance is only one of the two, meaning that the aforementioned specifier is what belongs to the servant of entitlement and need, as in the specification by al-Jabbār and al-Ghaffār of some who deserve it, with their giving being by it. Once you know this, you will grasp the aspect by which some Names were specified, in their giving, by two hands, and another by a single hand

Jāmī

﴿وغير ذلك … مما يشاكل هذا النوع﴾

الذي هو من العطاء الأسمانی (والمعطي) في جميع هذه الصورة. (هو) الاسم (الله) أحدية جمع جميع الأسماء

which belongs to the name-related gift (al-ʿaṭāʾ al-asmāʾī) — (and the Giver) in all these forms (is) the Name (Allāh), the unity comprising the totality of the names.

al-Qāshānī

﴿والمعطى هو الله من حيث ما هو خازن لما عنده من خزانته﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

معناه أن الأسماء الأول التي يعبر عنها بالأسماء الذاتية والأسماء الإلهية هي خزانته. فالحقيقة التي هي عين الذات لا تتكثر إلا بالنسب والإضافات إلى الأعيان والحقائق الروحانية المفصلة في الحضرة الواحدية التي هي مظهر علمه. وتلك النسب صفاته والذات باعتبار كل نسبة اسم ، فالشيئية المقتضية لتعين كل عين من صفة توجب خزن بعض الأشياء المعلومة بمقتضى العلم الأول في ذلك العين . وتلك الأشياء المخزونة أحوال تلك العين والذات مع تلك النسبة اسم لا يفتح هذه الخزانة إلا به ، فالمعطى للأشياء المخزونة فيها هو الذات الأحدية باعتبار تلك النسبة . وذلك هو الاسم الخاص الخازن الفاتح لخزائنه المخصوصة

— meaning that the first names, which are expressed as the Essential Names (al-asmāʾ al-dhātiyya) and the Divine Names (al-asmāʾ al-ilāhiyya), are His storehouse. For the Reality which is identical with the Essence does not become multiple except through relations (nisab) and ascriptions to the entities (aʿyān) and spiritual realities detailed within the Unitary Presence (al-ḥaḍra al-wāḥidiyya), which is the locus of manifestation of His knowledge. Those relations are His attributes, and the Essence, considered with each relation, is a name. The 'thing-ness' which necessitates the determination of each entity from an attribute requires the storing-up of certain known things, by the requirement of the First Knowledge, within that entity. Those stored things are the states of that entity, and the Essence together with that relation is a name; this storehouse is not opened except by it. So the Giver of the things stored within it is the Unitary Essence, considered with that relation. And that is the particular name, the treasurer who opens its own particular storehouses.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿والمعطى هو الله من حيث ما هو خازن لما عنده في خزائنه. فما يخرجه إلا بقدر معلوم على يدي اسم خاص بذلك الأمر﴾

أي، المعطى في هذه الصور وغيرها هو الله، لكن من حيث اسم خاص وهو خازن لما عنده: "ولله خزائن السماوات والأرض". وهي أعيانها المنتقشة بكل ما كان أو يكون إلى يوم القيامة. فما يخرجه من الغيب إلى الشهادة إلا بقدر معلوم. وعلى يدي اسم خاص يكون حكم ذلك الأمر بيده. (فأعطى كل شئ خلقه على يدي الاسم العدل وأخواته) أي، أعطى كل شئ من الأشياء ما اقتضى عينه أن يكون مخلوقات، كذلك بحسب اسمه العدل و أخواته ك "المقسط" و "الحكيم". فلا يقال: لم كان هذا فقيرا وذاك غنيا وهذا عاصيا وذاك مطيعا؟ كما لا يقال لم كان هذا إنسانا وذاك كلبا. لأن الحكم العدل لا يعطى كل شئ إلا ما تعطيه عينه. فلله الحجة البالغة

that is, the Giver in these and other forms is God, but in respect of a particular name, He being the treasurer of what He has: "and to God belong the treasuries of the heavens and the earth." These are their entities (aʿyān), inscribed with everything that has been or will be until the Day of Resurrection. So He brings nothing forth from the Unseen to the witnessed except in a known measure, and by the hand of a particular name in whose hand lies the governance of that matter. (So He gave everything its creation, by the hand of the name the Just [al-ʿAdl] and its counterparts) that is, He gave every one of things what its entity (ʿayn) required it to be as a created thing, likewise in accordance with His name the Just and its counterparts, such as "the Equitable" (al-Muqsiṭ) and "the Wise" (al-Ḥakīm). So one may not ask: why is this one poor and that one rich, this one disobedient and that one obedient?—just as one does not ask why this is a human and that a dog. For the just ruling (al-ḥukm al-ʿadl) gives everything only what its entity gives it. So to God belongs the conclusive argument (al-ḥujja al-bāligha).

Ibn Turka

﴿والمعطي هو الله من حيث ما هو خازن لما عنده﴾

من العطايا والنسب الأسمائيّة كلَّها بذواتها وأوصافها وأحكامه ( في خزانته) العلميّة التابعة للمعلوم

of the gifts and all the Names-based relations, with their essences, attributes, and rulings (in His treasury), the knowledge-based treasury following upon the known object

Bālī Zāde

﴿هو الله … من حيث ما﴾

أي من حيث الاسم الذي

i.e., in respect of the Name which

Words 34–37 · 1 of 6

مِنْ حَيْثُ ما هوَ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿من حيث ما هو﴾

أي من حيث أنه (خازن) و جامع (لما) هو مخزون

i.e., from the respect that He is (a storehouse-keeper, khāzin) and gatherer (of what) is stored.

Words 37–40 · 1 of 6

هوَ خازِنٌ لِما عِنْدَهُ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿هو خازن لما عنده﴾

أي لما حصل عند هذا الاسم (من خزائنه) أي من خزائن الله . ولما كان الأمر هكذ

i.e., of what has come to be with this Name (of His treasuries) i.e., of God's treasuries. And since the matter is thus

Words 40–42 · 1 of 6

عِنْدَهُ في خَزائِنِهِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿عنده في خزائنه﴾

العلمية التي هي حقائق الأشياء وأعيانها الثابتة المنتفشة بكل ما كان ويكون

the epistemic [treasuries] which are the realities of things and their fixed entities (aʿyān thābita) spread out over everything that was and will be.

al-Qāshānī

﴿فما يخرجه الله إلا بقدر معلوم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

يقتضيه استعداد القابل السائل

required by the preparedness (istiʿdād) of the requesting recipient,

Ibn Turka

﴿فما يخرجه إلَّا بقدر معلوم﴾

يقتضيه استعداد ذلك المعلوم

required by the preparedness (istiʿdād) of that known object

Jāmī

﴿فما يخرجه﴾

أي ما يخرج ما يكون مخزونا عنده من الغيب إلى الشهادة ومن التوت إلى الفعل

i.e., what He brings forth of that which is stored with Him from the unseen (ghayb) to the witnessed (shahāda), and from potency to act.

Bālī Zāde

﴿فما يخرجه﴾

أي فما يخرج الحق من الخزينة أمرا للمعطى له

i.e., whatever the Real brings forth from the treasury as a matter for the recipient

Jāmī

﴿"إلا بقدر معلوم"﴾

آية 21 سورة الحجر . و مقدار معين تستدعيه قابلية المعني له

verse 21 of Sūrat al-Ḥijr — a determinate measure required by the receptivity of the one for whom it is meant.

Bālī Zāde

﴿إلا بقدر معلوم﴾

أي بمقدار ما قدر للمعطى له في علمه الأزلي بلا زيادة ونقصان فمن شاهد هذا فقد خلص عن تعب الطلب وكان هذا الإخراج

i.e., in the measure ordained for the recipient in His eternal knowledge, without increase or decrease. Whoever witnesses this is freed from the toil of seeking. And this bringing-forth occurs

al-Qāshānī

﴿على يدي اسم خاص بذلك الأمر﴾

أي على يدي هذا الاسم الخاص بهذه الأشياء التي عنده وفي خزانته . ومن هذا قوله: ( فأعطى كل شيء خلقه على يدي الاسم العدل وأخواته ) كالمقسط والحق والحكم وأمثاله . قوله رضي الله عنه

i.e., at the hands of this name particular to these things which are with Him and in His storehouse. This is the meaning of his saying: (So He gave everything its creation) at the hands of the name al-ʿAdl (the Just) and its sister names, such as al-Muqsiṭ (the Equitable), al-Ḥaqq (the True), al-Ḥakam (the Judge), and their like. His saying, may God be pleased with him,

Ibn Turka

﴿على يدي اسم خاصّ بذلك الأمر﴾

من الأحكام المستدعية لها ذلك المعلوم بلسان الاستعداد ( ف

from among the rulings which that known object calls for, by the tongue of preparedness, (so)

Jāmī

﴿على بدي اسم خاص بذلك الأمر﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

المخزون عنده المراد عطاء (ف "وأعطى كل شيء خلقه ثم هدى" ). آية 50 سورة طه. %~% متن نص فصوص الحكم : و أسماء الله لا تتناهى لأنها تعلم بما يكون عنها- و ما يكون عنها غير متناه- و إن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية هي أمهات الأسماء أو حضرات الأسماء. و على الحقيقة فما ثم إلا حقيقة واحدة تقبل جميع هذه النسب و الإضافات التي يكنى عنها بالأسماء الإلهية. و الحقيقة تعطي أن يكون لكل اسم يظهر، إلى ما لا يتناهى، حقيقة يتميز بها عن اسم آخر، تلك الحقيقة التي بها يتميز هي الاسم عينه لا ما يقع فيه الاشتراك، كما أن الأعطيات تتميز كل أعطية عن غيرها بشخصيتها، و إن كانت من أصل واحد، فمعلوم أن هذه ما هي هذه الأخرى، و سبب ذلك تميز الأسماء. شرح الجامي : (طه: 50]، أي ما اقتضى عينه أن يكون مخلوقا عليه من غير زيادة ولا نقصان. (على يدي الاسم العدل وإخوانه) كالمقسط والحكم، فإنه تحكم على الجواد والوهاب والمعطي أن يعطي بقدر ما يعطي قابلية المعطى له

stored with Him, meaning the giving [as in]: "and gave everything its creation, then guided [it]" — verse 50 of Sūrat Ṭā-Hā. %~% Text of the Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: And the names of God are without end, for they are known by what proceeds from them, and what proceeds from them is without end — even though they revert to finite roots which are the mothers of the names or the presences of the names. In reality, there is nothing but a single reality which receives all these relations (nisab) and ascriptions that are alluded to by the divine names. And the reality entails that for every name that becomes manifest, unto infinity, there is a reality by which it is distinguished from another name — that reality by which it is distinguished is the name itself, not that in which there is commonality, just as gifts (aʿṭiyāt) are each distinguished from another by its particularity, even though they are from a single root; for it is known that this gift is not that other gift, and the cause of that is the distinction of the names. Commentary of al-Jāmī: [Ṭā-Hā: 50], i.e., what its entity required it to be created upon, without increase or decrease — at the hands of the name al-ʿAdl and its associates, such as al-Muqsiṭ and al-Ḥakam, for it is determined for al-Jawād, al-Wahhāb, and al-Muʿṭī that each gives according to the measure that the receptivity of the recipient gives.

Bālī Zāde

﴿على يد اسم خاص بذلك الأمر﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

المخرج من الخزينة المخصوصة

which is brought forth from the specific treasury

al-Jandī

﴿أَعْطى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَه﴾

على يدي الاسم « العدل » وأخواته لأنّ الحكم العدل يحكم على « الجواد » و « الوهّاب » و « المعطي » أن يعطي ما يعطي بقدر قابلية المعطى له . قال رضي الله عنه : « وأسماء الله لا تتناهى ، لأنّها تعلم بما يكون عنها ، وما يكون عنها غير متناه وإن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية هي أمّهات الأسماء أو حضرات الأسماء . وعلى الحقيقة فما ثمّ إلَّا حقيقة واحدة تقبل جميع هذه النسب والإضافات التي يكنى عنها بالأسماء الإلهيّة " . قال العبد : تحقّق وجود العالم والممكنات في أعيانها موقوف على الأسماء وحضراتها ، ولكنّ العلم بالأسماء موقوف عندنا على القوابل والعوالم والمظاهر . وعوالم الإمكان من حيث شخصيّاتها وجزويّاتها لا تتناهى ، فالأسماء لا تتناهى لكنّها من حيث أمّهاتها وكلَّياتها منتهية إلى أصول حاصرة لها ، فتعدادها وعدم تناهيها وازديادها إنّما هو من حيث الممكنات والقوابل والمظاهر المتعدّدة غير المتناهية والكلّ تعيّنات وجودية ، وتنوّعات تجلَّيات جودية بحسب خصوصيات القوابل . فهو من حيث الأصل حقيقة واحدة هي محض الوجود الحق الخالص لا غير . فالتوحيد في الحقيقة ، والتعدّد في الظهور والطريقة ، فافهم . قال رضي الله عنه : « والحقيقة تعطي أن يكون لكل اسم يظهر إلى ما لا يتناهى حقيقة يتميّز بها عن اسم آخر ، تلك الحقيقة التي بها يتميّز هي الاسم عينه لا ما يقع فيه الاشتراك ، كما أنّ الأعطيات تتميّز كلّ أعطية عن غيرها بشخصيّتها ، وإن كانت من أصل واحد ، فمعلوم أنّ هذا ما هي هذه الأخرى ، وسبب ذلك تميّز الأسماء " . وسبب ذلك التميّز تميّز الحقائق ، والذي يقع فيه الاشتراك هو الوجود البحت ، والموجب للتعدّد هو خصوصية القابل ، فتعيّن الوجود الواحد بحسب تلك الخصوصية على وجه مخصوص هو المميّز لذلك المتعيّن بتلك الخصوصية عن تعيّن آخر ، وبعد تعيّن الحضرات الأسمائية وتمايزها لا بدّ أن تتمايز الأعطيات بعضها عن البعض . وليس ذلك إلَّا من تمايز الحضرات ، فالذي يمتاز به كلّ اسم عن الآخر هو عين الاسم لا ما تتشارك الأسماء فيه ، فإنّه الوجود الحقّ المسمّى بهذه الأسماء ، هو فيها عينها ، وحقيقته هي عين الكلّ ، لا يكون فيها من حيث هي تمثّل كلّ منها عين الآخر ، فتمايزها بخصوصيات هي أعيانها . قال رضي الله عنه : « فما في الحضرة الإلهيّة لاتّساعها شيء يتكَّرر أصلا . هذا هو الحق الذي يعوّل عليه " . قال العبد اعلم : أنّ الفيض ذاتي لواجب الوجود الحقّ من كونه مفيدا للحقائق وجودها الذي به تحقّق المتحقّقات ، ومفيضا نور الحقيّة التي بها وجدت الموجودات وشهدت المشهودات . ثمّ التعيّن للنور الفائض من ينبوع التجلَّيات ومعدن الوجود ومنبعث الجود والفيضات أيضا ذاتي ، والموجب لذلك هو القابل المعيّن للوجود الحقّ الفائض بحسب خصوصيّته الذاتية غير المجعولة . فالتمايز بين الحضرات والأسماء إنّما هو بحسب خصوصيات الحقائق ، إذ التعيّن هو الدالّ بالتخصيص على المتعيّن بذلك التعيّن ، والمتعيّن أيضا دالّ على أصله ومنبعه الذي فاض منه ، فالتعيّن اسم للمتعيّن وهو الوجود الحق المسمّى به ، وهو اسم للحقّ المطلق ، وهو المسمّى بجميع هذه الأسماء . والمسمّى اسم فاعل هو القابل المعيّن للوجود الحق المطلق وهو الفائض . والتعيين وهو التسمية فعل المعيّن . ثم الفيض دائم التعين لدوام ذات المفيض . والمعيّنات القوابل الممكنة وإن لم تكن متناهية من حيث الشخصيات والجزويّات ولكن أمّهات الحقائق المعيّنة لهذا النور الواحد الفائض المتعيّن بها وفيها وبحسبها أصول حاصرة لما تحتها ومنها . والتعيّنات الكلَّية أيضا وإن انحصرت في أمّهات الحضرات الأسمائية ولكنّها من حيث الشخصية والجزوية غير متناهية كموجباتها . والتجلَّيات وإن كانت من حيث الأصل تجلَّيا واحدا ، ولكنّ التعيّنات الفيضية النفسية النورية والانفهاقات النورية الشهودية والاندفاقات الوجودية الجودية ما هي في كل عين عين الأخرى . فما في الحضرة شيء يتكرّر أصلا ، فالتجدّد والتكثّر والحدوث والفناء والعدم إنّما هي للتعيّن لا للمتعيّن بذلك التعين من حيث هو هو ، بل من حيث التعيّن لا غير . هكذا أعطت حضرة الواسع ، فافهم . قال رضي الله عنه : « وهذا العلم كان علم شيث عليه السّلام » يعني علم الأعطيات والمنح والهبات . قال رضي الله عنه : « وروحه هو الممدّ لكلّ من يتكلَّم في مثل هذا من الأرواح إلَّا روح الخاتم فإنّه لا تأتيه المادّة إلَّا من الله ، لا من روح من الأرواح ، بل من روحه تكون المادّة لجميع الأرواح ، وإن كان لا يعقل ذلك من نفسه في زمان تركيب جسده العنصري ، فهو من حيث حقيقته ورتبته عالم بذلك كلَّه بعينه من حيث ما هو جاهل به من جهة تركيب جسده العنصري ، فهو العالم الجاهل ، فيقبل الاتّصاف بالأضداد ، كما قبل الأصل الاتّصاف بذلك ، كالجليل والجميل » يعني على معنييه المتنافيين « كالظاهر والباطن ، والأوّل والآخر ، وهو عينه ليس غيره فيعلم لا يعلم ، ويدري لا يدري ، ويشهد لا يشهد " . قال العبد اعلم : أنّ أرواح الكمّل من الأنبياء لهم الإمداد لأرواح الأولياء الذين هم ورثتهم في أعصارهم وأعصار بعدهم ، وروح شيث عليه السّلام هو الممدّ لأرواح العلماء بالعلوم الوهبية ، وكلّ روح لوليّ من الأولياء له العلم الوهبي . فيستمدّ من روحه عليه السّلام لكونه صورة الوهب الأوّل لأوّل الآباء إلَّا روح خاتم الأنبياء وروح خاتم الأولياء ، فإنّ روح الختم كما تقدّم روح محيط بالولايات كلَّها كإحاطة من هو وارثه الأكمل وهو ختم الرسل صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم بالنبوّات كلَّها . ولأنّه أحدية جمع جميع الولايات المحمدية الأحدية الجمعية الختمية كلَّها ، فأعطيات الولايات من المكاشفات والتجلَّيات والعلوم والأسرار والأحوال والمقامات ، إنّما تكون من خزانة حيطته ، وذلك لأنّ حقيقته حقيقة الحقائق الأول التعيينية كلَّها. وهو مفتاح المفاتيح الغيبية ، فالمادّة النورية التي بها قوام الأرواح وحياتها من حقيقته تنبعث وتسري في سائر المراتب الروحية ، ولا يستمدّ هو من أحد ، والكلّ مستمدّون من مشكاته . فالأعطيات وإن كانت من حضرات الأسماء ، ولكنّها من الله ، " وَما بِكُمْ من نِعْمَةٍ فَمِنَ الله " . إن كان هذا الخاتم لا يتعقّل حال تركيب جسده العنصريّ كيفية إمداده للكلّ في كلّ آن من الزمان الحجابية في المزاج العنصري لا بدّ من ذلك ، حتى يكون جامعا لجميع الكمالات والنقائص . كما أنّ الهوية الواحدية الأحدية الجمعية محمولة عليها الأضداد في قوله : " هُوَ الأَوَّلُ وَالآخِرُ وَالظَّاهِرُ وَالْباطِنُ ". فالموصوف بالباطنية والظاهرية والأوّلية والآخرية هوية واحدة لا اختلاف فيها ولا تضادّ ، وهي قابلة لأوصاف متنافية ونعوت وأسماء متباينة ومتشاكلة متشابهة ، كذلك الختم يقبل الأوصاف المتنافية المتكثّرة المختلفة ، والنعوت المتناسبة المؤتلفة ، لأنّه أحدية جمع جميع حقائق الوجوب والإمكان ، فيقبل بذاته الاتّصاف بالكلمالات والنقائص . فهو من حيث التركيب العنصري والغواشي الطبيعي جاهل بما هو عالم به من حيث روحه الممدّ وعينه الجامعة ورتبته الكمالية ، ولكن لا يقدح ذلك في كونه بالرتبة والحقيقة والروح عالما بإمداده للأرواح كما لا يقدح تنافي الزوجية للفردية في العدد ، ولا تضادّ السواد والبياض في اللون المطلق ، لكونه بذاته قابلا لهما ، ولا تنافي الملك للشيطان في الحيوانية ، ولا الحقّية للخلقية في الوجود والحقيقة ، فافهم . قال رضي الله عنه : « وبهذا العلم سمّي شيث ، لأنّ معناه الهبة » أي هبة الله . " فبيده مفتاح العطايا على اختلاف أوصافها ونسبها ، فإنّ الله وهبه لآدم أوّل ما وهبه وما وهبه إلَّا منه ، لأنّ الولد سرّ أبيه ، فمنه خرج وإليه عاد ، فما أتاه غريب لمن عقل عن الله " . قال العبد : إنّما ظهرت العلوم الوهبيّة الجودية والحكم الوجودية الشهودية بالكلمة الشيثيّة ، لأنّ آدم عليه السّلام حزن على فقد « هابيل » حزنا عظيما فسأل الله تعالى أن يهبه ولدا صالحا للإلقاء والوهب الإلهيّ . فوهبه الله شيثا فسمّاه بهذا الاسم ، يعني هبة الله ، فهو أوّل موهوب لأوّل الصور الإنسانيّة بعد سؤاله الوهب عن الله الوهّاب بمن يكون مؤهّلا للعلم الوهبي ، فظهرت علوم الوهب والإلقاء بشيث عليه السّلام ووهب الحكمة التي في علوم التقابل والتماثل. ولهذا قال : « بيده مفتاح العطايا » وما وهبه الله آدم إلَّا منه ، لأنّ آدم الذي هو صورة أحديّة جمع الحقائق اللاهوتيّة ، ومنه منبعث حقائق الهبات المفاضة على الأولاد في الوجود ، والولد سرّ أبيه ، وسرّ هذه الصورة الأحدية الجمعية هو الفيض والوهب . فمنه خرج وإليه عاد ، فإنّ الهبات والأعطيات تعود على حقائق القوابل المظهريّة المرتبيّة ، والأمر محصور بين الوجود والمرتبة ، والإحاطة والجمع بحقائقها يقتضيان الحصر فيهما ويقضيان بهما ، ولهذا ذكر الشيخ رضي الله عنه سرّ الختميّة في هذا الفصّ . ثمّ إنّ صورة الوهب والهبة الإلهيّة إنّما تكون في الواحد متعدّدة ومتكثّرة ، فهو صورة سرّه القابل للوهب ، فما وصل إليه إلَّا منه ولكن بالحق ، فمنه خرج وإليه عاد . فما أتاه غريب من غيره ولا من الخارج ، ولا سيّما خارج عن صورة أحديّة جمع الكلّ ، فلا خروج ولا دخول إلَّا بالنسبة والإضافة ، فما خرج عن صورة أحديّة جمع الكلّ عاد على صور تفصيله في الكلَّية التي هي فيه هو أوّلا وهو فيها هي آخرا . قال رضي الله عنه : " وكلّ عطاء في الكون على هذا المجرى ، فما في أحد من الله شيء وما في أحد من سوى نفسه شيء وإن تنوّعت عليه الصور " . قال العبد : المواهب والعطايا التي تجري على أيدي العبيد والوسائط وبدونها إنّما هي صور استدعتها خصوصيات القوابل من الوجود المتعيّن فيها بحسبها ، والوجود الفائض من الحق ذاتيّ له ، وقبوله للقوابل إنّما هو بحسب الاستعدادات الذاتية غير المجعولة والخصوصيات ، فلولاها لما تعيّنت صور المواهب والعطايا من خزائن الجود الإلهيّة للقوابل بحسبها. فوصولها وحصولها وإن كان من خزائن الله ولكنّ المستدعي والمعيّن الموجب لتعيّنها إنّما هو من القوابل وتنوّع صور المواهب للمعطي له في عين الفيض الواحد . والفيض الواحد إنّما هو بحسب صور الاستعدادات ، فما في أحد من الله شيء ، وإلَّا لزمته مفاسد لا تخفى من التبعيض والتجزّي والحلول وغيرها. وكذلك ليس في أحد من غيره شيء ، إذ صور المواهب من خصوص استعداده ، وحقيقتها الفيض الوجودي وهو عينه لا غيره في الحقيقة ، فافهم ، فما آتاه الله ما آتاه إلَّا منه . قال رضي الله عنه : « وما كلّ أحد يعرف هذا ، وأنّ الأمر على ذلك ، إلَّا آحاد من أهل الله ، فإذا رأيت من يعرف ذلك ، فاعتمد عليه ، فذلك هو عين صفاء خلاصة خاصّة الخاصّة من عموم أهل الله تعالى " . قال العبد : لا يعرف هذا السرّ الخفيّ إلَّا الأفراد الكمّل ، وهم على طبقات والكلّ يرون النعم والمواهب من الله ، لسريان سرّ " وَما بِكُمْ من نِعْمَةٍ فَمِنَ الله ". وهذا المشهد الذي ذكرنا في ظاهر المفهوم يوهم خلاف هذا ، وليس ذلك كذلك ، لأنّ هؤلاء الطبقات : منهم : من يرى النعم كلَّها من الله ولكن بالأسباب التي هي غير الله . ومنهم : من لا يرى الأثر للأسباب والوسائط ، وهي سوى الحقّ كذلك في زعمهم . ومنهم : من يراها شروطا لا أسبابا ولا عللا ولا وسائط . ومنهم : من يرى النعم من الله بلا واسطة . ومنهم : من يرى الوسائط والأسباب أيضا من نعم الله . وجميع هؤلاء الأصناف محجوبون في عين الكشف ، ومشركون في عين التوحيد ، لأنّهم وإن وجدوا الله تعالى في رؤية النعم كلَّها من الله ، ولكنّهم أثبتوا الوسائط والنعم والمنعم عليه والمنعم أغيارا بعضها للبعض ، والحقيقة تأبى إلَّا أن يكون هو الله الواحد الأحد الظاهر الباطن الواحد الكثير . فالمسمّى واحدا هو الوجود الواحد الحق الذي به تحقّق الحقائق من حيث حقيقته ، وهو المسمّى كثيرا أيضا من حيث تعيّناته في القوابل ، والمنعم هو المفيض لذلك الواحد الكثير ، والمنعم عليه هو المعيّن القابل لتعيّنات أخر بعد الوجود . فالظاهرية والباطنية والأصالة والفرعية نسب ، فإذا وجد من يرى النعم الواصلة إليه في عرصة الوجود العيني من مدرجة عينه الثابتة ، في الحق أزلا وأبدا من حيث إنّ تلك العين الثابتة عين الحق ، فقد جمع بين رؤية النعم كلَّها من الله ورؤية المنعم عليه عين المنعم ، وشهد أحدية الوجود على ما هي عليه الأمر في نفسه ، فكان هو عين صفاء خلاصة خاصّة الخاصّة من عموم أهل الله . فإنّ العامّة من أهل الله يرون التوحيد وهو ستّة وثلاثون مقاما كلَّيا نطق بها القرآن في مواضع عدّة فيها ذكر " لا إِله َ إِلَّا الله " في كل موضع منها نعت مقام من مقامات التوحيد . وأمّا الخاصّة فيرون الوحدة فإنّ التوحيد فيه كثرة الموحّد والموحّد والتوحيد وهي أغيار عقلا عاديّا ، والوحدة ليست كذلك . وأمّا خاصّة الخاصّة فيرون الوحدة في الكثرة ، ولا غيريّة بينهما . وخلاصة خاصّة الخاصّة يرون الكثرة في الوحدة . وصفاء خلاصة خاصّة الخاصّة يجمعون بين الشهودين ، وهم في هذا الشهود الجمعي على طبقات : فكامل له الجمع ، وأكمل منه شهودا أن يرى الكثرة في الوحدة عينها ، ويرى الوحدة في الكثرة عينها كذلك شهودا جمعيا ، ويشهدون العين الأحدية جامعة بين الشهودين في الشاهد والمشهود . وأكمل وأعلى وأفضل منه أن يشهد العين الجامعة مطلقة عن الوحدة والكثرة والجمع بينهما وعن الإطلاق المفهوم في عين السواء بين ثبوت ذلك كلَّها لها وانتفائه عنها ، وهؤلاء هم صفوة صفاء خلاصة خاصّة الخاصّة ، جعلنا الله وإيّاك منهم بمنّه ، إنّه قدير خبير . قال رضي الله عنه : « فأيّ صاحب كشف شاهد صورة تلقي إليه ما لم يكن عنده من المعارف ، ومنحته ما لم يكن في يده قبل ذلك ، فتلك الصورة عينه لا غيره ، فمن شجرة نفسه جنى ثمرة علمه ، كالصورة الظاهرة منه في مقابلة الجسم الصقيل ليس غيره ، إلَّا أنّ المحلّ أو الحضرة التي رأى فيها صور نفسه يلقي إليه بتقلَّب من وجه ، لحقيقة تلك الحضرة " . قال العبد : يشير رضي الله عنه إلى أنّه مهما يرى المكاشف صورة تلقي إليه من العلوم ما لم يكن يعلمه ، فلا يتوهّم أنّها الله ، ولا سيّما إذا كان التجلَّي من حضرة ذاتية . وإن قالت الصورة : إنّها هي الله ، فليعلم حقيقة أنّ التجلَّي وإن كان من الله كما نطق به ولكن تعيّن التجلَّي له إنّما كان من عينه الثابتة ، فالمتجلَّي إذن عينه من كونها عين الحق. فما تجلَّى له الحقّ إلَّا في صورة عينه الثابتة في عين شهود الحق ، فمن شجرة نفسه التي هي للأسماء المعيّنة لله في الوجود الحق وبه من عينه الثابتة المعيّنة لتلك الأسماء من الحضرة وفيها جنى ثمرة علمه التي هي عين العطيّة الإلهية الآتية من حضرة اسمية هي شجرته التي غرسها في أرض حقيقته وعينه الثابتة ، كما أنّ الصورة الظاهرة منه في الجسم الصقيل ليست غيره ، فإنّها لو كانت غيره لكانت فيه بلا هو كذلك . بل أعطاه محلّ ظهور صورته شهود ذاته ، كذلك ظهوره في الوجود الحق إنّما يكون بحسب ظهور عينه الثابتة في مرآة الحق ، فتعطيه شهود ذاته نفسه في الحق فلا تظنّن أنّها هي الله وإن لم تكن في الحقيقة إلَّا الله ولكنّ الكلّ لا ينحصر في الجزء ، إلَّا أنّ الصورة تنصبغ من وجه بصبغة المحلّ وصبغه فتظهر بحسبه . فكذلك الحق يعطي العين الثابتة من حيث تعيّنها وظهورها فيه حقّيّة هي فيها هي ، وهي بها فيه هو ، فافهم . قال رضي الله عنه : « كما يظهر الكبير في المرآة الصغيرة صغيرا أو المستطيلة مستطيلا ، والمتحرّكة متحرّكا ، وقد تعطيه انتكاس صورته من حضرة خاصّة ، وقد تعطيه عين ما يظهر منها ، فيقابل اليمين منها اليمين من الرائي ، وقد يقابل اليمين منها اليسار من الرائي وهو الغالب في المرائي بمنزلة العادة في العموم ، وبخرق العادة يقابل اليمين اليمين ويظهر الانتكاس . هذه كلَّها من أعطيات حقيقة الحضرة المتجلَّي فيها التي أنزلناها منزلة المرائي ". قال العبد : ظهور الكبير في المرآة الصغيرة صغيرا ، ضرب مثل لظهور الحق في مظهرية كلّ عين عين بحسبها . والمستطيل ضرب مثل لمظهرية عالم الأمر والأرواح فإنّ لها طول العالم والعرض لعالم الصور الجسمانية والمثالية والخيالية من حيث إنّها صور وأمثلة . والظهور في المتحرّكة متحرّكا ضرب مثل للتجلَّيات والتعيّنات الدائمة الظهور والتنوّع على التوالي حقّا وخلقا ، جمعا وفرقا . وانعكاس الصورة في المرآة إذا كانت تحت الرائي في الوضع ضرب مثال للحق في الخلق خلقا لا حقّا . وانعكاسها فيها بعكس ما ذكرنا إذا كانت المرآة فوق الرائي ضرب مثل لظهور الخلق في الحق حقّا لا خلقا . وتقابل اليمين اليمين ضرب مثل لظهور الحق المطلق في مظهرية الإنسان الكامل كاملا ، أو لظهور الحق المطلق في المقيّد المحاذي للمطلق مطلقا من حيث إنّ عكس العكس يستوي بالأصل ، ومن حيث إنّ الحق مع أنّه في كلّ متعيّن عينه فهو غير متعيّن على التعيين في المطلق نفسه في المقيّد المنطلق عن غيره قيّده الفاني عن نفسه مطلقا ، فافهم . قال رضي الله عنه : " فمن عرف استعداده ، عرف قبوله ،وما كلّ من عرف قبوله عرف استعداده إلَّا بعد القبول وإن كان يعرفه مجملا ". قال العبد أيّده الله به اعلم : أنّ أهل العلم بالاستعداد على ضربين : منهم : من يعلم استعداده الذاتيّ غير المجعول الذي به قبل الوجود أوّلا ، فيعرف في ضمن ذلك الاستعداد غير المجعول استعدادات أخر مجعولة تتجدّد له في تطوّره بأطوار الوجود ، عرف قبوله لما يقبله في كلّ آن من الزمان من التجلَّيّات والأعطيات والهبات في كلّ موطن ومقام وحال . وهذا العالم أعلى عالم بالله في هذا المشرب والمشهد ، ويختصّ بالختمين لا غير ، إلَّا من يشاء الله من الكمّل والأفراد الندّر ، جعلنا الله منهم بمنّه ويمنه . ومنهم : من علم قبوله من استعداده المجعول في كلّ وقت وحال ، بمعنى أنّه لمّا استعدّ لقبول تجلّ أو عطاء أو هبة أو حال أو مقام ، وتهيّأت أسباب ذلك في الوجود ، عرف أنّ ذلك الاستعداد الوجوديّ إنّما حصل له من ذلك الاستعداد الذاتيّ الأزلي غير المجعول ، فإنّ الثاني حكم من أحكام الأوّل ، وأنّه قبل به الوجود أوّلا على وجه ينتج ظهور هذا الاستعداد الحالي الوجودي آخرا . ومنهم : من يعرف استعداده من قبوله بمعنى أنّه إذا حصل له فيض ، وقبل تجلَّيا ، عرف من الحاصل استعداده المستدعي لذلك العطاء من حيث إنّه لو لم يكن له استعداد ، لم يحصل له ذلك القبول وذلك بعد الوقوع ، وقد يعرف الاستعداد بدلالة الحال قبل القبول للتجلَّي وحصوله ، كالكاتب المجد إذا تهيّأت أسبابه وآلاته على الوجه المطلوب ، وحمله باعث الحال على الكتابة ، فإنّه يتحقّق وقوع الكتابة قبل وقوعها ، ويتحقّق الاستعداد المستدعي لذلك . ومنهم : من يعرف الاستعداد الأصلي المذكور مجملا ، فيعرف كذلك مجملا ما يقبله من الفيض والتجلَّي ، والعالم بالتفصيل له على الكلّ كلّ التفصيل ، مثل ما ذكرنا عن خاتم الأولياء ، وشهوده جميع أحواله وعلومه وتجلَّياته وهيئاته التي أقامه الله فيها إلى آخر عمره حال دخوله في بلاد الشرق ساحل بلاد الروم . قال رضي الله عنه : « شهدت جميع ذلك حتّى صحبتي مع أبيك ". يعني أبا الشيخ صدر الدين ، محمد بن إسحاق رضي الله عنه : " وشهدت ولادتك في زمانها ، ومرتبتك عند الله ، وجميع مكاشفاتك وأذواقك وأذواق أولادك الإلهيّين ، ومشاهدهم ومقاماتهم وعلومهم وتجلَّياتهم وأسماءهم عند الله ، وحلية كلّ واحد منهم ، وأحواله وأخلاقه وكلّ ما يجري لك وعليك وعليهم إلى آخر أعماركم وبعد المفارقة في برازخكم وما بعدها ، والحمد لله " . وهذا النوع من العلم يختصّ بمثله ، وكان لأبي العبّاس الخضر عليه السّلام علم الاستعدادات شهودا وكشفا . منه علمه باستعداد الصبيّ الذي قتله أنّه لو عاش ظهرت استعدادات فرعيّة وجودية توجب أن يرهق أبويه طغيانا وكفرا ، وأنّه يقتل عن ذلك الاستعداد على الطهارة والفطرة عناية من الله سبقت له بموجب استعداده الأصلي أيضا . وهو مخصوص بظهور الولاية ، مستور عن عامّة الأنبياء وخاصّتهم من كونهم أنبياء وإذا شهدوها ، شهدوها من جهة الولاية ، وهي المشكاة الخصيصة بخاتم الأولياء ، فافهم وتذكَّر ما ذكَّرت به إن شاء الله تعالى . قال رضي الله عنه : " إلَّا أنّ بعض أهل النظر من أصحاب العقول الضعيفة يرون أنّ الله لمّا ثبت عندهم أنّه فعّال لما يشاء ، جوّزوا على الله ما يناقض الحكمة » يعني الحكمة الإلهية لا الحكمة العرفية . قال رضي الله عنه : « وما هو الامر عليه في نفسه ، ولهذا عدل بعض النظار إلى نفي الإمكان وإثبات الوجوب بالذات وبالغير " . قال العبد أيّده الله به : يشير رضي الله عنه إلى جمع كثير من النظَّار وعلماء الرسوم والمتكلَّمين القائلين بأنّ الله قد يفعل ما يناقض الحكمة ، كإيجاد الشريك والمثل وإعدام الوجود وإيجاد العدم والممتنع والمحال ، واستدلَّوا على ذلك بكونه قادرا على كلّ شيء ، وأنّه يفعل ما يشاء ، وأنّه فعّال لما يريد ، وهذا تنزيه وهميّ بالعقل ، ولكنّهم غفلوا عن الحقيقة ، وما عقلوا أنّ هذه فروض وتقادير ساقطة غير واقعة ، وليس لها لافظة ، وأنّها غير واردة في العقول المنوّرة الصافية الوافية ، والاشتغال بمثل هذه الشبه تضييع الأنفاس . ونحن نسلَّم أنّ الله قادر على كلّ شيء ، لكنّهم « حفظوا شيئا وغابت عنهم أشياء » وذلك أنّ الله قادر على كل شيء ، ولكن كلّ شيء بشيئية الله ومشيئته ، فإنّه قادر على ما يشاء ، وأنّه ما يشاء خلاف ما يعلم ، ولا يريد خلاف الحكمة ، فإنّه العليم الحكيم ، والحكيم العليم لا يشاء ولا يريد أن يفعل ما يناقض الحكمة . فقدرة الله تعالى إنّما تتعلَّق بالمقدورات بموجب إرادته ومشيّته تعالى ، والإرادة إنّما تتعلَّق بالمراد على التعيين والتخصيص بموجب ما اقتضته الحكمة والعلم ، والعلم الأزليّ ما تعلَّق بهذه الأمور المذكورة بما يخالف الحكمة على وجه لا يقبل الوجود ، وأنّها لا تستعدّ لقبول الوجود ، بل بموجب العلم والحكمة واستعداد القابل . والحكيم الأزليّ قد أحكم الأشياء بحكمته قبل إيجادها ، ثم أوجدها بحسب ما رتّبتها الحكمة ووضعتها مواضعها ، فلا جائز في حكمة الله تجويز ما يناقض الحكمة الإلهية . ولما كثر شغب هؤلاء في تجويز هذه الأمور ، عدل بعض المتحذلقين من النظَّار إلى نفي الجواز والإمكان وإثبات الوجود إمّا بالذات أو بالغير وقال : ما ثمّ إلَّا واجب الوجود ، والممتنع ممتنع وجوده ، ولكنّ الواجب واجبان : واجب بالذات ، وواجب بالغير ، فما في الوجود إلَّا واجب الوجود ، فانتفى الجواز والإمكان عنده ، فما كان واجبا بالذات فواجب له عدم الامتناع كذلك . ثمّ الواجب بالغير على زعم من يقول به هو الوجود المتعيّن بحسب القابل فما بقي للإمكان متعلَّق في الحقيقة إلَّا التعيّن . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : " والمحقّق " بعد من

by the hand of the Name "the Just" (al-ʿAdl) and its sister-names, because the just ruling (al-ḥukm al-ʿadl) obliges "the Generous" (al-Jawād), "the Bestower" (al-Wahhāb), and "the Giver" (al-Muʿṭī) to give what they give according to the measure of the receptivity (qābiliyya) of the one to whom it is given. He (may God be pleased with him) said: "The Names of God are unlimited, because they are known by what proceeds from them, and what proceeds from them is unlimited, even though they revert to limited roots which are the Mothers of the Names or the Presences of the Names. In reality there is nothing but a single Reality (ḥaqīqa) which receives all these relations (nisab) and attributions which are alluded to by the divine Names." The servant said: The realization of the existence of the world and the possible entities in their entities (aʿyān) is dependent upon the Names and their Presences, but knowledge of the Names is, for us, dependent upon the receptacles, the worlds, and the loci of manifestation. The worlds of possibility, in respect of their particulars and individual instances, are unlimited; so the Names are unlimited — but in respect of their Mothers and universals, they terminate in roots that comprehend them. Their multiplicity, unlimitedness, and increase pertain only to the possible entities, receptacles, and unlimited multiple loci of manifestation, all of which are existential determinations (taʿayyunāt) and diversifications of bountiful self-disclosures (tajalliyāt) according to the specific character of the receptacles. So in respect of its root it is a single Reality, which is the Real Existence (al-wujūd al-ḥaqq), pure and simple, nothing else. Unity, then, pertains to the Reality, and multiplicity to manifestation and mode — so understand. He said: "Reality requires that every Name which manifests unto infinity have a reality by which it is distinguished from another Name — that distinguishing reality being the very Name itself, not what falls under commonality — just as gifts (aʿṭiyāt), though from a single root, are each distinguished from the others by its particularity; it is known that this one is not that other one, and the cause of that is the distinction of the Names." The cause of that distinction is the distinction of the realities (ḥaqāʾiq); what falls under commonality is sheer existence, while what necessitates multiplicity is the specific character of the receptacle. The determination (taʿayyun) of the one Existence according to that specific character, in a specified mode, is what distinguishes that determination possessing that specific character from another determination. And once the Presences of the Names are determined and distinguished, the gifts must likewise be distinguished from one another — and this is only through the distinction of the Presences. So that by which each Name is distinguished from another is the very essence of the Name, not what the Names share in common — for it is the Real Existence named by these Names; He is, in them, their very essence, and His reality is the very essence of the whole; there is not in them, in respect of themselves, any representing of one by another — their distinction is by specific characters which are their very entities. He said: "In the Divine Presence, on account of its vastness, there is nothing whatsoever that is repeated. This is the truth upon which one may rely." The servant said: Know that effusion (fayḍ) is essential (dhātī) to the Necessary Existence, the Real, insofar as He confers upon the realities their existence, by which the realized things are realized, and effuses the light of reality-ness (ḥaqqiyya) by which existents exist and witnessed things are witnessed. Then the determination (taʿayyun) of the light effusing from the wellspring of self-disclosures, the mine of existence, and the source of generosity and effusions, is also essential; and what necessitates that is the receptacle which determines the effusing Real Existence according to its essential, non-fabricated specific character. So the distinction among the Presences and the Names is only according to the specific characters of the realities, since the determination is that which, by specification, indicates the thing determined by that determination, and the determined thing also indicates its root and source from which it effused. So the determination is a name for the determined thing, which is the Real Existence named by it, and this in turn is a name for the Absolute Real, who is named by all these Names. The Named (al-musammā), as an active participle, is the receptacle which determines the Absolute Real Existence, which is the effusing one. The determining, which is the naming, is the act of the determinant. Then the effusion is perpetually in determination, on account of the perpetuity of the Essence of the Effuser. The determinants — the possible receptacles — though not finite in respect of particulars and individual instances, yet the Mothers of the realities which determine this one effusing light — determined by them, in them, and according to them — are roots comprehending what falls under and from them. And the universal determinations, though confined to the Mothers of the Presences of the Names, are yet, in respect of particularity and individuality, unlimited, like their necessitating causes. And the self-disclosures, though in respect of the root a single self-disclosure, yet the effusive, spiritual, luminous determinations, the luminous witnessed unfoldings, and the existential, generous outpourings are not, in any single instance, identical with another. So in the Presence there is nothing whatsoever that repeats; renewal, multiplicity, coming-to-be, passing-away, and non-existence pertain only to the determination, not to the determined thing in respect of itself as itself, but only in respect of the determination. Thus has the Presence of the All-Encompassing (al-Wāsiʿ) granted — so understand. He said: "This knowledge was the knowledge of Seth, peace be upon him" — meaning the knowledge of gifts (aʿṭiyāt), grants (minaḥ), and bestowals (hibāt). He said: "His spirit is that which supplies every spirit that speaks of the like of this, except the spirit of the Seal, for the supply comes to him only from God, not from any spirit among the spirits — rather, from his spirit comes the supply for all the spirits, even though he may not rationally grasp this of himself at the time of the composition of his elemental body. For he, in respect of his reality and his rank, knows all of this in its very essence, even while, in respect of the composition of his elemental body, he is ignorant of it. So he is the knowing-ignorant one, receiving the qualification of opposites, just as the Root received the qualification of that — like the Majestic and the Beautiful" — meaning according to its two mutually opposed meanings — "like the Manifest and the Nonmanifest, the First and the Last — and he is its very self, not other than it — so he knows without knowing, is aware without being aware, and witnesses without witnessing." The servant said: Know that the spirits of the perfect ones among the prophets supply the spirits of the saints who are their heirs, in their own eras and in eras after them. The spirit of Seth, peace be upon him, supplies the spirits of the knowers with the bestowal-sciences (al-ʿulūm al-wahbiyya). Every spirit of every saint possesses bestowal-knowledge, and draws its supply from his spirit, peace be upon him, since he is the form of the first bestowal to the first of fathers — except for the spirit of the Seal of the Prophets and the spirit of the Seal of the Saints, for the spirit of the Seal, as previously stated, is a spirit encompassing all sainthoods (walāyāt), just as the encompassing of him who is its most perfect heir — the Seal of the Messengers, God's blessings and peace be upon him — encompasses all prophethoods. And because he is the unitary comprehension (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) of all the Muhammadan, unitary, comprehensive, seal-like sainthoods altogether, the gifts of sainthoods — of unveilings, self-disclosures, sciences, secrets, states, and stations — come only from the treasury of his encompassing, because his reality is the Reality of all the primary determinative realities, and he is the key of the unseen keys. The luminous supply by which the spirits subsist and live emanates from his reality and flows through all the spiritual ranks; he draws supply from no one, and all draw supply from his niche. So the gifts, though they are from the Presences of the Names, are yet from God — "and whatever blessing is yours, it is from God." If this Seal does not rationally comprehend, in the state of the composition of his elemental body, the manner of his supplying of the whole at every instant, this is due to the veiling occasioned by the elemental temperament — necessarily so, that he may be comprehensive of all perfections and imperfections, just as the single, unitary, comprehensive Selfhood (huwiyya) bears opposites predicated of it, in His saying: "He is the First and the Last, and the Manifest and the Nonmanifest." The one described by non-manifestness, manifestness, firstness, and lastness is a single Selfhood, without difference or opposition in it, receptive of mutually contrary descriptions and mutually divergent, yet similar and resembling, attributes and Names. Likewise the Seal receives the multiple, divergent, mutually contrary descriptions, and the mutually corresponding, harmonious attributes, because he is the unitary comprehension of all the realities of necessity and possibility, receiving in his essence the qualification of both perfections and imperfections. So he, in respect of elemental composition and natural veils, is ignorant of what he knows in respect of his supplying spirit, his comprehensive essence, and his perfective rank — yet this does not detract from his being, in respect of rank, reality, and spirit, knowing of his supplying of the spirits — just as the mutual exclusion of evenness and oddness does not detract from number, nor the opposition of blackness and whiteness from absolute color, since it is in itself receptive of both, nor does the angelicness exclude the satanicness in animality, nor the Real-ness exclude the createdness in existence and reality — so understand. He said: "By this knowledge was Seth named, for its meaning is 'the gift'" — that is, the gift of God. "In his hand is the key of the gifts in their diverse descriptions and relations, for God bestowed him upon Adam as the first thing He bestowed, and He bestowed him only from Himself, for the child is the secret of his father — from him he came forth, and to him he returns; so what comes to him is not strange, for one who understands from God." The servant said: The bestowal-sciences of generosity and the existential, witnessed wisdoms manifested only through the Sethian word, because Adam, peace be upon him, grieved greatly at the loss of Abel, and asked God Most High to bestow upon him a righteous son fit for divine infusion and bestowal. So God bestowed upon him Seth and named him with this name, meaning "gift of God" — he being the first one bestowed upon the first of human forms, after his (Adam's) request of the bestowal from God the Bestower for one who would be fit for bestowal-knowledge. Thus the sciences of bestowal and infusion manifested through Seth, peace be upon him, who was given the wisdom found in the sciences of correspondence and resemblance. For this reason he said: "In his hand is the key of the gifts" — and God bestowed him upon Adam only from himself, for Adam, who is the unitary form comprehending the divine realities, is the source from which the realities of the bestowals effused upon the children in existence spring — and the child is the secret of his father, and the secret of this unitary, comprehensive form is effusion and bestowal. From him he came forth and to him he returns, for the bestowals and gifts return to the realities of the manifesting, ranked receptacles, and the matter is confined between existence and rank — encompassment and comprehension of their realities necessitate and determine this confinement to these two. For this reason the Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, mentioned the secret of the Sealhood in this Faṣṣ. Then, the form of the divine bestowal and gift, though in the One, occurs as multiple and manifold, so he (Seth) is the form of His secret, receptive of the bestowal — what reaches him comes only from him, but through the Real; from him he came forth and to him he returns. So what comes to him is not strange, coming from other than him, and especially not from outside the unitary form comprehending the whole — for there is no exiting or entering except by relation and attribution; what exits the unitary, comprehensive form returns upon the forms of its detail within the totality which is in it — it being first in them, and they being in it, last. He said: "And every gift in existence follows this same course; there is nothing of God in anyone, and nothing of anyone else in anyone, though the forms may vary upon him." The servant said: The bestowals and gifts which pass through the hands of servants and intermediaries, or without them, are only forms called for by the specific characters of the receptacles from the Existence determined within them according to their measure. The Existence effusing from the Real is essential to Him, and its reception by the receptacles is only according to the essential, non-fabricated preparednesses (istiʿdādāt) and specific characters — were it not for these, the forms of the gifts and bestowals from the divine treasuries of generosity would not be determined for the receptacles according to their measure. So their arrival and occurrence, though from the treasuries of God, yet the caller-forth and the determining necessitator of their determination is only from the receptacles, and the diversification of the forms of gifts for the one given to occurs within the single effusion itself. The single effusion is only according to the forms of the preparednesses. So there is nothing of God in anyone — otherwise there would attach to Him the corruptions, not hidden, of partition, division, indwelling, and the like. Likewise there is nothing of any other in anyone, since the forms of the gifts stem from the specific preparedness of each one, and their reality is the existential effusion, which is his very self, not other than him, in reality — so understand; what God gives him, He gives only from Himself. He said: "Not everyone knows this, that the matter is thus, except singular ones among the folk of God. So if you see one who knows this, rely upon him, for that is the very essence of the purity of the elect of the elite of the elite of the generality of the folk of God Most High." The servant said: This hidden secret is known only by the perfect solitary ones (al-afrād al-kummal), and they are of ranks — all of them see the blessings and gifts as from God, on account of the pervading of the secret of "and whatever blessing is yours, it is from God." This witnessing which we mentioned may, in its apparent sense, suggest the contrary of this, but it is not so — for these ranks are: Some see all blessings as from God, but through causes which are other than God. Some do not see any effect for causes and intermediaries, and these, in their view, are likewise other than the Real. Some see them as conditions, not causes, not reasons, not intermediaries. Some see blessings from God without intermediary. Some see intermediaries and causes as themselves also among the blessings of God. All these categories are veiled in the very act of unveiling, and are associators (mushrikūn) in the very act of professing unity, because although they find God Most High in seeing all blessings as from God, yet they have established the intermediaries, the blessings, the one blessed, and the Blesser as mutually other realities to one another — whereas Reality demands nothing but that He be the One, the Unique, the Manifest, the Nonmanifest, the One-Many. What is named "one" is the one Real Existence by which the realities are realized in respect of His reality, and He is also named "many" in respect of His determinations in the receptacles. The Blesser is the effuser of that One-Many, and the one blessed is the determined receptacle for further determinations after existence. So manifestness, nonmanifestness, originality, and derivativeness are relations (nisab). So if one is found who sees the blessings reaching him, in the arena of concrete existence, from the station of his fixed entity (ʿayn thābita), in the Real eternally and everlastingly — inasmuch as that fixed entity is the very entity of the Real — he has combined between seeing all the blessings as from God and seeing the one blessed as the very essence of the Blesser, and has witnessed the unity of Existence as the matter is in itself. He is then the very essence of the purity of the elect of the elite of the elite of the generality of the folk of God. For the generality of the folk of God witness the profession of unity (tawḥīd), which comprises thirty-six universal stations spoken of by the Qurʾān in numerous places containing the mention of "there is no god but God" — each instance being the description of one of the stations of tawḥīd. As for the elite, they witness unicity (waḥda), for in tawḥīd there is a multiplicity of the one professing unity, the one to whom unity is professed, and the profession of unity itself — these being, by ordinary reason, mutually other — whereas unicity is not so. As for the elite of the elite, they witness unicity within multiplicity, with no otherness between them. And the elect of the elite of the elite witness multiplicity within unicity. And the purity of the elect of the elite of the elite combine the two witnessings — and in this comprehensive witnessing they are of ranks: one perfect one has the comprehension; more perfect than him in witnessing is one who sees multiplicity within the very essence of unicity, and sees unicity within the very essence of multiplicity, likewise as a comprehensive witnessing, witnessing the unitary essence comprehending both witnessings, in both the witness and the witnessed. More perfect, higher, and more excellent than him is one who witnesses the comprehensive essence absolute from unicity and multiplicity and their combination, and from the absoluteness understood — within the very equivalence between the affirmation of all of that for it and its negation from it. These are the elect of the purity of the elect of the elite of the elite. May God make us and you among them, by His grace — He is Powerful, All-Aware. He said: "So whatever possessor of unveiling witnesses a form conveying to him knowledge he did not previously have, and granting him what was not in his hand before that — that form is his very self, not other than him; from the tree of his own soul he has gathered the fruit of his knowledge, like the form appearing from him when facing the polished body, which is none other than himself — except that the locus, or the Presence, in which he saw the forms of his self, conveys to him, by a turning of aspect, according to the reality of that Presence." The servant said: He points, may God be pleased with him, to the fact that whenever the unveiled one sees a form conveying to him knowledge he did not know, he should not imagine that it is God — especially when the self-disclosure is from an essential Presence. And if the form says, "I am God," let him know in truth that though the self-disclosure is indeed from God, as it declares, yet the determination of the self-disclosure for him was only from his own fixed entity. So the Self-Disclosing One disclosed Himself to him only in the form of his own fixed entity, within the very witnessing of the Real. So from the tree of his own self — which belongs to the Names determined for God in Real Existence, and by it, from his fixed entity determined for those Names, from the Presence and within it — he gathered the fruit of his knowledge, which is the very essence of the divine gift coming from a Name-Presence which is his tree, planted in the earth of his reality and his fixed entity — just as the form appearing from him in the polished body is not other than him, for were it other than him, it would be in it without him being so likewise. Rather, the locus of the manifestation of his form gave him the witnessing of his own essence; likewise his manifestation in Real Existence occurs only according to the manifestation of his fixed entity in the mirror of the Real, so it gives him the witnessing of his own self within the Real. So do not imagine that it is God — although in reality it is nothing but God, yet the whole is not confined within the part — except that the form is colored, in one respect, by the coloring of the locus and its dye, and appears according to it. Likewise the Real gives the fixed entity, in respect of its determination and manifestation within Him, a reality-ness (ḥaqqiyya) which is it in it, and it is, through it, in Him, He — so understand. He said: "Just as the large appears small in the small mirror, or elongated in the elongated one, and moving in the moving one; and sometimes it gives him the inversion of his form from a particular Presence, and sometimes it gives him the very likeness of what appears from it, so the right corresponds to the right of the viewer, and sometimes the right corresponds to the left of the viewer — this being the predominant case in mirrors, as a matter of ordinary custom in general; and by the breaking of custom, right corresponds to right, and inversion appears. All of these are among the gifts of the reality of the Presence in which the self-disclosure occurs, which we have likened to mirrors." The servant said: The appearance of the large as small in the small mirror is an example set for the manifestation of the Real in the locus of manifestation of every entity, according to its measure. The elongated is an example for the locus of manifestation of the world of command and spirits, which has the length of the world, while the breadth belongs to the world of corporeal, imaginal, and imaginative forms, insofar as they are forms and likenesses. The manifestation in the moving one as moving is an example for the perpetually manifesting self-disclosures and determinations, diversifying successively, as Real and as creation, in comprehension and in differentiation. The inversion of the form in the mirror, when it is beneath the viewer in position, is an example for the Real appearing in creation as creation, not as the Real. Its reflection in the opposite manner to what we mentioned, when the mirror is above the viewer, is an example for the manifestation of creation in the Real, as the Real, not as creation. The correspondence of right to right is an example for the manifestation of the Absolute Real in the locus of manifestation of the Perfect Human as perfect, or for the manifestation of the Absolute Real in the restricted, facing the absolute, as absolute — inasmuch as the reflection of a reflection equals the original, and inasmuch as the Real, though He is, in every determined thing, its very essence, is yet undetermined by any specification in the Absolute itself within the restricted, released from other than itself, which the passing-away-from-itself has restricted absolutely — so understand. He said: "So whoever knows his preparedness knows his reception; but not everyone who knows his reception knows his preparedness, except after reception, though he may know it in summary fashion." The servant, may God aid him, said: Know that the people of knowledge of preparedness (istiʿdād) are of two kinds: One kind knows his essential, non-fabricated preparedness by which he first received existence, and within that non-fabricated preparedness knows other, fabricated preparednesses that are renewed for him in his progression through the stages of existence — he knows his reception of what he receives at every instant of time, of self-disclosures, gifts, and bestowals, in every station, rank, and state. This kind of knower is the highest knower of God in this drinking-place and witnessing, and is specific to the two Seals alone, except for whomever God wills among the perfect ones and the rare solitary ones — may God make us among them by His grace and blessing. Another kind knows his reception from his fabricated preparedness at every time and state — meaning that when he becomes prepared to receive a self-disclosure, a gift, a bestowal, a state, or a station, and the causes of that are readied in existence, he knows that this existential preparedness resulted for him only from that essential, eternal, non-fabricated preparedness — the second being a ruling among the rulings of the first, and that existence received it first in a manner that produces, in the end, the manifestation of this present, existential preparedness. Another kind knows his preparedness from his reception — meaning that when an effusion occurs to him, and he receives a self-disclosure, he knows, from what has occurred, his preparedness that called forth that gift — inasmuch as, had he not had the preparedness, that reception would not have occurred to him — and that is after the occurrence. Sometimes preparedness is known by indication of state before the reception of the self-disclosure and its occurrence, like the diligent scribe when his causes and instruments are readied in the desired manner, and the motive-state impels him to write — the occurrence of the writing is realized before it occurs, and the preparedness calling for it is realized. Another kind knows the aforementioned original preparedness in summary fashion, and likewise knows in summary fashion what he receives of effusion and self-disclosure. And the one who knows in detail knows the whole in complete detail — like what we mentioned concerning the Seal of the Saints, and his witnessing of all his states, sciences, self-disclosures, and conditions in which God established him, up to the end of his life, at the time of his entry into the lands of the East, the coast of the lands of Byzantium. He said: "I witnessed all of that, even my companionship with your father" — meaning Abū al-Shaykh Ṣadr al-Dīn, Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, may God be pleased with him — "and I witnessed your birth in its time, and your rank with God, and all your unveilings and tastings, and the tastings of your divine children, and their witnessing-places, stations, sciences, self-disclosures, and their names with God, and the adornment of each one of them, and his states and character-traits, and everything that will happen for you and against you and against them, to the end of your lives, and after separation in your intermediate realms (barzakh) and beyond — and praise be to God." This kind of knowledge is specific to the like of him. Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Khaḍir, peace be upon him, had knowledge of preparednesses by witnessing and unveiling. Among it was his knowledge of the preparedness of the boy whom he killed — that had he lived, secondary existential preparednesses would have manifested that would have compelled him to afflict his parents with transgression and disbelief, and that he was killed on account of that preparedness while yet in purity and original nature (fiṭra), through a divine care that had preceded for him by virtue of his original preparedness as well. This is specific to the manifestation of sainthood, hidden from the generality of the prophets and even their elite, insofar as they are prophets; and if they witness it, they witness it from the aspect of sainthood, which is the niche specific to the Seal of the Saints — so understand and remember what you have been reminded of, if God Most High wills. He said: "Except that some of the people of speculative theory, of weak intellects, when it was established for them that God does whatever He wills, permitted of God what contradicts wisdom" — meaning divine wisdom, not conventional wisdom. He said: "and what the matter is in itself — for this reason some speculative theorists turned to denying possibility and affirming necessity, whether by essence or by another." The servant, may God aid him, said: He points to a great number of speculative theorists, scholastic theologians (mutakallimūn), and formal scholars who hold that God may do what contradicts wisdom — such as bringing into existence a partner or an equal to Himself, annihilating existence, bringing non-existence into existence, and bringing the impossible and the absurd into existence — arguing for this on the basis that He is powerful over everything, that He does whatever He wills, and that He is one who does what He desires. This is a merely rational, imaginary declaration of incomparability (tanzīh), but they have been heedless of the reality, and have not understood that these are fallen, unrealized suppositions and estimations, having no speaker for them, not occurring in illuminated, pure, complete intellects — and occupying oneself with such specious matters is a waste of one's breaths. We concede that God is powerful over everything, but they "preserved one thing while many things were absent from them" — for God is powerful over everything, but everything is by the thingness and will of God; He is powerful over what He wills, and what He wills is not contrary to what He knows, nor does He will contrary to wisdom, for He is the Knowing, the Wise, and the Wise, Knowing One does not will or desire to do what contradicts wisdom. So God's power relates to the objects of power only according to His will and volition, Most High; and the will relates to the willed object with specification and particularization according to what wisdom and knowledge require. The eternal knowledge did not relate to these mentioned matters, contrary to wisdom, in a manner receptive of existence — they are not prepared to receive existence — but rather according to knowledge, wisdom, and the preparedness of the receptacle. The eternal Wise One has perfected things by His wisdom before bringing them into existence, then brought them into existence according to what wisdom has ordered and placed in their proper places — so it is not permissible, in God's wisdom, to permit what contradicts divine wisdom. And when the clamor of these theorists in permitting these matters grew great, some of the more subtle among the speculative theorists turned to denying possibility (jawāz) and contingency (imkān), and affirming existence either by essence or by another, saying: There is nothing but the Necessary of Existence, and the impossible is impossible of existence — but the Necessary is of two kinds: necessary by essence, and necessary by another; so there is in existence nothing but the Necessary of Existence, and thus possibility and contingency are negated according to him — for what is necessary by essence is likewise necessarily free of impossibility. Then the Necessary-by-another, according to the claim of one who holds it, is the Existence determined according to the receptacle — so nothing remains, in reality, attached to possibility except the determination itself. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said: "And the Realizer, after...

Ibn Turka

﴿أَعْطى كُلَّ شَيْءٍ خَلْقَه ُ﴾

(على يدي الاسم العدل وأخواته ) كالمقسط والحكم واللطيف والخبير

(by the hand of the Name al-ʿAdl and its counterparts), such as al-Muqsiṭ, al-Ḥakam, al-Laṭīf, and al-Khabīr

Bālī Zāde

﴿فأعطى كل شيء خلقه على يد الاسم العدل وأخواته﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

فمن فهم هذا برأ عن اضطراب الاعتراض . فإن العدل ناظر إلى ما اقتضاه عين المخلوق فخلق كل شيء بحسب اقتضاء عينه وعين الشيء ليس بمجعول وكذا الاقتضاء صفة ذاتية لازمة له

whoever understands this is freed from the turmoil of objection. For justice looks to what the entity (ʿayn) of the created thing itself requires, so He created each thing according to what its entity requires; and the entity of a thing is not something made (majʿūl), and likewise its requirement is an essential attribute necessarily belonging to it

Ibn Turka

﴿وأسماء الله … لا تتناهى ، لأنّها تعلم بما يكون عنها﴾

أي يحصل منها من الأعيان

i.e., what is obtained from them of the entities (aʿyān)

Jāmī

﴿وأسماء الله﴾

الشرعية التفصيلية

the detailed revealed [names] (al-sharʿiyya al-tafṣīliyya).

Bālī Zāde

﴿وأسماء الله تعالى وإن كانت لا تتناهي لأنها تعلم بما يكون عنها … وما يكون عنها غير متناهية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

فكانت أسماء الله تعالى بهذا الاعتبار غير متناهية

thus the Names of God, Exalted is He, are in this respect not finite

al-Qāshānī

﴿وأسماء الله تعالى لا تتناهى ، لأنها تعلم بما يكون عنها وما يكون غير متناه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

معلوم من المقدمة الثانية ، فإن الذات الأحدية مع النسبة إلى كل ما يصدر عنه اسم خاص وكل تعين يحدث فيها اسم ، والنسب لا تتناهى لأن القوابل واستعداداتها غير متناهية فأسماء الله تعالى لا تتناهى

— this is known from the second premise, for the Unitary Essence, considered in relation to everything that proceeds from it, has a particular name, and every determination that occurs within it produces a name; and the relations are unlimited because the recipients and their preparednesses are unlimited. Therefore the names of God, Exalted, are unlimited,

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وأسماء الله لا تتناهى، لأنها تعلم بما يكون عنها﴾

أي، بما يصدر ويحصل منها من الآثار والأفعال

that is, by the traces and acts that issue and result from them.

Words 68–69 · 1 of 6

لا تَتَناهَى

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿لا تتناهي لأنها تعلم … بما يكون﴾

أي تحصل وتصدر (عنها) من الآثار الممكنة

i.e., what occurs and issues (from them) of possible effects.

Words 70–71 · 1 of 6

لأنَّها تُعْلَمُ

Only al-Qayṣarī comments here.

al-Qayṣarī

﴿لأنها تعلم﴾

استدلال من الأثر إلى المؤثر. أي، لأن كل اسم له عمل خاص به، والكائنات غير متناهية، فهي مستندة إلى أسماء غير متناهية هي حاصلة من اجتماع رقائق الأسماء الكلية بعضها مع بعض، وكلها داخلة تحت حيطة تلك الأمهات. وهذا الاستدلال تنبيه للطالب، لأنه مستندة في الحكم، بل مستنده فيه الكشف الصريح التام

is an inference from effect to cause. That is, because every name has an act proper to it, and existent things (al-kāʾināt) are without end, they are grounded in names without end, which result from the conjunction of the subtle traces (raqāʾiq) of the universal names with one another, all falling within the compass of those mother-[names]. This inference is [merely] an indication for the seeker, for [the author] does not rely on it for [establishing] the judgment; rather, his reliance therein is upon plain, complete unveiling (al-kashf al-ṣarīḥ al-tāmm).

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وما يكون منها غير متناه وإن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية هي أمهات الأسماء، أو حضرات الأسماء﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، وأسماء الله وإن كانت بحسب السدنة غير متناهية، لكن بحسب الأمهات والأصول متناهية كتناهي أمهات مظاهرها، وهي الأجناس والأنواع الحقيقية مع عدم تناهى الأشخاص التي تحت أنواعها. وقوله

that is, God's names, although without end in respect of their subsidiary [ministrant names] (al-sadana), are nevertheless finite in respect of their mothers and roots, just as their loci of manifestation (maẕāhir) are finite in their mothers—namely the genuine genera and species (al-ajnās wa-l-anwāʿ al-ḥaqīqiyya)—while the individuals falling under their species remain without end. And his saying,

Ibn Turka

﴿وما يكون عنها غير متناه ، وإن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية﴾

كالعوالي من الأجناس وأئمّة الأسماء ، وتلك حقائق كلَّية

such as the transcendent genera and the imams of the Names, and those are universal realities

Jāmī

﴿وما يكون عنها … غير متناه﴾

لأنها إنما نحصل وتصدر بحسب التوابل والمظاهر المتعددة الغير المتناهية، وإذا كانت الآثار غير متناهية فالأسماء المتعينة بحسبها أيضا غير متناهية

because they only occur and issue according to the manifold, non-finite loci and manifestations (maẓāhir); and since the effects are non-finite, the names determined (mutaʿayyina) in accordance with them are also non-finite.

al-Qāshānī

﴿وإن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية﴾

لأن الأسماء الغير المتناهية هي الأسماء التالية التي هي مصادر الأفعال والشئون ، فينتهى إلى الأسماء الذاتية التي

because the unlimited names are the subsequent names, which are the sources of the acts and affairs, and these terminate in the Essential Names, which

Jāmī

﴿وإن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية هي أمهات الأسماء أو حضرات الأسماء﴾

كما ترجع مظاهرها أيضا إلى أصول متناهية وهي الأجناس والأنواع مع عدم تناهي الأشخاص التي تحتها. و(على الحقيقة فما ثمة إلا حقيقة واحدة) مطلقة هي حقيقة الحق سبحانه

just as their manifestations also revert to finite roots, namely the genera and species, notwithstanding the non-finitude of the individuals beneath them. And (in reality there is nothing but a single) reality, absolute, which is the reality of the Real, glory be to Him.

Bālī Zāde

﴿وإن كانت ترجع إلى أصول متناهية هي أمهات الأسماء أو حضرات الأسماء﴾

فكانت أسماء الله تعالى دائرة بين التناهي وعدم التناهي

so the Names of God Most High are, in this sense, poised between finitude and infinitude

al-Qāshānī

﴿هي أمهات الأسماء أو حضرات الأسماء﴾

فتبين من هذ قوله رضي الله عنه

— thus it is clarified from this his saying, may God be pleased with him,

Ibn Turka

﴿هي امّهات الأسماء﴾

باعتبار صدور الجزئيّات وتولدها منه

with regard to the issuance and generation of the particulars from them

Words 89–91 · 1 of 6

أوْ حَضَراتُ الأَسْماءِ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿أو حضرات الأسماء﴾

باعتبار تقدّمها في نفسها وتقرّبها إلى الذات ، ضرورة أنّ الكلّ راجع إلى إمام الأئمّة التي له الإحاطة بالكل ، وفيه حضور الكلّ . تتميّز الأعطيات بتميّز الأسماء

with regard to their precedence in themselves and their closeness to the Essence, by necessity, since everything reverts to the Imam of Imams, who has comprehension of the whole, in whom is the presence of the whole. [Section: The Gifts Are Distinguished by the Distinction of the Names]

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 673/1274), al-Fukūk fī asrār mustanadāt ḥikam al-Fuṣūṣ

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Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.