Mashrabaمشربة

أولIbn Fāris gives two roots: the beginning of a matter and its end or outcome. (root wl)

الهمزة والواو واللام أصلان ابتداء الأمر وانتهاؤه أما الأول

Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha · English rendering

أول
Patterns computed · our data

The words of أ و ل that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.

25 words5 verbs5 verbal nouns3 participles1 intensive or elative9 other nouns2 plurals

  • أَوَّلfirst
  • أَوَّلِينplural of first
  • تَأْوِيلexplanation; interpretation
  • آلَhe, or it, returned
  • أوّلَhe returned it to him, or it
The whole family6 groups, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Verbs5آلَ · أوّلَ · تَاَوَّلَ

The root as an action: the bare Form I, and the Forms made by adding letters before, inside or after the root.grammar →

  • آلَhe, or it, returnedLaneForm ILaneIbn Fāris
  • أوّلَhe returned it to him, or itLaneForm IILaneIbn Fāris
  • تَاَوَّلَLane: see Form IIForm VLaneIbn Fāris
  • إِاْتَوَلَLane: see Form IForm VIIILane
  • استآلَhe sought the interpretation of the dream, by considerationLaneForm XLane
Verbal nouns5تَأْوِيل · أَوْل · إِيَال

The action itself, named as a noun (maṣdar).grammar →

  • تَأْوِيلexplanation; interpretationautoForm II · Lane: inf. n.Qurʾān ×17library ×5LaneIbn Fāris
  • أَوْلForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
  • إِيَالthe vessel, or receptacle, of thickening, or thick, milkLaneForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
  • إِيَالَةrule, or governmentLaneForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
  • تَأَوُّلForm II · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
Participles3مُؤْتَال · مُتَأَوَّل · مُتَأَوِّل

The one who does it, and the one it is done to.grammar →

  • مُؤْتَالpassive, Form VIIILane
  • مُتَأَوَّلpassive, Form VLane
  • مُتَأَوِّلactive, Form VLane
Intensives, qualities and the elative1أوَيْل

The quality carried far, held as a trait, or compared.grammar →

  • أوَيْلquality (faʿīl)Lane
Other nouns9أَوَّل · أَيِّل · أُولَى

Nouns on other patterns; their meaning is learned word by word.grammar →

Plurals2أَوَّلِين · أُيَّل

Broken plurals rebuild the word on a new pattern; sound plurals add an ending.grammar →

  • أَوَّلِينplural of firstfrom the singularsound plural of أَوَّلQurʾān ×32library ×2
  • أُيَّلbroken plural of آئِلLaneIbn Fāris
Why this shape?What each of the 13 patterns does

What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.

The pattern machinePour the root into a pattern; see whether the word exists

Choose a pattern; the root's letters pour into it. Then see whether the word exists in our sources. The machine makes shapes; only usage makes words.

مَفْعَلَةأ و لمَأْوَلَة

Not in our sources. A possible shape, not a word we can show: the Quran, the library and Lane do not have it for this root.

Place noun with -a. The place noun with the feminine -a. Sometimes it is only a variant of mafʿal; often it names the place where a thing is found in abundance (maʾsada, 'a place full of lions'). So maktab is the place of writing, and maktaba, where writings are gathered: a library, a bookshop. Our summary

But: maktaba is not in our classical dictionaries for k-t-b: Lane and al-Jawharī give maktab ('a school'), none gives maktaba. Its sense of 'library, bookshop' fits the pattern of abundance, but that is our reading of the pattern, not a classical entry. Many mafʿala words are single items of usage (maqbara 'cemetery'), which the grammarians call heard, not formed by rule.

The grammarians on this pattern (4)
  • ما يكون مفعلة لازمة لها الهاء والفتحة … وذلك إذا أردت أن تكثر الشيء بالمكان، وذلك قولك: أرض مسبعة، ومأسدة

    Chapter on what is mafʿala, with the -a and the a-vowel always: that is when you mean that a thing abounds in a place, as you say 'a land of many beasts of prey (masbaʿa), of many lions (maʾsada)'

    Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796), al-Kitāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn, 3rd ed. (Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1988), 4:94 · OpenITI line 21027–21028 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

  • و نحو المظنة و المقبرة فتحا و ضما ليس بقياس

    and words like maẓinna and maqbara (with a or u) are not by rule

    Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), al-Shāfiya fī ʿilm al-taṣrīf, ed. Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān (Mecca: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995), 1:30 · OpenITI line 223 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

  • “designate the place where the object signified by the noun from which they are formed, is found in large numbers or quantities” Wright, Grammar I, §247, p. 148 ↗ · on nouns of abundance, maf'ala · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
  • “Nouns of time and place not unfrequently take the feminine form” Wright, Grammar I, §225, p. 128 ↗ · on maf'ala as a variant of maf'al · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain

This root has a weak or doubled letter, so real words change shape (qāla → qāʾil, not qāwil); the machine pours the letters in as they are, and matches attested words by their regular pattern.

About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources

Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.

English: AI translation
  • al-Khalīl · 170It is mentioned in the tafsīr that every name ending in -īl (إيل), such as Jibrāʾīl (جبرائيل), is 'devoted [as a servant] to God,' just as one says ʿAbdallāh (عبد الله) and ʿUbaydallāh (عبيد الله).

    al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn. The first Arabic dictionary, arranged by permutations of the root letters.

    It is mentioned in the tafsīr that every name ending in -īl (إيل), such as Jibrāʾīl (جبرائيل), is 'devoted [as a servant] to God,' just as one says ʿAbdallāh (عبد الله) and ʿUbaydallāh (عبيد الله). Īl (إيل) is one of the names of God, Mighty and Glorious, in Hebrew. Īliyāʾ (إيلياء) is the city of Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem); some shorten it and say Iliyāʾ (إلياء). Aylah (أيلة) is the name of a town. Aylūl (أيلول) is the name of a month among the Byzantine (Roman) months, at the beginning of autumn. Al-Ayyal (الأيل) is the male of the wild mountain goats (awʿāl), plural ayāʾil (الأيائل); it is so named because it retreats (yaʾūlu) to the mountains and takes refuge in them. He [the poet] said: '… from the summer's dried dung, the horns of the wild goat' It [ayyal] is also [pronounced] as a collective with kasrah on the hamza. Al-ʾIyāl (الإيال), on the pattern of fiʿāl, is a vessel in which drink or juice or the like is stored/matured. One says: 'ultu l-sharāba uʾawwiluhu awlan' (ألت الشراب أؤوله أولا). He said: 'I broke the seal, though it had long aged, and after one storage-period made another'

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    فأما الأوائل من الأول فمنهم من يقول: تأسيس بنائه من همزة وواو ولام. ومنهم من يقول: تأسيسه من واوين بعدهما لام، ولكل حجة، قال في وصف الثور والكلاب: جهام تحث الوائلات أواخره «155» رواية أبي الدقيش. وقال أبو خيرة: تحث الأولات أواخره. والأول والأولى بمنزلة أفعل وفعلى. وجمع أول: أولون: وجمع أولى: أوليات، كما أن جمع الأخرى: أخريات. فمن قال: إن تأليفها من همزة وواو ولام فكان ينبغي أن يكون أفعل منه: آول، ممدود [كما] تقول من آب يؤوب: آوب، ولكنهم احتجوا بأن قالوا: أدغمت تلك المدة في الواو لكثرة ما جرى على الألسن.. ومن قال: إن تأليفها من واوين ولام [جعل الهمزة ألف أفعل وأدغم إحدى الواوين في الأخرى وشددهما] «156» . وتقول: رأيته عاما أول يا فتى، لأن أول على بناء أفعل، ومن نون حمله على النكرة، [ومن لم ينون فهو بابه] «157» ، قال أبو النجم «158» : ما ذاق بقلا منذ عام أول ويروى: ثفلا. والتأول والتأويل: تفسير الكلام الذي تختلف معانيه، ولا يصح إلا ببيان غير لفظه، قال: نحن ضربناكم على تنزيله ... فاليوم نضربكم على تأويله «159»

  • al-Jawharī · 393Aylah (أيلة): the name of a place.

    al-Jawharī (d. c. 393/1003), al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Admits only usage he judged sound.

    Aylah (أيلة): the name of a place. Ḥassān ibn Thābit, may God be pleased with him, said: 'A king [ruling] from the Mountain of Snow to the two sides of Aylah, over slave and free' Il (إل) is one of the names of God, Exalted, Hebrew or Syriac. Their saying Jibrāʾīl (جبرائيل) and Mīkāʾīl (ميكائيل) is just like their saying ʿAbdallāh (عبد الله) and Taym Allāh (تيم الله).

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    التأويل: تفسير ما يؤول إليه الشئ. وقد أولته وتأولته [تأولا (2) ] بمعنى. ومنه قول الاعشى على أنها كانت تأول حبها تأول ربعى السقاب فأصحبا قال أبو عبيدة: يعنى تأول حبها، أي تفسيره ومرجعه، أي إنه كان صغيرا في قلبه، فلم يزل ينبت حتى أصحب فصار قديما كهذا السقب الصغير، لم يزل يشب حتى صار كبيرا مثل أمه وصار له ابن يصحبه. وآل الرجل: أهله وعياله. وآله أيضا: أتباعه. قال الأعشى: فكذبوها بما قالت فصبحهم ذو آل حسان يزجي السم والسلعا يعني جيش تبع. والآل: الشخص. والآل: الذي تراه في أول النهار وآخره كأنه يرفع الشخوص، وليس هو السراب. قال الجعدى: حتى لحقناهم تعدى فوارسنا كأننا رعن قف يرفع الآلا أراد يرفعه الآل، فقلبه. والآلة: الأداة، والجمع الآلات. والآلة أيضا: واحدة الآل والآلات، وهي خشبات تبنى عليها الخيمة، ومنه قول كثير يصف ناقة ويشبه قوائمها بها: وتعرف إن ضلت فتهدى لربها لموضع آلات من الطلح أربع والآلة: الجنازة. قال الشاعر (1) : كل ابن أنثى وإن طالت سلامته يوما على آلة حدباء محمول والآلة: الحالة، يقال: هو بآلة سوء. قال الراجز: قد أركب الآلة بعد الآله وأترك العاجز بالجداله (2) والجمع آل. والايالة: السياسة. يقال: آل الأمير رعيته يؤولها أولا وإيالا، أي ساسها وأحسن رعايتها. وفي كلام بعضهم (3) : " قد ألنا وإيل علينا ". وآل ما له، أي أصلحه وساسه. والائتيال، الاصلاح والسياسة. قال لبيد: بصبوح صافية وجذب كرينة بمؤتر تأتاله إبهامها وهو تفتعله من ألت، كما تقول تقتاله من قلت، أي تصلحه إبهامها. وآل، أي رجع. يقال: طبخت الشراب فآل إلى قدر كذا وكذا، أي رجع. وآل القطران والعسل، أي خثر. والآيل اللبن الخاثر، والجمع

  • Ibn Fāris · 395Hamza, wāw, and lām form two roots (aṣlān): the beginning of a thing and its end.

    Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).

    Hamza, wāw, and lām form two roots (aṣlān): the beginning of a thing and its end. As for the first, it is al-awwal (الأول), which is the beginning of a thing. Its feminine form is al-ūlā (الأولى), like afʿal and fuʿlā. The plural of al-ūlā (الأولى) is ūliyyāt (أوليات), like al-ukhrā (الأخرى). As for al-awāʾil (الأوائل), some say the root-construction of awwal (أول) is from hamza, wāw, and lām, and this is the [correct] view; others say its construction is from two wāws followed by a lām. The Arabs used awalah (أولة) for the feminine and pluralized it as awalāt (أولات), and a verse was cited describing a camel: 'Tawny, known by his lead she-camels (awalāt) … his sire's maternal uncle unto his daughters' sons' meaning: the pride of his father is manifest in his offspring. Abū Zayd said: a she-camel is awalah (أولة) and a he-camel is awwal (أول) when they go ahead of the herd. The analogical plural [of awwal] is awāwil (أواول), except that every wāw occurring at the end [of a word] or near it after a quiescent alif is converted into a hamza. Al-Khalīl said: [one says] 'I saw him ʿāman awwal (last year)', O young man, because awwal is on the pattern of afʿal [and hence diptote]; whoever gives it nunation treats it as indefinite. Abū al-Najm said: 'He has not tasted solid food since a year ago (ʿām awwal)' Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: [one says] 'take this awwal dhāti yadayn (أول ذات يدين), and awwal dhī awwal (أول ذي أول), and awwal awwal (أول أول)', meaning: before everything. And they say: 'As for the very first thing, I praise God.' The first prayer, al-ṣalāt al-ūlā (الصلاة الأولى), was so named because it was the first [prayer] performed. Abū Zayd said: al-jāhirah used to call Sunday 'al-Awwal', and they cited concerning this: 'I hope to live, and that my day [of death] be on Awwal, or Ahwan, or Jabbār' The second root: al-Khalīl said: al-ayyal (الأيل) is the male of the wild mountain goats (wuʿūl), plural ayāʾil (أيائل). It is called ayyal because it retreats (yaʾūlu) to the mountain to take refuge there. Abū al-Najm said: 'As though on the tails of the shūl [late-lactating she-camels], from the summer's dried dung, were the horns of the wild goat' He likened what stuck to their tails from their dung, once dried, to the horns of wild goats (awʿāl). Their saying āla l-labanu (آل اللبن), meaning it curdled, belongs to this root, because [milk] does not curdle except at the final stage of its process. Al-Khalīl, or someone else, said: al-ʾiyāl (الإيال), on the pattern of fiʿāl, is a vessel in which drink is stored for some days until it matures. He said: 'He breaks the seal, though it had long aged, and after one iyāl [aging-period] begins another' Āla yaʾūlu (آل يؤول) means 'he returned.' Yaʿqūb said: one says awwala l-ḥukma ilā ahlihi (أول الحكم إلى أهله), meaning he restored the judgment to its [rightful] people. Al-Aʿshā said: 'I restore the judgment to its [rightful] people' Al-Khalīl said: āla l-labanu yaʾūlu awlan wa-uwūlan (آل اللبن يؤول أولا وأوولا) means it curdled, and likewise for plants. Abū Ḥātim said: 'the milk āla on the finger' — that is, when it curdles, and if you put a finger in it one says 'it āla upon it'; and 'the tar āla' when it thickened; and 'the man's body āla' when it became emaciated. This belongs to the root because it 'returns' (yaḥūru) and 'comes to be' (yaḥrī), i.e. reverts to that state. Al-ʾiyālah (الإيالة, governance) belongs to this root, because the subjects' recourse is to their shepherd/ruler. Al-Aṣmaʿī said: 'the man āla his flock/subjects', yaʾūluhā, when he governed them well. The rajaz-poet said: 'He governs them as the foremost of rulers' The Arabs say in their proverbs: 'alnā wa-ʾīla ʿalaynā' (ألنا وإيل علينا), meaning 'we governed, and we were governed by others.' And they cited concerning Labīd's saying: 'With a well-strung [bow-string] which her thumb manages (taʾtāluhu)' This is [the verb-form] taftaʿilu from alahu (ألته), meaning 'he set it right, managed it.' A man is called āʾilu māl (آيل مال), on the pattern of khāʾilu māl, meaning its manager. Al-Aṣmaʿī said: one says 'raddadtuhu ilā āʾilatihi' (رددته إلى آيلته), meaning to his nature and disposition. Āl al-rajul (آل الرجل, a man's family/household) is from this as well, because to him is their recourse (maʾāl), and to them is his. This is the meaning of their saying 'yā āla fulān' (يا آل فلان). Ṭarafah said: 'You would think there is affliction in her glance — O kinsmen of mine, [alas] for youth's flourishing vigor' The proof that this [word āl] derives from awwal, being a lightened form of it, is the saying of a poet [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    الهمزة والواو واللام أصلان ابتداء الأمر وانتهاؤه أما الأول فالأول وهو مبتدأ الشيء والمؤنثة الأولى مثل أفعل وفعلى وجمع الأولى أوليات مثل الأخرى فأما الأوائل فمنهم من يقول تأسيس بناء أول من همزة وواو ولام وهو القول ومنهم من يقول تأسيسه من واوين بعدهما لام وقد قالت العرب للمؤنثة أولة وجمعوها أولات وأنشد في صفة جمل : — آدم معروف بأولاته … خال أبيه لبني بناته … أي خيلاء أبيه ظاهر في أولاده أبو زيد ناقة أولة وجمل أول إذا تقدما الإبل والقياس في جمعه أواول إلا أن كل واو وقعت طرفا أو قريبة منه بعد ألف ساكنة قلبت همزة الخليل رأيته عاما أول يا فتى لأن أول على بناء أفعل ومن نون حمله على النكرة قال أبو النجم : — ما ذاق ثفلا منذ عام أول … ابن الأعرابي خذ هذا أول ذات يدين وأول ذي أول وأول أول أي قبل كل شيء ويقولون أما أول ذات يدين فإني أحمد الله والصلاة الأولى سميت بذلك لأنها أول ما صلى قال أبو زيد كان الجاهرة يسمن يوم الأحد الأول وأنشدوا فيه : — أؤمل أن أعيش وأن يومي … بأول أو بأهون أو جبار … والأصل الثاني قال الخليل الأيل الذكر من الوعول والجمع أيائل وإنما سمي أيلا لأنه يؤول إلى الجبل يتحصن قال أبو النجم : — كأن في أذنابهن الشول … من عبس الصيف قرون الأيل … شبه ما التزق بأذنابهن من أبعارهن فيبس بقرون الأوعال وقولهم آل اللبن أي خثر من هذا الباب وذلك لأنه لا يخثر إلا آخر أمره قال الخليل أو غيره الإيال على فعال وعاء يجمع فيه الشراب اياما حتى يجود قال : — يفض الختام وقد أزمنت … وأحدث بعد إيال إيالا … وآل يؤول أى رجع قال يعقوب : يقال أول الحكم إلى أهله أي أرجعه ورده إليهم قال الأعشى : — أؤول الحكم إلى أهله … قال الخليل : آل اللبن يؤول أولا وأوولا خثر وكذلك النبات قال أبو حاتم آل اللبن على الإصبع وذلك أن يروب فإذا جعلت فيه الأصبع قيل آل عليها وآل القطران إذا خثر وآل جسم الرجل إذا نحف وهو من الباب لأنه يحور ويحري أي يرجع إلى تلك الحال والإيالة السياسة من هذا الباب لأن مرج الرعية إلى راعيها قال الأسمعي آل الرجل رعيته يؤولها إذا أحسن سياستها قال الراجز : — يؤولها أول ذي سياس … وتقول العرب في أمثالها ألنا وإيل علينا أي سسنا وساسنا غيرنا وقالوا في قول لبيد : — بمؤتر تأتاله إبهامها … هو تفتعل من ألته أي أصلحته ورجل آيل مال مثال خائل مال أي سائسه قال الأصمعي يقال رددته إلى آيلته أي طبعه وسوسه وآل الرجل أهل بيته من هذا أيضا لأنه إليه مآلهم وإليهم مآله وهذا معنى قولهم يال فلان وقال طرفة : — تحس2ب الطرف عليها نجدة … يال قومي للشباب المسبكر … والدليل على أن ذلك من الأول وهو مخفف منه قول شاعر : — قد كان حقك أن تقول لبارق … يآل يارق فيم سب جرير … وآل الرجل شخصه من هذا أيضا وكذلك آل كل شيء وذلك أنهم يعبرون عنه بآله وهم عشيرته يقولون آل أبي بكر وهم يريدون أبا بكر وفي هذا غموض قليل قال الخليل آل الجبل أطرافه ونواحيه قال : — كأن رعن الآل منه في الآل … إذ بدا دهانج ذو أعدال وآل البغير ألواحه وما أشرف من أقطار جسمه قال من اللواتي إذا لانت عريكتها يبقى لها بعدها آل ومجلود … وقال آخر : — ترى له آلا وجسما شرجعا … وآل الخيمة العمد قال : — فلم يبق إلا آل خيم منضد … وسفع على آس ونؤى معثلب … والآلة الحالة قال : — سأحمل نفسي على آلة … فإما عليها وإما لها … ومن هذا الباب تأويل الكلام وهو عاقبته وما يؤول إليه وذلك قوله تعالى : ﴿ هل ينظرون إلا تأويله ﴾ يقول ما يؤول إليه في وقت بعثهم ونشورهم وقال الأعشى : — على أنها كانت تأول حبها … تأول ربعي السقاب فأصحبا … يريد مرجعه وعاقبته وذلك من آل يؤول

  • Lisān · 711Aylah (أيلة): the name of a town.

    Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711/1311), Lisān al-ʿArab. The great compendium of the earlier dictionaries (entry shortened).

    Aylah (أيلة): the name of a town. Ibn al-Aʿrābī cited: 'Indeed you, by the King, O people of Aylah, are like one who claims for himself a father he has not' He meant: 'like one claiming a father for himself' (al-mutaʾabbī aban). And Ḥassān ibn Thābit said: 'A king from the Mountain of Snow to the two sides of Aylah, over slave and free' Īl (إيل) is one of the names of God, Mighty and Exalted, Hebrew or Syriac. Ibn al-Kalbī said: their sayings Jibrāʾīl, Mīkāʾīl, Shurāḥīl, Isrāfīl, and the like are all ascribed to the Divine Lordship, because Īl (إيل) is a dialectal variant of Il (إل), which is God, Mighty and Exalted — just as they say ʿAbdallāh and Taym Allāh; thus 'Jibr' is '[a] servant' annexed to Īl. Abū Manṣūr said: it is possible that Īl was arabized and thus pronounced Il (إل). Īliyāʾ (إيلياء): the city of Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem); some shorten the yāʾ and say Iliyāʾ (إلياء); it seems both are Byzantine [Greek] words. Al-Farazdaq said: 'There are two houses: the House of God, of which we are custodians, and a house set high above in Īliyāʾ, lofty' And in the ḥadīth: that ʿUmar, may God be pleased with him, entered the state of iḥrām for Ḥajj from Īliyāʾ. It [the name], with lengthening (madd) and without doubling (takhfīf), is the name of the city of Bayt al-Maqdis; the second yāʾ may also be doubled and the word shortened; it is an arabized [foreign] word. Aylah (أيلة): an Arab town, mentioned in ḥadīth; it is [pronounced] with fatḥah on the hamza and sukūn on the yāʾ — the well-known town between Egypt and Syria (al-Shām). Ayl (أيل): the name of a mountain. Al-Shammākh said: 'He pastured [his herd] at the edges of al-Qanān, then Ṣārah, then Ayl, then al-Māwān — and it reeked' This is a rare morphological pattern, however you scan it, for it is [either] faʿl, or fayʿil, or faʿīl: the first (faʿl) occurs [elsewhere] only in Baqam and Shalam, which are foreign words; the second (fayʿil) occurs [elsewhere] only in his [a poet's] saying: 'What ails my eye, like the trickling channel's eye?' and the third (faʿīl) is unattested. Aylūl (أيلول): a month among the Byzantine (Roman) months. Al-Ayyal (الإيل): the male of the wild mountain goats, [already] mentioned in the entry for awal (أول).

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    الأول: الرجوع. آل الشيء يؤول أولا ومآلا: رجع. وأول إليه الشيء: رجعه. وألت عن الشيء: ارتددت. وفي الحديث: من صام الدهر فلا صام ولا آل أي لا رجع إلى خير، والأول الرجوع. في حديث خزيمة السلمي: حتى آل السلامي أي رجع إليه المخ. ويقال: طبخت النبيذ حتى آل إلى الثلث أو الربع أي رجع؛ وأنشد الباهلي لهشام: حتى إذا أمعروا صفقي مباءتهم، ... وجرد الخطب أثباج الجراثيم آلوا الجمال هراميل العفاء بها، ... على المناكب ريع غير مجلوم قوله آلوا الجمال: ردوها ليرتحلوا عليها. والإيل والأيل: من الوحش، وقيل هو الوعل؛ قال الفارسي: سمي بذلك لمآله إلى الجبل يتحصن فيه؛ قال ابن سيده: فإيل وأيل على هذا فعيل وفعيل، وحكى الطوسي عن ابن الأعرابي: أيل كسيد من تذكرة أبي علي. الليث: الأيل الذكر من الأوعال، والجمع الأيايل، وأنشد: كأن في أذنابهن الشول، ... من عبس الصيف، قرون الإيل وقيل: فيه ثلاث لغات: إيل وأيل وأيل على مثال فعل، والوجه الكسر، والأنثى إيلة، وهو الأروى. وأول الكلام وتأوله: دبره وقدره، وأوله وتأوله: فسره. وقوله عز وجل: ولما يأتهم تأويله ؛ أي لم يكن معهم علم تأويله، وهذا دليل على أن علم التأويل ينبغي أن ينظر فيه، وقيل: معناه لم يأتهم ما يؤول إليه أمرهم في التكذيب به من العقوبة، ودليل هذا قوله تعالى: كذلك كذب الذين من قبلهم فانظر كيف كان عاقبة الظالمين. وفي حديث ابن عباس: اللهم فقهه في الدين وعلمه التأويل ؛ قال ابن الأثير: هو من آل الشيء يؤول إلى كذا أي رجع وصار إليه، والمراد بالتأويل نقل ظاهر اللفظ عن وضعه الأصلي إلى ما يحتاج إلى دليل لولاه ما ترك ظاهر اللفظ؛ ومنه حديث عائشة، رضي الله عنها: كان النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم، يكثر أن يقول في ركوعه وسجوده: سبحانك اللهم وبحمدك يتأول القرآن ، تعني أنه مأخوذ من قوله تعالى: فسبح بحمد ربك واستغفره. وفي حديث الزهري قال: قلت لعروة ما بال عائشة تتم في السفر يعني الصلاة؟ قال: تأولت «2» كما تأول عثمان ؛ أراد بتأويل عثمان ما روي عنه أنه أتم الصلاة بمكة في الحج ، وذلك أنه نوى الإقامة بها. التهذيب: وأما التأويل فهو تفعيل من أول يؤول تأويلا وثلاثيه آل يؤول أي رجع وعاد. وسئل أبو العباس أحمد بن يحيى عن التأويل فقال: التأويل والمعنى والتفسير واحد. قال أبو منصور: يقال ألت الشيء أؤوله إذا جمعته وأصلحته فكان التأويل جمع معاني ألفاظ أشكلت بلفظ واضح لا إشكال فيه. وقال بعض العرب: أول الله عليك أمرك أي جمعه، وإذا دعوا عليه قالوا: لا أول الله عليك شملك. ويقال في الدعاء للمضل: أول الله عليك أي رد عليك ضالتك وجمعها لك. ويقال: تأولت في فلان الأجر إذا تحريته وطلبته. الليث: التأول والتأويل تفسير الكلام الذي تختلف معانيه ولا يصح إلا ببيان غير لفظه؛ وأنشد: نحن ضربناكم على تنزيله، ... فاليوم نضربكم على تأويله «3» . وأما قول الله عز وجل: هل ينظرون إلا تأويله يوم يأتي تأويله ؛ فقال أبو إسحق: معناه هل ينظرون إلا ما يؤول إليه أمرهم من البعث، قال: وهذا التأويل هو قوله تعالى: وما يعلم تأويله إلا الله ؛ أي لا يعلم متى يكون أمر البعث وما يؤول إليه الأمر عند قيام الساعة إلا الله والراسخون في العلم يقولون آمنا به أي آمنا بالبعث، والله أعلم؛ قال أبو منصور: وهذا حسن، وقال غيره: أعلم الله جل ذكره أن في الكتاب الذي أنزله آيات محكمات هن أم الكتاب لا تشابه فيه فهو مفهوم معلوم، وأنزل آيات أخر متشابهات تكلم فيها العلماء مجتهدين، وهم يعلمون أن اليقين الذي هو الصواب لا يعلمه إلا الله، وذلك مثل المشكلات التي اختلف المتأولون في تأويلها وتكلم فيها من تكلم على ما أداه الاجتهاد إليه، قال: وإلى هذا مال ابن الأنباري. وروي عن مجاهد: هل ينظرون إلا تأويله ، قال: جزاءه. يوم يأتي تأويله ، قال: جزاؤه. وقال أبو عبيد في قوله: وما يعلم تأويله إلا الله ، قال: التأويل المرجع والمصير مأخوذ من آل يؤول إلى كذا أي صار إليه. وأولته: صيرته إليه. الجوهري: التأويل تفسير ما يؤول إليه الشيء، وقد أولته تأويلا وتأولته بمعنى؛ ومنه قول الأعشى: على أنها كانت، تأول حبها ... تأول ربعي السقاب، فأصحبا قال أبو عبيدة: تأول حبها أي تفسيره ومرجعه أي أن حبها كان صغيرا في قلبه فلم يزل يثبت حتى أصحب فصار قديما كهذا السقب الصغير لم يزل يشب حتى صار كبيرا مثل أمه وصار له ابن يصحبه. والتأويل: عبارة الرؤيا. وفي التنزيل العزيز: هذا تأويل رءياي من قبل . وآل ماله يؤوله إيالة إذا أصلحه وساسه. والائتيال: الإصلاح والسياسة قال ابن بري: ومنه قول عامر بن جوين: ككرفئة الغيث، ذات الصبير، ... تأتي السحاب وتأتالها وفي حديث الأحنف: قد بلونا فلانا فلم نجد عنده إيالة للملك ، والإيالة السياسة؛ فلان حسن الإيالة وسيء الإيالة؛ وقول لبيد: بصبوح صافية، وجذب كرينة ... بمؤتر، تأتاله، إبهامها قيل هو تفتعله من ألت أي أصلحت، كما تقول تقتا …

  • Lane · 1876English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.

    E. W. Lane (d. 1876), An Arabic-English Lexicon. English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.

    آلَ

    1. آلَ, aor. يَؤُولُ, (T, S, M, &c.,) inf. n. أَوْلٌ (T, M, Mgh, Msb, K) and مَآلٌ (M, K) and إِيَالٌ, which last is used as a subst. in relation to objects of the mind, (Msb,) and أَيْلُولَةٌ [like دَيْمُومَةٌ], (TA,) He, or it, returned; syn. رَجَعَ; (T, S, M, Mgh, Msb, K;) and عَادَ; (T;) [and he resorted; (see an instance voce إِيَّلٌ;)] إِلَيْهِ to it; (M, K;) namely a thing [of any kind; the thing, or place, whence he, or it, originated, or came; his, or its, origin, or source; his, or its, original state, condition, quantity, weight, &c.; any place; and a former action, or saying, or the like: see رَجَعَ, by which, as the explanation of آلَ, may be meant to be implied some other significations, here following, which these two verbs have in common]: (M:) and آلَ عَنْهُ he (a man, M) returned, or reverted, from it. (M, K.) From آلَ as syn. with رَجَعَ is the phrase, فُلَانٌ يَؤُولُ إِلَى كَرَمٍ [meaning either Such a one returns to generosity, or, as كَرَمٌ is used in the sense of كِرَامٌ, is referable to generous, or noble, ancestors]. (TA.) [And hence the phrase,] آلَ إِلَيْهِ بِنَسَبٍ [He bore a relation to him, as a member to a head, by kindred], and بِدِينٍ [by religion]. (Ibn-'Arafeh.) And the saying, in a trad., مَنْ صَامَ الدَّهْرَ فَلَا صَامَ وَ لَا آلَ, i. e. (tropical:) [He who fasts ever, or always, may he neither fast] nor return to what is good. (TA.) [In the Mgh, art. دهر, for آل I find أَفْطَرَ; and it is there said that this is an imprecation uttered by the Prophet, lest a man should believe this kind of fasting to be ordained by God; or, through impotence, should become insincere; or because, by fasting all the days of the year, he would do so on the days on which fasting is forbidden. See other readings voce أَلَا in art. الو.]) Hence also the saying, آلتِ الضَّرْبَهُ إِلَى النَّفْسِ, meaning (assumed tropical:) The blow, or stroke, resulted in destroying life; in slaying, or killing. (Mgh.) Hence also, آلَ الأَمْرُ إِلَى كَذَا [The affair, or case, became ultimately reduced to such a state, or condition; came to such a result; came to be thus]. (Msb.) Hence also, طَبَخْتُ الشَّرَابَ فَآلَ إِلَى قَدْرِ كَذَا I cooked the wine, or beverage, and it became reduced (رَجَعَ) to such a quantity. (S.) And طَبَخَهُ حَتَّى آلَ إِلَى الثُّلُثِ أَوِالرُّبعِ He cooked it (namely نَبِيذ [i. e. must, or mead, or wort,]) until it became reduced (رَجَعَ) to the third, or to the fourth: (T:) or, said of the same, (Mgh,) or of medicine, (TA,) حَتَّى آلَ المَنَّانِ مَنَّا وَاحِدًا, (Mgh,) or إِلَى مَنٍّ وَاحِدٍ, (TA,) until twice the quantity, or weight, of a مَنّ became [reduced to] (صَارَ) one مَنّ. (Mgh.) [Hence also, مَجَازُ الأَوْلِ The proleptic, or anticipative, trope; as فَصِيلٌ applied to “a young camel” before it is weaned, because it is to be weaned.] [And hence also, app.,] آلَ الشَّىْءُ, inf. n. مَآلٌ, The thing [became reduced in quantity or size;] decreased; diminished; or became defective, or deficient. (M, K.) And آلَ لَحْمُ النَّاقَةِ The flesh of the she-camel went away, so that she became lean, or slender and lean, or lean and lank in the belly. (T, K.) آلَ, (T, S, M, K,) inf. n. أَوْلٌ (T, M, K) and إِيَالٌ, (M, K,) is also said of tar, (T, S, M,) and of honey, (S,) and of milk, (M,) and of wine, or beverage, (TA,) and of urine, (M,) or of the urine of camels that have been contented with green pasture instead of water, at the end of their being in that state, (T,) and of oil, (M, K,) and other things, (K,) as meaning It became thick: (T, S, M, K:) said of milk, it thickened and coagulated: (M:) said of wine, or beverage, it thickened, and became intoxicating in its utmost degree: (Az, TA:) and said of oil, it attained its full perfume, or sweetness of odour, by being well prepared or compounded. (T.) مَا لَكَ تَؤُولُ إِلَى كَتِفَيْكَ [written in the TA without any vowel-signs, app. meaning (tropical:) What aileth thee that thou shruggest thy shoulders? lit., drawest thyself together to thy two shoulder-blades?] is said [to a man] إِذَا ٱنْضَمَّ إِلَيْهِمَا وَٱجْتَمَعَ [when he draws himself together to them, and contracts himself]; and is a tropical phrase: so says Z. (TA.) آلَ مِنْ فُلَانٍ He escaped, or became safe or secure, from such a one: a dial. var. of وَأَلَ: (T, K:) of the dial. of the Ansár. (TA.) You say also, آلَ, aor. يَؤُولُ; (T, Msb;) or أَوِلَ, aor. يَأْوَلُ; (K;) meaning He, or it, preceded; went before; was, or became, before, beforehand, first, or foremost; (T, Msb, K;) and came: (Msb:) with this, also, وَأَلَ is syn.; and from it [says Az] is most probably derived أَوَّلُ, so that its original form is أَأْوَلُ: [or, as Fei says,] hence is derived the phrase, used by the vulgar, العَشْرُ الأَوَّلُ with fet-h to the hemzeh [as meaning “the first, or preceding, ten (nights of the month),” for الأُوَلُ, pl. of الأُولَى, fem. of الأَوَّلُ; but this is generally regarded as being originally الأَوْأَلُ, from وَأَلَ]. (Msb.) آلَهُ: see 2. Accord. to Lth, (TA,) أُلْتُهُ, (M, K,) aor. أَؤُولُهُ, inf. n. أَوْلٌ, (TA,) signifies I made it (namely, milk, M, or oil &c., K) to thicken, (M, K,) and to coagulate; (M;) the verb being both intrans. and trans.: (K:) but Az says that it is not known as trans., in this sense, in the language of the Arabs [of the classical ages]. (TA.) آلَ رَعِيّتَهُ, (S, M, Msb, K,) aor. يُؤُولُ, inf. n. أَوْلٌ (S) and إِيَالٌ, (S, M, K,) of which the simple subst. is إِيَالَةٌ, (S, * Msb,) He (a prince or commander, S, or a king, M, K) ruled, or governed, his subjects; presided over their affairs, as commander or governor; (S, M, Msb, K;) and did so well: (S:) and آلَ عَلَيْهِمْ, inf. n. أَوْلٌ and إِيَالٌ and إِيَالَةٌ, [or this last, as said above, is a simple subst.,] he presided over them; held command, or authority, over them; (M, K;) namely, a people, or company of men; (K;) or, over their affairs. (TA.) It is said in a prov., (M,) قَدْ أُلْنَا وَإِيلَ عَلَيْنَا (T, S, M) We have ruled and been ruled; (T;) we have presided and been presided over. (M.) آلَ مَالهُ, (T, S, M, * Msb, K,) inf. n. إِيَالَةٌ, (T, Msb,) He put into a good, or right, state, or condition, and managed, or tended, his مال [meaning cattle]; (T, S, M, * K;) as also ائتالهُ [written with the disjunctive alif اِيتَالَهُ], (K,) inf. n. اِيتِيَالٌ: (S:) or he managed his camels, and his sheep or goats, in such a manner that they throve, or became in a good state or condition, by his management. (Msb.) Lebeed describes a female singer (T, S,) meaning with a stringed lute, (EM p. 169,) which her thumb adjusts; (S, EM;) from أُلْتُ, (T, S,) signifying I put into a good, right, or proper, state, or condition. (T. [But see another reading in the first paragraph of art. اوي.]) You say also, أُلْتُ الشَّىْءَ meaning I composed, or collected together, the thing, and put it into a good, right, or proper, state, or condition: and some of the Arabs say, ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْكَ أَوَّلَ أَمْرَكَ, i. e. May God compose for thee thine affair: and, by way of imprecation, ٱللّٰهُ لَا أَوَّلَ عَلَيْهِ شَمْلَهُ [May God not compose for him his discomposed, disorganized, deranged, or unsettled, affair, or affairs]. (T.) أُلْتُ الإِبلَ, inf. n. أَوْلٌ and إِيَالٌ, also signifies I drove the camels: (M:) or, accord. to the T, I bound the camels' udders with the أَصِرَّة (صَرَرْتُهَا) until the time of milking, when I loosed them. (TA.)

    أوّلهُ إِلَيْهِ

    2. أوّلهُ إِلَيْهِ, (M, K,) inf. n. تَأْوِيلٌ, (TA,) He returned it (namely, a thing, M) to him, or it; he made it, or caused it, to return to him, or it; syn. رَجَعَهُ: (M, K: in the CK رَجَّعَهُ:) and آلَهُ also signifies the same; syn. رَدَّهُ. (TA.) You say, أَوَّلَ ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْكَ ضَالَّتَكَ May God restore to thee thy stray; (T, * TA;) cause it to return to thee; (TA;) bring together thee and it. (T.) And أَوَّلْتُهُ إِلَى كَذَا I caused him, or it, to come to such a state or condition; brought, or reduced, him, or it, thereto; syn. صَيَّرْتُهُ إِلَيْهِ. (T.) See also 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places. تَأْوِيلٌ also signifies The discovering, detecting, revealing, developing, or disclosing, or the explaining, expounding, or interpreting, that to which a thing is, or may be, reduced, or that which it comes, or may come, to be: (S, O, TA:) you say, أَوَّلْتُهُ, inf. n. تَأْوِيلٌ; and تَأَوَّلْتُهُ, inf. n. تَأَوُّلٌ; in one and the same sense: and hence the saying of El-Aashà: (S:) or حُبَّها تاوَّل: (so in a copy of the T: [the former word being, accord. to this reading, a contraction of تَتَأَوَّلُ; but this does not altogether agree with what here follows:]) AO says, تَأَوُّلُ حُبِّهَا means تَفْسِيرُهُ وَمَرْجِعُهُ: [i. e., the explanation of her love, or of the (poet's) love of her, and the state, or condition, to which it eventually came, is this:] (S:) it was small in his heart, and ceased not to grow until it became great; like as the little young camel [born in the season called ربيع, or in the beginning of the breeding-time,] ceases not to grow until he becomes great like his mother, (T, * S,) and has a son accompanying him: (S:) [or] أوّلهُ and تأوّلهُ, (M, K,) inf. n. of the former as above, (K,) when said of language, signify دَبَّرَهُ وَقَدَّرَهُ وَفَسَّرَهُ [he considered its end, or what it might be to which it led or pointed, and compared one part of it with another, and then explained, or expounded, or interpreted, it]: (M, K:) hence, [if the explanation in the M and K be meant to denote three distinct meanings, which I do not think to be the case,] it would seem as though تَأْوِيلٌ and تَفْسِيرٌ were syn.; but accord. to other authorities, they differ: (TA:) [Az says,] accord. to Ahmad Ibn-Yahyà, these two words and مَعْنًى are all one: but تأويل seems to me to signify the collecting the meanings of dubious expressions by such expression as is clear, or plain, without dubiousness: or, accord. to Lth, it is the interpreting of language that has different meanings; and this cannot be rightly done but by an explanation which changes the expression; as also تأَوُّلٌ: (T:) or the turning a verse of the Kur-án from its apparent meaning to a meaning which it bears, or admits, when the latter is agreeable with the Scripture and the Sunneh: for instance, in the words of the Kur [vi. 95, &c.], يُخْرِجُ ٱلْحَىَّ مِنَ المَيِّتِ, if the meaning be [thus explained] “He produceth the bird from the egg,” this is تفسير: and if [it be explained as meaning] “He produceth the believer from the unbeliever,” or “the knowing from the ignorant,” this is تأويل: so says Ibn-El-Kemál: (TA:) [hence, although it may often be rendered by interpretation, like تفسير, it more properly signifies the rendering in a manner not according to the letter, or overt sense; explaining the covert, or virtual, meaning; interpreting in a manner not according to the obvious meaning:] or the reducing a thing to its ultimate intent, whether it be a saying or an action: (Er-Rághib, TA:) or تفسير signifies the “discovering, detecting, revealing, or disclosing, what is meant by a dubious expression;” and تأويل, the reducing one of two senses, or interpretations, which an expression bears, or admits, to that which suits the apparent meaning: (L and K in art. فسر, and TA in that and in the present art.:) or the former signifies the “expounding, explaining, or interpreting, the narratives which occur collected without discrimination in the Kur-án, and making known the significations of the strange words or expressions, and explaining the occasions on which the verses were revealed;” and the latter, the explaining the meaning of that which is مُتَشَابِهِ, [or what is equivocal, or ambiguous,] i. e., what is not understood without repeated consideration. (TA: [in which are some further explanations; but these add nothing of importance.]) [Hence, أوّل لَفْظًا, in grammar, He rendered a word, or an expression, or a phrase, in grammatical analysis, by another word, or expression, or phrase.] And [hence likewise,] تَأْوِيلٌ signifies also The interpretation, or explanation, of a dream; the telling the final sequel, or result, thereof: (M, K:) as in the Kur xii. 101. (M.) It is also used [as a simple subst.] to signify The end, issue, result, or final sequel, of a thing; syn. عَاقِبَةٌ; (Bd in iv. 62 and xvii. 37;) or مَآلٌ; (Jel in the same places;) or مَرْجِعٌ, and مَصِيرٌ; as in the Kur [iii. 5], وَمَا يعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلَّا ٱللّٰهُ [But none knoweth the end, &c., thereof, except God]: (A'Obeyd, T:) or this phrase means, but none knoweth when will be the resurrection, and to what the case will eventually come, (T, M,) when the hour shall arrive, (TA,) except God: (T, M:) so says Aboo-Is-hák: (T:) and in like manner, [in the Kur vii. 51,] هَلْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَّا تَأْوِيلَهُ means Do they wait for aught save the result to which their case will come by the resurrection? (Aboo-Is-hák, T, M:) or, the result to which it will come (Bd, Jel) in the manifestation of its truth by the appearance of the promises and threats of which it has told? (Bd:) in like manner, also, the saying, تَقْوي ٱللّٰهِ أَحْسَنُ تَأْوِيلًا means The fear of God is best in respect of result; syn. عَاقِبَةً. (TA.)

    تَاَوَّلَ

    5: see 2, in the former half of the paragraph, in six places. تأوّل فِيهِ الخَيْرَ He discovered in him the existence of good, or goodness, from its outward signs: and he sought, or looked for, good, or goodness, in him. (TA.) You say also, تَأَوَّلْتُ فِى فُلَانٍ الأَجْرَ I sought, or looked for, recompense in (or of or from) such a one. (T.)

    إِاْتَوَلَ

    8: see 1, near the end of the paragraph, in two places.

    استآل الرُّؤْيَا

    10. استآل الرُّؤْيَا He sought the interpretation of the dream, by consideration. (TA in art. سوأ.)

    آلٌ

    آلٌ A man's أَهْل [or family]; (T, S, M, Msb, K;) i. e. his relations: (Msb:) his عَشِيرَة [or kinsfolk; or nearer, or nearest, relations by descent from the same father or ancestor; &c.]; from أَوْلٌ as signifying رُجُوعٌ, because recourse is had to them in all affairs: (Har p. 578:) and his household; (S, TA;) the people of his house: (Msb:) and his followers; (S, Msb, K;) including soldiers: (S, TA:) and his أَوْلِيَآء [i. e. friends, and the like]: (K:) those who bear a relation to him, as members to a head, (مَنْ آلَ إِلَيْهِ,) by religion or persuasion or kindred; as in the Kur iii. 9 and viii. 54 and 56 &c.: (Ibn-'Arafeh:) [or in these and many other instances, it may be rendered people:] but in general it is not used save in relation to that in which is eminence, or nobility; so that one does not say, آلُ الإِسْكَافِ, like as one says أَهْلُهُ: (K:) and it is peculiarly used as a prefix to the proper names of rational beings; not to indeterminate nouns, nor to nouns of places or of times; so that one says, آلُ فُلَانٍ; but not آلُ رَجُلٍ, nor آلُ زَمَانِ كَذَا, nor آلُ مَوْضَعِ كَذَا, like as one says, [أَهْلُ رَجُلٍ, and أَهْلُ زَمَانِ كَذَا, and] أَهْلُ بَلَدِ كَذَا and مَوْضِعِ كَذَا: (TA:) Ks disallows its being prefixed to a pronoun; so that one should not say, آلُهُ, but أَهْلُهُ; but his opinion in this matter is not correct: it is originally أَوَلٌ; the و being changed into ا, (M, * Msb,) as in قَالَ [which is originally قَوَلَ]: so say some: (Msb:) or it is originally أَهْلٌ, (T, M, Msb, K,) then أَأْلٌ, and then آلٌ: (K:) so say some, arguing thus from its having أُهَيْلٌ for its dim.: (T, Msb:) but accord. to Ks, it assumes the form أُوَيْلٌ as a dim.: (T:) or each of these is its dim. (M, K.) By the آل of the Prophet are meant, accord. to some persons, His followers, whether relations or others: and his relations, whether followers or not: (Ahmad Ibn-Yahyà, T:) or, as some say, his family (أَهْلُهُ [q. v.]) and his wives: [but it seems to be indicated that what I have rendered “and his wives” is meant as an explicative adjunct to اهله:] or, as some say, the people of his religion: (Esh-Sháfi'ee, T:) being himself asked who were his آل, he answered all pious persons: (Anas, TA:) but in a trad. in which it is said that the poor-rates are prohibited to him and to his آل, by this is meant those to whom was appropriated the fifth [of the spoils] instead of the poor-rates; and these were the genuine descendants of Háshim and El-Muttalib. (Esh-Sháfi'ee, T.) يَا لَزَيْدٍ and يَالَ زَيْدٍ, accord. to the Koofees, are contractions of يَا آلَ زَيْدٍ [O family of Zeyd]. (Mughnee, on the letter ل; and El-Ashmoonee on the Alfeeyeh of Ibn-Málik, section الاستغاثة. [See the letter ل.]) [See also إِيلَةٌ.] (tropical:) I. q. شَخْصٌ [meaning The body, or corporeal form or figure or substance, (of anything, as is said in the T,) which one sees from a distance; or, in this case, often, though not always, the person, or self]; (AA, T, S, M, K;) of a man: a metaphorical application, from آلٌ as signifying أَهْلٌ and عَشِيرَةٌ; because comprising the members and the senses. (Har p. 578.) Sometimes, it is redundant, or pleonastic; [being only used for the sake of metre in verse, or to give more force to an expression;] as in the following instance: [I experience, from remembrance of Leylà, or of Leylà's person or self, the like of what the person bitten or stung by a venomous reptile experiences from the paroxysm of pain occasioned by the bits or sting]. (TA.) [See also another ex., voce جَأْبٌ; and another, voce مِزْمَارٌ.] [Like شَخْصٌ, it seems to be sometimes applied to Any material thing that is somewhat high, and conspicuous: and hence, perhaps, the signification next following.] مَا أَشْرَفَ مِنَ البَعِيرِ [app. meaning The overtopping, or higher, part, or parts, of the camel]. (M, K.) A [tent of the kind called] خَيْمَة. (M.) The poles of the خَيْمَة; (M, K;) as also آلَةٌ; of which the pl. is آلاتٌ: (K:) or آلَةٌ is the sing. of آلٌ and آلَاتٌ, [or n. un. of the former and pl. of the latter,] which signify the pieces of wood (خَشَبَات) upon which the خيمة is raised, or constructed: and hence Kutheiyir likens the legs of his she-camel to four آلات of the [wood of the tree called] طَلْح. (S.) The pieces of wood (خَشَب, T, M, K) of خَيْم [or tents], (M,) stripped [of the tent-cloths]. (T, TA.) Also, [app. because rising from the general surface of the ground,] The extremities and sides of a mountain. (M, K. *) The سَرَاب [or mirage]: (As, T, M, K:) or peculiarly applied to that which is in the first part of the day, (K,) as though raising figures seen from a distance (شُخُوص), and making them to quiver: (TA:) or that which one sees in the first part of the day, and in the last part thereof, as though raising figures seen from a distance (شخوص); not the same as the سراب: (S:) or what resembles the سراب: (Msb:) or, as some say, that which is in the ضُحَى [or early part of the day when the sun is yet low], like water between the sky and the earth, [in appearance] raising figures seen from a distance (شخوص), and making them to quiver; whereas the سراب is that which is at mid-day, [apparently] cleaving to the ground, as though it were running water: Th says, the آل is in the first part of the day: (M:) As says that the آل and the سراب are one: but others say that the former is from the ضُحَى [see above] to the declining of the sun from the meridian; whereas the سراب is after the declining of the sun from the meridian to the prayer of the عَصْر; and in favour of their assertion they urge, that the former [in appearance] raises everything so that it becomes what is termed آل, i. e. شَخْص; for the آل of everything is its شخص; and that the سراب [in appearance] lowers every شخص in it so that it becomes [as though it were] cleaving to the ground, having no شخص: Yoo says, the Arabs say that the آل is from the غُدْوَة [or period between the prayer of daybreak and sunrise] to the time when the sun is very high, or near the meridian; then it is called سراب for the rest of the day: ISk says, the آل is that which [in appearance] raises figures seen from a distance (شخوص), and is in the ضُحَى [explained above]; and the سراب is that which is upon the surface of the ground, as though it were water, and is at midday: and this, I [namely Az] say, is what I have found the Arabs in the desert to say: (T:) El- Hareeree speaks of the glistening of the آل; app. using this word in the sense of سراب; for it is the latter that glistens; not the former: (Har p. 363:) the word is masc. and fem. (Msb, K.) The phrase يَرفَعُ ٱلْآلَا, ending a verse (S, M) of En-Nábighah, (M, TA,) i. e. Edh-Dhubyánee, (TA,) or El-Jaadee, (S,) [variously cited in the S and M and TA,] is an instance of inversion; the meaning being يَرْفَعُهُ ٱلْآلُ [The آل raising it]: (S, TA:) or the meaning is, making the آل conspicuous more than it would otherwise be; the agent of the verb being a prominent portion of a mountain, which, being itself raised [in appearance] by the آل, has the effect of doing this. (M.) See also the next paragraph. And see أَلَيَانٌ, in art. الي.

    آلَةٌ

    آلَةٌ i. q. أَدَاةٌ [i. e. An instrument; a tool; an implement; a utensil: and instruments; tools; implements; utensils; apparatus; equipments; equipage; accoutrements; furniture; gear; tackling;] (S, M, K) with which one works, for himself or for another: it is both sing. and pl.: (M, K:) or, (K,) as some say, (M,) it is a pl. having no sing. (M, K) as to the letter: (M:) [but it is very often used as a sing.:] and the pl. is آلَاتٌ. (S, K.) In the saying of 'Alee, يَسْتَعْمِلُ آلَةَ الدِّينِ فِى طَلَبِ الدُّنيَا [lit. He makes use of the instrument of religion in seeking the goods of the present world], (assumed tropical:) science, or knowledge, is meant; because thereby only is religion. (M.) [A musical instrument;] a lute; a musical reed, or pipe; the [kind of mandoline called] طُنْبُور. (TA.) The male organ of generation. (TA.) The bier of a corpse. (Abu-l-'Omeythil, S, M, K.) Thus, accord. to some, in the following verse, (S, * M,) of Kaab Ibn-Zuheyr: [Every son of a female, though his health, or safety, long continue, is one day borne upon a gibbous bier: for the bier of the Arabs of the desert was generally composed of two poles connected by a net-work of cords upon which the corpse lay depressed]: (S, M:) or, as some say, [in a distressing state, or condition; for, they say,] آلَة here signifies حَلَة. (TA.) See also آلٌ, in two places, near the middle of the paragraph. A state, or condition; i. q. حَالَةٌ [as mentioned above]: (T, S, M, K:) pl. [or rather coll. gen. n.] آلٌ. (T, S.) You say, هُوَبِآلةِ سَوْءٍ [He is in an evil state or condition]. (S.) I. q. شِذَّةٌ [Straitness; difficulty; distress; &c.]. (M, K.)

    إِيلَةٌ

    إِيلَةٌ sometimes signifies The relations to whom one goes [or is traced] back in genealogy. (Ibn- 'Abbád.) [See also آلٌ.] You say also, رَدَدْتُهُ إِلَى إِيلَتِهِ I made him to go back, or revert, to his natural disposition: or, to his [original] state or condition. (Ibn-'Abbád.)

    أُولُو

    أُولُو, in the gen. and accus. أُولِى: see أُلُو, in art. أُولَى.

    أُولَى

    أُولَى fem. of أَوَّلُ: see the latter in art. وأل. أُولَى as a pl., and its var. أُولَآءِ; and أُولٰئِكَ, or أُولَآئِكَ; &c.: see أُلَى, in art. الى.

    أَوَالٌ

    أَوَالٌ A certain idol of [the tribes of] Bekr and Teghlib, (K, TA,) the two sons of Wáïl. (TA.)

    أوَيْلٌ

    أوَيْلٌ dim. of آلٌ, q. v. (Ks, T, M, K.)

    Lane, Arabic-English Lexiconread Lane's entry online ↗

The same three letters in all six orders. Choose one.

أ و ل

الهمزة والواو واللام أصلان ابتداء الأمر وانتهاؤه أما الأول

a-w-l has two roots: the beginning of a matter and its end. As for the first…

Ibn Fāris ↗Lisān ↗Lane ↗Quran ×170

an entry in Ibn Fārislater sources onlyin none of them

Do these six share one core meaning?

About thisal-Khalīl, Ibn Jinnī, Ibn Fāris; the counts across the dictionary

al-Khalīl (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn, as transmitted by al-Layth: a two-letter word “turns in two ways”, a three-letter word “in six ways” (masdūsa), four letters in 24, five in 120; “its used forms are written down and its unused ones dropped” (line 975 ↗). The dictionary is built on this: each chapter takes a set of letters and names which orders are used (mustaʿmal) and which unused (muhmal). The ring shows that verdict, from the chapter heading as edited (documented in the text; how much of the book is al-Khalīl's own is disputed).

A reported total. al-Suyūṭī transmits, from Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, that al-Khalīl put the possible forms, used and unused, of two to five letters at 12,305,412 (al-Muzhir, line 1347 ↗). It is reported, not found in the ʿAyn. It equals exactly the arrangements of 2 to 5 different letters out of 28 (756 + 19,656 + 491,400 + 11,793,600); the breakdown printed beside it is corrupt, and al-Zubaydī's count, given next, differs (6,659,400).

Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), al-Khaṣāʾiṣ, names the greater derivation (al-ishtiqāq al-akbar): bind a three-letter root and its six orders to one meaning, and bring stray members back “by the subtlety of the craft and interpretation” (line 7536 ↗). He says himself that it does not hold for every root (line 167 ↗; line 7603 ↗).

Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) gives each root its own aṣl and treats a rearranged word as maqlūb, “turned round”, and so not a root of its own: “j-b-dh is not a root, because it is a single word, turned round” (Maqāyīs, line 6147 ↗). The ring sets his aṣl for each order side by side; whether they meet is the question.

Neighbours on the ring differ by one swap of two letters.

The critique. A source quoted by al-Suyūṭī calls the greater derivation Ibn Jinnī's innovation, “not relied on in the language” (al-Muzhir, line 6159 ↗).

The other axis. The root's letters also go into patterns that keep their order and change the frame: the patterns (awzān) and the verb Forms I–X.

Across Ibn Fāris's dictionary. Of the 2,300 possible sets of three different sound letters (no hamza, w or y), 1,021 have at least one order as an entry. How many of their six orders are entries:

Ibn Fāris, entries found (1,021 letter-sets)
  1. 1 of 6319
  2. 2 of 6218
  3. 3 of 6164
  4. 4 of 6155
  5. 5 of 6107
  6. 6 of 658
al-Khalīl, orders his headings call used (746 letter-sets)
  1. 1 of 6148
  2. 2 of 6108
  3. 3 of 6157
  4. 4 of 6179
  5. 5 of 6111
  6. 6 of 643

Of the orders al-Khalīl calls used, 2,097 are entries in Ibn Fāris and 267 are not; 17 that he calls unused are entries in Ibn Fāris.

Our computation from the OpenITI texts; heading detection can miss entries

Attested here means found in our digital texts (Ibn Fāris, Lisān al-ʿArab, Lane, the Quranic Arabic Corpus), with w and y kept apart and hamza spellings merged; it is our data, not a classical verdict. English beside the Arabic is AI translation. Sources and grades: docs/research/root-permutations.md.

How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.

How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

أ

فأقصاها مخرجا: الهمزة والهاء والألف

The furthest of them [the three in the throat] in place: the hamza, the hāʾ and the alif. Sībawayh, line 26548 ↗

فأولها من أسفله وأقصاه، مخرج الهمزة والألف والهاء، هكذا يقول سيبويه

The first of them [in the throat], from its lowest and furthest part, is the place of the hamza, the alif and the hāʾ: so Sībawayh says. Ibn Jinnī, line 965 ↗

و

ومما بين الشفتين مخرج الباء، والميم، والواو

From between the two lips is the place of the bāʾ, the mīm and the wāw. Sībawayh, line 26563 ↗

ومما بين الشفتين مخرج الباء والميم والواو

From between the two lips is the place of the bāʾ, the mīm and the wāw. Ibn Jinnī, line 986 ↗

ل

ومن حافة اللسان من أدناها إلى منتهى طرف اللسان، من بينها وبين ما يليها من الحنك الأعلى، مما فويق الضاحك والناب والرباعية والثنية، مخرج اللام

From the edge of the tongue, from its nearest part to the end of its tip, between it and the upper palate next to it, just above the premolar, the canine, the lateral and the central incisor, is the place of the lām. Ibn Jinnī, lines 977–978 ↗

Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.

In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

أ

وإلا الهاء والهمزة فإنهما باردتان رطبتان

And except hāʾ and hamza, for these two are cold and moist.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2583

و

Level of existence: تعيين الرتب والمقامات والمنازل · the determination of ranks, stations and waystations

Divine Name: رفيع الدرجات · Rafīʿ al-Darajāt, Exalted in Degrees

Lunar mansion: الرشا · al-Rashāʾ

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 62121

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗

المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة

The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582

ل

Level of existence: السماء الثالثة · the third heaven

Divine Name: القاهر · the Subduer (al-Qāhir)

Lunar mansion: العوا · al-ʿAwwā

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64654

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 7 line 2576 ↗

منها دون الألف فطبعها الحرارة واليبوسة

[Zāy and lām] of it, excluding alif: their nature is heat and dryness.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2577
Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

أ

فهي إشارة إلى جميع الأشياء قلت أو كثرت، وتكون الإشارة في بعض الأحيان من المتكلم إلى ذاته ونفسه، وهذه الإشارة سالمة من القبض.

It is an indication of all things, whether few or many. At times the indication is from the speaker to his own essence and self, and this indication is free of contraction (qabḍ).

فهي إشارة إلى الشيء القريب القليل.

It is an indication of the near, small thing.

فهي إشارة إلى الشيء القريب المناسب.

It is an indication of the near, fitting (congruent) thing.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī

و

فهي الأشياء المشتبكة في الإنسان مثل العروق والأصابع وما أشبه ذلك.

It is the intertwined things in the human being, such as veins, fingers and the like.

فهي الأشياء المباينة لبني آدم مثل الأفلاك والجبال وما أشبه ذلك

It is things distinct from the children of Adam, such as the celestial spheres, mountains and the like.

فهي الأشياء المشتبكة المستقذرة أو المبغوضة كالأمعاء ونحوها.

It is intertwined things that are filthy or detested, such as the intestines and the like.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī

ل

فهي حصول المتكلم على شيء عظيم، وتكون إشارة إلى شيء عظيم.

It is the speaker's attaining of something great, and it serves as an indication of something great.

فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي لا نهاية له.

It is an indication of the thing that has no end.

فهي إشارة من المتكلم إلى وجود ذاته أو إلى ذاته.

It is an indication by the speaker of the existence of his self, or of his self.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī
In the sister scriptsHebrew א ו לSyriac ܐ ܘ ܠ
Arabicأ و ل
Hebrewא ו ל
Syriacܐ ܘ ܠ
Ancient South Arabian (musnad)𐩱 𐩥 𐩡
Phoenician𐤀 𐤅 𐤋

Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.

  • Classical lexiconThe al-Khalīl, al-Jawharī and Ibn Manẓūr excerpts supplied belong to the neighbouring entry ʾ-y-l.plausible

    The lexicographers in chronological order, from al-Khalīl to Lane.

    The al-Khalīl, al-Jawharī and Ibn Manẓūr excerpts supplied belong to the neighbouring entry ʾ-y-l. They cover Īl as a Hebrew or Syriac name of God, found in Jibrāʾīl and read like ʿAbd Allāh; Īliyāʾ for Jerusalem; and the town Ayla. Al-Khalīl also derives ayyil, 'mountain stag', from the fact that it yaʾūlu, resorts, to the mountains. He records iyāl, a vessel in which drink is reduced (ʾultu al-sharāb), and both of these use āla in its own sense. Ibn Fāris sets out the two poles of the root: awwal, ūlā and awwala (a she-camel at the head of the herd) for 'beginning', and he discusses whether awwal is built from ʾ-w-l or from w-w-l. Ibn Manẓūr adds Ibn al-Kalbī's and al-Azharī's remarks on Īl/Il. Lane gives the verbal core āla, yaʾūlu, 'he or it returned', especially to an origin or source, which accounts for the 'outcome' pole and for taʾwīl.

    Draws on: Kitāb al-ʿAyn · al-Ṣiḥāḥ · Maqāyīs · Lisān al-ʿArab · Lane

    • Wiktionary: Arabic root ʾ-w-l (link not verified)
    • Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha, s.v. أول
    • Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, s.v. آل
  • Letters & soundThe data give no Akbarian letter values for hamza, wāw or lām, and no al-Dabbāgh value for hamza.speculative

    What the theorists of sound symbolism would say of these letters. Speculative by nature.

    The data give no Akbarian letter values for hamza, wāw or lām, and no al-Dabbāgh value for hamza. Al-Dabbāgh reads wāw as 'intertwined things in the human being, such as veins and fingers' and lām as 'the attainment of something great'. A symbolist could align the glottal onset of hamza with 'beginning' and the rounded, returning wāw with āla, 'to return'. Mainstream linguistics treats such readings as suggestive at most.

    Draws on: al-Dabbāgh (Ibrīz) · sound symbolism

    • al-Dabbāgh, in Aḥmad b. al-Mubārak, al-Ibrīz
  • Root structureNo nucleus siblings from Ibn Fāris's chapter were supplied for this root.uncertain

    The two-letter nucleus (Ibn Fāris's own chapters) and the permutations of the letters (Ibn Jinnī).

    No nucleus siblings from Ibn Fāris's chapter were supplied for this root. Of the permutations, w-ʾ-l is attested. Ibn Fāris glosses it as gathering and seeking refuge (compare mawʾil, 'refuge'), which can be set beside āla, 'to resort, return'. The permutation l-ʾ-w has two isolated words in Ibn Fāris, hardship and an animal, and shows no evident relation. The permutation ʾ-l-w occurs 37 times in the Quran according to the data. Any link across these permutations is a juxtaposition only.

    Draws on: permutations · Maqāyīs

    • Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs, s.v. وأل
    • Ibn Jinnī, al-Khaṣāʾiṣ (greater derivation) (link not verified)
  • Semitic kin & loanwordsNo confident cognate for awwal or āla ('return') can be offered here, and neither word is a loan.uncertain

    Cognates in the sister languages, and whether the word was borrowed.

    No confident cognate for awwal or āla ('return') can be offered here, and neither word is a loan. The adjacent root ʾ-y-l is a different case. The lexicographers themselves call Īl Hebrew or Syriac, and it corresponds to Hebrew ʾēl. Ayyil, 'stag', corresponds to Hebrew ʾayyāl, 'deer'. These belong to ʾ-y-l, and al-Khalīl's derivation of ayyil from āla is a native etymology, not a comparative finding.

    Draws on: comparative Semitic · lexicographers' own notes

    • Wiktionary: אַיָּל (link not verified)
    • Wiktionary: אֵל (link not verified)
  • Quranic exegesisAt 2:41 ('do not be the first to disbelieve in it'), al-Ṭabarī takes the address to be the Jews of Medina, as the first of the People of the Book expected to believe.plausible

    How the classical exegetes read the word in the Quran.

    At 2:41 ('do not be the first to disbelieve in it'), al-Ṭabarī takes the address to be the Jews of Medina, as the first of the People of the Book expected to believe. Al-Zamakhsharī explains the singular awwal kāfir as standing for 'the first party that disbelieves'. At 2:49–50, āl Firʿawn is Pharaoh's people and followers. Al-Rāghib and al-Zamakhsharī discuss the view that āl comes from ahl and is used only of persons of standing. Ulī at 2:179 and 2:197 ('possessors of minds') is treated as a plural meaning dhawū with no singular from its own letters. Al-Rāghib defines taʾwīl as returning a thing to its intended end, and at 3:7 al-Ṭabarī favours pausing after 'none knows its taʾwīl except God', while al-Zamakhsharī allows that those firm in knowledge also know it.

    Draws on: al-Ṭabarī · al-Zamakhsharī · al-Rāghib · al-Rāzī

  • Philosophy & kalāmIn Avicenna's metaphysics al-Awwal, 'the First', is a standard designation of the Necessary Existent as the principle from which all else proceeds.plausible

    The word as a technical term in falsafa and theology.

    In Avicenna's metaphysics al-Awwal, 'the First', is a standard designation of the Necessary Existent as the principle from which all else proceeds. Its priority there is causal and essential, and it has no temporal sense. Taʾwīl became a methodological term in kalām for reading scripture away from its apparent sense when reason requires it. Al-Ghazālī set out rules for this in his Qānūn al-taʾwīl.

    Draws on: Avicenna · al-Ghazālī

  • Akbarian readingIn Faṣṣ Ādam, God's eternity (azal, qidam) excludes the kind of firstness (awwaliyya) that consists in existence opening out of non-existence.plausible

    The word in Ibn ʿArabī's text and terminology.

    In Faṣṣ Ādam, God's eternity (azal, qidam) excludes the kind of firstness (awwaliyya) that consists in existence opening out of non-existence. So awwaliyya in that sense is not ascribed to Him, even though He is al-Awwal. Ibn ʿArabī says this is why He is also called al-Ākhir. If His firstness were the firstness of a bounded, conditioned existence, He could not be the Last of the bounded. The continuation of the passage, beyond the excerpt, grounds this in the endlessness of contingents. No Iṣṭilāḥ definition for this root is supplied.

    Draws on: Fuṣūṣ, Faṣṣ Ādam

    • Ibn ʿArabī, Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam, Faṣṣ Ādam
    • Q 57:3 ↗
Neighbouring rootsThe roots that share letters with this one, as a map you can open out