نقمto disapprove of a thing and find fault with it; hence retributive punishment for a wrong (root nqm)

Naqama yanqumu naqman (نقم ينقم نقما), and naqima yanqamu naqman wa naqīmatan (نقم ينقم نقما ونقيمة), i.e. [he disapproved and was not satisfied]. And intaqamtu minhu (انتقمت منه): I requited him with punishment for what he had done. Al-nāqim (الناقم) is [a kind of] dates in ʿUmān, and also a tribe/clan in Yemen.

Nūn, qāf, and mīm form a sound root indicating the disapproval and censure of something. [One says] naqamtu ʿalayhi anqimu (نقمت عليه أنقم), meaning 'I disapproved of his doing it.' Al-niqmah (النقمة) is used of punishment/torment, and al-intiqām (الانتقام) is as if he disapproved of someone and so punished him. As for their saying naqīmah (نقيمة) for 'character/nature,' as in 'huwa maymūn al-naqīmah' (هو ميمون النقيمة, 'he is of blessed nature'), this is only [a case of] letter-substitution, the original being naqībah (نقيبة).

Naqamtu al-shayʾa wa naqimtuhu (نقمت الشيء ونقمته) means: I disapproved of it, whether by speech or by punishment. God Most High said: 'And they did not disapprove except that God had enriched them' (Q 9:74, al-Tawbah); 'And they did not resent them except that they believed in God' (Q 85:8, al-Burūj); 'Do you resent us...' [the verse] (Q 5:59, al-Māʾidah). Al-niqmah (النقمة) means punishment. He said: 'So We took vengeance upon them and drowned them in the sea' (Q 7:136, al-Aʿrāf); 'So We took vengeance upon those who committed crimes' (Q 30:47, al-Rūm); 'So We took vengeance upon them; then see how was the end of the deniers' (Q 43:25, al-Zukhruf).

Al-niqmah and al-naqimah (النقمة والنقمة): requital by punishment. The plural is niqam and naqim (نقم ونقم) — niqam for niqmah, and naqim for naqimah. As for Ibn Jinnī, he said [the forms are] naqimah and niqam (نقمة ونقم); he said the analogical rule would have required the plural of niqmah to be niqam, on the pattern of kalimah/kalim (كلمة وكلم), but they departed from that by opening [with fatḥah] what had been vowelled with kasrah and vowelling with kasrah what had had fatḥah. Ibn Sīdah said: we know that one condition for forming a plural by dropping the tāʾ marbūṭah is that nothing in the pattern of letters be changed and nothing be added beyond dropping the tāʾ, as in tamrah/tamr (تمرة وتمر); we have explained all this in what he related concerning maʿidah/maʿid (معدة ومعد). Al-Layth: one says 'lam arḍa minhu ḥattā naqamtu wa-ntaqamtu' (لم أرض منه حتى نقمت وانتقمت), meaning he requited him with punishment for what he had done. Ibn al-Aʿrābī: al-niqmah (النقمة) means punishment, and al-niqmah [also] means disapproval/denial. And His saying, Most High: 'hal tanqimūna minnā' (هل تنقمون منا) means 'do you disapprove/object?' Al-Azharī said: one says al-niqmah and al-naqimah (النقمة والنقمة) [both meaning] punishment; from this is the saying of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, may God ennoble his face: "What does the seasoned, mature war hold against me (مَا تَنْقِمُ الْحَرْبُ الْعَوَانُ مِنِّي), a camel in its ninth year [in vigor], yet young in years (بَازِلَ عَامَيْنِ فَتِيَّ سِنِّي)" And in the ḥadīth: 'he never took revenge for himself, except when the sacred prohibitions of God were violated' (أنه ما انتقم لنفسه قط إلا أن تنتهك محارم الله), meaning he never punished anyone for a harm done to him personally. This is repeated in the ḥadīth. Al-Jawharī: naqamtu ʿalā al-rajuli anqimu (نقمت على الرجل أنقم), with kasrah, so I am nāqim (ناقم), meaning 'I reproached/found fault with him.' One says: 'mā naqamtu minhu illā al-iḥsān' (ما نقمت منه إلا الإحسان) — 'I found nothing to reproach in him except his kindness.' Al-Kisāʾī said: and naqimtu (نقمت), with kasrah, is also a dialectal form. And 'naqama min fulānin al-iḥsāna' (نقم من فلان الإحسان) is said when one treats [another's] kindness as something that leads him to ingratitude for the favor. And in the ḥadīth about zakāh: 'mā yanqimu ibnu Jamīlin illā annahu kāna faqīran fa-aghnāhu Allāh' (ما ينقم ابن جميل إلا أنه كان فقيرا فأغناه الله), meaning: he has no valid objection [for withholding zakāh] except that [his conduct amounts to] ingratitude for the favor, as if his [newfound] wealth led him to be ungrateful for God's favor. 'Naqamtu al-amra wa naqimtuhu' (نقمت الأمر ونقمته): I disliked/disapproved of the matter. 'Intaqama Allāhu minhu' (انتقم الله منه): God punished him. The noun from it is al-niqmah (النقمة), plural niqamāt and niqam (نقمات ونقم), like kalimah, kalimāt, kalim (كلمة وكلمات وكلم). And if you wish, you may make the qāf quiescent and transfer its vowel to the nūn, saying naqmah (نقمة), plural niqam (نقم), like niʿmah/niʿam (نعمة ونعم). One says: naqama minhu yanqimu, and naqima yanqamu, naqman (نقم منه ينقم ونقم نقما). 'Intaqama' and 'naqama al-shayʾa wa naqimahu' (انتقم ونقم الشيء ونقمه): he disapproved of/denounced it. In the Noble Revelation: 'And they did not object to them except that they believed in God' (Q 85:8). It was said: the meaning of naqamtu is 'I went to the utmost in disliking the thing.' Ibn Qays al-Ruqayyāt recited: "They found nothing to reproach in the Banū Umayyah (مَا نَقَمُوا مِنْ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ إِلَّا) except that they are forbearing when they are angered (أَنَّهُمْ يَحْلُمُونَ إِنْ غَضِبُوا)" It is transmitted both with fatḥah and with kasrah: naqamū and naqimū (نقموا ونقموا). Ibn Barrī said: one says naqamtu naqman wa nuqūman wa naqmatan wa niqmatan (نقمت نقما ونقوما ونقمة ونقمة); and 'naqimtu' means: I went to the utmost in disliking the thing. Among the Names of God, Mighty and Exalted, is al-Muntaqim (المنتقم), He who goes to the utmost in punishing whomever He wills; it is of the pattern muftaʿil, from naqama yanqimu, used when dislike reaches the degree of wrath. And 'ḍarabahu ḍarbata naqimin' (ضربه ضربة نقم) is said when an enemy strikes him... [entry continues]