Atlas
About this atlas
The atlas holds the chains of transmission from the Prophet as the standard references and the classical sources record them: the Sufi orders, the chains of Qurʾān recitation, the teachers of the schools of law and ḥadīth, and the lines of the Prophet's family, with the places they spread and the living houses and teachers who carry them today. Every link shows its sources; where they differ, both readings are shown, and we do not rule on any community's claims. Ibn ʿArabī's own life, teachers and readers are on their own page.
إبراهيم بن أدهم
Ibrāhīm b. Adham
Died 161/778 (approximate) (sources differ)
Link of the chain
Sources for this person
The chain up to the Prophet
Dates are given where the sources give them. Years are CE; the Hijri year is in each name's detail.
Route 1 of 3, the best-sourced: Chishtiyya (Chishti order). Tap a rule to read its basis, sources and checks.
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesthis step is recorded in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings, not in Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
read the Qurʾān to · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · Two independent sources
Ibn al-Jazarī: the Companion read the Qurʾān to the Messenger of God (the isnād ends here in each chain).
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 3917-3922Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L148 · agreesListed among the first ṭabaqa, those who read to the Messenger of God.
- al-Dānī, al-Taysīr fī l-qirāʾāt al-sabʿ, 0444AbuCamrDani.TaysirFiQiraatSabc.Shamela0005527-ara1#L156-L159 · agreesRijāl of ʿĀṣim: al-Sulamī took from ʿAlī, among others, from the Prophet.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661one sourcein Chishtiyya (Chishti order)sources differ
gave the khirqa · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī · One source
TDV Çiştiyye (K. A. Nizami) gives the chain as reaching the Prophet through ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd, al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī and ʿAlī, without describing how al-Ḥasan received it; whether al-Ḥasan met ʿAlī is not discussed in the open sources read.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hasan-ı Basrî'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L13731-13745 (App. A) · differsEarliest silsilas run Hasan via Anas to the Prophet; ʿAlī is not mentioned in silsilas until the 5th/11th century.
- TDV, 'Hasan-ı Basrî', hasan-i-basri · agreesRecords belief that al-Ḥasan received the khirqa from ʿAlī or Kumayl b. Ziyād (belief, not report).
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain as given by Indian Chishti sources runs Hasan Basri—ʿAlī—Muhammad, but Iranica calls it 'historically flawed'.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV Hasan-ı Basrî records the belief (inanılır) that al-Ḥasan received the khirqa from ʿAlī or from Kumayl b. Ziyād.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hasan-ı Basrî'
- Trimingham (App. A): the oldest silsilas (Ibn al-Nadīm; al-Qushayrī) do not name ʿAlī; he enters Sufi chains only in the 5th/11th century.See checks
- Böwering (Iranica): the Indian Chishti chain from Ibrahim b. Adham to the Prophet via al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī and ʿAlī is 'historically flawed'.Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering)
al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīالحسن البصري728two sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī to ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesSame Chishti chain lists ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd before Ḥasan Baṣrī; Böwering (Iranica) calls this stretch 'historically flawed'.
ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zaydعبد الواحد بن زيدtwo sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd to al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ then ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd; Böwering (Iranica) calls this stretch 'historically flawed'.
al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍالفضيل بن عياض803two sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ to Ibrāhīm b. Adham · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Jāmī, Nafaḥāt al-uns (the edition in this reader), pp. 45-46 · agreesIbrāhīm b. Adham kept company with Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Ibrāhīm b. Adham then Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ; Jāmī takes the line only as far as Ibrahim.
Ibrāhīm b. Adhamإبراهيم بن أدهم778
Other routes (2)
Route 2 of 3: Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
- al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīالحسن البصري728
two sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī to ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesSame Chishti chain lists ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd before Ḥasan Baṣrī; Böwering (Iranica) calls this stretch 'historically flawed'.
ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zaydعبد الواحد بن زيدtwo sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd to al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ then ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd; Böwering (Iranica) calls this stretch 'historically flawed'.
al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍالفضيل بن عياض803two sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ to Ibrāhīm b. Adham · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Jāmī, Nafaḥāt al-uns (the edition in this reader), pp. 45-46 · agreesIbrāhīm b. Adham kept company with Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Ibrāhīm b. Adham then Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ; Jāmī takes the line only as far as Ibrahim.
Ibrāhīm b. Adhamإبراهيم بن أدهم778
Route 3 of 3: Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesthis step is recorded in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings, not in Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
read the Qurʾān to · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · Two independent sources
Ibn al-Jazarī: the Companion read the Qurʾān to the Messenger of God (the isnād ends here in each chain).
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 3917-3922Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L148 · agreesListed among the first ṭabaqa, those who read to the Messenger of God.
- al-Dānī, al-Taysīr fī l-qirāʾāt al-sabʿ, 0444AbuCamrDani.TaysirFiQiraatSabc.Shamela0005527-ara1#L156-L159 · agreesRijāl of ʿĀṣim: al-Sulamī took from ʿAlī, among others, from the Prophet.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661the community's own accountthis step is recorded in Kubrawiyya, not in Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
initiation · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to Kumayl b. Ziyād · The community's own account
Second chain, via Ismāʿīl al-Qaṣrī, goes to ʿAlī through Kumayl b. Ziyād.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Necmeddîn-i KübrâChecked against
- Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), owner text, grep Kumayl: no entry · silentTrimingham does not carry the Kumayl chain; no independent source found for this step.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'KOBRAWIYA' (Hamid Algar), section i. The Eponym (no print volume shown; online ed. 2021) · silentGives Kubrā's initiation by Ismāʿīl Qaṣrī but no chain behind Qaṣrī.
Kumayl b. Ziyādكميل بن زيادthe community's own accountthis step is recorded in Kubrawiyya, not in Chishtiyya (Chishti order)omits: unnamed intermediaries; the basis note already records that the chronology does not allow adjacency (TDV, Necmeddîn-i Kübrâ).
initiation · Kumayl b. Ziyād to ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd · The community's own account
Same chain names ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd with Kumayl; their order and adjacency are not stated by TDV (chronology makes a direct link doubtful).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Necmeddîn-i KübrâChecked against
- Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), owner text, grep ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd: no entry · silentNot in Trimingham. The source itself does not state the order or adjacency.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'KOBRAWIYA' (Hamid Algar), section i. The Eponym (no print volume shown; online ed. 2021) · silentNo chain behind Qaṣrī given.
ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zaydعبد الواحد بن زيدtwo sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd to al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ then ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Zayd; Böwering (Iranica) calls this stretch 'historically flawed'.
al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍالفضيل بن عياض803two sourcesin Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ to Ibrāhīm b. Adham · Two independent sources
Next link in TDV's first chain.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Jāmī, Nafaḥāt al-uns (the edition in this reader), pp. 45-46 · agreesIbrāhīm b. Adham kept company with Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Ibrāhīm b. Adham then Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ; Jāmī takes the line only as far as Ibrahim.
Ibrāhīm b. Adhamإبراهيم بن أدهم778
How to read the marks
- Two sources: a solid rule. Two independent references give the same link.
- One source: a lighter rule, so labelled.
- The community's own account: a dotted rule. The order tells it; we have not yet read it against a reference source.
- A gap in the rule: the sources omit names between the two. The label says which.
- The sources differ: tap the ≠ to read each reading with its source.
- A ring: a spiritual link, without a meeting (uwaysī).
Who received from Ibrāhīm b. Adham
1 recorded, each with the chain set it belongs to.
- Sadīd al-Dīn Ḥudhayfa al-Marʿashīسديد الدين حذيفة المرعشي
one sourcein Chishtiyya (Chishti order)
gave the khirqa · Ibrāhīm b. Adham to Sadīd al-Dīn Ḥudhayfa al-Marʿashī · One source
TDV lists Huzayfa al-Marʿashi directly after Ibrahim b. Adham.
Nizami, K. A., 'Çiştiyye', TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8 (1993), pp. 343-346Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3990-3998, n.2 · differsSilsila before Ibrāhīm b. Adham has no well-known names and was 'invented later'.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'ČEŠTĪYA' (Gerhard Böwering), Vol. V, Fasc. 3, pp. 333-336, section History · agreesChain lists Ḥudhayfa Marʿashī then Ibrāhīm b. Adham; Jāmī traces Abū Isḥāq's line to Ibrahim.
How to cite
Mashraba Reader, Atlas of transmission, “Ibrāhīm b. Adham”, https://www.mashraba.org/atlas/figure/ibrahim-b-adham (data of 31 October 2026).