Root · 0 in the Quran · 1 in 1 text of the library
بذأ (root bdh)
الباء والذال والهمزة أصل واحد وهو خروج الشيء عن طريقة الإحماد تقول هو بذئ اللسان وقد بذأت على فلان ابذأ بذاء ويقال بذأت …
Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha
The family of the root
Patterns computed · our dataThe words of ب ذ أ that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.
8 words3 verbs4 verbal nouns1 other noun
- بَذاءobscenity; contempt
- بَذُؤَhe was, or became, foul, unseemly, or obscene, in tongue
- ابذأhe uttered foul, unseemly, or obscene, speech or language
- بَذِىْءman foul, unseemly, or obscene, in tongue
- باذأ—
The whole family3 groups, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Verbs3بَذُؤَ · باذأ · ابذأ
The root as an action: the bare Form I, and the Forms made by adding letters before, inside or after the root.grammar →
Form I vowels: فَعُلَ يَفْعُلُ (u – u; the imperfect from Lane's “aor.”)
Verbal nouns4بَذاء · بَذَاءَة · بَذْء
The action itself, named as a noun (maṣdar).grammar →
Reference
Why this shape?What each of the 6 patterns does
What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.
The pattern machinePour the root into a pattern; see whether the word exists
Choose a pattern; the root's letters pour into it. Then see whether the word exists in our sources. The machine makes shapes; only usage makes words.
Not in our sources. A possible shape, not a word we can show: the Quran, the library and Lane do not have it for this root.
Place noun with -a. The place noun with the feminine -a. Sometimes it is only a variant of mafʿal; often it names the place where a thing is found in abundance (maʾsada, 'a place full of lions'). So maktab is the place of writing, and maktaba, where writings are gathered: a library, a bookshop. Our summary AI
But: maktaba is not in our classical dictionaries for k-t-b: Lane and al-Jawharī give maktab ('a school'), none gives maktaba. Its sense of 'library, bookshop' fits the pattern of abundance, but that is our reading of the pattern, not a classical entry. Many mafʿala words are single items of usage (maqbara 'cemetery'), which the grammarians call heard, not formed by rule.
The grammarians on this pattern (4)
ما يكون مفعلة لازمة لها الهاء والفتحة … وذلك إذا أردت أن تكثر الشيء بالمكان، وذلك قولك: أرض مسبعة، ومأسدة
Chapter on what is mafʿala, with the -a and the a-vowel always: that is when you mean that a thing abounds in a place, as you say 'a land of many beasts of prey (masbaʿa), of many lions (maʾsada)' AI
Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796), al-Kitāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn, 3rd ed. (Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1988), 4:94 · OpenITI line 21027–21028 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
و نحو المظنة و المقبرة فتحا و ضما ليس بقياس
and words like maẓinna and maqbara (with a or u) are not by rule AI
Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), al-Shāfiya fī ʿilm al-taṣrīf, ed. Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān (Mecca: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995), 1:30 · OpenITI line 223 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
- “designate the place where the object signified by the noun from which they are formed, is found in large numbers or quantities” Wright, Grammar I, §247, p. 148 ↗ · on nouns of abundance, maf'ala · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
- “Nouns of time and place not unfrequently take the feminine form” Wright, Grammar I, §225, p. 128 ↗ · on maf'ala as a variant of maf'al · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
This root has a weak or doubled letter, so real words change shape (qāla → qāʾil, not qāwil); the machine pours the letters in as they are, and matches attested words by their regular pattern.
About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources
Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.
The dictionaries
Ibn Fāris · 395الباء والذال والهمزة أصل واحد وهو خروج الشيء عن طريقة الإحماد تقول هو بذئ اللسان وقد بذأت على فلان ابذأ بذاء ويقال بذأت المكان أبذؤه إذا أتيته فلم تحمده
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).
The same letters, turned
The same three letters in all six orders. Choose one.
ب ذ أ
الباء والذال والهمزة أصل واحد وهو خروج الشيء عن طريقة الإحماد تقول هو بذئ اللسان وقد بذأت على فلان ابذأ بذاء ويقال بذأت المكان أبذؤه إذا أتيته فلم تحمده
The letters b-dh-ʾ are one root, which is a thing's departure from the way of being commended. You say: huwa badhiʾ al-lisān (he is foul of tongue), and one says: badhaʾtu ʿalā fulān, abdhaʾu, badhāʾan, and one says: badhaʾtu al-makān, abdhaʾuhu, meaning you came to a place and did not find it commendable. AI
an entry in Ibn Fārislater sources onlyin none of them
Do these six share one core meaning?
Reference
About thisal-Khalīl, Ibn Jinnī, Ibn Fāris; the counts across the dictionary
al-Khalīl (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn, as transmitted by al-Layth: a two-letter word “turns in two ways”, a three-letter word “in six ways” (masdūsa), four letters in 24, five in 120; “its used forms are written down and its unused ones dropped” (line 975 ↗). The dictionary is built on this: each chapter takes a set of letters and names which orders are used (mustaʿmal) and which unused (muhmal). The ring shows that verdict, from the chapter heading as edited (documented in the text; how much of the book is al-Khalīl's own is disputed).
A reported total. al-Suyūṭī transmits, from Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, that al-Khalīl put the possible forms, used and unused, of two to five letters at 12,305,412 (al-Muzhir, line 1347 ↗). It is reported, not found in the ʿAyn. It equals exactly the arrangements of 2 to 5 different letters out of 28 (756 + 19,656 + 491,400 + 11,793,600); the breakdown printed beside it is corrupt, and al-Zubaydī's count, given next, differs (6,659,400).
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), al-Khaṣāʾiṣ, names the greater derivation (al-ishtiqāq al-akbar): bind a three-letter root and its six orders to one meaning, and bring stray members back “by the subtlety of the craft and interpretation” (line 7536 ↗). He says himself that it does not hold for every root (line 167 ↗; line 7603 ↗).
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) gives each root its own aṣl and treats a rearranged word as maqlūb, “turned round”, and so not a root of its own: “j-b-dh is not a root, because it is a single word, turned round” (Maqāyīs, line 6147 ↗). The ring sets his aṣl for each order side by side; whether they meet is the question.
Neighbours on the ring differ by one swap of two letters.
The critique. A source quoted by al-Suyūṭī calls the greater derivation Ibn Jinnī's innovation, “not relied on in the language” (al-Muzhir, line 6159 ↗).
The other axis. The root's letters also go into patterns that keep their order and change the frame: the patterns (awzān) and the verb Forms I–X.
Across Ibn Fāris's dictionary. Of the 2,300 possible sets of three different sound letters (no hamza, w or y), 1,021 have at least one order as an entry. How many of their six orders are entries:
- 1 of 6319
- 2 of 6218
- 3 of 6164
- 4 of 6155
- 5 of 6107
- 6 of 658
- 1 of 6148
- 2 of 6108
- 3 of 6157
- 4 of 6179
- 5 of 6111
- 6 of 643
Of the orders al-Khalīl calls used, 2,097 are entries in Ibn Fāris and 267 are not; 17 that he calls unused are entries in Ibn Fāris.
Attested here means found in our digital texts (Ibn Fāris, Lisān al-ʿArab, Lane, the Quranic Arabic Corpus), with w and y kept apart and hamza spellings merged; it is our data, not a classical verdict. English beside the Arabic is AI translation. Sources and grades: docs/research/root-permutations.md.
Letters & sound
- بbāʾbetween the lips · voiced, stopSīb. · I. Jinnī
- ذdhāltongue-tip, edges of the teeth · voiced, continuantSīb. · I. Jinnī
- أhamzadeep in the throat · voiced, stopSīb. · I. Jinnī
How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.
Sharing two of its three letters (computed; kinship of form, not of meaning)
Reference
How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ب
ومما بين الشفتين مخرج الباء، والميم، والواو
From between the two lips is the place of the bāʾ, the mīm and the wāw. Sībawayh, line 26563 ↗
ومما بين الشفتين مخرج الباء والميم والواو
From between the two lips is the place of the bāʾ, the mīm and the wāw. Ibn Jinnī, line 986 ↗
ذ
ومما بين طرف اللسان وأطراف الثنايا مخرج الظاء والذال، والثاء
From between the tip of the tongue and the edges of the front teeth is the place of the ẓāʾ, the dhāl and the thāʾ. Sībawayh, line 26561 ↗
ومما بين طرف اللسان وأطراف الثنايا، مخرج الظاء والذال والثاء
From between the tip of the tongue and the edges of the front teeth is the place of the ẓāʾ, the dhāl and the thāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, line 984 ↗
أ
فأقصاها مخرجا: الهمزة والهاء والألف
The furthest of them [the three in the throat] in place: the hamza, the hāʾ and the alif. Sībawayh, line 26548 ↗
فأولها من أسفله وأقصاه، مخرج الهمزة والألف والهاء، هكذا يقول سيبويه
The first of them [in the throat], from its lowest and furthest part, is the place of the hamza, the alif and the hāʾ: so Sībawayh says. Ibn Jinnī, line 965 ↗
Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.
In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ب
Level of existence: الجن · the jinn
Divine Name: اللطيف · al-Laṭīf, the Subtle
Lunar mansion: الفرع المقدم · al-Farʿ al-Muqaddam
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 62118Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582ذ
Level of existence: الحيوان · animals
Divine Name: المذل · the Abaser (al-Mudhill)
Lunar mansion: سعد السعود · Saʿd al-Suʿūd
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 65776Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582أ
Nature (ch. 2)
وإلا الهاء والهمزة فإنهما باردتان رطبتان
And except hāʾ and hamza, for these two are cold and moist.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2583Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ب
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي هو في غاية العز أو في غاية الذل.
It is an indication of the thing that is at the utmost of might or at the utmost of abasement.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة معها قبض.
It is an indication accompanied by contraction (qabḍ).
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة إلى ما دخل أو هو داخل على الذات.
It is an indication of what has entered, or is entering, upon the self.
ذ
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى ما في تعظيم ذلك الشيء الذي ملكته الذات.
It is an indication of what lies in the magnifying of that thing which the self has come to possess.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي اسم للشيء الخشن في ذاته أو العظيم أو القبيح.
It is a name for the thing that is rough in itself, or great, or ugly.
With kasra ـِ
فهي اسم للشيء القبيح الذي لا يعقبه في نفسه غضب.
It is a name for the ugly thing that is not followed, in itself, by anger.
أ
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى جميع الأشياء قلت أو كثرت، وتكون الإشارة في بعض الأحيان من المتكلم إلى ذاته ونفسه، وهذه الإشارة سالمة من القبض.
It is an indication of all things, whether few or many. At times the indication is from the speaker to his own essence and self, and this indication is free of contraction (qabḍ).
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء القريب القليل.
It is an indication of the near, small thing.
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء القريب المناسب.
It is an indication of the near, fitting (congruent) thing.
Two-letter nucleus17 roots in Ibn Fāris’s chapterب ذ
Ibn Fāris groups his roots under two-letter chapters (“the X and the Y and what makes them three”). These are the roots of this root's chapter with the core sense he gives each. Setting them side by side is our juxtaposition; he does not himself draw a shared meaning. His chapter heading, line 2592 ↗
- بذرالباء والذال والراء أصل واحد وهو نثر الشيء وتفريقهQ 3 · L2593
- بذلالباء والذال واللام كلمة واحدة وهو ترك صيانة الشيءL2601
- بذأالباء والذال والهمزة أصل واحد وهو خروج الشيء عن طريقة الإحماد تقول هو بذئ اللسان وقد بذأت على فلان ابذأ بذاء ويقال بذأت المكان أبذؤه إذا أتيته فلم تحمL2604
- بذجالباء والذال والجيم أصل واحد ليس من كلام العرب بل هي كلمة معربة وهي البذج من ولد الضأن والجمع بذجانL2606
- بذخالباء والذال والخاء أصل واحد وهو العلو والتعظمL2615
- برزالباء والراء والزاء أصل واحد وهو ظهور الشيء وبدوه قياس لا يخلفQ 9 · L2618
- برسالباء والراء والسين أصل واحد يدل على السهولة واللينL2628
- برشالباء والراء والشين كلمة واحدة وهو أن يكون الشيء ذا نقط متفرقة ببعض وكان جذيمة أبرص فكني بالأبرشL2631
- برصالباء والراء والصاد اصل واحد وهو أن يكون في الشيء لمعة تخالف سائر لونهQ 2 · L2633
- برقالباء والراء والقاف أصلان تتفرع الفروع منهما أحدهما لمعان الشيء والآخر اجتماع السواد والبياض في الشيء وما بعد ذلك فكله مجاز ومحمول على هذين الأصلين أمQ 6 · L2659
- بركالباء والراء والكاف أصل واحد وهو ثبات الشيء ثم يثفرع فروعا يقارب بعضها بعضاQ 32 · L2745
- برمالباء والراء والميم يدل على أربعة أصول إحكام الشيء والغرض به واختلاف اللونين وجنس من النبات فأما الأول فقال الخليل أبرمت الأمر أحكمتهQ 2 · L2789
- بروىالباء والراء والحرف المعتل بعدهما وهي الواو والياء أصلان أحدهما تسوية الشيء نحتا والثاني التعرض والمحاكاة فالأصل الأول قولهم برى العود يبريه بريا وكذلL2818
- برثالباء والراء والثاء أصل واحد وهي الأرض السهلةL2876
- برجالباء والراء والجيم أصلان أحدهما البروز والظهور والآخر الوزر والملجأ فمن الأول البرج وهو سعة العين في شدة سواد سوادها وشدة بياض بياضها ومنه التبرج وهوQ 7 · L2878
- برحالباء والراء والحاء أصلان يتفرع عنهما فروع كثيرةQ 3 · L2883
- برخالباء والراء والخاء أصل واحد إن كان عربيا فهو النماء والزيادة ويقال أنها من البركة وهي لغة نبطيةL2926
In the sister scriptsHebrew ב ז אSyriac ܒ ܕ ܐ
| Arabic | ب ذ أ |
| Hebrew | ב ז א |
| Syriac | ܒ ܕ ܐ |
| Ancient South Arabian (musnad) | 𐩨 𐩹 𐩱 |
| Phoenician | 𐤁 𐤆 𐤀 |
Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.
Reference