هيبreverence mixed with fear — ijlāl wa makhāfa, per Ibn Fāris (root hyb)

Al-hāb (الهاب): a cry used to drive camels while herding; one says hāb hāb (هاب هاب). The man 'called out' to them — ahāba bihā (أهاب بها). [Someone] said: 'The cry is hāb, and hallā (هلا) frightens it [the animal].' And [another] said: 'Cry hāb (أهيبا) to them, O sons of Ṣabāḥ, for their necks have taken on the color of ʿiẓlim (dark indigo)…' Al-haybah (الهيبة): reverence and awe (mahābah). A hayūb (هيوب) man: a coward who fears everything. Al-mahīb (المهيب): one for whom awe/reverence is felt.

Al-mahābah (المهابة): reverence and fear. One says hābahu yahābuhu (هابه يهابه) — 'he feared him.' Its imperative is hib (هب), with fatḥah on the hāʾ, because its origin is hāb (هاب), the alif having been dropped due to the meeting of two quiescent letters. When speaking about yourself you say hibtu (هبت); its origin is hayibtu (هيبت) with kasrah on the yāʾ, but when it became quiescent it was dropped due to the meeting of two sākins, and its kasrah was transferred to the preceding letter — measure [other forms] on this. [One says]: hādhā al-shayʾu mahībatun laka (هذا الشيء مهيبة لك) — 'this thing is fearsome/awe-inspiring to you.' Tahayyabtu al-shayʾa (تهيبت الشيء) and tahayyabanī al-shayʾu (تهيبني الشيء) mean 'I feared it' and 'it frightened me.' Ibn Muqbil said: 'The waterless desert does not frighten me when I ride into it, when the echoes answer each other at dawn.' Hayyabtu ilayhi al-shayʾa (هيبت إليه الشيء): 'I made the thing awe-inspiring to him.' A man is mahīb (مهيب), meaning 'people hold him in awe'; likewise mahūb (مهوب) is said of a man, and a place can be mahūb (مهوب) — built on their saying hūba al-rajulu (هوب الرجل) [passive], the yāʾ being changed to wāw in the passive. Al-Kisāʾī cited: 'And he takes refuge with downy, wretched [chicks], apart from them — so may travelers never miss it, a place of awe (mahūb).' Al-hayūb (الهيوب): the coward who fears people. In the Hadith: 'Faith is hayūb (الإيمان هيوب)' — meaning that its possessor fears sins. A man may be called hayūbah (هيوبة), hayyābah (هيابة), hayyāb (هياب), or hayyibān (هيبان) with kasrah on the yāʾ — meaning 'a fearful coward.' Ahāba al-rajulu bi-ghanamihi (أهاب الرجل بغنمه): 'the man shouted at his sheep' to make them stop or turn back. [Likewise] ahāba bi-l-baʿīr (أهاب بالبعير). The poet Ṭarafah said: 'It returns at the sound of the caller (al-muhīb), and it wards off, with its tufted [mane], the frights of a dusky, matted [stallion].' A place [described as] mahāb (مهاب) means mahūb (مهوب). The Hudhalī poet said: 'It crossed over to us despite its distance — the ravines of an open wasteland, [a place] of awe, of terror.' Hāb (هاب) is a cry to drive horses. Habī (هبي) is similar, meaning 'come forward!' And [someone] said: 'We teach her habī (هبي) and hallā (هلا) and arḥab (أرحب).'

Hāʾ, yāʾ, and bāʾ (ه-ي-ب) is a root denoting reverence and fear. From this: hābahu yahābuhu haybatan (هابه يهابه هيبة) — 'he feared/revered him.' A man is hayūb (هيوب): 'one who fears everything,' and hayūb also means 'one who is feared/awesome' (mahīb). Their saying, 'Faith is hayūb (الإيمان هيوب)' — some say it means 'awesome/revered' (mahīb), and some say it means that the believer fears rushing headlong into things that others hasten into. Tahayyabtu al-shayʾa (تهيبت الشيء): 'I feared it.' Tahayyabanī al-shayʾu (تهيبني الشيء): 'the thing frightened me,' as if it made me afraid. As [the poet] said: 'The waterless desert does not frighten me when I ride into it…' [poem incomplete] Al-hayyibān (الهيبان): 'the coward.' As for their saying ahāba bihi (أهاب به) — 'he shouted at him,' yahību (يهيب) — as a shepherd shouts (yahību) at his sheep to make them stop or turn back — this too belongs to the underlying sense of the root, since it is as if he startles/frightens them. Among what does not belong to this root, and I do not know how it is correctly derived, is their saying: al-hayyibān (الهيبان) [also means] 'the camel's foam/slobber.'

Al-haybah (الهيبة): al-mahābah (المهابة), that is, reverence and fear. Ibn Sīdah: al-haybah is wariness (al-taqiyyah) regarding anything. Hābahu yahābuhu haybatan wa-mahābatan (هابه يهابه هيبا ومهابة). The imperative from it is hib (هب), with fatḥah on the hāʾ, because its origin is hāb (هاب); the alif dropped due to the meeting of two quiescent letters. When speaking about yourself you say hibtu (هبت), its origin being hayibtu (هيبت) with kasrah on the yāʾ; when it became quiescent it was dropped due to the meeting of two sākins, and its kasrah was transferred to what precedes it — measure [other forms] on this. [One says]: hādhā al-shayʾu mahībatun laka (هذا الشيء مهيبة لك). Hayyabtu ilayhi al-shayʾa (هيبت إليه الشيء): 'I made the thing awe-inspiring to him.' A man may be called hāʾib (هائب), hayūb (هيوب), hayyāb (هياب), hayyābah (هيابة), hayūbah (هيوبة), hayyib (هيب), and hayyibān (هيبان) [in two variant vocalizations]. Thaʿlab said: al-hayyibān (الهيبان) is 'one who is feared' (alladhī yuhāb), so in that case al-hayyibān has the sense of a passive participle; likewise al-hayūb (الهيوب) may sometimes mean 'the one who fears,' and sometimes 'the one who is feared' (al-mahīb). Al-Ṣiḥāḥ: a man is mahīb (مهيب), meaning 'people hold him in awe'; likewise a man may be mahūb (مهوب), and a place may be mahūb (مهوب) — built on their saying hūba al-rajulu (هوب الرجل) [passive form], the yāʾ being changed to wāw in a verb whose agent is unnamed. Al-Kisāʾī cited, from Ḥumayd ibn Thawr: 'And he takes refuge with downy, wretched [chicks], apart from them — so may travelers never miss it, a place of awe (mahūb).' Ibn Barrī said: the correct recitation is wa-taʾwī (وتأوي) with tāʾ, since he is describing a sand-grouse (qaṭāh); and before it: 'So she came, her watering-place being that which she had reached, to the breast, tightly bound, wrapped.' Al-katīb (الكتيب) is from al-katb (الكتب), meaning 'sewing/stitching.' The well-known version of his verse is: 'It roams about there, downy, wretched [chicks], apart from them…' A place [described as] mahāb (مهاب) means mahūb (مهوب). Umayyah ibn Abī ʿĀʾidh al-Hudhalī said: 'Ah, O people, the phantom of the vision (ṭayf al-khayāl) — more sleepless-making than one distant, coquettish — crossed over to us despite its distance — the ravines of an open wasteland, [a place] of awe, of terror.' Ibn Barrī said: the first verse is among the verses [cited] in the Book of Sībawayh, brought forward as evidence for opening (fatḥ) the first lām and putting kasrah on the second, to distinguish between the one called upon for help and the one on whose behalf help is called. Al-ṭayf (الطيف): the phantom of one's beloved that visits a person in a dream. Al-nāzih (النازح): the distant one. Arraqa (أرق): 'kept from sleep.' Ajāza (أجاز): 'crossed'; the implied agent refers to the phantom. Mahāb (مهاب): a place of awe. Mahāl (مهال): a place of terror. Al-mahāwī (المهاوي): plural of mahwā (مهوى) and mahwāh (مهواة), [referring to] what lies between two mountains and the like. Al-kharq (الخرق): the vast wasteland. Al-hayyibān (الهيبان): the coward. Al-hayūb (الهيوب): the coward who fears people. A hayūb man: a coward who fears everything. In the Hadith of ʿUbayd ibn ʿUmayr: 'Faith is hayūb (الإيمان هيوب)' — meaning that its people are feared (yuhāb ahluhu), fiʿūl (هيوب) in the sense of the passive participle, for people hold the people of faith in awe because they [the faithful] hold God in awe and fear Him. It is also said that it is fiʿūl in the sense of the active participle, meaning that the believer fears sins and transgressions and so avoids them. Al-Azharī said: there are two interpretations of it: one is that the believer fears sin[s...] [entry continues]