Root · 0 in the Quran · 1 in 1 text of the library
رسغ (root rsgh)
الراء والسين والغين كلمة واحدة الرسغ وهو موصل الكف في الذراع والقدم في الساق والرساغ حبل يشد في رسغ الحمار ثم يشد إلى …
Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha
The family of the root
Patterns computed · our dataThe words of ر س غ that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.
16 words5 verbs4 verbal nouns1 participle1 place or instrument1 intensive or elative3 other nouns1 plural
- رُسْغwrist
- رَسَغَhe tethered him by the fore legs
- رَاسَغَhe strove with him to throw him down
- اِرْتَسَغَhe expended amply, or abundantly, upon his family, or household
- رَسِيغample, or abundant, means of subsistence
The whole family7 groups, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Verbs5رَسَغَ · رَسَّغَ · رَاسَغَ
The root as an action: the bare Form I, and the Forms made by adding letters before, inside or after the root.grammar →
Form I vowels: فَعَلَ يَفْعَلُ (a – a; the imperfect from Lane's “aor.”)
Verbal nouns4رَسْغ · رِسَاغ · تَرْسِيغ
The action itself, named as a noun (maṣdar).grammar →
Participles1مُرَسَّغ
The one who does it, and the one it is done to.grammar →
- مُرَسَّغpassive, Form IILane
Place, time and instrument1مِرْسَغَة
Where or when it happens, and what it is done with: the m- nouns.grammar →
- مِرْسَغَةnoun of instrumentLane
Intensives, qualities and the elative1رَسِيغ
The quality carried far, held as a trait, or compared.grammar →
- رَسِيغample, or abundant, means of subsistenceLanequality (faʿīl)Lane
Other nouns3رُسْغ · رَسَغ · رُسُغ
Nouns on other patterns; their meaning is learned word by word.grammar →
Reference
Why this shape?What each of the 12 patterns does
What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.
The pattern machinePour the root into a pattern; see whether the word exists
Choose a pattern; the root's letters pour into it. Then see whether the word exists in our sources. The machine makes shapes; only usage makes words.
Not in our sources. A possible shape, not a word we can show: the Quran, the library and Lane do not have it for this root.
Place noun with -a. The place noun with the feminine -a. Sometimes it is only a variant of mafʿal; often it names the place where a thing is found in abundance (maʾsada, 'a place full of lions'). So maktab is the place of writing, and maktaba, where writings are gathered: a library, a bookshop. Our summary AI
But: maktaba is not in our classical dictionaries for k-t-b: Lane and al-Jawharī give maktab ('a school'), none gives maktaba. Its sense of 'library, bookshop' fits the pattern of abundance, but that is our reading of the pattern, not a classical entry. Many mafʿala words are single items of usage (maqbara 'cemetery'), which the grammarians call heard, not formed by rule.
The grammarians on this pattern (4)
ما يكون مفعلة لازمة لها الهاء والفتحة … وذلك إذا أردت أن تكثر الشيء بالمكان، وذلك قولك: أرض مسبعة، ومأسدة
Chapter on what is mafʿala, with the -a and the a-vowel always: that is when you mean that a thing abounds in a place, as you say 'a land of many beasts of prey (masbaʿa), of many lions (maʾsada)' AI
Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796), al-Kitāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn, 3rd ed. (Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1988), 4:94 · OpenITI line 21027–21028 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
و نحو المظنة و المقبرة فتحا و ضما ليس بقياس
and words like maẓinna and maqbara (with a or u) are not by rule AI
Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), al-Shāfiya fī ʿilm al-taṣrīf, ed. Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān (Mecca: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995), 1:30 · OpenITI line 223 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
- “designate the place where the object signified by the noun from which they are formed, is found in large numbers or quantities” Wright, Grammar I, §247, p. 148 ↗ · on nouns of abundance, maf'ala · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
- “Nouns of time and place not unfrequently take the feminine form” Wright, Grammar I, §225, p. 128 ↗ · on maf'ala as a variant of maf'al · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources
Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.
The dictionaries
Ibn Fāris · 395الراء والسين والغين كلمة واحدة الرسغ وهو موصل الكف في الذراع والقدم في الساق والرساغ حبل يشد في رسغ الحمار ثم يشد إلى وتد ويقال أصاب المطر الأرض فرسغ وذلك إذا بلغ الماء الرسغ
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).
Letters & sound
- رrāʾtip of the tongue, near the nūn · voiced, in betweenSīb. · I. Jinnī
- سsīntongue-tip, by the front teeth · voiceless, continuantSīb. · I. Jinnī
- غghayntop of the throat · voiced, continuantSīb. · I. Jinnī
How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.
Sharing two of its three letters (computed; kinship of form, not of meaning)
Reference
How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ر
ومن مخرج النون غير أنه أدخل في ظهر اللسان قليلا لانحرافه إلى اللام مخرج الراء
From the place of the nūn, except that it goes a little further onto the back of the tongue, because it leans towards the lām, is the place of the rāʾ. Sībawayh, lines 26557–26558 ↗
ومن مخرج النون غير أنه أدخل في ظهر اللسان قليلا، لانحرافه إلى اللام، مخرج الراء
From the place of the nūn, except that it goes a little further onto the back of the tongue, because it leans towards the lām, is the place of the rāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, lines 980–981 ↗
س
ومما بين طرف اللسان وفويق الثنايا مخرج الزاي، والسين، والصاد
From between the tip of the tongue and just above the front teeth is the place of the zāy, the sīn and the ṣād. Sībawayh, line 26560 ↗
ومما بين الثنايا وطرف اللسان، مخرج الصاد والزاي والسين
From between the front teeth and the tip of the tongue is the place of the ṣād, the zāy and the sīn. Ibn Jinnī, line 983 ↗
غ
وأدناها مخرجا من الفم: الغين والخاء
The nearest of them to the mouth in place: the ghayn and the khāʾ. Sībawayh, line 26549 ↗
ومما فوق ذلك مع أول الفم، مخرج الغين والخاء
From above that, at the start of the mouth, is the place of the ghayn and the khāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, line 971 ↗
Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.
In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ر
Level of existence: السماء الخامسة · the fifth heaven
Divine Name: المصور · the Form-Giver (al-Muṣawwir)
Lunar mansion: الغفر · al-Ghafr
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64675Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582س
Level of existence: ما ظهر في الماء · what appears in water
Divine Name: المحيي · al-Muḥyī, the Life-Giver
Lunar mansion: النعائم · al-Naʿāʾim
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 62110Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 9 line 2572 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
السين والشين فطبعهما الحرارة واليبوسة
Sīn and shīn: their nature is heat and dryness.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2581غ
Level of existence: الجسم الكل · the Universal Body
Divine Name: الظاهر · al-Ẓāhir, the Outward
Lunar mansion: الميسان وهي الهقعة · al-Maysān, which is al-Haqʿa
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 62077Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 9 line 2572 ↗
Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ر
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى جميع الخيرات الظاهرة والباطنة.
It is an indication of all goods, outward and inward.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى الواحد في نفسه وهو ظاهر.
It is an indication of the one in itself, and it is manifest.
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي فيه الروح وليس من بني آدم، أو إشارة إلى الروح نفسها.
It is an indication of a thing that has spirit in it but is not of the children of Adam, or an indication of the spirit itself.
س
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء المليح الذي من طبعه الرقة.
It is an indication of the comely thing whose nature is delicacy.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء القبيح الخشن، أو إشارة إلى سواد حسا ومعنى.
It is an indication of the ugly, rough thing, or of blackness, sensible and figurative.
With kasra ـِ
وبالكسر إشارة إلى الشيء الطابع وتكون الإشارة منه.
With kasra it is an indication of the impressing/stamping thing, and the indication proceeds from it.
غ
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي اسم للنظر الذي يبلغ به حقيقة الشيء.
It is a name for the gaze by which one reaches the reality of a thing.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي اسم من أسمائه تعالى ويدل على الحنانة فيه.
It is one of the names of God (Exalted is He), and it denotes the tenderness in Him.
With kasra ـِ
فهي سؤال مما يجهله ليجيبه بما يعلمه.
It is a question, from one who does not know, so that someone may answer him with what he knows.
Two-letter nucleus10 roots in Ibn Fāris’s chapterر س
Ibn Fāris groups his roots under two-letter chapters (“the X and the Y and what makes them three”). These are the roots of this root's chapter with the core sense he gives each. Setting them side by side is our juxtaposition; he does not himself draw a shared meaning. His chapter heading, line 11316 ↗
- رسعالراء والسين والعين أصل يدل على فساد يقولون الرسع فساد العينL11317
- رسغالراء والسين والغين كلمة واحدة الرسغ وهو موصل الكف في الذراع والقدم في الساق والرساغ حبل يشد في رسغ الحمار ثم يشد إلى وتد ويقال أصاب المطر الأرض فرسغ L11318
- رسفالراء والسين والفاء أصيل يدل على مقاربة المشي فالرسف مشي المقيد ولا يكون ذلك إلا بمقاربة رسف يرسف ويرسف رسفا ورسيفا ورسفاناL11321
- رسلالراء والسين واللام أصل واحد مطرد منقاس يدل على الانبعاث والامتداد فالرسل السير السهل وناقة رسلة لا تكلفك سياقا وناقة رسلة أيضا لينة المفاصل وشعر رسل Q 513 · L11324
- رسمالراء والسين والميم أصلان أحدهما الأثر والآخر ضرب من السيرL11339
- رسنالراء والسين والنون أصل واحد اشترك فيه العرب والعجم وهو الرسن والجمع أرسان والمرسن الذي يقع عليه الرسن من أنف الناقة ثم كثر حتى قيل مرسن الإنسان ورسنتL11354
- رسىالراء والسين والحرف المعتل أصل يدل على ثبات تقول رسا الشيء يرسو إذا ثبت والله جل ثناؤه أرسى الجبال أي أثبتها وجبل راس ثابت ورست أقدامهم في الحرب ويقالL11357
- رسبالراء والسين والباء أصل واحد هو ذهاب الشيء سفلا من ثقل تقول رسب الحجر في الماء يرسب وحكى بعضهم رسبت عيناه غارتا فإن كان صحيحا فهو محمول على ما ذكرناه L11363
- رسحالراء والسين والحاء أصيل فيه كلمة واحدة الرسحاء المرأة اللاصقة العجز الصغيرة الأليتين ورجل أرسح والذئب أرسحL11367
- رسخالراء والسين والخاء أصل واحد يدل على الثبات ويقال رسخ ثبت وكل راسخ ثابتQ 2 · L11368
In the sister scriptsHebrew ר ס/ש עSyriac ܪ ܣ/ܫ ܥ
| Arabic | ر س غ |
| Hebrew | ר ס/ש ע |
| Syriac | ܪ ܣ/ܫ ܥ |
| Ancient South Arabian (musnad) | 𐩧 𐩯/𐩦 𐩶 |
| Phoenician | 𐤓 𐤎/𐤔 𐤏 |
Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.
Reference