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Mashrabaمشربة

Works

Every work of the authors in the library’s orbit, in the reader or not: who wrote it, when, how it survives, where it can be read, and how it connects to other works. 82 so far. Where a field has not been checked against its source, it says so.
Checked on 2026-10-31
Table and recordsStreams
TraditionAll (14)The Quran (0)Ibn ʿArabī (0)Sufism (4)Philosophy (2)Ismaili thought (0)Greek sources (0)Further afield (8)Arabic grammar (0)Other (0)
GenreAll (14)Scripture and exegesis (0)Ḥadīth and the Prophet's life (0)Law (0)Creed and kalām (0)Metaphysics and cosmology (0)Sciences of letters and names (0)Counsel and governance (10)The path (4)Lives and lineages (0)Prayer and litany (0)Lyric (0)Language and grammar (0)Other, or not yet classed (0)
FormAll (14)Prose (10)Verse (3)Prose with verse (1)Diagrams (0)
LanguageAll (82)Arabic (39)Persian (14)Greek (12)Syriac (0)Ottoman Turkish (3)Chinese (0)Latin (8)Hebrew (1)Other (5)
PeriodAll (14)Archaic and classical Greek (0)Hellenistic (0)Roman imperial (0)Late antique (1)2nd century AH (0)3rd century AH (0)4th century AH (0)5th century AH (2)6th century AH (5)7th century AH (4)8th century AH (0)9th century AH (2)10th century AH (0)11th century AH (0)13th century AH (0)
In the readerAll (14)In the reader (0)Planned (0)Listed only (14)

14 of 82 works.

Works, sortable by column
Title ▲AuthorGenrePeriodLanguageStatus
Jalalean Ethics (Practical Philosophy of the Muhammadan People)اخلاق جلالیJalāl al-Dīn DawānīCounsel and governance9th century AHPersianListed only
Muhsinean Ethicsاخلاق محسنیḤusayn Vāʿiẓ KāshifīCounsel and governance9th century AHPersianListed only
The Nasirean ethicsاخلاق ناصریNaṣīr al-Dīn al-ṬūsīCounsel and governance7th century AHPersianListed only
Four Discoursesچهار مقالهNiẓāmī ʿArūḍīCounsel and governance6th century AHPersianListed only
Rose Garden; Orchardگلستان؛ بوستانSaʿdī of ShirazCounsel and governance7th century AHPersianListed only
The Walled Garden of Truthحدیقة الحقیقةSanāʾīThe path6th century AHPersianListed only
Persian Kalīla and Dimnaکلیله و دمنه (Naṣrallāh Munshī)Naṣrallāh MunshīCounsel and governance6th century AHPersianListed only
The Conference of the Birdsمنطق الطیرFarīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭārThe path6th century AHPersianListed only
Spiritual Coupletsمثنوی معنویJalāl al-Dīn RūmīThe path7th century AHPersianListed only
The Path of God's Bondsmen from Origin to Returnمرصاد العباد من المبدأ إلى المعادNajm al-Dīn Rāzī DāyaThe path7th century AHPersianListed only
Letter of Tansarنامه تنسرTansar (attributed)Counsel and governanceLate antiquePersianListed only
Counsel for Kings (Book of Counsel for Kings)نصیحة الملوکal-GhazālīCounsel and governance6th century AHPersianListed only
Mirror for Princes: The Qābūs NāmaقابوسنامهKaykāʾūs b. IskandarCounsel and governance5th century AHPersianListed only
The Book of Government or Rules for Kingsسیاست‌نامه / سیر الملوکNiẓām al-MulkCounsel and governance5th century AHPersianListed only

Records

Jalalean Ethics (Practical Philosophy of the Muhammadan People)

اخلاق جلالی

Akhlāq-i Jalālī

Jalāl al-Dīn Dawānī (d. 908/1502)

Philosophy · Counsel and governance · Persian · 9th century AH · Listed only

Revises Ṭūsī with illuminationist (ishrāqī) touches;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
c. 1475-77, Shiraz (for Uzun Hasan) (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Lithographs; Tehran · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • W. F. Thompson, Practical Philosophy of the Muhammadan People (London 1839) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

  • Resonance, not influence: The Nasirean ethics The first draft claims influence; not yet checked. not yet checked

Muhsinean Ethics

اخلاق محسنی

Akhlāq-i Muḥsinī

Ḥusayn Vāʿiẓ Kāshifī (d. 910/1504–05)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 9th century AH · Listed only

A popular Timurid mirror in Persian with simplified Ṭūsī/Dawānī schemes and stories.

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
c. 1494-1500, Herat (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Hertford 1850 (lithograph) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Henry Keene, Akhlāq-i Muḥsinī (Hertford 1850) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

The Nasirean ethics

اخلاق ناصری

Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī

Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (597–672/1201–1274)

Philosophy · Counsel and governance · Persian · 7th century AH · Listed only

Three parts: ethics (Miskawayh), household management (tadbīr-i manzil), and the management of cities (siyāsat-i mudun);

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
633/1235 (draft; unchecked) (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Mojtabā Mīnuvī and ʿAlī-Riḍā Ḥaydarī (Tehran 1356 sh/1977) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • G. M. Wickens, The Nasirean Ethics (London: Allen and Unwin 1964) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

  • Resonance, not influence: Opinions of the people of the virtuous city The first draft claims influence; not yet checked. not yet checked
  • Resonance, not influence: Metaphysics of the Shifāʾ, book X (prophecy, law and the city) The first draft claims influence; not yet checked. not yet checked
  • Resonance, not influence: The refinement of character (recorded as lineage, shown as a resonance until its reference is checked) The Platonic Current's note cites TDV (“Tûsî, Nasîrüddin”) as saying the Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī follows the Tahdhīb al-akhlāq, giving page comparisons. That note was reused; the TDV article was not re-read this session. Confidence: medium. probable

Four Discourses

چهار مقاله

Chahār maqāla

Niẓāmī ʿArūḍī (fl. c. 551/1156)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 6th century AH · Listed only

Discusses the secretary, poet, astrologer and physician: those needed by the king.

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
c. 1156, Samarkand/Herat (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • E. G. Browne (London 1910, text) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • E. G. Browne (1899; rev. 1921) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

Rose Garden; Orchard

گلستان؛ بوستان

Gulistān; Būstān

Saʿdī of Shiraz (d. c. 691/1292)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 7th century AH · Listed only

Gulistān book 1 is 'On the conduct of kings': tales of kings, viziers and dervishes;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
1257-58, Shiraz (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Yūsufī (Tehran 1368 sh) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Eastwick (1852, free); Wickens (1974) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

The Walled Garden of Truth

حدیقة الحقیقة

Ḥadīqat al-ḥaqīqa

Sanāʾī (d. c. 525/1131)

Sufism · The path · Persian · 6th century AH · Listed only

Mathnawī with sections on kings and justice, mixed with mystic teaching.

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
c. 1131, Ghazna (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Modarres Razavi (Tehran 1329 sh) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • David Pendlebury (The Walled Garden of Truth, London 1974) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

Persian Kalīla and Dimna

کلیله و دمنه (Naṣrallāh Munshī)

Kalīla va Dimna

Naṣrallāh Munshī (fl. c. 538/1144)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 6th century AH · Listed only

Persian rendering of Kalīla with embellishments;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
c. 1144, Ghazna (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Mojtabā Mīnuvī (Tehran 1343 sh) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

The Conference of the Birds

منطق الطیر

Manṭiq al-ṭayr

Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār (d. c. 618/1221)

Sufism · The path · Persian · 6th century AH · Listed only

Birds seek the Simurgh, their king;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
c. 1177, Nishapur (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Gowharin (Tehran 1342 sh) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Darbandi and Davis (Penguin 1984) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

  • Resonance, not influence: Spiritual Couplets The first draft claims influence; not yet checked. not yet checked

Spiritual Couplets

مثنوی معنوی

Masnavī-yi maʿnavī

Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273)

Sufism · The path · Persian · 7th century AH · Listed only

Royal parables: the king and the handmaiden (the soul and the divine physician), Sultan Maḥmūd and Ayāz, the king's hawk;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
1258-73, Konya (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • R. A. Nicholson (Gibb Memorial 1925-40) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Nicholson (1925-40, free on archive.org); Jawid Mojaddedi (Oxford World's Classics) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

The Path of God's Bondsmen from Origin to Return

مرصاد العباد من المبدأ إلى المعاد

Mirṣād al-ʿibād min al-mabdaʾ ilā l-maʿād

Najm al-Dīn Rāzī Dāya (d. 654/1256)

Sufism · The path · Persian · 7th century AH · Listed only

A Sufi path with a long chapter addressed to kings and rulers;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
620/1223, Sivas (dedicated to Kayqubād I of Rum) (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • M. A. Riyāḥī (Tehran 1352 sh/1973) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Hamid Algar (Caravan 1982) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

Letter of Tansar

نامه تنسر

Nāma-yi Tansar

Tansar (attributed) (Sasanian setting)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · Late antique · Listed only

Defends Ardashīr's centralising reform;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
Sasanian setting; Persian recension via Ibn Isfandiyār (c. 1210), Iran (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Minovi (Tehran 1932); Darmesteter (JA 1894) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Mary Boyce, The Letter of Tansar (Rome 1968) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

Counsel for Kings (Book of Counsel for Kings)

نصیحة الملوک

Naṣīḥat al-mulūk

al-Ghazālī (450–505/1058–1111)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 6th century AH · Listed only

Faith as foundation of kingship;

Attribution
disputed: The draft says the first half may be his and the second part from another hand. TDV treats it as al-Ghazālī's, written in Baghdad under the Seljuks. The scope doc names Patricia Crone, 'Did al-Ghazālī write a mirror for princes?', JSAI 10 (1987): title and year 1987 seen in OpenAlex; the argument has not been read. probable
Date
c. 1105-09, Tus / Baghdad (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • Jalāl al-Dīn Humāʾī (Tehran 1315 sh/1937) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • F. R. C. Bagley, Ghazali's Book of Counsel for Kings (OUP 1964) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

Mirror for Princes: The Qābūs Nāma

قابوسنامه

Qābūsnāma

Kaykāʾūs b. Iskandar (fl. 475/1082)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 5th century AH · Listed only

44 chapters of counsel from father to son: conduct with friends, kings, physicians, farmers, artisans;

Attribution
authentic not yet checked
Date
475/1082-83, Gurgān (basis: date of composition) not yet checked
Editions
  • G.-H. Yūsufī (Tehran 1345 sh/1966); R. Levy (Gibb Memorial NS 18, London 1951) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Reuben Levy, A Mirror for Princes (London: Cresset 1951) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works

The Book of Government or Rules for Kings

سیاست‌نامه / سیر الملوک

Siyāsatnāma / Siyar al-mulūk

Niẓām al-Mulk (d. 485/1092)

Further afield · Counsel and governance · Persian · 5th century AH · Listed only

50 chapters on administration: spies, judges, tax, army, religion;

Attribution
authentic checked in Hasan Hüseyin Adalıoğlu, “Siyâsetnâme”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (2009)
Date
late 5th/11th c., written at Malikshāh's request (TDV: fifty-one chapters; draft: c. 1091–92) (basis: date of composition) probable
Editions
  • Hubert Darke (Tehran 1347 sh; 2nd rev. 1962); Schefer (Paris 1891) · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Translations
  • Darke (London 1960; 2nd ed. 1978); Schefer French (1891-93) · en · cite only (unchecked) not yet checked
Not in the reader yet

Connected works