Mashrabaمشربة

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One passage at a time. Each column is a commentator; each row gathers the comments on the same words, so readings and emphases can be compared.

فَصُّ حِكْمَةٍ سُبُّوحِيَّةٍ فِي كَلِمَةٍ نُوحِيَّةٍ

←→Read ¶10 in the text

10 · 88 words · shading: how many commentators stop on each word

فَلَوْ أَنَّ نُوحًا يَأْتِي بِمِثْلِ هَذِهِ الآيَةِ لَفْظًا أَجَابُوهُ فَإِنَّهُ شَبَّهَ وَنَزَّهَ فِي آيَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ بَلْ فِي نِصْفِ آيَةٍ ونوحٌ دَعَا قَوْمَهُ لَيْلًا من حَيْثُ عُقُولُهُمْ وَرُوحَانِيَّتُهُمْ فَإِنَّهَا غَيْبٌ وَنَهَارًا دَعَاهُمْ أَيْضًا من حَيْثُ ظَاهِرُ صُوَرِهِم وَجُثَثِهِمْ وَمَا جَمَعَ في الدَّعْوَةِ مِثْلَ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِۦ شَىْءٌ فَنَفَرَتْ بواطنهم لِهَذَا الفُرْقَانِ فَزَادَهُمْ فِرَارًا ثُمَّ قَالَ عَنْ نَفْسِهِ أَنَّهُ دَعَاهُمْ لَيَغْفِرَ لَهُمْ لَا لِيَكْشِفَ لَهُمْ وَفَهِمُوا ذَلكَ مِنْهُ صلى اللهُ عليهِ وسلَّمَ لِذَلكَ جَعَلُوٓا۟ أَصَـٰبِعَهُمْ فِىٓ ءَاذَانِهِمْ وَٱسْتَغْشَوْا۟ ثِيَابَهُمْ وَهَذِهِ كُلُّهَا صُورَةُ السَّتْرِ الَّتِي دَعَاهُمْ إِلَيْهَا فَأَجَابُوا دَعْوَتَهُ بِالفِعْلِ لَا بِلَبَّيْكَ

Had Noah brought the like of this verse in wording, they would have answered him, for He [thereby] declared similarity and declared incomparability in a single verse, indeed in half a verse. Noah summoned his people "by night" [Q 71:5] with respect to their intellects and their spirituality, for these are unseen; and "by day" [Q 71:5] he summoned them as well, with respect to the outward aspect of their forms and bodies. But he did not combine in the summons [anything] like "Nothing is like Him" [Q 42:11]. So their inward parts shied away from this discrimination, and it increased them in flight. Then he said of himself that he summoned them so that He might forgive them [literally, 'cover' them], not so that He might unveil [things] to them; and they understood that from him (God bless him and give him peace). Therefore "they put their fingers in their ears and wrapped themselves in their garments" [Q 71:7]. All of this is the form of the covering to which he summoned them, so they answered his summons in deed, not with 'Here I am (labbayka)!'

On the whole passage · 1 of 7

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿فلو أن نوحا يأتي بمثل هذه الآية لفظا أجابوه، فإنه شبه ونزه في آية واحدة، بل في نصف آية. ونوح دعا قومه «ليلا» من حيث عقولهم وروحانيتهم فإنها غيب. «ونهارا» دعاهم أيضا من حيث ظاهر صورهم وحسهم، وما جمع في الدعوة مثل «ليس كمثله شيء» فنفرت بواطنهم لهذا الفرقان فزادهم فرارا. ثم قال عن نفسه إنه دعاهم ليغفر لهم، لا ليكشف لهم، وفهموا ذلك منه صلى الله عليه وسلم. لذلك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

إلى آخره (فجمع الأمرين) ، أي أمر التنزيه والتشبيه

and so on—(thus he joined the two matters), that is, the matter of incomparability and similarity,

al-Qāshānī

﴿فلو أن نوحا عليه السلام يأتى بمثل هذه الآية لفظا لأجابوه ، فإنه شبه ونزه في آية واحدة بل في نصف آية﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي كانت دعوة نوح عليه السلام إلى التنزيه المحض ، لكون قومه محتجبين بعبادة الأصنام لتأدية دعوة الأنبياء السالفة إلى نفى الكثرة الأسمائية المؤدية إلى ذلك ، فنفروا عن ذلك نفور الضد عن الضد . فلو جمع بين التنزيه والتشبيه كما ذكر في الآية لأجابوه لوجود المناسبة. قال رضي الله عنه

combined tashbīh and tanzīh in a single verse, indeed in half a verse] that is, Noah's call, peace be upon him, was to pure tanzīh, because his people were veiled by idol-worship resulting from the earlier prophets' calls to negate Nominal multiplicity leading to that—so they recoiled from it as opposite recoils from opposite. Had he combined tanzīh and tashbīh as mentioned in the verse, they would have answered him, due to the presence of a fitting correspondence (munāsaba). He, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿فلو أن نوحا، عليه السلام، أتى بمثل هذه الآية لفظا، أجابوه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، بمثل قوله تعالى: (ليس كمثله شئ). (فإنه) أي فإن النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم

That is, with the like of the words of the Exalted: "Naught is like unto Him." ("For indeed he") that is, for indeed the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace

Ibn Turka

﴿فلو أنّ نوحا أتى بمثل هذه الآية لفظا أجابوه﴾

وفي قوله : « لفظا » إشعار بما سبق من أنّ الرسل ما يظهرون الحقائق في صورة الألفاظ ذات الإنباء إلَّا مطابقين للسان أممهم الظاهرة به ، فلذلك ما أتى نوح بالقرآن لفظا ، وأتى به محمّد صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

and in his saying 'in wording' there is an indication of what preceded, that the messengers only manifest the realities in the form of communicative words matching the tongue of their communities as it appeared to them; hence Nūḥ did not bring the qurʾān in wording, while Muḥammad, God's blessings and peace be upon him, did. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Jāmī

﴿فلو أن نوحا … أتي بمثل هذه الآية﴾

أي بما يماثله (لفظا) وعبارة في الدلالة على التنزيه والتشبيه مع (أجابوه

that is, something resembling it (verbally) and in expression, in indicating incomparability and similarity together, (they would have answered him)

﴿فلو أن نوحا﴾

عليه السلام (جمع لقومه بین الدعوتين) دعوتي التنزيه والتشبيه كما في هذه الآية ولم يقتصر على الدعوة إلى التنزيه الصرف أو التشبيه الصرف (لأجابوه) لمناسبة بواطنهم التنزيه وظواهرهم التشبيه . لكنه لم يجمع بينهم بل فرق

, peace be upon him, (combined for his people the two calls) — the call to incomparability and the call to similarity, as in this verse, and not confined himself to calling to pure incomparability or pure similarity, (they would have answered him), due to the suitability of their inward natures to incomparability and their outward natures to similarity. But he did not combine the two for them; rather, he separated them

Bālī Zāde

﴿فلو أن نوحا أنه بمثل هذه الآية لفظة أجابوه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

لفظ (فإنه) أي النبي عليه السلام

the wording ("for indeed he") refers to the Prophet, peace be upon him,

al-Qayṣarī

﴿شبه ونزه في آية واحدة بل في نصف آية﴾

الآية هي: (ليس كمثله شئ، وهو السميع البصير). ونصفها: (ليس كمثله شئ). والنصف الآخر: "و هو السميع البصير". فإن في كل من النصفين تشبيها وتنزيها، كما مر بيانه. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The verse is: "Naught is like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing." Its first half is: "Naught is like unto Him." The other half is: "and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing." For in each of the two halves there is both tashbīh and tanzīh, as was explained previously. The Shaykh, God be pleased with him, said

Ibn Turka

﴿فإنّه شبّه ونزّه في آية واحدة ، بل في نصف آية﴾

على ما سبق بيانه . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

as was explained before. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Jāmī

﴿شبه ونزه﴾

أي جمع بين التشبيه والتنزيه

that is, he joined together similarity and incomparability.

Bālī Zāde

﴿شبه ونزه في آية واحدة﴾

وهي قوله تعالى

which is His saying, Exalted:

Jāmī

﴿في آية واحدة بل في نصف آية﴾

فلو جمع نوح عليه السلام أيضا كذلك أجابه قومه

had Noah, peace be upon him, likewise joined them together, his people would have answered him.

Jāmī

﴿ونوح عليه السلام دعا قومه ليلا من حيث عقولهم وروحانينهم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وإنما جعلنا الليل إشارة إلى هذه الحيثية (فإنها) ، أي عقولهم و روحانيتهم (غيب) غير مدرك بالحس فيناسب أن يجعل الليل إشارة إليها بغيبوبة الأشياء فيه عن الحس

and we made the night an indication of this respect (for these) that is, their intellects and their spirituality (are unseen), not perceptible by the senses; thus it is fitting that the night be made an indication of them, by the disappearance of things within it from the senses.

Bālī Zāde

﴿في نصف آية﴾

وهو ليس كمثله شيء. لذلك قبل دعوته وكثر أمته يوما فيوما إلى يوم القيامة . قال رضي الله عنه

namely, "There is nothing like Him." Therefore his call was accepted, and his community grew ever greater, day by day, until the Day of Resurrection. He, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qāshānī

﴿ونوح دعا قومه ليلا من حيث عقولهم وروحانيتهم فإنها غيب ، ونهارا دعاهم أيضا من حيث ظاهر صورهم وجئثهم ، وما جمع في الدعوة مثل – " لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِه شَيْءٌ " - فنفرت بواطنهم لهذا الفرقان فزادهم فرارا﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

ظاهر مما سلف لأنه تقرير له. قال رضي الله عنه

This is evident from what preceded, being an elaboration of it. He, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Qayṣarī

﴿و نوح دعا قومه ليلا من حيث عقولهم و روحانيتهم، فإنها غيب، ونهارا دعاهم أيضا، من حيث صورتهم وحسهم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

وفي بعض النسخ: (وجثثهم) جمع (الجثة). أي، أبدانهم. ومعناه: تارة دعاهم من حيث عقولهم المعطية للتنزيه إلى مقام التنزيه، وأخرى من حيث صورهم الموجبة للتشبيه إلى مقام التشبيه

In some copies: "and their bodies" (juthathihim), the plural of "jutha," meaning their physical bodies. Its meaning is: at times he called them, from the standpoint of their intellects which yield tanzīh, to the station of tanzīh; and at other times, from the standpoint of their forms which necessitate tashbīh, to the station of tashbīh

Ibn Turka

﴿ونوح دعا قومه ليلا من حيث عقولهم وروحانيّتهم … فإنّها غيب﴾

بالنسبة إلى هذه النشأة ( ونهارا ) أيض

relative to this configuration (nashʾa) — and by day likewise

Bālī Zāde

﴿ونوح دعا قومه ليلا … من حيث عقولهم وروحانيتهم فإنها﴾

أي العقول (غيب) لا يكون الدعوة إلى مقام التنزيه إلا بها . (ونهارا) إلى مقام التشبيه

that is, the intellects, (are "nonmanifest," ghayb) — for the call to the station of tanzīh cannot occur except through them. ("And by day") to the station of tashbīh,

Jāmī

﴿ونهارا دعاهم أيضا من حيث صورهم وجثثهم﴾

فإنها شهادة فيناسب أن يجعل النهار إشارة إليها. ومعناه : أنه عليه السلام دعاهم تارة من حيث عقولهم وأرواحهم المجردة القدسية المنزهة عن المواد الجسمانية إلى التنزيه ، فإنهم بهذا الاعتبار كان في استعدادهم إدراك التنزيه ذوقا ووجدانا فعاقتهم العوائق. ودعاهم تارة أخرى من حيث صورهم وموادهم إلى التشبيه لأنهم بهذا الاعتبار کانوا مستعدين لإدراكه ذوف

for these are the witnessed (shahāda); thus it is fitting that the day be made an indication of them. Its meaning is: that he, peace be upon him, called them at one time with respect to their intellects and their spirits—disembodied, holy, incomparable to corporeal matter—unto incomparability, for by this consideration their preparedness (istiʿdād) enabled the perceiving of incomparability by direct tasting and finding. But obstacles hindered them. And he called them at another time with respect to their forms and their material substance unto similarity, for by this consideration they were prepared to perceive it by tasting...

Bālī Zāde

﴿دعاهم أيضا من حيث صورهم وجثثهم﴾

فإنها ظاهر موجب للتشبيه

for these are manifest, necessitating tashbīh.

Words 32–35 · 1 of 7

أَيْضًا من حَيْثُ ظَاهِرُ

Only Ibn Turka comments here.

Ibn Turka

﴿دعاهم من حيث ظاهر صورهم وحسّهم … وما جمع في الدعوة﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

بينهما ، وما جعل الأمرين أمرا واحدا ، على ما هو مقتضى كمال الحقيقة الإنسانيّة

between the two, nor did he make the two matters into one matter, as human perfection in its reality requires

al-Qayṣarī

﴿وما جمع في الدعوة بينهما مثل "ليس كمثله" فنفرت بواطنهم لهذا الفرقان فزادهم فرارا﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

معناه ظاهر، وقد مر تقريره أيضا. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

Its meaning is clear, and its exposition has already preceded. The Shaykh, God be pleased with him, said

Jāmī

﴿وما جمع﴾

نوح عليه السلام بينهم

Noah, peace be upon him, between the two

Bālī Zāde

﴿وما جمع في الدعوة بينهما مثل "ليس كمثله، شيء" فنفرت بواطنهم﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي عقولهم وقلوبهم . (بهذا الفرقان) و لخشونة طبعهم المانعة للإجابة

that is, their intellects and hearts, ("by this discrimination, furqān") and by the coarseness of their nature preventing [their] acceptance.

Words 40–41 · 1 of 7

في الدَّعْوَةِ

Only Jāmī comments here.

Jāmī

﴿في الدعوة﴾

بل أداها بعبارة واحدة ليفهم منه (بالتنزيه) في عين التشبيه (والتشبيه) في عين التنزيه

rather he delivered it in a single expression, so that it would be understood from it (incomparability) within the very heart of similarity, (and similarity) within the very heart of incomparability,

al-Jandī

﴿لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِه ِ شَيْءٌ﴾

فأثبت المثل ونفى المثليّة عن المثل ، وهو السميع البصير ، فأتى بما يشتركه في العبيد عرفا ، ونزّه أن يكون معه غيره في ذلك ، فوضع هويّته موضوعة ، وحمل عليها السميع والبصير محمولا ، فلو كانت دعوة نوح عليه السّلام جامعة كذلك ، لأجابوه ظاهرا وباطنا ، قولا وفعلا ، ولكن لمّا كانت غير جامعة ، كانت الإجابة في صورة الصدّ والردّ والإنكار ، وعلى وجه النفار والفرار . قال رضي الله عنه : « ونوح عليه السّلام دعا قومه ليلا ونهارا من حيث عقولهم وروحانيتهم ، فإنّها غيب ، ودعاهم أيضا ظاهرا صورهم وجثّتهم ، وما جمع في الدعوة مثل « ليس كمثله شيء » فنفرت بواطنهم لهذا الفرقان فزادتهم فرارا » . قال العبد الغيب غيبان : حقيقي وإضافي ، والغيب الإضافي عالم الأمر والإبداع ومن الأرواح والعقول والنفوس ، ودعوة نوح من هذه الحيثيّة إلى ما تقتضيه النزاهة والقدس والتوحيد والتجريد وموجبات الانسلاخ عن الكدورات البشرية العنصرية والأوساخ . فهي ليل من وجه باعتبار أنّ الحجب فيها متراكمة ، وأحكام الإمكان كظلمات مدلهمّة ، وعالم الإبداع والأمر أيضا ليل من وجه آخر من كونه غيبا بالنسبة والإضافة إلينا ، ونهار باعتبار أنّه أوّل مراتب الظهور والشهادة بالنسبة إلى الغيب الحقيقي وعالم المعاني . ثمّ النهار بالاعتبار الحقيقي هو عالم الظهور التامّ والملك والشهادة ، ودعوتهم نهارا إنّما تكون بلسان عالم الشهادة بحكمه إحكام أحكام المصالح الجسمانية ، والاهتمام بإقامة إلهام الصورية المعيشية . وكانت دعوة نوح أوّلا على الوجه الأوّل ، وثانيا على الوجه الثاني ، ولم تكن بلسان الجمع بين الدعوتين في الحالين ، كما مرّ ، فوقعت منهم الإجابة كالدعوة بالفرق فعلا وقولا في صورة الردّ ، فتذكَّر وتدبّر . قال سلام الله عليه

Thus He affirmed the 'like' (mithl) while negating likeness (mithliyya) from that 'like'—and He is the Hearing, the Seeing. So He brought forth what is shared, in customary usage, among servants, while declaring Him incomparable in that no other shares it with Him—thus He set His He-ness (huwiyya) as subject, and predicated of it 'the Hearing' and 'the Seeing.' Had Noah's call, peace be upon him, been thus comprehensive, they would have answered him outwardly and inwardly, in word and in deed; but since it was not comprehensive, the response took the form of repulsion, rejection, and denial, in a manner of flight and aversion. He, may God be pleased with him, said: 'Noah, peace be upon him, called his people night and day, from the standpoint of their intellects and their spirituality—for these belong to the unseen (ghayb)—and he also called them outwardly, [addressing] their forms and their bodies; but he did not combine in the call [both aspects] the way "There is nothing like unto Him" does—so their inward selves fled from this differentiation (furqān), which only increased their flight.' The servant says: the unseen (ghayb) is of two kinds: real (ḥaqīqī) and relative (iḍāfī). The relative unseen is the world of command and origination (ʿālam al-amr wa-l-ibdāʿ), that of the spirits, intellects, and souls; and Noah's calling, from this standpoint, was to what is required by purity, holiness, unification, and abstraction, and by what necessitates stripping away human, elemental impurities and defilements. This is 'night' in one respect, insofar as the veils are massed together within it, and the properties of possibility (imkān) are like piled-up darknesses; and the world of origination and command is also 'night' in another respect, in that it is unseen relative to us—yet it is 'day' insofar as it is the first level of manifestation and visibility (shahāda) relative to the real unseen and the world of meanings (maʿānī). Then 'day' in the real sense is the world of complete manifestation, of dominion (mulk) and the visible (shahāda); and calling them 'by day' occurs only in the language of the visible world, with its governance establishing the well-being of corporeal matters, and its concern to institute the inspiration proper to formal, livelihood-related existence. Noah's calling was, first, in the first respect, and second, in the second respect—it was never in the language that joins the two callings together in both states, as previously mentioned. Thus their response came, like the calling, differentiated in deed and word, in the form of rejection—so remember and reflect. He, peace be upon him, said:

Ibn Turka

﴿مثل " لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِه ِ شَيْءٌ " [ 42 / 11 ] ، فنفرت بواطنهم لهذا الفرقان فزادهم فرارا﴾

حسبما يقتضيه الفرقان من التفرقة

— so their inward selves fled from this furqān, and it only increased them in flight] as furqān necessarily entails differentiation

Jāmī

﴿مثل"ليس كمثله، شيء" فنفرت بواطنهم … لهذا الفرقان﴾

عنها لأنهم بحسب فطرتهم كانوا في القرآن كما سبق (فزادهم) هذا الفرقان (فرارا) عن قبول دعوته. ثم قال نوح عليه السلام مخبر

from it, because according to their fiṭra they were in the Qur'ān, as previously mentioned, (and it increased them) by this differentiation (in flight) from accepting his call. Then Noah, peace be upon him, said, informing

al-Tilimsānī

﴿فنفرت بواطنهم لهذا الفرقان فزادهم فرارا. ثم قال عن نفسه إذ دعاهم ليغفر لهم، لا ليكشف لهم، وفهموا ذلك منه صلى الله عليه وسلم، لذلك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

جعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم واستغشوا ثيابهم

when he called them it was so that He might forgive them, not so that He might unveil [things] to them, and they understood this from him, God's blessing and peace be upon him. Therefore] 'they put their fingers in their ears and wrapped themselves in their garments' —

Words 50–51 · 1 of 7

فَزَادَهُمْ فِرَارًا

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿فزادهم فرارا﴾

فظهر الفرق بين المقام المحمدية والنوعية . لأن دعوة محمد عليه السلام علة تامة مؤثرة موجبة للإجابة وأما دعوة نوح عليه السلام فليست علة تامة مؤثرة بل هي جزء من علة مؤثرة . لذلك أسند الشيخ عدم إجابتهم ونفرتهم إليها فكان نوح على النصف من الدعوة . لذلك لم يؤثروكم بين دعوة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم ودعوة نوح عليه السلام. فالمقصود بيان تفاوت المراتب فمقام نوح عليه السلام مرتبة من المراتب الإلهية ومر التنزيه يظهر منه الأحكام الإلهية بمقتضى مرتبة من غير نقص منها ولا زيادة عليها . على أن الزيادة نقص .فعدم الجمع كمال بالنسبة إليه .والجمع نقص بالنسبة إلى مرتبته ومقامه. وهو تفضيل التنزيه إذ لا تفضيل في الجمع . فلو أتي بالجمع فقد نقص عن مقامه لعدم إتيانه بالتنزيه على وجه التفضيل كما أن محمد عليه السلام لو لم يأت بالجمع لنزل عن درجته . فمعنى قوله لو أن نوحا جمع لقومه بين الدعوتين لأجابوه أي لو كان مرتبة نوح عليه السلام مقام الجمع لأجابوه فزال توهم النقص . العقول الضعيفة فلو جاء محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم في زمن نوح وغيره من الأنبياء عليه السلام لأجاب قوم هذا الزمان لجمعه بين الدعوتين

Thus the difference between the Muḥammadan station and the [particular] specific station became evident. For the call of Muḥammad, peace be upon him, is a complete, effective cause necessitating the response, whereas the call of Noah, peace be upon him, is not a complete, effective cause, but rather a part of an effective cause. Therefore the Shaykh attributed their failure to answer and their aversion to it [i.e., to Noah's call], for Noah possessed [only] half of the call. Hence the call of Muḥammad, God bless him and grant him peace, and the call of Noah, peace be upon him, should not be equated. The purpose is rather to explain the disparity of ranks: the station of Noah, peace be upon him, is one rank among the divine ranks, and [it belongs to] tanzīh, from which the divine rulings appear according to the requirement of a [specific] rank, neither lacking nor exceeding it — given that excess is [itself] a deficiency. Thus the absence of combination is a perfection with respect to him, while combination would be a deficiency with respect to his rank and station. This is the excellence proper to tanzīh, since there is no [comparable] excellence in combination [for him]. Had he come with combination, he would have fallen short of his station, since he would not have brought tanzīh in its excellent mode — just as Muḥammad, peace be upon him, had he not brought combination, would have descended from his degree. So the meaning of his saying, "had Noah combined the two calls for his people, they would have answered him," is: had Noah's rank, peace be upon him, been the station of combination, they would have answered him — thus the supposition of deficiency [in Noah, held by] weak minds, is removed. For had Muḥammad, God bless him and grant him peace, come in the time of Noah or other prophets, peace be upon them, the people of that time would have answered, on account of his combining the two calls.

al-Qāshānī

﴿ثم قال عن نفسه إنه دعاهم ليغفر لهم لا ليكشف لهم وفهموا ذلك منه صلى الله عليه وسلم ، لذلك جعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم واستغشوا ثيابهم ، وهذه كلها صورة الستر التي دعاهم إليها ، فأجابوا دعوته بالفعل لا بلبيك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

لأن الكشف إنما يكون لمن غلبت روحانيته ونورانيته بغلبة نور الوحدة والقوة العقلية على ظلمة الكثرة والقوة الحسية وهم أهل الهيئات الظلمانية المحتاجون إلى سترها بالنور القدسي. فلذلك فهموا من الستر بمقتضى حالهم الستر الصوري ، فأجابوا دعوته في صورة الرد والإنكار بالستر لغلبة حكم الحجاب عليهم وكونهم أهل علتهم وكونهم أهل المعصية المقبلين على عمارة عالم الملك والاحتجاب . كما لو قال تعالى « إنى جعلت معصية آدم سببا لعمارة العالم » فهم مدبرون بالطبع عما دعاهم إليه مقبلون إلى ضد جهته ، فلا تكون إجابتهم إلا في صورة التضاد إجابة فعلية

For unveiling (kashf) belongs only to one whose spirituality and luminosity have prevailed, through the prevalence of the light of unity and the intellective faculty over the darkness of multiplicity and the sensory faculty—whereas they were the people of dark states, in need of having them veiled by the holy light. Therefore they understood from 'veiling,' in accordance with their state, formal veiling—so they answered his call in the form of rejection and denial through veiling, due to the prevalence of the ruling of the veil over them, their being people of their affliction, and their being people of disobedience, inclined toward the cultivation of the sensible world (ʿālam al-mulk) and veiling—just as if the Exalted had said: 'I made Adam's disobedience a cause for the cultivation of the world.' They were thus turned away by nature from what he called them to, inclined toward the opposite direction—so their answer could only be in the form of opposition: an answer in act.

al-Jandī

﴿ثمّ قال عن نفسه : إنّه دعاهم ليغفر لهم ، لا ليكشف لهم ، وفهموا ذلك منه عليه السّلام . لذلك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

جَعَلُوا أَصابِعَهُمْ في آذانِهِمْ وَاسْتَغْشَوْا ثِيابَهُمْ " قال العبد : أمّة نوح عليه السّلام ومن شاكلهم من عمرة حجابية عالم الملك والشهادة ، وعبدة صنميّات الصور التعيينية والطواغيت الظاهرة كانوا في ستر وحجاب عن ليالي غيبهم وملكوتهم ، وعن كل دعوة تقتضي تغليب طرف الروحانية والقدس والنزاهة والبساطة العقلية والأسرار الروحانية تعين أنوار نهار الكشف ، وشهود جهار التجلَّي من عالم الشهادة والملك ، مقبلين بوجوههم وقلوبهم على مقتضى الحال ومقام التجلَّي الكلَّي العامّ ، المقتضي لبقاء هذا النظام ، من عمارة موطن الدنيا والقيام بصورة المقام . ولمّا دعاهم نوح عليه السّلام وغيره من الأنبياء عليهم السّلام ليلا يعني بلسان الغيب إلى الغفران والستر ، فهموا عنه ما يجب عليهم من الإجابة ، ولم يفهموا جلية الأمر على وجه الإصابة ، علموا ما يلزمهم من الإقلاع من الهوى ، والاتّباع للهدى . ولم يعلموا أنّ الدعوة إلى الكشف المعنوي والنهار الحقيقي العقلي والاطَّلاع على حقائق الوحدة والبساطة ، وذلك هو النهار النوري الذي لا يشوبه كدر الظلمة ، لا كنهارهم الحجابي الذي يشينه السدن والظلمات المدلهمّة ، فإنّ النور فيها ممزوج بالظلم ، وجليّات تجلَّيات الوجود والشهود بها في جلباب صورة تمثّلية من نسب لنسب إلى العدم ، وإنّما كانت دعوتهم كذلك إلى التنزيه والوحدة والبساطة لكل الأمم يخطون بسير الكمال الجمعي والإحاطة و " كُلٌّ يَعْمَلُ عَلى شاكِلَتِه ِ " والمثل يميل إلى شاكلته. فلمّا كان مقتضى حقائق الأنبياء الظهور بموجب التجلَّي الخاصّ بأهل الكمال من صور أحديّة الجمع الإنساني النبوي في مرتبة الفرقان الروحاني العقلي النوري ، والدعوة إلى النور والوحدة والنزاهة والجمع ، كذلك مقتضى حقائق الكفرة والمردة والفراعنة الظهور في المقابلة بموجب التجلَّي العامّ في عالم الحجاب والكثرة والفرقان والصدع . فظهروا بصورة الحجاب والستر ، فوقعت الإجابة بالفعل إلى عين ما دعاهم من السّتر والغفران ، ولكن بصورة الردّ والصدّ والنكران ، والكفر والكفران ، فاستغشوا ثيابهم وجعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم ليستروا عن استماع ندائه ، فلو وقعت الإجابة لدعوته ببواطنهم وعقولهم قولا ، لانقادت ظاهريّاتهم إلى ما استجابت بواطنهم فعلا ، ففازو بسرّ من أسرار الجمع ، ولكن غلب عليهم حكم الفرق والصدع ، فلم يفهموا أنّ الدعوة إلى حضرة الكمال والجمع . قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : « وهذه كلَّها صورة الستر الذي دعاهم إليه فأجابوا دعوته بالفعل لا بلبّيك . وفي " لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِه ِ شَيْءٌ

"They put their fingers in their ears and covered themselves with their garments." The servant says: The people (umma) of Noah, upon him be peace, and those who resembled them from among the veiled inhabitants (ʿumra ḥijābiyya) of the world of dominion (mulk) and the visible (shahāda), and the worshippers of the idol-like determined forms (ṣuwar taʿyīniyya) and manifest tyrants (ṭawāghīt ẓāhira), were in concealment and veiling from the nights of their unseen (ghayb) and their malakūt, and from every call that requires the predominance of the side of spirituality, holiness, incomparability (nazāha), and intellectual simplicity, and the spiritual secrets that determine the lights of the day of unveiling, and the witnessing of the manifestation of self-disclosure (tajallī) openly from the world of the visible and dominion — turning with their faces and hearts toward what the state and the station of the universal, general self-disclosure require, which necessitates the persistence of this order, namely the cultivation of the abode of this world and the maintenance of the form of the station. When Noah, upon him be peace, and other prophets, upon them be peace, called them by night — that is, by the tongue of the unseen — to forgiveness and concealment, they understood from him what obligation of response was incumbent upon them, but they did not understand the manifest truth of the matter correctly. They knew what was required of them by way of abandoning caprice and following guidance, but they did not know that the call was to spiritual unveiling and to the true intellectual day and to awareness of the realities of unity and simplicity — and that is the luminous day unmixed with the murkiness of darkness, unlike their veiled day which is marred by shadows and dense darknesses, for in it light is mixed with darkness, and the manifestations of the self-disclosures of existence and witnessing therein are in the garb of a representational form belonging to relation after relation traced back to nonexistence. Their call was thus to incomparability (tanzīh), unity, and simplicity for all communities, that they might advance by the path of collective perfection and comprehensiveness — for "each works according to his own manner (shākila)," and like inclines to its like. Since it was required by the realities of the prophets that they manifest in accordance with the self-disclosure specific to the people of perfection, from the forms of the unity of the human-prophetic gathering (aḥadiyyat al-jamʿ) in the station of the spiritual, intellectual, luminous Furqān, and the call to light, unity, incomparability, and gathering — likewise it was required by the realities of the unbelievers, the rebels, and the pharaohs that they manifest, in opposition, in accordance with the general self-disclosure in the world of veiling, multiplicity, differentiation, and division. So they manifested in the form of veiling and concealment, and the response occurred in fact to the very thing they were called to — namely concealment and forgiveness — but in the form of rejection, repulsion, denial, disbelief, and ingratitude. So they covered themselves with their garments and put their fingers in their ears to shield themselves from hearing his call. Had the response to his call occurred in their inward parts and intellects in speech, their outward aspects would have submitted in act to what their inward aspects had responded to — and they would have attained a secret of the secrets of gathering (jamʿ). But the ruling of differentiation and division prevailed over them, so they did not understand that the call was to the Presence of perfection and gathering. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said: "And all this is the form of the concealment to which he called them, and they answered his call in act, though not with 'at Your service.' And in 'There is nothing like unto Him' [is]

al-Qayṣarī

﴿ثم قال، عن نفسه إنه دعاهم ليغفر لهم لا ليكشف لهم، وفهموا ذلك منه، صلى الله عليه وسلم، لذلك جعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم واستغشوا ثيابهم، وهذه كلها صورة الستر التي دعاهم إليها، فأجابوا دعوته بالفعل لا بلبيك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

أي، أخبر عن نفسه كما قال: (إني دعوتهم لتغفر لهم). فدعاهم ليغفر لهم الحق، وما دعاهم ليكشف لهم حقيقة الأمر، والمغفرة، الستر والإخفاء. فلما فهموا مقصوده ،أجابوا دعوته بمثل ما دعاهم به من الستر، فجعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم، أي، ما قبلوا دعوته بالسمع والإطاعة بالقول. واستغشوا ثيابهم، أي، طلبوا الاستتار بثياب وجوداتهم وحجب إنياتهم واستتار صفاتهم، لتظهر غيرة الحق فتفنيهم عن وجوداتهم ويستر في ذاته لذواتهم، واستتروا بالثياب المعهودة لقصور فهمهم عما أشار إليه نوح، أو الاستهزاء به مع فهمهم المقصود

That is, he informed about himself, as he said: "Indeed I called them that Thou mightest forgive them." So he called them that the Real might forgive them, not that He might disclose to them the reality of the matter; and forgiveness (maghfira) is concealment and effacement. When they understood his intent, they answered his call with the like of what he called them to, namely concealment: they put their fingers in their ears, that is, they did not accept his call by hearing and obeying in word; and they wrapped themselves in their garments, that is, they sought to conceal themselves with the garments of their existences and the veils of their selfhoods and the concealment of their attributes, so that the jealousy of the Real might manifest and annihilate them from their existences, and He might conceal, in His own Essence, their essences. And they concealed themselves with the customary garments, either because of the shortness of their understanding regarding what Noah alluded to, or in mockery of him despite understanding his intent

Ibn Turka

﴿ثمّ قال … عن نفسه : إنّه دعاهم ليغفر لهم﴾

على ما هو مقتضى أمر قهرمان الوقت ودعاء ألسنة استعدادات أهاليه من الستر ، فإنّه مبدأ ظهور سلطان النبوّة وإظهار ما اتّفق عليه كلمة أعيان تلك الدولة ، يعني وضع الصور وإسبال الستائر

according to what the command of the master (qahramān) of the time required, and the call of the tongues of the preparedness (istiʿdād) of its people, of concealment — for it is the principle of the manifestation of the authority of prophethood and the manifestation of what the word of the entities (aʿyān) of that dispensation (dawla) agreed upon, namely, the positing of forms and the drawing-down of veils

Bālī Zāde

﴿ثم قال عن نفسه﴾

أي ثم أخبر عن دعوته قومه

that is, then he reported concerning his calling of his people,

Jāmī

﴿عن نفسه إنه دعاهم ليغفر لهم لا ليكشف لهم﴾

بالبناء للمفعول أو الفاعل، أي ليغفر لهم الحق سبحانه ويستر عنهم حقيقة الأمر ل ليكشف لهم عنه

cast either passively or actively—that is, so that the Real, glory be to Him, might forgive them and conceal from them the reality of the matter, not that He might unveil it to them,

Words 56–59 · 1 of 7

أَنَّهُ دَعَاهُمْ لَيَغْفِرَ لَهُمْ

Only Bālī Zāde comments here.

Bālī Zāde

﴿أنه دعاهم ليغفر لهم﴾

أي ليستر لهم الحق حقيقة الأمر

that is, that the Real might cover for them the true reality of the matter,

Ibn Turka

﴿لا ليكشف لهم﴾

على ما هو مقتضى أمر الولاية وسلطانها ، فإنّه إنّما يمكن ظهوره بعد ختم السلطنة الأولى . واعتذر عن قومه أيضا بأنّهم عرفوا لسان دعوته

according to what the command of sainthood (walāya) and its authority require, for its manifestation is only possible after the sealing of the first authority (sulṭana). He also excused his people on the grounds that they recognized the tongue of his call

Bālī Zāde

﴿لا ليكشف لهم وفهموا ذلك منه﴾

أي قصد نوح عليه السلام من دعوته. (فذلك) أي لأجل فهمهم معنى الدعوة (جعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم واستغشوا ثيابهم وهذه كلها صورة السر التي دعاهم إليها) هذا هو المعنى الذي يفهمه الخواص

that is, [they understood] Noah's, peace be upon him, intention in his call. ("For that reason") that is, because they understood the meaning of the call, ("they put their fingers in their ears and covered themselves with their garments — and all this is the form of the secret to which he called them") This is the meaning understood by the elect (khawāṣṣ).

Ibn Turka

﴿وفهموا ذلك منه صلَّى الله عليه وسلَّم ، لذلك "جَعَلُوا أَصابِعَهُمْ في آذانِهِمْ وَاسْتَغْشَوْا ثِيابَهُمْ" ، وهذه كلَّها صورة الستر التي دعاهم إليها ، فأجابوا دعوته بالفعل ، لا بلبّيك﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said

Jāmī

﴿وفهموا ذلك﴾

أي كون الدعوة للستر لا للكشف (منه) ، أي من نوح (عليه السلام لذلك) الفهم. قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه : ( «جعلوا أصابعهم في آذانهم واستغشوا ثيابهم» وهذه كلها صورة الستر التي دعاهم إليها فأجابوا دعوته بالفعل لا بلبيك. ففي «ليس كمثله شيء» إثبات المثل ونفيه، وبهذا قال عن نفسه صلى الله عليه وسلم إنه أوتي جوامع الكلم. فما دعا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم قومه ليلا ونهارا. بل دعاهم ليلا في نهار ونهارا في ليل.) قال الشيخ رضي الله عنه

that is, that the call was for concealment, not for unveiling, (from him), that is, from Noah, (peace be upon him, by that) understanding. The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said: ("They put their fingers in their ears and wrapped themselves in their garments"—all of this is the very form of concealment to which he called them, and so they answered his call in deed, though not with "here I am, at Your service." For in "there is nothing like unto Him" is both the affirmation of a likeness and its negation. By this he said of himself, God's blessings and peace be upon him, that he was given the all-comprehensive words (jawāmiʿ al-kalim). Thus Muḥammad, God's blessings and peace be upon him, did not call his people by night and by day; rather he called them by night within day and by day within night.) The Shaykh, may God be pleased with him, said:

al-Tilimsānī

﴿(نوح: 7) وهذه كلها صورة الستر التي دعاهم إليها فأجابوا دعوته بالفعل لا بلبيك. ففي﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

ليس كمثله شیء" إثبات المثل و نفيه، وبهذا قال عن نفسه، صلى الله عليه وسلم، إنه أوتي جوامع الكلم. فما دعا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، قومه ليلا ونهارا، بل دعاهم ليلا في نهار ونهارا في ليل. فقال نوح في حكمته لقومه: " يرسل السماء عليكم مدرارا

'there is nothing like unto Him' [there is both] the affirmation of similitude and its negation, and it is on this basis that he spoke of himself, God's blessing and peace be upon him, saying that he was given the sum totals of speech (jawāmiʿ al-kalim). Muḥammad, God's blessing and peace be upon him, did not call his people [separately] by night and by day; rather he called them by night within the day and by day within the night. Noah said, in his wisdom, to his people: 'He will send down the sky upon you in abundant rain' —

Jāmī

﴿وهذه كلها صورة الستر التي دعاهم﴾

نوح عليه السلام

Noah, peace be upon him, called them

Jāmī

﴿إليها فأجابوا دعوته … بالفعل لا بلبيك﴾

وقوله

and His saying,

Bālī Zāde

﴿فاجابوا دعوته بالفعل لا بلبيك ففي " ليس كمثله شيء" إثبات المثل ونفيه﴾

Quotes words that differ from our text (wavy underline).

عند أهل الله تعالى لأن وجود المماثل عندهم اشتراك الغير في وصفه تعالى فكان الكاف حينئذ عندهم على تقدير عدم الزيادة لإثبات المثل في صفة لا لغيره . وما هذا إلا وهو بعينه مذهب أهل الشرع لذلك أورد الدليل عليه بقوله : (وبهذا) أي بسبب كون إثبات المثل ونفيه في

— for in 'There is nothing like Him' there is both the affirmation of a likeness (mithl) and its negation"] according to the people of God, Exalted; for the existence of a like, according to them, is the sharing of another in His attribute, Exalted. Thus the [particle] kāf, according to them, is [understood] on the assumption that it adds nothing — [it serves] to affirm the likeness in [His] attribute, not for other than Him. And this is nothing other than the very doctrine of the people of [revealed] Law (ahl al-sharʿ). Therefore he adduced the proof for it in his saying: ("And by this") that is, on account of the affirmation of the likeness and its negation both being in

Sources: where each commentator's text comes from
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Qāshānī (d. 730/1330), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0730CabdRazzaqKashani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00084-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qashani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-Jandī (d. c. 691/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0691MuayyadDinJanadi.SharhCalaFususHikam.IAC00080-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jandi.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī (d. 751/1350), Maṭlaʿ khuṣūṣ al-kilam fī maʿānī Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0751DawudQaysari.MatlacKhususKalam.IAC00085-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/qaysari.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

ʿAfīf al-Dīn al-Tilimsānī (d. 690/1291), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0690CafifTilimsani.SharhFususHikam.IAC00081-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/tilmasani.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Ibn Turka (d. 835/1432), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0835SainDinTaraka.SharhFususHikam.IAC00087-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/taraka.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 0898NurDinJami.SharhMatnFususHikam.IAC00088-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/jami_matn.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

Muṣṭafā b. Sulaymān Bālī Zāde (d. 1073/1663), Sharḥ Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam

Digital text: OpenITI barzakh, 1073MustafaSulaymanBaliZadah.SharhFususHikam.IAC00082-ara1 (commit 6b19bdc)

Print edition behind it: Not recorded by OpenITI: the barzakh file has no .yml metadata record, and the ibnalarabi.com page it was taken from names no printed edition.

Taken from: ibnalarabi.com/fusus/bali.php. The OpenITI file's own header (#META# source) names this page: the text was copied from the Ibn ʿArabī website directed by Dr Mohamed Ali Haj Yousef. Every IAC-coded file used here names a page of that site in its header; barzakh is OpenITI's repository for texts awaiting integration into the corpus.

Licence: OpenITI distributes its texts under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; ibnalarabi.com states © 1999–2024. The commentary itself is a classical work in the public domain; the edition behind the digital text is unidentified.

The ibnalarabi.com texts sometimes print other hands inside a commentary: Bālī Zāde's glosses inside al-Qāshānī («إضافة بالي زادة»), and notes by the modern editor (al-muḥaqqiq) or compiler (al-jāmiʿ). We cut these out of the commentator's own text and show them as separate entries, each labelled with its author and the line of the file it came from.

Arabic of the commentaries from the OpenITI digital texts (each comment links to its line); Bosnevî's Ottoman Turkish from our collation of two OCRs of the 1873 Istanbul print (each comment links to its page scan at HathiTrust); passages matched to the commentators' quotations automatically.English translations of the commentaries and of the passage are AI (Claude) and marked. Differences are computed by comparing the words each commentator quotes with our working text; they may reflect a different manuscript reading, a paraphrase, or an alignment error. About this text.