Atlas

Chains of transmission from the Prophet, read as the sources give them.

About this atlas

The atlas holds the chains of transmission from the Prophet as the standard references and the classical sources record them: the Sufi orders, the chains of Qurʾān recitation, the teachers of the schools of law and ḥadīth, and the lines of the Prophet's family, with the places they spread and the living houses and teachers who carry them today. Every link shows its sources; where they differ, both readings are shown, and we do not rule on any community's claims. Ibn ʿArabī's own life, teachers and readers are on their own page.

أمير كلال

Amīr Kulāl

Died 772/1370

Naqshband's murshid

Sources for this person

TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'

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The chain up to the Prophet

Dates are given where the sources give them. Years are CE; the Hijri year is in each name's detail.

Route 1 of 3, the best-sourced: Naqshbandiyya. Tap a rule to read its basis, sources and checks.

Sources differ on 9 links of this route.

The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawīمحمود أنجير فغنوي1286
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī to ʿAlī Rāmītanī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence; linked to Kubrawī ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Simnānī and credited with reintroducing vocal dhikr (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3925 · agreesʿAzīzān ʿAlī al-Rāmitanī follows Anjīr Faghnawī (d. 705/1306 or 721/1321).
ʿAlī Rāmītanīعلي الرامتيني1321
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · ʿAlī Rāmītanī to Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3926 · agreesMuḥammad Bābā al-Sammāsī follows al-Rāmitanī (d. 740/1340 or 755/1354).
Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsīمحمد بابا السماسي1333
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī to Amīr Kulāl · Two independent sources
Sammāsī's disciple Amīr Kulāl (d. 772/1370) was Naqshband's murshid.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Bahâeddin Nakşibend' (Hamid Algar)
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3928 · agreesLists Sammāsī then Amīr Kulāl in succession; Kulāl d. 772/1371.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN NAQŠBAND' (Hamid Algar), Vol. III, Fasc. 4, pp. 433-435 · agreesSammāsī assigned Bahāʾ al-Dīn's training to Amīr Kulāl, his most prominent disciple.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, p. 89 · agreesBuehler calls Amīr Kulāl Sammāsī's successor, under whose guidance Bahāʾ al-Dīn remained after meeting Sammāsī as a youth.
Amīr Kulālأمير كلال1370

Other routes (2)

Route 2 of 3: Naqshbandiyya

Sources differ on 8 links of this route.

The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawīمحمود أنجير فغنوي1286
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī to ʿAlī Rāmītanī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence; linked to Kubrawī ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Simnānī and credited with reintroducing vocal dhikr (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3925 · agreesʿAzīzān ʿAlī al-Rāmitanī follows Anjīr Faghnawī (d. 705/1306 or 721/1321).
ʿAlī Rāmītanīعلي الرامتيني1321
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · ʿAlī Rāmītanī to Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3926 · agreesMuḥammad Bābā al-Sammāsī follows al-Rāmitanī (d. 740/1340 or 755/1354).
Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsīمحمد بابا السماسي1333
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī to Amīr Kulāl · Two independent sources
Sammāsī's disciple Amīr Kulāl (d. 772/1370) was Naqshband's murshid.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Bahâeddin Nakşibend' (Hamid Algar)
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3928 · agreesLists Sammāsī then Amīr Kulāl in succession; Kulāl d. 772/1371.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN NAQŠBAND' (Hamid Algar), Vol. III, Fasc. 4, pp. 433-435 · agreesSammāsī assigned Bahāʾ al-Dīn's training to Amīr Kulāl, his most prominent disciple.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, p. 89 · agreesBuehler calls Amīr Kulāl Sammāsī's successor, under whose guidance Bahāʾ al-Dīn remained after meeting Sammāsī as a youth.
Amīr Kulālأمير كلال1370

Route 3 of 3: Naqshbandiyya

Sources differ on 7 links of this route.

The Prophet Muhammadمحمد632
Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawīمحمود أنجير فغنوي1286
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī to ʿAlī Rāmītanī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence; linked to Kubrawī ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Simnānī and credited with reintroducing vocal dhikr (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3925 · agreesʿAzīzān ʿAlī al-Rāmitanī follows Anjīr Faghnawī (d. 705/1306 or 721/1321).
ʿAlī Rāmītanīعلي الرامتيني1321
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · ʿAlī Rāmītanī to Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī · Two independent sources
Next in the sequence (TDV Hâcegân, which notes that the sources say little about these figures' lives, Amīr Kulāl excepted).
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3926 · agreesMuḥammad Bābā al-Sammāsī follows al-Rāmitanī (d. 740/1340 or 755/1354).
Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsīمحمد بابا السماسي1333
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyya
initiation · Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī to Amīr Kulāl · Two independent sources
Sammāsī's disciple Amīr Kulāl (d. 772/1370) was Naqshband's murshid.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Bahâeddin Nakşibend' (Hamid Algar)
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3917-3928 · agreesLists Sammāsī then Amīr Kulāl in succession; Kulāl d. 772/1371.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN NAQŠBAND' (Hamid Algar), Vol. III, Fasc. 4, pp. 433-435 · agreesSammāsī assigned Bahāʾ al-Dīn's training to Amīr Kulāl, his most prominent disciple.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, p. 89 · agreesBuehler calls Amīr Kulāl Sammāsī's successor, under whose guidance Bahāʾ al-Dīn remained after meeting Sammāsī as a youth.
Amīr Kulālأمير كلال1370

How to read the marks

Two sources: a solid rule. Two independent references give the same link.
One source: a lighter rule, so labelled.
The community's own account: a dotted rule. The order tells it; we have not yet read it against a reference source.
A gap in the rule: the sources omit names between the two. The label says which.
The sources differ: tap the ≠ to read each reading with its source.
A ring: a spiritual link, without a meeting (uwaysī).

Who received from Amīr Kulāl

1 recorded, each with the chain set it belongs to.

Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naqshbandبهاء الدين نقشبند1389
two sourcesin Naqshbandiyyasources differ
initiation · Amīr Kulāl to Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naqshband · Two independent sources
Kulāl oversaw Naqshband's spiritual education; Sammāsī had adopted him as an infant.
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Hâcegân'TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 'Bahâeddin Nakşibend' (Hamid Algar)
Suggest a correction
Checked against
- Trimingham, Sufi Orders in Islam (1971), trimingham_sufi-orders-in-islam_1971.txt#L3928-3934 · agreesBahāʾ al-Dīn served his apprenticeship under both al-Sammāsī and Kulāl.
- Jāmī, Nafaḥāt al-uns (the edition in this reader), pp. 437 ff. · agreesKulāl taught him outward manners of the path; Sammāsī accepted him as a son.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, 'BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN NAQŠBAND' (Hamid Algar), Vol. III, Fasc. 4, pp. 433-435 · agreesBahāʾ al-Dīn took companionship, adab and dhikr instruction from Amīr Kulāl, his principal teacher on the path.
- Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet (Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1998), ch. 4, pp. 89, 94 n. 22 · agreesKulāl was Bahāʾ al-Dīn's living preceptor for ṣuḥba, adab and dhikr, though Ghujduwānī was his primary guide.
Where the sources differ, side by side. We do not rule between them.
- Jāmī: Muḥammad Bābā al-Sammāsī accepted Naqshband as a son and Amīr Kulāl taught him the outward manners (Nafaḥāt p. 437 ff.).See checks

How to cite

Mashraba Reader, Atlas of transmission, “Amīr Kulāl”, https://www.mashraba.org/atlas/figure/amir-kulal (data of 31 October 2026).