Atlas
About this atlas
The atlas holds the chains of transmission from the Prophet as the standard references and the classical sources record them: the Sufi orders, the chains of Qurʾān recitation, the teachers of the schools of law and ḥadīth, and the lines of the Prophet's family, with the places they spread and the living houses and teachers who carry them today. Every link shows its sources; where they differ, both readings are shown, and we do not rule on any community's claims. Ibn ʿArabī's own life, teachers and readers are on their own page.
علي زين العابدين
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn
Died 94/713 · Medina
Imam in chain via Ahl al-bayt
Sources for this person
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (3 entries)
The chain up to the Prophet
Dates are given where the sources give them. Years are CE; the Hijri year is in each name's detail.
Route 1 of 12, the best-sourced: The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines. Tap a rule to read its basis, sources and checks.
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate linessources differ
child of · The Prophet Muhammad to Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ · Two independent sources
Fāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Ehl-i Beyt article treats the Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn as the five of the 'people of the cloak' in the Shiʿi usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L36511-36513, L36569 · agreesFāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Prophet's line continues only through her.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9942-9943 · agreesNames Fāṭima, daughter of the Messenger, as al-Ḥasan's mother.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV reports a Sunni position that limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Prophet's wives, and another that includes his descendants and the Banū Hāshim.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
- TDV reports the Shiʿi usage naming the five (Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, Ḥasan, Ḥusayn).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾفاطمة الزهراء632two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
child of · Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Al-Ḥusayn is the son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima; his descendants are called sayyid in TDV's usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609 · agreesal-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, the Prophet's sibṭ; born Shaʿbān 4 AH (al-Zubayr).
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's line continues through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
successor of · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · Two independent sources
Fourth Imam in the Twelver list (d. 94/713).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L23376-23380 · agreesNames Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn as one of the Twelve Imams according to the Imāmiyya; al-Ḥusayn's line continues through him.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's descendants come through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L61711-61720, L61983-61990 · agreesʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn; died 94 per al-Wāqidī and others (92, 93, 95 also reported).
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Other routes (11)
Route 2 of 12: The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate linessources differ
child of · The Prophet Muhammad to Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ · Two independent sources
Fāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Ehl-i Beyt article treats the Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn as the five of the 'people of the cloak' in the Shiʿi usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L36511-36513, L36569 · agreesFāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Prophet's line continues only through her.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9942-9943 · agreesNames Fāṭima, daughter of the Messenger, as al-Ḥasan's mother.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV reports a Sunni position that limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Prophet's wives, and another that includes his descendants and the Banū Hāshim.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
- TDV reports the Shiʿi usage naming the five (Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, Ḥasan, Ḥusayn).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾفاطمة الزهراء632two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
child of · Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ to al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Al-Ḥasan is the son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima; TDV says his descendants are called sharīf and al-Ḥusayn's sayyid (usage the article states).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9942-9943 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī; mother Fāṭima, daughter of the Messenger.
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L48962-48964 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, called the Prophet's sibṭ; born Shaʿbān 3 AH.
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlīالحسن بن علي669the community's own accountin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
successor of · al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · The community's own account
Third Imam in the Twelver list (d. 61/680).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609, L50418 · silental-Ḥusayn's entry does not state succession to al-Ḥasan's office; confirms his death on ʿĀshūrāʾ 61.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9960 · silental-Ḥasan's entry gives no designation of al-Ḥusayn.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
successor of · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · Two independent sources
Fourth Imam in the Twelver list (d. 94/713).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L23376-23380 · agreesNames Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn as one of the Twelve Imams according to the Imāmiyya; al-Ḥusayn's line continues through him.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's descendants come through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L61711-61720, L61983-61990 · agreesʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn; died 94 per al-Wāqidī and others (92, 93, 95 also reported).
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 3 of 12: The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesthis step is recorded in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings, not in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
read the Qurʾān to · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · Two independent sources
Ibn al-Jazarī: the Companion read the Qurʾān to the Messenger of God (the isnād ends here in each chain).
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 3917-3922Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L148 · agreesListed among the first ṭabaqa, those who read to the Messenger of God.
- al-Dānī, al-Taysīr fī l-qirāʾāt al-sabʿ, 0444AbuCamrDani.TaysirFiQiraatSabc.Shamela0005527-ara1#L156-L159 · agreesRijāl of ʿĀṣim: al-Sulamī took from ʿAlī, among others, from the Prophet.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
child of · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Son of ʿAlī.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609 · agreesal-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī; descendants through Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
successor of · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · Two independent sources
Fourth Imam in the Twelver list (d. 94/713).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L23376-23380 · agreesNames Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn as one of the Twelve Imams according to the Imāmiyya; al-Ḥusayn's line continues through him.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's descendants come through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L61711-61720, L61983-61990 · agreesʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn; died 94 per al-Wāqidī and others (92, 93, 95 also reported).
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 4 of 12: Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesin Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · Two independent sources
Ibn al-Jazarī: the Companion read the Qurʾān to the Messenger of God (the isnād ends here in each chain).
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 3917-3922Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L148 · agreesListed among the first ṭabaqa, those who read to the Messenger of God.
- al-Dānī, al-Taysīr fī l-qirāʾāt al-sabʿ, 0444AbuCamrDani.TaysirFiQiraatSabc.Shamela0005527-ara1#L156-L159 · agreesRijāl of ʿĀṣim: al-Sulamī took from ʿAlī, among others, from the Prophet.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661one sourcein Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · One source
al-Ḥusayn read to his father ʿAlī; ʿAlī read to the Prophet.
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 4168-4171Checked against
- Ibn al-Jazarī, Ghāyat al-nihāya (same author as al-Nashr; not independent), 0833IbnJazari.GhayatNihaya.Shamela0012040-ara1.completed#L6805 · agrees (not independent)Entry: read to his father and to al-Sulamī.
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L148 · silentEntry does not state this link.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn read to his father al-Ḥusayn.
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 4167-4170Checked against
- Ibn al-Jazarī, Ghāyat al-nihāya (same author as al-Nashr; not independent), 0833IbnJazari.GhayatNihaya.Shamela0012040-ara1.completed#L6805 · agrees (not independent)Entry: ʿAlī his son read to him.
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L1391 · silentEntry does not state this link.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 5 of 12: Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesin Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · Two independent sources
Ibn al-Jazarī: the Companion read the Qurʾān to the Messenger of God (the isnād ends here in each chain).
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 3917-3922Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L148 · agreesListed among the first ṭabaqa, those who read to the Messenger of God.
- al-Dānī, al-Taysīr fī l-qirāʾāt al-sabʿ, 0444AbuCamrDani.TaysirFiQiraatSabc.Shamela0005527-ara1#L156-L159 · agreesRijāl of ʿĀṣim: al-Sulamī took from ʿAlī, among others, from the Prophet.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
child of · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Son of ʿAlī.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L48962-48964 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9942 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlīالحسن بن علي669the community's own accountthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
successor of · al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · The community's own account
Third Imam in the Twelver list (d. 61/680).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609, L50418 · silental-Ḥusayn's entry does not state succession to al-Ḥasan's office; confirms his death on ʿĀshūrāʾ 61.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9960 · silental-Ḥasan's entry gives no designation of al-Ḥusayn.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn read to his father al-Ḥusayn.
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 4167-4170Checked against
- Ibn al-Jazarī, Ghāyat al-nihāya (same author as al-Nashr; not independent), 0833IbnJazari.GhayatNihaya.Shamela0012040-ara1.completed#L6805 · agrees (not independent)Entry: ʿAlī his son read to him.
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L1391 · silentEntry does not state this link.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 6 of 12: Schools of law and ḥadīth
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
one sourcein Schools of law and ḥadīthsources differ
family descent · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · One source
In the Twelver and Zaydī accounts ʿAlī is the first imam, by designation.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L135691 · agreesʿAlī’s Tahdhīb entry has him narrating from the Prophet; the claim of designation as first imam is Twelver/Zaydī doctrine, not tested by a prosopography.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, Shamela0001000 #L5685 · agreesIbn Khallikān calls Jaʿfar one of the twelve imams “according to the Imāmiyya”, attributing the Twelver line rather than asserting it.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Twelver tradition: designated by the Prophet; the imam's knowledge is inherited from the Prophet (TDV, 'Câfer es-Sâdık', summarising Shia sources).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661one sourcein Schools of law and ḥadīth
successor of · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · One source
Imamate line as the Twelver tradition transmits it (attributed; not our claim).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L37923, 135691 · agreesal-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his father ʿAlī among his sources; ʿAlī’s entry lists his son al-Ḥusayn. Filiation confirmed; the imamate succession stays Twelver.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Schools of law and ḥadīth
successor of · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Imamate line as the Twelver tradition transmits it (attributed; not our claim).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L134408, 37923 · agreesʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his father al-Ḥusayn; al-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his son Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Filiation confirmed; imamate stays Twelver.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, Shamela0001000 #L23376 · agreesIbn Khallikān: Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn is ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 7 of 12: Qādiriyya
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
the community's own accountin Qādiriyya
initiation · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · The community's own account
TDV Kādiriyye states that in Qādirī ijāzas the chain reaches Ḥaḍrat ʿAlī by two routes; the step from the Prophet to ʿAlī is implied there, not stated.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Not yet checked against a further reference.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661one sourcein Qādiriyyasources differ
family descent · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · One source
TDV Kādiriyye records that one Qādirī chain, the 'silsile-i zeheb', runs back from Maʿrūf al-Karkhī through 'İmam ʿAlī al-Riḍā and the other Ahl al-bayt imams' to ʿAlī; TDV does not name the intermediate imams, so each step here follows a secondary list.
Wikipedia, 'Qadiri Order' (secondary; silsila chains B cites Abun-Nasr 2007 pp. 86-96, not independently checked)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L13795-13813 (App. A chart) · agreesChart gives ʿAlī, Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, al-Bāqir, al-Ṣādiq, al-Kāẓim, al-Riḍā in this descent.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV Kādiriyye records a second Qādirī chain, the 'silsile-i müzehheb', running from Maʿrūf through Dāwūd al-Ṭāʾī, Ḥabīb al-ʿAjamī and al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī to ʿAlī.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hasan-ı Basrî'
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Qādiriyya
family descent · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Next imam in the Qādirī 'silsile-i zeheb' through the Ahl al-bayt imams; TDV Kādiriyye refers to these imams as a group, and this step follows a secondary list.
Wikipedia, 'Qadiri Order' (secondary; silsila chains B cites Abun-Nasr 2007 pp. 86-96, not independently checked)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L13795-13813 (App. A chart) · agreesChart gives ʿAlī, Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, al-Bāqir, al-Ṣādiq, al-Kāẓim, al-Riḍā in this descent.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 8 of 12: Qādiriyya
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qādiriyyasources differ
child of · The Prophet Muhammad to Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ · Two independent sources
Fāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Ehl-i Beyt article treats the Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn as the five of the 'people of the cloak' in the Shiʿi usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L36511-36513, L36569 · agreesFāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Prophet's line continues only through her.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9942-9943 · agreesNames Fāṭima, daughter of the Messenger, as al-Ḥasan's mother.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV reports a Sunni position that limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Prophet's wives, and another that includes his descendants and the Banū Hāshim.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
- TDV reports the Shiʿi usage naming the five (Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, Ḥasan, Ḥusayn).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾفاطمة الزهراء632two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qādiriyya
child of · Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Al-Ḥusayn is the son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima; his descendants are called sayyid in TDV's usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609 · agreesal-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, the Prophet's sibṭ; born Shaʿbān 4 AH (al-Zubayr).
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's line continues through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Qādiriyya
family descent · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Next imam in the Qādirī 'silsile-i zeheb' through the Ahl al-bayt imams; TDV Kādiriyye refers to these imams as a group, and this step follows a secondary list.
Wikipedia, 'Qadiri Order' (secondary; silsila chains B cites Abun-Nasr 2007 pp. 86-96, not independently checked)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L13795-13813 (App. A chart) · agreesChart gives ʿAlī, Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, al-Bāqir, al-Ṣādiq, al-Kāẓim, al-Riḍā in this descent.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 9 of 12: Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readingssources differ
child of · The Prophet Muhammad to Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ · Two independent sources
Fāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Ehl-i Beyt article treats the Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn as the five of the 'people of the cloak' in the Shiʿi usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L36511-36513, L36569 · agreesFāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Prophet's line continues only through her.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9942-9943 · agreesNames Fāṭima, daughter of the Messenger, as al-Ḥasan's mother.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV reports a Sunni position that limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Prophet's wives, and another that includes his descendants and the Banū Hāshim.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
- TDV reports the Shiʿi usage naming the five (Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, Ḥasan, Ḥusayn).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾفاطمة الزهراء632two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
child of · Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Al-Ḥusayn is the son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima; his descendants are called sayyid in TDV's usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609 · agreesal-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, the Prophet's sibṭ; born Shaʿbān 4 AH (al-Zubayr).
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's line continues through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn read to his father al-Ḥusayn.
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 4167-4170Checked against
- Ibn al-Jazarī, Ghāyat al-nihāya (same author as al-Nashr; not independent), 0833IbnJazari.GhayatNihaya.Shamela0012040-ara1.completed#L6805 · agrees (not independent)Entry: ʿAlī his son read to him.
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L1391 · silentEntry does not state this link.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 10 of 12: Schools of law and ḥadīth
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Schools of law and ḥadīthsources differ
child of · The Prophet Muhammad to Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ · Two independent sources
Fāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Ehl-i Beyt article treats the Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn as the five of the 'people of the cloak' in the Shiʿi usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L36511-36513, L36569 · agreesFāṭima is the Prophet's daughter; the Prophet's line continues only through her.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9942-9943 · agreesNames Fāṭima, daughter of the Messenger, as al-Ḥasan's mother.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- TDV reports a Sunni position that limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Prophet's wives, and another that includes his descendants and the Banū Hāshim.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
- TDV reports the Shiʿi usage naming the five (Prophet, ʿAlī, Fāṭima, Ḥasan, Ḥusayn).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i Beyt
Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾفاطمة الزهراء632two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Schools of law and ḥadīth
child of · Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Al-Ḥusayn is the son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima; his descendants are called sayyid in TDV's usage.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Ehl-i BeytChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609 · agreesal-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, the Prophet's sibṭ; born Shaʿbān 4 AH (al-Zubayr).
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L2533-2534 · agreesal-Ḥusayn's line continues through ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn alone.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Schools of law and ḥadīth
successor of · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Imamate line as the Twelver tradition transmits it (attributed; not our claim).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L134408, 37923 · agreesʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his father al-Ḥusayn; al-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his son Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Filiation confirmed; imamate stays Twelver.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, Shamela0001000 #L23376 · agreesIbn Khallikān: Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn is ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 11 of 12: Schools of law and ḥadīth
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
one sourcein Schools of law and ḥadīthsources differ
family descent · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · One source
In the Twelver and Zaydī accounts ʿAlī is the first imam, by designation.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L135691 · agreesʿAlī’s Tahdhīb entry has him narrating from the Prophet; the claim of designation as first imam is Twelver/Zaydī doctrine, not tested by a prosopography.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, Shamela0001000 #L5685 · agreesIbn Khallikān calls Jaʿfar one of the twelve imams “according to the Imāmiyya”, attributing the Twelver line rather than asserting it.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Twelver tradition: designated by the Prophet; the imam's knowledge is inherited from the Prophet (TDV, 'Câfer es-Sâdık', summarising Shia sources).TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Schools of law and ḥadīth
child of · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Son of ʿAlī.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L48962-48964 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9942 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlīالحسن بن علي669the community's own accountthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Schools of law and ḥadīth
successor of · al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · The community's own account
Third Imam in the Twelver list (d. 61/680).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609, L50418 · silental-Ḥusayn's entry does not state succession to al-Ḥasan's office; confirms his death on ʿĀshūrāʾ 61.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9960 · silental-Ḥasan's entry gives no designation of al-Ḥusayn.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Schools of law and ḥadīth
successor of · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Imamate line as the Twelver tradition transmits it (attributed; not our claim).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L134408, 37923 · agreesʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his father al-Ḥusayn; al-Ḥusayn’s entry lists his son Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Filiation confirmed; imamate stays Twelver.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, Shamela0001000 #L23376 · agreesIbn Khallikān: Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn is ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
Route 12 of 12: Qādiriyya
- The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
the community's own accountin Qādiriyya
initiation · The Prophet Muhammad to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib · The community's own account
TDV Kādiriyye states that in Qādirī ijāzas the chain reaches Ḥaḍrat ʿAlī by two routes; the step from the Prophet to ʿAlī is implied there, not stated.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Not yet checked against a further reference.
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālibعلي بن أبي طالب661two sourcesthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qādiriyya
child of · ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Son of ʿAlī.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L48962-48964 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9942 · agreesal-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib.
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlīالحسن بن علي669the community's own accountthis step is recorded in The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines, not in Qādiriyya
successor of · al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī to al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī · The community's own account
Third Imam in the Twelver list (d. 61/680).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L49607-49609, L50418 · silental-Ḥusayn's entry does not state succession to al-Ḥasan's office; confirms his death on ʿĀshūrāʾ 61.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L9941-9960 · silental-Ḥasan's entry gives no designation of al-Ḥusayn.
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlīالحسين بن علي680one sourcein Qādiriyya
family descent · al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī to ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn · One source
Next imam in the Qādirī 'silsile-i zeheb' through the Ahl al-bayt imams; TDV Kādiriyye refers to these imams as a group, and this step follows a secondary list.
Wikipedia, 'Qadiri Order' (secondary; silsila chains B cites Abun-Nasr 2007 pp. 86-96, not independently checked)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L13795-13813 (App. A chart) · agreesChart gives ʿAlī, Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, al-Bāqir, al-Ṣādiq, al-Kāẓim, al-Riḍā in this descent.
ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīnعلي زين العابدين713
How to read the marks
- Two sources: a solid rule. Two independent references give the same link.
- One source: a lighter rule, so labelled.
- The community's own account: a dotted rule. The order tells it; we have not yet read it against a reference source.
- A gap in the rule: the sources omit names between the two. The label says which.
- The sources differ: tap the ≠ to read each reading with its source.
- A ring: a spiritual link, without a meeting (uwaysī).
Who received from ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn
2 recorded, each with the chain set it belongs to.
- Muḥammad al-Bāqirمحمد الباقر733
one sourcein Qādiriyya
family descent · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Muḥammad al-Bāqir · One source
Next imam in the Qādirī 'silsile-i zeheb' through the Ahl al-bayt imams; TDV Kādiriyye refers to these imams as a group, and this step follows a secondary list.
Wikipedia, 'Qadiri Order' (secondary; silsila chains B cites Abun-Nasr 2007 pp. 86-96, not independently checked)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Kādiriyye'Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L13795-13813 (App. A chart) · agreesChart gives ʿAlī, Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, al-Bāqir, al-Ṣādiq, al-Kāẓim, al-Riḍā in this descent.
one sourcein Qirāʾāt: the ten canonical readings
read the Qurʾān to · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Muḥammad al-Bāqir · One source
al-Bāqir read to Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn.
Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī l-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, OpenITI 0833IbnJazari.Nashr.Shamela0022642-ara1, lines 4166-4169Checked against
- Ibn al-Jazarī, Ghāyat al-nihāya (same author as al-Nashr; not independent), 0833IbnJazari.GhayatNihaya.Shamela0012040-ara1.completed#L5464 · agrees (not independent)Entry: the chain "al-Bāqir, then Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, then al-Ḥusayn, then ʿAlī" (single generic statement).
- al-Dhahabī, Maʿrifat al-qurrāʾ al-kibār, 0748Dhahabi.MacrifaQurraKibar.Shamela0008349-ara2#L1391 · silentEntry does not state this link.
two sourcesin Schools of law and ḥadīth
child of · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Muḥammad al-Bāqir · Two independent sources
Al-Bāqir is Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn's son (Siyar, entry Zayd b. ʿAlī, which calls Zayd 'brother of al-Bāqir').
al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, entry Zayd b. ʿAlī (OpenITI Shamela0010906, lines 74327-74329)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Câfer es-Sâdık'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L176089, 134408 · agreesal-Bāqir’s entry lists his father ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn) among his sources; the father’s entry lists “his son Abū Jaʿfar”.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān, Shamela0001000 #L30679 · agreesIbn Khallikān: Muḥammad al-Bāqir, son of Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn.
two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
successor of · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Muḥammad al-Bāqir · Two independent sources
Fifth Imam (d. 114/733, marked with a query in TDV).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L62011-62015, L62163-62165 · agreesal-Bāqir is his son; died 114 per Abū Nuʿaym and others, 117 also reported; birth 56 AH.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L3649-3652, L3668-3671 · agreesal-Bāqir listed first among Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn's sons; born 59, died Rabīʿ II 114.
- Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-aʿyān (OpenITI), wafayat#L30679-30689 · agreesDeath given as 113, 114, 117 or 118; birth 3 Ṣafar 57.
two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
child of · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Muḥammad al-Bāqir · Two independent sources
Father-son in the Twelver chain.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyyeChecked against
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L3649-3652 · agreesal-Bāqir listed first among Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn's sons.
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L62011 · agreesHeading: his son Abū Jaʿfar al-Bāqir.
- Zayd b. ʿAlīزيد بن علي740
two sourcesin Schools of law and ḥadīth
studied with · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Zayd b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Siyar: Zayd narrated from his father Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn and his brother al-Bāqir; TDV: raised by them.
al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, entry Zayd b. ʿAlī (OpenITI Shamela0010906, line 74331)TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Zeydiyye'Checked against
- al-Mizzī, Tahdhīb al-kamāl, Shamela0003722 #L60803, 134408 · agreesZayd’s entry lists his father Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn among his sources; the father’s entry lists “his son Zayd”.
two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate lines
child of · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Zayd b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Zayd is described by TDV as a descendant of al-Ḥusayn through Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Zeydiyye'Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L74327-74331, L74350 · agreesZayd b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, brother of al-Bāqir, reported from his father; killed 2 Ṣafar 122.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L3649-3651 · agreesZayd al-Shahīd among Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn's six sons with offspring.
two sourcesin The Prophet's family: descent and imamate linessources differ
successor of · ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn to Zayd b. ʿAlī · Two independent sources
Zaydī account: Zayd rose openly (122/740) and is the Imam after Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn in this line; Zaydīs hold the imamate is open to any qualified Ḥasanī or Ḥusaynī who rises, with no designation or infallibility.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Zeydiyye'Checked against
- al-Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ (OpenITI), siyar#L74327-74329, L74344, L74350 · agreesZayd, killed in 122, whose followers, the Zaydiyya, 'followed his word and fought with him'.
- Ibn ʿInaba, ʿUmdat al-ṭālib (OpenITI), umda#L3210, L3298 · agreesNames Zaydī imams who rose in Kufa and in Yemen.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Twelver account: the imamate passed to Muḥammad al-Bāqir by designation.TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İsnâaşeriyye
How to cite
Mashraba Reader, Atlas of transmission, “ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn”, https://www.mashraba.org/atlas/figure/ali-zayn-al-abidin (data of 31 October 2026).