Mashrabaمشربة

رجلPer Ibn Fāris: the leg/foot, the organ of walking of anything possessing legs. (root rjl)

الراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل …

Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha · English rendering

رجل
Patterns computed · our data

The words of ر ج ل that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.

57 words6 verbs4 verbal nouns6 participles2 places and instruments5 intensives and elatives20 other nouns8 plurals6 relatives and abstracts

  • رَجُلthe dim
  • رِجَال—
  • رِجْلthe leg of a human being and of a bird, and the kind leg of a quadruped
  • أَرْجُل—
  • مُرْتَجَلimprovised; impromptu
The whole family8 groups, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Verbs6رَجِلَ · رَجَّلَ · أَرْجَلَ

The root as an action: the bare Form I, and the Forms made by adding letters before, inside or after the root.grammar →

Form I vowels: فَعِلَ يَفْعَلُ (i – a; the imperfect from Lane's “aor.”)

Verbal nouns4رَجَل · رَجْل · اِرْتِجال

The action itself, named as a noun (maṣdar).grammar →

  • رَجَلForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
  • رَجْلForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
  • اِرْتِجالimprovisation; extemporizationautoForm VIIIlibrary ×1
  • تَرْجِيلForm II · Lane: inf. n.Lane
Participles6مُرْتَجَل · رَاجِل · مُرجِل

The one who does it, and the one it is done to.grammar →

  • مُرْتَجَلimprovised; impromptuautopassive, Form VIIIlibrary ×2Lane
  • رَاجِلactive, Form ILaneIbn Fāris
  • مُرجِلwoman that brings forth men-childrenLaneactive, Form IVLaneIbn Fāris
  • مُرَجَّلpassive, Form IILaneIbn Fāris
Place, time and instrument2مَرْجَل · مِرْجَل

Where or when it happens, and what it is done with: the m- nouns.grammar →

  • مَرْجَلnoun of place or timeLaneIbn Fāris
  • مِرْجَلcopper cooking-potLanenoun of instrumentLaneIbn Fāris
Intensives, qualities and the elative5أَرْجَل · رَجَّال · رَجِيل

The quality carried far, held as a trait, or compared.grammar →

  • أَرْجَلelative or colour adjective (afʿal)LaneIbn Fāris
  • رَجَّالintensive (faʿʿāl)LaneIbn Fāris
  • رَجِيلthat walks, or goes on foot, muchLanequality (faʿīl)LaneIbn Fāris
  • رَجْلَانintensive (faʿlān)LaneIbn Fāris
  • رُجَيْلquality (faʿīl)LaneIbn Fāris
Other nouns20رَجُل · رِجَال · رِجْل

Nouns on other patterns; their meaning is learned word by word.grammar →

Plurals8أَرْجُل · رَجَالَى · رَجَّالَة

Broken plurals rebuild the word on a new pattern; sound plurals add an ending.grammar →

Relative and abstract6رَجَلِيّ · رَجُولِيَّة · رُجُولِيَّة

-iyy relates a thing to its source; -iyya makes an abstract noun.grammar →

  • رَجَلِيّIbn-Sulakeh, and El-Munteshir Ibn-Wahb El-Báhilee, and Owfà Ibn-Matar ElMázineeLanerelative adjective (-iyy)Lane
  • رَجُولِيَّةabstract noun (-iyya)Lane
  • رُجُولِيَّةabstract noun (-iyya)Lane
  • رُجْلِيَّةabstract noun (-iyya)Lane
Why this shape?What each of the 22 patterns does

What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.

The pattern machinePour the root into a pattern; see whether the word exists

Choose a pattern; the root's letters pour into it. Then see whether the word exists in our sources. The machine makes shapes; only usage makes words.

مَفْعَلَةر ج لمَرْجَلَة

Not in our sources. A possible shape, not a word we can show: the Quran, the library and Lane do not have it for this root.

Place noun with -a. The place noun with the feminine -a. Sometimes it is only a variant of mafʿal; often it names the place where a thing is found in abundance (maʾsada, 'a place full of lions'). So maktab is the place of writing, and maktaba, where writings are gathered: a library, a bookshop. Our summary

But: maktaba is not in our classical dictionaries for k-t-b: Lane and al-Jawharī give maktab ('a school'), none gives maktaba. Its sense of 'library, bookshop' fits the pattern of abundance, but that is our reading of the pattern, not a classical entry. Many mafʿala words are single items of usage (maqbara 'cemetery'), which the grammarians call heard, not formed by rule.

The grammarians on this pattern (4)
  • ما يكون مفعلة لازمة لها الهاء والفتحة … وذلك إذا أردت أن تكثر الشيء بالمكان، وذلك قولك: أرض مسبعة، ومأسدة

    Chapter on what is mafʿala, with the -a and the a-vowel always: that is when you mean that a thing abounds in a place, as you say 'a land of many beasts of prey (masbaʿa), of many lions (maʾsada)'

    Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796), al-Kitāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn, 3rd ed. (Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1988), 4:94 · OpenITI line 21027–21028 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

  • و نحو المظنة و المقبرة فتحا و ضما ليس بقياس

    and words like maẓinna and maqbara (with a or u) are not by rule

    Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), al-Shāfiya fī ʿilm al-taṣrīf, ed. Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān (Mecca: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995), 1:30 · OpenITI line 223 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

  • “designate the place where the object signified by the noun from which they are formed, is found in large numbers or quantities” Wright, Grammar I, §247, p. 148 ↗ · on nouns of abundance, maf'ala · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
  • “Nouns of time and place not unfrequently take the feminine form” Wright, Grammar I, §225, p. 128 ↗ · on maf'ala as a variant of maf'al · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources

Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.

English: AI translation
  • al-Khalīl · 170'This is a rajul (رجل)' means he is not a female;

    al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn. The first Arabic dictionary, arranged by permutations of the root letters.

    'This is a rajul (رجل)' means he is not a female; 'this is rajul (رجل)' means he is complete/perfect. In the dialect of Ṭayyiʾ: 'hādhihi rajula (هذه رجلة)' and 'hādhā rajul (هذا رجل)'; and 'hādhā rajul (هذا رجل)' [also] means he is a pedestrian (rājil), and 'hiya rajula (هي رجلة)' means she is a pedestrian. He said concerning al-rajula (الرجلة), meaning 'the [masculine-like] woman': 'They tore the collar of their girl's garment... / not caring about the disgrace of al-rajula (الرجله)' And he said concerning al-rājila (الراجلة) [woman on foot]: 'If their saying is true, / my women would become to you rijālā (رجالا)' — meaning rawājil (رواجل). 'This is arjal (أرجل) of the two men' means he has more manliness than the other. Al-rajl (الرجل) is a group of foot-soldiers (rājil), like al-rakb (الركب) is a group of riders. They are called al-rajjāla (الرجالة) and al-rijāl (الرجال). He said: 'And upon the back of a rugged wasteland, walking / through it are the men (al-rijāl), fearful, hastening.' In poetry al-rajla (الرجلة) has been used to mean al-rajjāla [foot-soldiers collectively]. Al-rajla (الرجلة) [also] means a place abundant with growth of ʿurfuj plant in a single meadow. Al-tarājīl (التراجيل) means celery (karafs) in the non-Arab tongue; it is a Nabataean name for garden herbs. Rijl al-qaws (رجل القوس) is its lower curved tip; the yadd (يد) is its upper curved tip. 'So-and-so is qāʾim ʿalā rijl (قائم على رجل)' means he is earnest in a matter concerning him. Al-rajl (الرجل) [also] means a swarm of locusts and similar creatures. Al-rajla (الرجلة) [also] means the excellence of al-rajīl (الرجيل) among riding animals and camels, i.e., one enduring in long travel; I have not heard a verb from it except in descriptive adjectives: a she-camel rajīla (رجيلة), a donkey rajīl (رجيل), a man rajul rajīl (رجل رجيل) meaning much-walking. Irtajala (ارتجل) the man — he mounted his legs upon his companion and went off; 'irtajil mā irtajalta (ارتجل ما ارتجلت)' means proceed with whatever matter you have undertaken. Irtajala (ارتجل) the man his fire-drill (zand) — he held it under his leg. Tarajjala (ترجل) the people means they dismounted from their mounts for battle. It is said: 'May God relieve you of al-rijla (الرجلة) and from al-rijla' — here al-rijla means the condition of the man who has no riding animal. Al-rijla (الرجلة) is also the verbal noun of al-arjal (الأرجل) among riding animals — whiteness in one of its two legs; one says 'bihi rijla wa-tarjīl (به رجلة وترجيل)' and this is considered ill-omened unless there is whiteness elsewhere too, in which case it is called muṭlaq (مطلق). The diminutive of rajul is rujayl (رجيل); common people say 'ruwayjil ṣidq (رويجل صدق)' and 'ruwayjil sawʾ (رويجل سوء)' referring back to al-rājil since its derivation is from it, as al-ʿajl is from al-ʿājil and al-ḥadhir from al-ḥādhir. Irtajala (ارتجل) al-kalām [he extemporized speech]. Tarajjala (ترجل) al-nahār means the day rose high. 'Rajul rajl (رجل رجل)' — between al-rajal (الرجل) — means his hair is wavy. Ḥarra rajlāʾ (حرة رجلاء) means [terrain] level with the ground, abundant in stones. Al-arjal (الأرجل) among men means one with a large leg. Tarajjaltu (ترجلت) the well means I descended into it without being lowered. Al-rijl (الرجل) [legally] is jubār (جبار) — when the mount kicks [accidentally], it is not the liability of its rider. [ghayn]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    هذا رجل أي ليس بأنثى، وهذا رجل أي كامل، ولغة طيء: هذه رجلة وهذا رجل، وهذا رجل أي راجل، وهي رجلة أي راجلة، وقال في الرجلة التي هي المرأة: خرقوا جيب فتاتهم ... لم يبالوا سوءة الرجله «2» وقال في الراجلة: فإن يك قولهم صادقا ... كانت إليكم نسائي رجالا «1» أي رواجلا. وهذا أرجل الرجلين أي فيه رجولية ليست في الآخر. والرجل: جماعة الراجل كالركب الراكب. وهم الرجالة والرجال، قال: وظهر تنوفة حدباء يمشي ... بها الرجال خائفة سراعا «2» وقد جاء في الشعر الرجلة يريد به الرجالة والرجلة: منبت «3» العرفج الكثير في روضة واحدة. والتراجيل: الكرفس بلغة العجم، وهو اسم سوادي من بقول البساتين. ورجل القوس سيتها السفلى، ويدها سيتها العليا. وفلان قائم على رجل إذا جد في أمر حزبه. والرجل: القطيع من الجراد ونحوه من الخلق. والرجلة: نجابة الرجيل «4» من الدواب والإبل، وهو الصبور على طول السير، ولم أسمع منه فعلا إلا في النعوت خاصة، ناقة رجيلة، وحمار رجيل، ورجل رجيل أي مشاء. وارتجل الرجل: ركب رجليه في صاحبه ومضى، ويقال: ارتجل ما ارتجلت أي اركب ما ركبت من الأمر. وارتجل الرجل زنده إذا أخذها تحت رجله. وترجل القوم: نزلوا عن دوابهم في الحرب للقتال. ويقال: حملك الله عن الرجلة ومن الرجلة. والرجلة هاهنا فعل الرجل الذي لا دابة له. والرجلة أيضا مصدر الأرجل من الدواب بإحدى رجليه بياض، ويقال به رجلة وترجيل، يتشاءم به إلا أن يكون فيه بياض في موضع غير ذلك فيقال: مطلق. وتصغير رجل: رجيل، والعامة تقول: رويجل صدق ورويجل سوء، يرجعون إلى الراجل لأن اشتقاقه منه كما أن العجل من العاجل والحذر من الحاذر. وارتجل الكلام. وترجل النهار: ارتفع. ورجل رجل بين الرجل أي شعره رجل. وحرة رجلاء أي مستوية بالأرض، كثيرة الحجارة. والأرجل [من الرجال] «1» : العظيم الرجل. وترجلت البئر أي نزلتها من غير تدل. والرجل جبار وهو أن تنفحه الدابة ليس على راكبها غرم، وهو هدر. وأرجلته: أخذت دابته فجعلته راجلا، كما قال: فقالت لك الويلات إنك مرجلي «2»

  • al-Jawharī · 393Al-rijl (الرجل) is the singular of al-arjul (الأرجل) [legs].

    al-Jawharī (d. c. 393/1003), al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Admits only usage he judged sound.

    Al-rijl (الرجل) is the singular of al-arjul (الأرجل) [legs]. Their saying 'kāna dhālika ʿalā rijl fulān (كان ذلك على رجل فلان)' means 'that was in the time of so-and-so.' Al-rajl (الرجل) also means a large group specifically of locusts, a plural not following the pattern of its singular; many such words occur in their speech, like their saying for a group of cattle 'ṣuwār (صوار),' for a group of ostriches 'khayṭ (خيط),' and for a group of donkeys 'ʿāna (عانة).' Abū al-Najm said, describing donkeys and the scattering of gravel from their hooves: 'As if the stony ground from their kicking / were a swarm of locusts (rajl jarād) flying off from beneath their flanks.' Al-Khalīl said: rijl al-qaws (رجل القوس) is its lower curved tip, and its yadd (يد) is its upper curved tip. Rijl al-ṭāʾir (رجل الطائر) is a branding mark. Rijl al-ghurāb (رجل الغراب) is a type of [restraint] on she-camels such that the weaned young cannot manage to suckle from it nor be released. Al-Kumayt said: '...rijl al-ghurāb (رجل الغراب) is your dominion over wealth... against whoever intends immorality in it.' Al-rijla (الرجلة) is an herb, also called al-ḥamqāʾ (الحمقاء) [the foolish one], because it only grows in a watercourse; hence their saying 'aḥmaq min rijla (أحمق من رجلة)' [more foolish than purslane]. Common people say 'min rijlih (من رجله).' Al-rijla (الرجلة) also [means] the singular of al-rijal (الرجل), i.e., watercourses. Labīd said: 'It nibbles the fresh herbage, moist with dew, / from the spring-growth of meadows and watercourses (rijal).' Al-rajal (الرجل), with fatḥa, is the verbal noun of 'rajila (رجل)' with kasra, meaning 'he remained on foot.' 'Arjalahu (أرجله)' means another made him walk on foot; 'arjalahu (أرجله)' also means he gave him respite. Al-rajl (الرجل) [also] means to let the young animal go with its mother to suckle whenever it wishes; one says 'bahma rajl (بهمة رجل)' and 'bahm arjāl (بهم أرجال).' The poet said: '...our young one nursed freely (rajlan) upon her, / wishing that it might outdo her in suckling.' From it: 'arjalat al-faṣīl (أرجلت الفصيل).' And 'rajala al-faṣl ummahu yarjuluhā rajlan (رجل الفصل أمه يرجلها رجلا)' means he suckled her. 'Rajjalat al-shāh (رجلت الشاة)' — I tied it by its leg. Al-arjal (الأرجل) among horses is one with whiteness in one of its legs, disliked unless it has an additional blaze (waḍaḥ) elsewhere. The poet said: 'Smooth-cheeked, noble, without fault in him, / bay-colored like pure wine, arjal (أرجل), blazed (aqraḥ)' — he praised it for al-rajl since it also had a blaze. A ewe rajlāʾ (رجلاء) is likewise described. Al-arjal (الأرجل) among people also means one with a large leg. Al-mirjal (المرجل) is a copper cooking-pot. Al-rajl (الرجل) is the opposite of al-fāris [horseman], i.e., a foot-soldier; plural rajl (رجل) like ṣāḥib/ṣaḥb, and rajjāla (رجالة) and rijāl (رجال). Al-rajlān (الرجلان) also means al-rājil [pedestrian], plural rajlā (رجلى) and rijāl (رجال), like ʿajlān/ʿajlā/ʿijāl. It is also said rajil (رجل) and rajālā (رجالى), like ʿajil/ʿajālā. A woman is rajlā (رجلى) like ʿajlā, plural nisāʾ rijāl (رجال) like ʿijāl, and rajālā (رجالى) like ʿajālā. Al-rajul (الرجل) is the opposite of al-marʾa [woman], plural rijāl (رجال) and rijālāt (رجالات), lik... [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    الرجل: واحدة الأرجل. وقولهم: كان ذلك على رجل فلان، أي في عهده وزمانه. والرجل أيضا: الجماعة الكثيرة من الجراد خاصة، وهو جمع على غير لفظ الواحد، ومثله كثير في كلامهم كقولهم لجماعة البقر: صوار، ولجماعة النعام: خيط، والجماعة الحمير: عانة. قال أبو النجم يصف الحمر في غدوها وتطاير الحصى عن حوافرها: كأنما المعزاء من نضالها رجل جراد طار عن خذالها قال الخليل: رجل القوس: سيتها السفلى. ويدها: سيتها العليا. ورجل الطائر: ميسم. ورجل الغراب: ضرب من الابل، لا يقدر الفصل على أن يرضع معه ولا ينحل. قال الكميت: صررجل الغراب ملكك في النال س على من أراد فيه الفجورا والرجلة: بقلة، وتسمى الحمقاء، لأنها لا تنبت إلا في مسيل. ومنه قولهم: " هو أحمق من رجلة ". والعامة تقول: من رجله. والرجلة أيضا: واحدة الرجل، وهي مسايل الماء. قال لبيد: يلمج (1) البارض لمجافى الندى من مرابيع رياض ورجل والرجل بالتحريك: مصدر قولك رجل بالكسر، أي بقي راجلا. وأرجله غيره. وأرجله أيضا، بمعنى أمهله. والرجل: أن ترسل البهة مع أمها ترضعها متى شاءت. يقال: بهمة رجل وبهم أرجال. قال الشاعر (2) : وصاف غلامنا رجلا عليها إرادة أن يفوقها رضاعا تقول منه: أرجلت الفصيل. وقد رجل الفصل أمه يرجلها رجلا، أي رضعها. ورجلت الشاة: علقتها برجلها. والأرجل من الخيل: الذي في إحدى رجليه بياض، ويكره إلا أن يكون به وضح غير. قال الشاعر (1) : أسيل نبيل ليس فيه معابة كميت كلون الصرف أرجل أقرح فمدح بالرجل لما كان أقرح. وشاة رجلاء كذلك. والأرجل أيضا من الناس: العظيم الرجل. والمرجل: قدر من نحاس. والرجل: خلاف الفارس، والجمع رجل، مثل صاحب وصحب، ورجالة ورجال. والرجلان أيضا: الراجل، والجمع رجلى ورجال، مثل عجلان وعجلى وعجال. ويقال أيضا: رجل ورجالى، مثل عجل وعجالى. وامرأة رجلى مثل عجلى، ونسوة رجال مثل عجال، ورجالى مثل عجالى. والرجل: خلاف المرأة، والجمع رجال ورجالات، مثل جمال وجمالات، وأراجل. قال أبو ذؤيب: أهم بنيه صيفهم وشتاؤهم وقالوا تعد واغز وسط الا راجل يقول: أهمهم نفقة صيفهم وشتائهم وقالوا لأبيهم: تعد، أي انصرف عنا. ويقال للمرأة رجلة. وقال: مزقوا جيب فتاتهم لم يبالوا حرمة الرجله (1) ويقال: كانت عائشة رضي الله عنها رجلة الرأي. وتصغير الرجل رجيل وروبجل أيضا على غير قياس، كأنه تصغير راجل. والرجلة بالضم: مصدر الرجل. والراجل والأرجل، يقال رجل بين الرجلة والرجولة والجولية. وراجل: جيد الرجلة. وفرس أزجل بين الرجل والرجلة. قال الأموي: إذا ولدت الغنم بعضها بعد بعض قيل: ولدتها الرجيلاء، مثال الغميضاء. قال أبو زيد: يقال رجلت بالكسر رجلا، أي بقيت راجلا. والكسائي مثله. والرجيل من الخيل: الذي لا يحفى. ورجل رجيل، أي قوى على المشى. وحرة رجلاء، أي مستوية كثيرة الحجارة يصعب المشي فيها. قال ابن السكيت: شعر رجل، ورجل، إذا لم يكن شديد الجعودة ولا سبطا. تقول منه: رجل شعره ترجيلا. أبو عمرو: ارتجلت الرجل، إذا أخذته برجله. وارتجال الخطبة والشعر: ابتداؤه من غير تهيئة قبل ذلك. وارتجل الفرس، إذا خلط العنق بشئ من الهملجة فراوح بين شئ من هذا وشئ من هذا. وارتحل فلان، أي جمع قطعة من الجراد ليشويها. ومنه قول لبيد: كدخان مرتجل يشب ضرامها (1) * وترجل في البئر، أي نزل فيها من غير أن يدلى. وترجل النهار، أي ارتفع. قال الشاعر: وهاج. به لما ترجلت الضحى عصائب شتى من كلاب ونابل

  • Ibn Fāris · 395The rāʾ, jīm, and lām — the main chapter indicates the limb which is the leg, rijl (الرجل), of every creature that has a leg.

    Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).

    The rāʾ, jīm, and lām — the main chapter indicates the limb which is the leg, rijl (الرجل), of every creature that has a leg. After that there are words that deviate from this. So the main chapter concerns rijl (الرجل), the leg of a human and others. Al-rijl (الرجل) also means al-rijāla (الرجالة) — foot-soldiers/pedestrians — they were called rajul (رجل) because they walk on their legs (arjul, أرجلهم). Al-rijāl (الرجال) and al-rijālā (الرجالى) mean men [on foot]. Al-rajulān (الرجلان) means a pedestrian, and a group [of women] is rijlā (رجلى). He said: — 'Upon me, when I meet Laylā in private, / a visit to the House of God on foot (rijlān), barefoot...' Rajjaltu al-shāh (رجلت الشاة) — I tied the ewe by its leg. It is said: 'That was ʿalā rijl (على رجل) of so-and-so,' meaning during his time/era. Al-arjal (الأرجل) of riding animals is one whose one leg is white while the rest of its legs are black, and this is disliked. Al-arjal (الأرجل) also means one with a large leg, and rajul rajīl (رجل رجيل) or dhū rijla (ذو رجلة) means one strong in walking. Rajiltu arjulu rajalan (رجلت أرجل رجلا); and tarajjaltu (ترجلت) in the well means I descended into it without being lowered by rope. Irtajala (ارتجل) the horse, irtijālan (ارتجالا), when it mixes the trot with the amble. Arjaltu (أرجلت) the weaned colt means I left it to walk with its mother, suckling whenever it wishes. It is said 'rājala (راجل)' between al-rijla (الرجلة). Irtajaltu (ارتجلت) the man — I took hold of his leg. Al-Khalīl said: rijl al-qaws (رجل القوس) is its upper curved tip; rijl al-ṭāʾir (رجل الطائر) is a type of branding mark; rijl al-ghurāb (رجل الغراب) is a type of tying of she-camels' teats. Ḥarra rajlāʾ (حرة رجلاء) is [terrain] difficult to walk in. All this goes back to the chapter mentioned. Among what deviates from the root: al-rajul (الرجل), the singular of rijāl [man, as opposed to woman]. Sometimes they say for a woman 'al-rajula (الرجلة).' Also deviating from the origin is al-rijla (الرجلة), called 'al-baqla al-ḥamqāʾ (البقلة الحمقاء)' [the foolish herb, purslane]; they said it was called 'foolish' because it only grows in a watercourse. Some said rather that al-rijal (الرجل) means watercourses, singular rijla (رجلة). As for their saying 'tarajjala al-nahār (ترجل النهار)' — the day rose high — this belongs to the first chapter, as a metaphor, as if it stood on its foot. Likewise 'rajjala al-shaʿr (رجلت الشعر)' [combed the hair] is from this, as if it became firm/strong. Al-mirjal (المرجل) [cauldron] is also derived from this, because when it is set up it is as if made to stand on a leg. Among what deviates from these roots is what al-Umawī related: when sheep give birth one after another, they say 'waladathā al-rajīlāʾ (ولدتها الرجيلاء).'

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    الراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل الإنسان وغيره والرجل الرجالة وإنما سموا رجلا لأنهم يمشون على أرجلهم والرجال والرجالى الرجال والرجلان الراجل والجماعة رجلى قال : — علي إذا لاقيت ليلى بخلوة … زيارة بيت الله رجلان حافيا … رجلت الشاة علقتها برجلها ويقال كان ذاك على رجل فلان أي في زمانه والأرجل من الدواب الذي ابيض أحد رجليه مع سواد سائر قوائمه وهو يكره والأرجل العظيم الرجل ورجل رجيل وذو رجلة أي قوي على المشي ورجلت أرجل رجلا وترجلت في البئر إذا نزلت فيها من غير أن تدلى وارتجل الفرس ارتجالا إذا خلط العنق بالهملجة وأرجلت الفصيل تركته يمشي مع أمه يرضع متى شاء ويقال راجل بين الرجلة وارتجلت الرجل أخذت برجله قال الخليل رجل القوس سيتها العليا ورجل الطائر ضرب من الميسم ورجل الغراب ضرب من صر أخلاف النوق وحرة رجلاء يصعب المشي فيها وهذا كله يرجع إلى الباب الذي ذكرناه ومما شذ عن ذاك الرجل الواحد من الرجال وربما قالوا للمرأة الرجلة ومما شذ عن الأصل أيضا الرجلة هي التي يقال لها البقلة الحمقاء قالوا وإنما سميت الحمقاء لأنها لا تنبت إلا في مسيل ماء وقال قوم بل الرجل مسايل الماء واحدتها رجلة فأما قولهم ترجل النهار إذا ارتفع فهو من الباب الأول كأنه استعارة أي إنه قام على رجله وكذلك رجلت الشعر هو من هذا كأنه قوي والمرجل مشتق من هذا أيضا لأنه إذا نصب فكأنه أقيم على رجل ومما شذ عن هذه الأصول ما رواه الأموي قال إذا ولدت الغنم بعضها بعد بعض قالوا ولدتها الرجيلاء

  • al-Rāghib · 502Al-rajul (الرجل) is specific to the male among people;

    al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī (d. c. 502/1108), al-Mufradāt. Quranic vocabulary, from core sense to Quranic usage.

    Al-rajul (الرجل) is specific to the male among people; hence He, exalted, said: 'wa-law jaʿalnāhu malakan la-jaʿalnāhu rajulan (ولو جعلناه ملكا لجعلناه رجلا)' — 'And if We had made him an angel, We would have made him a man' [Qurʾān 6:9]. It is said 'rajula (رجلة)' for a woman when she resembles a man in some of her states. The poet said: [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    الرجل: مختص بالذكر من الناس، ولذلك قال تعالى: ولو جعلناه ملكا لجعلناه رجلا [الأنعام/ 9] ، ويقال رجلة للمرأة: إذا كانت متشبهة بالرجل في بعض أحوالها، قال الشاعر:

  • Lisān · 711Al-rajul (الرجل) is the well-known male of the human species, opposite of al-marʾa (المرأة) [woman].

    Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711/1311), Lisān al-ʿArab. The great compendium of the earlier dictionaries (entry shortened).

    Al-rajul (الرجل) is the well-known male of the human species, opposite of al-marʾa (المرأة) [woman]. It is said he only becomes a rajul above the stage of ghulām (غلام) [boy], that is when he reaches puberty and grows up; and it is said he is a rajul from the moment his mother bears him onward. Its diminutive is rujayl (رجيل) and ruwayjil (رويجل), against analogy; Sībawayh related this. Al-Tahdhīb: the diminutive of al-rajul is rujayl, and commonly they say 'ruwayjil ṣidq (رويجل صدق)' and 'ruwayjil sawʾ (رويجل سوء)' against analogy, referring back to al-rājil since its derivation is from it, just as al-ʿajl is from al-ʿājil and al-ḥadhir from al-ḥādhir; its plural is rijāl (رجال). In the noble revelation: 'wa-astashhidū shahīdayni min rijālikum (واستشهدوا شهيدين من رجالكم)' — 'and call to witness two witnesses from among your men' [Qurʾān 2:282] — meaning from among the people of your faith. Rijālāt (رجالات) is the plural of the plural. Sībawayh said: it was not broken on any pattern of paucity, meaning they did not say 'arjāl (أرجال).' Sībawayh said: and they said 'thalāthat rajla (ثلاثة رجلة),' making it a substitute for arjāl, similarly to their saying 'thalāthat ashyāʾ (ثلاثة أشياء)' where they made 'afʿalāʾ' a substitute for 'afʿāl.' He said: Abū Zayd related in its plural 'rijla (رجلة),' and this too is a collective noun since 'faʿla' is not among the patterns of plurals; Abū al-ʿAbbās held that 'rijla' is a lightened form of it. Ibn Jinnī: they are called collectively 'al-mirjal (المرجل)' and the feminine is rajula (رجلة); he said: 'Every neighbor was pleased, content, / except the neighbors of Banū Jabala / They tore the collar of their girl's garment, / not caring for the sanctity of al-rajula (الرجله)' — he meant by 'her collar' her private part. Ibn al-Aʿrābī related that Abū Ziyād al-Kilābī said, in a story with his wife: 'fa-tahāyaja al-rajulān (فتهايج الرجلان),' meaning himself and his wife, as if he meant 'the man and the rajula (الرجل والرجلة)' but used the masculine to encompass both. Tarajjalat (ترجلت) the woman means she became like a man. In the ḥadīth: 'Kānat ʿĀʾisha, raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhā, rajulat al-raʾy (كانت عائشة رضي الله عنها رجلة الرأي)' [ʿĀʾisha was masculine/sound in opinion]. Al-Jawharī said the plural of al-rajul is arājil (أراجل); Abū Dhuʾayb said: 'Their concern was for their summer and winter [provisions], / and they said: "Turn back, O warrior, amid the arājil (الأراجل)"' — meaning what concerned them was provisioning for summer and winter, and they said to their father: 'Turn away from us.' Ibn Barrī said: al-arājil here is the plural of arjāl, and arjāl is the plural of rājil, like ṣāḥib/aṣḥāb/aṣāḥīb, except the yāʾ was dropped from al-arājīl for poetic necessity. Abū al-Muthallam al-Hudhalī said: 'O Ṣakhr, [I who was] frequenting a watering place whose successive [visitors] / pursued it — until its water became turbid.' Another said: 'As if my mount upon [its] tall, lean [frame] / had scorched upon it the two Abānayns of the arājīl' — Abānān being two mountains. Abū al-Aswad al-Duʾalī said: 'As if the resting-places of the lions in its belly / were rolling-grounds, and the traces of the arājīl were a playground.' And in the poem of Kaʿb ibn Zuhayr: 'The beasts of the wilderness remain still because of him, / and the arājīl do not walk in its valley.' Kuthayyir said concerning al-arājil: 'For him, at the sand-hills of al-Qādisiyya and al-Shibā, / are dwelling-places where the arājil do not walk.' He said: and it indicates... [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    الرجل: معروف الذكر من نوع الإنسان خلاف المرأة، وقيل: إنما يكون رجلا فوق الغلام، وذلك إذا احتلم وشب، وقيل: هو رجل ساعة تلده أمه إلى ما بعد ذلك، وتصغيره رجيل ورويجل، على غير قياس؛ حكاه سيبويه. التهذيب: تصغير الرجل رجيل، وعامتهم يقولون رويجل صدق ورويجل سوء على غير قياس، يرجعون إلى الراجل لأن اشتقاقه منه، كما أن العجل من العاجل والحذر من الحاذر، والجمع رجال. وفي التنزيل العزيز: واستشهدوا شهيدين من رجالكم ؛ أراد من أهل ملتكم، ورجالات جمع الجمع؛ قال سيبويه: ولم يكسر على بناء من أبنية أدنى العدد يعني أنهم لم يقولوا أرجال؛ قال سيبويه: وقالوا ثلاثة رجلة جعلوه بدلا من أرجال، ونظيره ثلاثة أشياء جعلوا لفعاء بدلا من أفعال، قال: وحكى أبو زيد في جمعه رجلة، وهو أيضا اسم الجمع لأن فعلة ليست من أبنية الجموع، وذهب أبو العباس إلى أن رجلة مخفف عنه. ابن جني: ويقال لهم المرجل والأنثى رجلة؛ قال: كل جار ظل مغتبطا، ... غير جيران بني جبله خرقوا جيب فتاتهم، ... لم يبالوا حرمة الرجله عنى بجيبها هنها وحكى ابن الأعرابي: أن أبا زياد الكلابي قال في حديث له مع امرأته: فتهايج الرجلان يعني نفسه وامرأته، كأنه أراد فتهايج الرجل والرجلة فغلب المذكر. وترجلت المرأة: صارت كالرجل. وفي الحديث : كانت عائشة، رضي الله عنها، رجلة الرأي ؛ قال الجوهري في جمع الرجل أراجل؛ قال أبو ذؤيب: أهم بنيه صيفهم وشتاؤهم، ... وقالوا: تعد واغز وسط الأراجل يقول: أهمهم نفقة صيفهم وشتائهم وقالوا لأبيهم: تعد أي انصرف عنا؛ قال ابن بري: الأراجل هنا جمع أرجال، وأرجال جمع راجل، مثل صاحب وأصحاب وأصاحيب إلا أنه حذف الياء من الأراجيل لضرورة الشعر؛ قال أبو المثلم الهذلي: يا صخر وراد ماء قد تتابعه ... سوم الأراجيل، حتى ماؤه طحل وقال آخر: كأن رحلي على حقباء قاربة ... أحمى عليها أبانين الأراجيل أبانان: جبلان؛ وقال أبو الأسود الدؤلي: كأن مصامات الأسود ببطنه ... مراغ، وآثار الأراجيل ملعب وفي قصيد كعب بن زهير: تظل منه سباع الجو ضامزة، ... ولا تمشى بواديه الأراجيل وقال كثير في الأراجل: له، بجبوب القادسية فالشبا، ... مواطن، لا تمشي بهن الأراجل قال: ويدلك على أن الأراجل في بيت أبي ذؤيب جمع أرجال أن أهل اللغة قالوا في بيت أبي المثلم الأراجيل هم الرجالة وسومهم مرهم، قال: وقد يجمع رجل أيضا على رجلة. ابن سيده: وقد يكون الرجل صفة يعني بذلك الشدة والكمال؛ قال: وعلى ذلك أجاز سيبويه الجر في قولهم مررت برجل رجل أبوه، والأكثر الرفع؛ وقال في موضع آخر: إذا قلت هذا الرجل فقد يجوز أن تعني كماله وأن تريد كل رجل تكلم ومشى على رجلين، فهو رجل، لا تريد غير ذلك المعنى، وذهب سيبويه إلى أن معنى قولك هذا زيد هذا الرجل الذي من شأنه كذا، ولذلك قال في موضع آخر حين ذكر ابن الصعق وابن كراع: وليس هذا بمنزلة زيد وعمرو من قبل أن هذه أعلام جمعت ما ذكرنا من التطويل فحذفوا، ولذلك قال الفارسي: إن التسمية اختصار جملة أو جمل. غيره: وفي معنى تقول هذا رجل كامل وهذا رجل أي فوق الغلام، وتقول: هذا رجل أي راجل، وفي هذا المعنى للمرأة: هي رجلة أي راجلة؛ وأنشد: فإن يك قولهم صادقا، ... فسيقت نسائي إليكم رجالا أي رواجل. والرجلة، بالضم: مصدر الرجل والراجل والأرجل. يقال: رجل جيد الرجلة، ورجل بين الرجولة والرجلة والرجلية والرجولية؛ الأخيرة عن ابن الأعرابي، وهي من المصادر التي لا أفعال لها. وهذا أرجل الرجلين أي أشدهما، أو فيه رجلية ليست في الآخر؛ قال ابن سيده: وأراه من باب أحنك الشاتين أي أنه لا فعل له وإنما جاء فعل التعجب من غير فعل. وحكى الفارسي: امرأة مرجل تلد الرجال، وإنما المشهور مذكر، وقالوا: ما أدري أي ولد الرجل هو، يعني آدم، على نبينا وعليه الصلاة والسلام. وبرد مرجل: فيه صور كصور الرجال. وفي الحديث : أنه لعن المترجلات من النساء ، يعني اللاتي يتشبهن بالرجال في زيهم وهيآتهم، فأما في العلم والرأي فمحمود، وفي رواية: لعن الله الرجلة من النساء ، بمعنى المترجلة. ويقال: امرأة رجلة إذا تشبهت بالرجال في الرأي والمعرفة. والرجل: قدم الإنسان وغيره؛ قال أبو إسحاق: والرجل من أصل الفخذ إلى القدم، أنثى. وقولهم في المثل: لا تمش برجل من أبى، كقولهم لا يرحل رحلك من ليس معك؛ وقوله: ولا يدرك الحاجات، من حيث تبتغى ... من الناس، إلا المصبحون على رجل يقول: إنما يقضيها المشمرون القيام، لا المتزملون النيام؛ فأما قوله: أرتني حجلا على ساقها، ... فهش الفؤاد لذاك الحجل فقلت، ولم أخف عن صاحبي: ... ألابي أنا أصل تلك الرجل «1» . فإنه أراد الرجل والحجل، فألقى حركة اللام على الجيم؛ قال: وليس هذا وضعا لأن فعلا لم يأت إلا في قولهم إبل وإطل، وقد تقدم، والجمع أرجل، قال سيبويه: لا نعلمه كسر على غير ذلك؛ قال ابن جني: استغنوا فيه بجمع القلة عن جمع الكثرة. وقوله تعالى: ولا يضربن بأرجلهن ليعلم ما ي …

  • Lane · 1876English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.

    E. W. Lane (d. 1876), An Arabic-English Lexicon. English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.

    رَجِلَ

    1. رَجِلَ, (T, S, M, Msb, K,) aor. رَجَلَ , (Msb, K,) inf. n. رَجَلٌ (T, S, M, Msb) and رُجْلَةٌ, (T, TA,) or the latter is a simple subst., (Msb,) He (a man) went on foot, in a journey, by himself, [i. e.] having no beast whereon to ride; (T, TA;) he had no beast whereon to ride, (M, K, TA,) in a journey, so went on his feet: (TA:) or he remained going on foot: so says AZ; and Ks says the like: (S:) or he was, or became, strong to walk, or go on foot: (Msb:) and ترجّل [in like manner] signifies he went on foot, (S, K, TA,) having alighted from his beast: (TA:) [used in the present day as meaning he alighted from his beast:] and ترجُلوا they alighted [upon their feet, or dismounted,] in war, or battle, to fight: and ارتجل he (a man) went on his legs, or feet, for the purpose of accomplishing the object of his want. (TA.) رَجِلَ, (M, K,) aor. رَجَلَ , (K,) [inf. n. رَجَلٌ, being similar to رَكِبَ, aor. رَجَلَ , inf. n. رَكَبٌ,] also signifies He (a man) was, or became, large in the رِجْل [i. e. leg, or foot]. (M, K: but omitted in some copies of the K.) And رُجِلَ, like عُنِىَ; and رَجِلَ, aor. رَجَلَ ; inf. n. [of the former] رِجْلَةٌ and [of the latter] رِجْلٌ; [so in the CK; but accord. to the rule of the K they should be رَجْلَةٌ and رَجْلٌ, as neither is expressly said to be with kesr; or the latter may be correctly رِجْلٌ, as رَجِلَ is said to be like عَلِمَ, of which the inf. n. is عِلْمٌ;] He had a complaint of his رِجْل [i. e. leg, or foot]: (CK; but omitted in other copies: both mentioned in the TA:) the latter verb is mentioned in this sense by El-Fárisee, and also on the authority of Kr. (TA.) And رَجِلَ مِنْ رِجْلِهِ He was, or became, affected in his leg, or foot, by something that he disliked. (TA.) And رَجِلَ, aor. رَجَلَ , (K, TA,) inf. n. رَجَلٌ, (TA,) He (a beast, such as a horse or the like,) had a whiteness in one of his رِجْلَانِ [i. e. hind legs or feet], (K, TA,) without a whiteness in any other part. (TA.) رَجِلَ, aor. رَجَلَ , (Msb, K,) inf. n. رَجَلٌ, (Msb, TA,) is also said of hair, (Msb, K,) meaning It was, or became, [wavy, or somewhat curly, i. e.] of a quality between lankness and crispness or curliness, (K,) or neither very crisp or curly, nor very lank, but between these two. (Msb, TA.) رَجَلَهُ, (CK, TA, omitted in some copies of the K,) [aor. رَجُلَ , as in similar verbs,] inf. n. رَجْلٌ, (TA,) He, or it, hit, or hurt, his رِجْلِ [i. e. leg, or foot]. (CK, TA.) رَجَلَ الشَّاةَ, (S, K,) or, accord. to the O and the Mufradát, رَجَلَ الشَّاةَ بِرِجْلِهَا, (TA,) and ارتجلها, (K,) He suspended the sheep, or goat, by its hind leg or foot: (S, O, K:) or the meaning is عَقَلَهَا بِرِجْلَيْهِ [app. he confined its shank and arm together with his feet, by pressing his feet upon its folded fore legs while it was lying on the ground], (K,) or, as in the M, بِرجْلِهِ [with his foot]. (TA.) رَجَلَتْ وَلَدَهَا, (K,) inf. n. رَجْلٌ; in the copies of the M written رَجَّلَتْ, with teshdeed; (TA;) She (a woman) brought forth her child preposterously, so that its legs came forth before its head. (K.) رَجَلَهَا, namely, the mother of a young camel, (K,) aor. رَجُلَ , inf. n. رَجْلٌ, (TA,) He sent the young one with her [to suck her whenever he would; as is implied by what immediately precedes]; as also أَرْجَلَهَا: (K:) or الفَصِيلَ أَرْجَلْتُ (so in two copies of the S and in the O) I left the young camel with his mother to such her whenever he pleased: (S, * O: [in one of my copies of the S رَجَلْتُ, which appears from what here follows to be a mistake:]) so says ISk: and he cites as an ex., [Fat, and well nourished: he was left with his mother to such her when he pleased until he was weaned]. (O.) [See also رَجَلٌ, below; where it is explained as though a quasi-inf. n. of أَرْجَلْتُ in the sense here assigned to it in the S and O, or inf. n. of رَجَلْتُ in the same sense.] And رَجَلَ أُمَّهُ, (S, K,) aor. رَجُلَ , inf. n. رَجْلٌ, (S,) He (a young camel, S, or a lamb, or kid, or calf, K, TA) sucked his mother. (S, K.) رَجَلٌ also signifies The act of [the stallion's] leaping the mare: (O, K, TA:) [i. e., as inf. n. of رَجَلَ; for] one says, بَاتَ الحِصَانُ يُرْجُلُ الخَيْلَ The stallion-horse passed the night leaping the mares. (TA; and so in the O, except that الخيل is there omitted.) And رَجَلَ المَرْأَةَ He compressed the woman. (TA.) [Golius says that رَجُلَ signifies Vir et virili animo fuit; as on the authority of J; and that رُجْلَةٌ is its inf. n.: but it seems that he found الرُّجْلَةُ incorrectly explained in a copy of the S as مَصْدَرُ رَجُلَ instead of مَصْدَرُ الرَّجُلِ: ISd expressly says that رُجْلَةٌ and its syns. (explained below) are of the number of those inf. ns. that have no verbs.]

    رَجَّلَتْ وَلَدَهَا

    2. رَجَّلَتْ وَلَدَهَا [app. a mistranscription]: see 1, in the latter half of the paragraph. تَرْجِيلٌ [the inf. n.] signifies The making, or rendering, strong. (Ibn-'Abbád, K.) رجّل الشَّعَرَ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K,) inf. n. تَرْجِيلٌ, (S, Msb, K,) He made the hair to be [wavy, or somewhat curly, i. e.] not very crisp or curly, nor lank, (S,) or in a state between that of lankness and that of crispness or curliness: (K:) or he combed the hair; (Msb, TA;) either his own hair, [see 5,] or that of another: (Msb:) or he combed down the hair; i. e., let it down, or made it to hang down, by means of the comb: (Mgh:) Er-Rághib says, as though he made it to descend at the رِجْل [or foot], i. e. from its places of growth; but this requires consideration: (MF:) or he combed and anointed the hair: (TA voce عَسِبٌ:) or he washed and combed the hair. (Ham p. 356.)

    ارجلهُ

    4. ارجلهُ He made him to go on foot; (S, K, TA;) to alight from his beast. (TA.) And He granted him some delay, or respite; let him alone, or left him, for a while. (S, K.) أَرْجَلْتُ الحِصَانَ فِى الخَيْلِ I sent-the stallion-horse among the mares. (TA.) See also 1, in the latter half of the paragraph, in three places.

    تَرَجَّلَ

    5: see 1, first sentence, in two places. ترجّل فِى البِئْرِ, (S, Msb, K,) and ترجّل البِئْرَ, (K,) He descended into the well (S, Msb, K) [by means of his feet, or legs, alone, i. e.,] without his being let down, or lowered, or suspended [by means of a rope]. (S, Msb.) ترجّل الزَّنْدَ, and ارتجلهُ, [or, more probably, ارتجل الزَّنْدَةَ, and ترجّلها, (see مُرْتَجِلٌ,)] He put the زند [or the زندة; (the former meaning the upper, and the latter the lower, of the two pieces of wood used for producing fire,)] beneath his feet: (M, K:) or ارتجل signifies he (a man come from a distant country) struck fire, and held the زَنْد [here app. meaning (as in many other instances) the زند properly so called and the زندة] with his hands and his feet, [i. e. the زند with his hands and the زندة with his feet,] because he was alone. (TA. [See مُرْتَجِلٌ.]) [ترجّل He became a رَجُل, or man; he rose to manhood. (See an explanation of ترجّل النَّهَارُ, in what follows.) And] ترجّلت She (a woman, TA) became like a رَجُل [or man] (K, TA) in some of her qualities, or states, or predicaments. (TA.) ترجّل النَّهَارُ i. q. اِرْتَفَعَ (tropical:) [i. e. The day became advanced, the sun being somewhat high]; (S, IAth, O, K, TA;) it being likened to the rising of a man from youth; (IAth, TA;) and so النهار ارتجل: or, accord. to Er-Rághib, the former means the sun went down from [or below] the walls; as though it alighted (كَأَنَّهَا تَرَجَّلَتْ [in a proper sense of this verb: see 1, first sentence]). (TA.) And ترجّل He combed his own hair: (Msb:) or he combed down his own hair; i. e., let it down, or made it to hang down, by means of the comb: (Mgh:) or he anointed [or washed] and combed his own hair. (TA. [See 2.]) Hence, نَهَى عَنِ التَّرَجُّلِ إِلَّا غِبًّا (Mgh, TA) He [Mohammad] forbade the anointing and combing of one's own hair except it be less frequent than every day. (TA.)

    ارتجل

    8. ارتجل: see 1, first sentence. Said of a horse, (in his running, TA,) He mixed the pace termed العَنَق with that termed الهَمْلَجَة, (T, TA,) or the former pace with somewhat of the latter, and thus, (S,) he went those two paces alternately, (S, K,) somewhat of the former and somewhat of the latter. (S.) He took a man by his رِجْل [i. e. leg, or foot]. (S, TA.) ارتجل الشَّاةَ: see 1, in the middle of the paragraph. ارتجل الرَّنْدَ [or الزَّنْدَةَ], and ارتجل alone in a similar sense: see 5, in two places. [He extemporized a speech or verses; spoke it or them extemporaneously, impromptu, or without premeditation;] he began an oration (a خُطْبَة), and poetry, without his having prepared it beforehand; (S;) he spoke a speech (Msb, K) without consideration or thought, (Msb,) or without his having prepared it; (K;) he recited it, or related it, standing, without forecast, consideration, thought, or meditation; so accord. to Er-Rághib [who seems to have held this to be the primary signification of the verb when relating to a speech or the like]; or without reiteration, and without pausing, halting, or hesitating. (TA.) And ارتجل الشَّىْءَ [He did, performed, or produced, the thing without premeditation, or previous preparation]. (TA in art. خرع.) [And ارتجل ٱسْمًا He coined a name.] ارتجل بِرَأْيِهِ He was, or became, alone, or independent of others, with none to take part or share or participate with him, in his opinion, (Msb, K, TA,) without consulting any one respecting it, (Msb, TA,) and kept constantly, or perseveringly, to it. (Msb.) [Hence,] أَمْرُكَ مَا ٱرْتَجَلْتَ Thine affair [to which thou shouldst keep] is that respecting which thou art alone [&c.] in thine opinion. (K.) And اِرْتَجِلْ مَا ٱرْتَجَلْتَ مِنَ الأَمْرِ is explained in the T as meaning اِرْكَبْ مَا رَكِبْتَ مِنْهُ [i. e. Undertake thou what thou hast undertaken of the affair: but it may rather signify keep thou to what thou hast undertaken of the affair; agreeably with what here follows]. (TA.) One says also, اِرْتَجِلْ رَجْلَكَ Keep thou to thine affair: (IAar, M, K, TA:) in [some of] the copies of the K, erroneously, رَجَلَكَ. (TA.) He collected a detached number (قِطْعَة [or رِجْل]) of locusts, to roast, or fry, them. (S.) He set up a مِرْجَل [q. v.], to cook food in it: (T, TA:) or he cooked food in a مِرْجَل. (K.) ارتجل النَّهَارُ: see 5.

    استرجل

    10. استرجل He desired, or requested, to be, or to go, on foot. (KL.)

    رَجْلٌ

    رَجْلٌ: see رَجُلٌ: and رَاجِلٌ; the latter in two places. See also رَجِلٌ, in two places. اِرْتَجِلْ رَجْلَكَ, in some of the copies of the K, erroneously, رَجَلَكَ: see 8, near the end of the paragraph.

    رِجْلٌ

    رِجْلٌ [The leg of a human being and of a bird, and the kind leg of a quadruped; in each of these senses opposed to يَدٌ;] the part from the root of the thigh to the [sole of] the foot of a man [and of any animal]; (Mgh, Msb, K:) رِجْلُ الإِنْسَانِ meaning that [limb] with which the man walks: (Msb:) or the foot of a man [and of a bird, and the kind foot of a quadruped: or rather it signifies thus in many instances; but generally as before explained: and sometimes, by a synecdoche, it is used in a yet larger sense, as will be explained below]: (K:) of the fem. gender: (Zj, Msb, TA:) pl. أَرْجُلٌ: (S, Msb, K, &c.:) it has no other pl. (Msb, TA) known to Sb; (TA;) the pl. of pauc. being also used as a pl. of mult. in this instance. (IJ, TA.) [Hence,] الرِّجْلُ جُبَارٌ [The hind leg or foot, or it may here mean the leg or foot absolutely, is a thing of which no account, or for which no retaliation or mulct, is taken]: i. e., if a beast tread upon a man with its رِجْل, there is no retaliation or mulct, if in motion; but if the beast be standing still in the road, or way, the rider is responsible, whether it strike with a يَد or a رِجْل. (TA.) And هُوَ قَائِمٌ عَلَى رِجْلٍ [lit. He is standing upon a single leg; meaning] (assumed tropical:) he is setting about, or betaking himself to, an affair that presses severely, or heavily, upon him, or that straitens him. (T, K, TA. [In the CK, حَزَنَهُ is erroneously put for حَزَبَهُ.]) And أَنَا عَلَى رِجْلٍ (assumed tropical:) I am in fear, or fright, lest a thing should escape me. (TA.) ذُو الرِّجْلِ [as though meaning The onelegged;] a certain idol, of El-Hijáz. (TA.) رِجْلُ الجَبَّارِ (assumed tropical:) The very bright star [3, called by our astronomers “ Rigel, ” and also called by the Arabs رِجْلُ الجَوْزَآءِ اليُسْرَى,] upon the left foot of Orion. (Kzw.) [And رِجْلُ الجَوْزَآءِ اليُمْنَى (assumed tropical:) The star k upon the right leg of Orion.] رِجْلُ الغُرَابِ (assumed tropical:) A certain plant, (K,) called also رِجْلُ الرَّاغِ, the root, or lower part, of which, when cooked, is good for chronic diarrhœa; mentioned in art. غرب [q. v.]. (TA.) Also A certain mode of binding the udder of a camel, so that the young one cannot suck, therewith, nor will it undo: (S, K:) whence the phrase صَرَّ رِجْلَ الغُرَابِ, for صَرَّ صَرًّا مِثْلَ صَرِّرِجْلِ الغُرَابِ. (TA.) El-Kumeyt says, (assumed tropical:) [Thy dominion among the people has bound with a bond not to be undone him who desires, within the scope of it, transgression]: (S, TA:) i. e. thy dominion has become firm so that it cannot be undone; like as what is termed رجل الغراب cannot be undone by the young camel. (TA.) And one says, صُرَّ عَلَيْهِ رِجْلُ الغُرَابِ, meaning (tropical:) The affair was, or became, difficult to him: (K and TA in art. غرب:) or his life, or subsistence, was, or became, difficult to him. (TA in that art.) رِجْلُ الجَرَادِ (assumed tropical:) A certain plant, like البَقْلَةُ اليَمَانِيَّةُ [see art. بقل: accord. to Golius, the former appellation is applied to a species of atriplex, or orache]. (IAar, K.) [And several other plants have similar appellations in the present day.] رِجْلُ الطَّائِرِ (assumed tropical:) A certain مِيسَم [i. e. branding-instrument, or brand]. (S, K.) رِجْلُ البَابِ (assumed tropical:) The foot, or heel, of the door, upon which it turns in a socket in the threshold. (MA.) رِجْلُ القَوْسِ (assumed tropical:) The lower curved extremity of the bow; (Kh, S, K;) the upper curved extremity being called its يَد: (Kh, S:) or the part below its كَبِد [q. v.]: accord. to AHn, it is more complete, or perfect, than its يد: accord. to IAar, أَرْجُلُ القَوْسِ means, when the string is bound, or braced, the upper parts of the bow; and أَيْدِيهَا, its lower parts; and the former are stronger than the latter: and he cites the saying, [Would that the bows were all of them, or wholly, of what are termed أَرْجُل]: the two extremities of the bow, he says, are called its ظُفْرَانِ; and its two notches, its فُرْضَتَانِ; and its curved ends, its سِئَتَانش; and after the سئتان are the طَائِفَانِ; and after the طائفان, the أَبْهَرَانِ; and the portion between the ابهران is its كَبِد; this being between the two knots of the suspensory. (TA.) رِجْلَا السَّهْمِ (assumed tropical:) The two extremities of the arrow. (K, * TA. [In the former it is implied that the phrase is رِجْلُ السَّهْمِ.]) رِجْلُ بَحْرٍ (tropical:) A canal (خليج) of a بحر [or large river]. (Kr, K, TA.) رِجْلٌ also signifies (tropical:) A part, or portion, of a thing: (K, TA:) of the fem. gender. (TA.) It is said in a trad. of 'Áïsheh, أَهْدَى لَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ رِجْلَ شَاةٍ مَشْوِيَّةٍ فَقَسَمْتُهَا إِلَّا كَتِفِهَا, meaning (tropical:) [Aboo-Bekr gave to us] the half of a roasted sheep, or goat, divided lengthwise [and I divided it into shares, except its shoulder-blade, or its shoulder]: she called the half thus by a synecdoche: (IAth, O, TA:) or she meant the leg (رجْل) thereof, with what was next to it [for مما يَلِيهَا in the O and TA, I read بِمَا يَلِيهَا] of the lateral half: or she thus alluded to the whole thereof, like as one does by the term رَأْس. (O, TA. [But see what here next follows.]) And in another trad., the رِجْل of a [wild] ass is mentioned as a gift, meaning (tropical:) One of the two lateral halves: or, as some say, the thigh: (TA:) and it is explained as meaning the whole; but this is a mistake. (Mgh.) Also (assumed tropical:) The half of a رَاوِيَة [or pair of leathern bags, such as are borne by a camel, one on each side,] of wine, and of olive-oil. (AHn, K.) It is also applied by some to (assumed tropical:) A pair of trousers or drawers; and رِجْلُ سَرَاوِيلَ occurs in this sense in a trad., for رِجْلَا سَرَاوِيلَ; like زَوْجُ خُفٍّ and زَوْجُ نَعْلٍ, whereas each is properly زَوْجَانِ; for the سراويل are of the articles of clothing for the two legs: (IAth, TA:) this is what is meant by the saying in the K [and in the O likewise] that الرِّجْلُ also signifies السَّرَاوِيلُ [app. for مِنَ السَّرَاوِيلِ الطَّاقُ]. (TA.) Also (assumed tropical:) A swarm, or numerous assemblage, of locusts: (S:) or a detached number (قِطْعَةٌ) thereof: (K:) [or] one says [or says also] رِجْلُ جَرَادٍ, (S, TA,) and رِجْلٌ مِنْ جَرَادٍ: it is masc. and fem.: (TA:) a pl. without a proper sing.; like عَانَةٌ (a herd of [wild] asses, S) and خِيطٌ (a flock of ostriches, S) and صُِوَارٌ (a herd of [wild] bulls or cows, S): (S, K:) pl. أَرْجَالٌ; (K:) and so in the next two senses here following. (TA.) And hence, as being likened thereto, (TA,) (assumed tropical:) An army: (K:) or a numerous army. (TA.) Also (assumed tropical:) A share in a thing. (IAar, K.) So in the saying, لِى فِى مَالِكَ رِجْلٌ (assumed tropical:) [To me belongs a share in thy property]. (TA.) And (tropical:) A time. (TA.) One says, كَانَ ذٰلِكَ عَلِى رِجْلِ فُلَانٍ (tropical:) That was in the time of such a one; (S, K, TA;) in his life-time: (K, TA:) like the phrase على رَأْسِ فُلَانٍ. (TA.) Also (assumed tropical:) Precedence. (Abu-l- Mekárim, K.) When the files of camels are collected together, an owner, or attendant, of camels says, لِىَ الرِّجْلُ, i. e. (assumed tropical:) [The precedence belongs to me; or] I precede: and another says, لَا بَلِ الرِّجْلُ لِى (assumed tropical:) [Nay, but the precedence belongs to me]: and they contend together for it, each unwilling to yield it to the other: (Abu-l-Mekárim, TA:) pl. أَرْجَالٌ: (K:) and so in the senses here following. (TA.) And (assumed tropical:) Distress; straitness of the means of subsistence or of the conveniences of life; a state of pressing want; misfortune; or calamity; and poverty. (O, K.) Also A man who sleeps much: (O, K:) fem. with ة. (TA.) And A man such as is termed قَاذُورَةٌ [which means foul in language; evil in disposition: one who cares not what he does or says: very jealous: one who does not mix, or associate as a friend, with others, because of the evilness of his disposition, nor alight with them: &c.: see art. قذر]. (O, K.) Also Blank paper; (O, K, * TA;) without writing. (TA.)

    رَجَلٌ

    رَجَلٌ: see رَاجِلُ, first sentence: and see also رَجِلٌ, in two places. [It is also explained as here follows, as though a quasi-inf. n. of 4 in a sense mentioned in the first paragraph on the authority of the S and O, or inf. n. of رَجَلَ in the same sense; thus:] The sending, (S, O,) or leaving, (K, TA,) a lamb or kid or calf, (S, O, TA,) or a young camel, (K, TA,) and a colt, (TA,) with its mother, to such her whenever it pleases: (S, O, K:) [but I rather think that this is a loose explanation of the meaning implied by رَجَلٌ used as an epithet; for it is added in the S and O immediately, and in the K shortly after, that] one says بَهْمَةٌ رَجَلٌ (S, O, K) and رَجِلٌ (K) [meaning, as indicated in the S and O, A lamb, or hid, or calf, sent with its mother to such her whenever it pleases, or, as indicated in the K, sucking, or that sucks, its mother]: pl. أَرْجَالٌ. (S, O, K.) Also A horse [i. e. a stallion] sent upon the خَيْل [meaning mares, to leap them]: (K:) and in like manner one says خَيْلٌ رَجَلٌ, [using it as a pl., app. meaning horses so sent,] (K accord. to the TA,) or خَيْلٌ رَجِلَةٌ. (CK, and so in my MS. copy of the K: [perhaps it should be رَجَلَةٌ.])

    رَجُلٌ

    رَجُلٌ (S, O, Mgh, Msb, K &c.) and رَجْلٌ, (O, K,) the latter a dial. var., (O,) or, accord. to Sb and El-Fárisee, a quasi-pl. n., [but app. of رَاجِلٌ, not of رَجُلٌ,] called by Abu-l-Hasan a pl., (TA,) A man, as meaning the male of the human species; (Msb;) the opposite of اِمْرَأَةٌ: (S, O, Mgh:) applied only to one who has attained to puberty and manhood: (K, * TA:) or as soon as he is born, (K, TA,) and afterwards also: (TA:) pl. رِجَالٌ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K, &c.,) [applied in the Kur lxxii. 6 to men and to jinn (or genii), like نَاسٌ and أُنَاسٌ, and likewise a pl. of رَاجِلٌ, and of its syn. رَجْلَانُ,] and رجَالَاتٌ, (S, K,) said by some to be a pl. pl., (TA,) and رَجْلَةٌ, (Sb, Msb, K, TA, in the CK رِجْلَةٌ, [which is a mistake, as is shown by what follows,]) of the measure فَعْلَةٌ, with fet-h to the ف, (Msb,) [but this is, properly speaking, a quasi-pl. n.,] said to be the only instance of its kind except كَمْأَةٌ, which, however, some say is a n. un. like others of the same form belonging to [coll.] gen. ns., (Msb,) used as a pl. of pauc. instead of أَرْجَالٌ, (Sb, Ibn-Es-Serráj, Msb, TA,) because they assigned to رَجُلٌ no pl. of pauc., (Sb, TA,) not saying أَرْجَالٌ (TA) [nor رِجْلَةٌ], and رَجِلَةٌ, mentioned by AZ as another pl., but this [also] is a quasi-pl. n., and of it Abu-l-' Abbás holds رَجْلَةٌ to be a contraction, (TA,) and رِجَلَةٌ (Ks, K) and أَرَاجِلُ (Ks, S, K) and [another quasi-pl. n. is] مَرْجَلٌ. (IJ, K.) شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ, in the Kur [ii. 282], means [Two witnesses] of the people of your religion. (TA.) [رَجُلٌ also signifies A woman's husband: and the dual] رَجُلَانِ [sometimes] means A man and his wife; predominance being thus attributed to the former. (IAar, TA.) And رَجُلَةٌ signifies A woman: (S, K:) or, accord. to Er-Rághib, a woman who is, or affects to be, or makes herself, like a man in some of her qualities, or states, or predicaments. (TA.) It is said of 'Áïsheh, (S, TA,) in a trad., which confirms this latter explanation, (TA,) كَانَتْ الرَّأْىِ, رَجُلَةَ, (S, TA,) meaning She was like a man in judgment. (TA. [See also مَرْجَلَانِيَّةٌ.]) The dim. of رَجُلٌ is رُجَيْلٌ and رُوَيْجِلٌ: (S, K:) the former reg.: (TA:) the latter irreg., as though it were dim. of رَاجِلٌ: (S, TA:) [but it seems that رُوَيْجِلٌ is properly the dim. of رَاجِلٌ, though used as that of رَجُلٌ.] One says, هُوَ رَجُلُ وَحْدِهِ [He is a man unequalled, or that has no second], (IAar, L in art. وحد,) and وَحْدِهِ رُجَيْلُ [A little man (probably meaning the contrary) unequalled, &c.]. (S and L in that art.) And it is said in a trad., إِنْ صَدَقَ أَفْلَحَ الرُّوَيْجِلُ [The little man prospers if he speak truth] (TA.) Also One much given to coition: (Az, O, K:) used in this sense by the Arabs of ElYemen: and some of the Arabs term such a one عُصْفُورِىٌّ. (O, TA.) And i. q. رَاجِلٌ, q. v. (Mgh, Msb, K.) And Perfect, or complete [in respect of bodily vigour or the like]: ('Eyn, O, K, TA: [in the CK, والرّاجِلُ الكَامِلُ is erroneously put for والراَجل والكامل:]) or strong and perfect or complete: sometimes it has this meaning, as an epithet: and when thus used, Sb allows its being in the gen. case in the phrase, مَرَرْتُ بِرَجُلٍ رَجُلٍ أَبُوهُ [I passed by a man whose father is strong &c.]; though the nom. case is more common: he says, also, that when you say, هُوَ الرَّجُلُ, you may mean that he is perfect or complete, or you may mean any man that speaks and that walks upon two legs. (M, TA.) [In the CK, شَعَرٌ رَجُلٌ is erroneously put for شَعَرٌ رَجْلٌ: and, in the same, رَجُلُ الشَّعَرِ, as syn. with رَجِلُ الشَّعَرِ, is app. a mistake for رَجْلُ الشَّعَرِ; but it is mentioned in this sense by 'Iyád:] see the paragraph here following.

    رَجِلٌ

    رَجِلٌ; and its fem., with ة: see رَاجِلٌ. شَعَرٌ رَجِلٌ (ISk, S, Msb, K) and رَجَلٌ (ISk, S, K) and رَجْلٌ, (Msb, K, [in the CK, erroneously, رَجُلٌ,]) Hair [that is wavy, or somewhat curly, i. e.] of a quality between [بَيْنَ, for which بَيِّنُ is erroneously put in the CK,] lankness and crispness or curliness, (K,) or not very crisp or curly, nor lank, (ISk, S,) or neither very crisp or curly, nor very lank, but between these two. (Msb, TA.) And رَجِلُ الشَّعَرِ and رَجَلُهُ (ISd, Sgh, K) and رَجْلُهُ (ISd, K, TA, but accord. to the CK as next follows,] and رَجُلُهُ, with damm to the ج, added by 'Iyád, in the Meshárik, (MF, TA,) A man having hair such as is described above: pl. أَرْجَالٌ and رَجَالَى; (M, K;) the former, most probably, accord. to analogy, pl. of رَجْلٌ; but both may be pls. of رَجِلٌ and رَجَلٌ: accord. to Sb, however, رَجَلٌ has no broken pl., its pl. being only رَجَلُونَ. (M, TA.) See also رَجَلٌ, in two places.

    رَجْلَةٌ

    رَجْلَةٌ: see رَجُلٌ, first sentence, in two places: and رَاجِلٌ. See also the next paragraph.

    Lane, Arabic-English Lexiconread Lane's entry online ↗
Technical definitions3 · Ibn ʿArabī’s Iṣṭilāḥ, al-Jurjānī’s Taʿrīfāt
  • الرجل

    هو ذكر من بني آدم جاوز حد الصغر بالبلوغ.

    Al-rajul (الرجل): he is a male from the descendants of Adam who has passed the limit of childhood through reaching puberty (bulūgh).

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 2218 ↗

  • عيال الرجل

    هو الذي يسكن معه وتجب نفقته عليه، كغلامه، وامرأته، وولده الصغير.

    ʿIyāl al-rajul (عيال الرجل) [the dependents of a man]: those who live with him and whose maintenance (nafaqa) is obligatory upon him, such as his servant, his wife, and his young child.

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 3189 ↗

  • المرتجل

    هو الاسم الذي لا يكون موضوعا قبل العلمية.

    Al-murtajal (المرتجل): it is the name that was not previously established [with a prior meaning] before becoming a proper name (ʿalamiyya).

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 4227 ↗

The same three letters in all six orders. Choose one.

ر ج ل

الراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل الإنسان وغيره والرجل الرجالة وإنما سموا رجلا لأنهم يمشون على أرجلهم والرجال والرجالى الرجال والرجلان الر …

r-j-l: most of this chapter indicates the limb which is the leg of every creature that has a leg, and after that there are words that diverge from it; so most of the chapter is al-rijl, the leg of a person and others; and al-rajul is al-rajjāla, and they were named rajul because they walk on their legs; and al-rijāl and al-rajālā are men; and al-rajlān is the r…

Ibn Fāris ↗Lisān ↗Lane ↗Quran ×73

an entry in Ibn Fārislater sources onlyin none of them

Do these six share one core meaning?

About thisal-Khalīl, Ibn Jinnī, Ibn Fāris; the counts across the dictionary

al-Khalīl (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn, as transmitted by al-Layth: a two-letter word “turns in two ways”, a three-letter word “in six ways” (masdūsa), four letters in 24, five in 120; “its used forms are written down and its unused ones dropped” (line 975 ↗). The dictionary is built on this: each chapter takes a set of letters and names which orders are used (mustaʿmal) and which unused (muhmal). The ring shows that verdict, from the chapter heading as edited (documented in the text; how much of the book is al-Khalīl's own is disputed).

A reported total. al-Suyūṭī transmits, from Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, that al-Khalīl put the possible forms, used and unused, of two to five letters at 12,305,412 (al-Muzhir, line 1347 ↗). It is reported, not found in the ʿAyn. It equals exactly the arrangements of 2 to 5 different letters out of 28 (756 + 19,656 + 491,400 + 11,793,600); the breakdown printed beside it is corrupt, and al-Zubaydī's count, given next, differs (6,659,400).

Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), al-Khaṣāʾiṣ, names the greater derivation (al-ishtiqāq al-akbar): bind a three-letter root and its six orders to one meaning, and bring stray members back “by the subtlety of the craft and interpretation” (line 7536 ↗). He says himself that it does not hold for every root (line 167 ↗; line 7603 ↗).

Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) gives each root its own aṣl and treats a rearranged word as maqlūb, “turned round”, and so not a root of its own: “j-b-dh is not a root, because it is a single word, turned round” (Maqāyīs, line 6147 ↗). The ring sets his aṣl for each order side by side; whether they meet is the question.

Neighbours on the ring differ by one swap of two letters.

The critique. A source quoted by al-Suyūṭī calls the greater derivation Ibn Jinnī's innovation, “not relied on in the language” (al-Muzhir, line 6159 ↗).

The other axis. The root's letters also go into patterns that keep their order and change the frame: the patterns (awzān) and the verb Forms I–X.

Across Ibn Fāris's dictionary. Of the 2,300 possible sets of three different sound letters (no hamza, w or y), 1,021 have at least one order as an entry. How many of their six orders are entries:

Ibn Fāris, entries found (1,021 letter-sets)
  1. 1 of 6319
  2. 2 of 6218
  3. 3 of 6164
  4. 4 of 6155
  5. 5 of 6107
  6. 6 of 658
al-Khalīl, orders his headings call used (746 letter-sets)
  1. 1 of 6148
  2. 2 of 6108
  3. 3 of 6157
  4. 4 of 6179
  5. 5 of 6111
  6. 6 of 643

Of the orders al-Khalīl calls used, 2,097 are entries in Ibn Fāris and 267 are not; 17 that he calls unused are entries in Ibn Fāris.

Our computation from the OpenITI texts; heading detection can miss entries

Attested here means found in our digital texts (Ibn Fāris, Lisān al-ʿArab, Lane, the Quranic Arabic Corpus), with w and y kept apart and hamza spellings merged; it is our data, not a classical verdict. English beside the Arabic is AI translation. Sources and grades: docs/research/root-permutations.md.

How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.

How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

ر

ومن مخرج النون غير أنه أدخل في ظهر اللسان قليلا لانحرافه إلى اللام مخرج الراء

From the place of the nūn, except that it goes a little further onto the back of the tongue, because it leans towards the lām, is the place of the rāʾ. Sībawayh, lines 26557–26558 ↗

ومن مخرج النون غير أنه أدخل في ظهر اللسان قليلا، لانحرافه إلى اللام، مخرج الراء

From the place of the nūn, except that it goes a little further onto the back of the tongue, because it leans towards the lām, is the place of the rāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, lines 980–981 ↗

ج

ومن وسط اللسان بينه وبين وسط الحنك الأعلى مخرج الجيم والشين والياء

From the middle of the tongue, between it and the middle of the upper palate, is the place of the jīm, the shīn and the yāʾ. Sībawayh, line 26553 ↗

ومن وسط اللسان بينه وبين وسط الحنك الأعلى، مخرج الجيم والشين والياء

From the middle of the tongue, between it and the middle of the upper palate, is the place of the jīm, the shīn and the yāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, line 974 ↗

ل

ومن حافة اللسان من أدناها إلى منتهى طرف اللسان، من بينها وبين ما يليها من الحنك الأعلى، مما فويق الضاحك والناب والرباعية والثنية، مخرج اللام

From the edge of the tongue, from its nearest part to the end of its tip, between it and the upper palate next to it, just above the premolar, the canine, the lateral and the central incisor, is the place of the lām. Ibn Jinnī, lines 977–978 ↗

Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.

In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

ر

Level of existence: السماء الخامسة · the fifth heaven

Divine Name: المصور · the Form-Giver (al-Muṣawwir)

Lunar mansion: الغفر · al-Ghafr

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64675

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗

المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة

The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582

ج

Level of existence: الفلك الأطلس فلك البروج · the Atlas (starless) sphere, the sphere of the zodiacal signs

Divine Name: الغني · al-Ghanī, the Independent

Lunar mansion: الطرف · al-Ṭarf

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 62085

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗

المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة

The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582

ل

Level of existence: السماء الثالثة · the third heaven

Divine Name: القاهر · the Subduer (al-Qāhir)

Lunar mansion: العوا · al-ʿAwwā

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64654

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 7 line 2576 ↗

منها دون الألف فطبعها الحرارة واليبوسة

[Zāy and lām] of it, excluding alif: their nature is heat and dryness.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2577
Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

ر

فهي إشارة إلى جميع الخيرات الظاهرة والباطنة.

It is an indication of all goods, outward and inward.

فهي إشارة إلى الواحد في نفسه وهو ظاهر.

It is an indication of the one in itself, and it is manifest.

فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي فيه الروح وليس من بني آدم، أو إشارة إلى الروح نفسها.

It is an indication of a thing that has spirit in it but is not of the children of Adam, or an indication of the spirit itself.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī

ج

فهي نبوة أو ولاية إذا كان قبلها أو بعدها ما يدل على ذلك، وإلا فهي للخير الذي لا يزول أبدا.

It is prophethood or sainthood (walāya) if something before or after it indicates that. Otherwise it is for the good that never ceases.

فهي الخير الذي يؤكل أو ينتفع الناس منه.

It is the good that is eaten, or from which people derive benefit.

فهي الخير القليل الذي في الذات من نور الإيمان.

It is the small good within the self from the light of faith.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī

ل

فهي حصول المتكلم على شيء عظيم، وتكون إشارة إلى شيء عظيم.

It is the speaker's attaining of something great, and it serves as an indication of something great.

فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي لا نهاية له.

It is an indication of the thing that has no end.

فهي إشارة من المتكلم إلى وجود ذاته أو إلى ذاته.

It is an indication by the speaker of the existence of his self, or of his self.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī
Two-letter nucleus12 roots in Ibn Fāris’s chapterر ج

Ibn Fāris groups his roots under two-letter chapters (“the X and the Y and what makes them three”). These are the roots of this root's chapter with the core sense he gives each. Setting them side by side is our juxtaposition; he does not himself draw a shared meaning. His chapter heading, line 12587 ↗

  • رجحالراء والجيم والحاء أصل واحد يدل على رزانة وزيادةL12588
  • رجسالراء والجيم والسين أصل يدل على اختلاطQ 10 · L12600
  • رجعالراء والجيم والعين أصل كبير مطرد منقاس يدل على رد وتكرار تقول رجع يرجع رجوعا إذا عاد وراجع الرجل امرأته وهي الرجعة والرجعة والرجعي الرجوع والراجعة الQ 104 · L12604
  • رجلالراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل الإنسان وغيره والرجل الرجالة وإنماQ 73 · L12628
  • رجمالراء والجيم والميم أصل واحد يرجع إلى وجه واحد وهي الرمي ب الحجارة ثم يستعار ذلكQ 14 · L12648
  • رجنالراء والجيم والنون أصلان أحدهما المقام والآخر الاختلاطL12659
  • رجىالراء والجيم والحرف المعتل أصلان متباينان يدل أحدهما على الأمل والآخر على ناحية الشيءL12662
  • رجدالراء والجيم والدال ذكرت فيه كلمةL12686
  • رحضالراء والحاء والضاد أصل يدل على غسل الشيءL12689
  • رحقالراء والحاء والقاف كلمة واحدة وهي الرحيق اسم من أسماء الخمر ويقال هي أفضلهاQ 1 · L12693
  • رحلالراء والحاء واللام أصل واحد يدل على مضي في سفرQ 4 · L12694
  • رحبالراء والحاء والباء أصل واحد مطرد يدل على السعةQ 4 · L12724
In the sister scriptsHebrew ר ג לSyriac ܪ ܓ ܠ
Arabicر ج ل
Hebrewר ג ל
Syriacܪ ܓ ܠ
Ancient South Arabian (musnad)𐩧 𐩴 𐩡
Phoenician𐤓 𐤂 𐤋

Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.

  • Classical lexiconAl-Khalīl's ʿAyn treats rajul first as 'not female' — a human male — and also as 'complete, perfect' (kāmil), noting Ṭayyiʾ's rajula/rājil for a pedestrian, plus collective senses (al-rajl, al-rijāla, al-rijāl for foot-soldiers) and anatomical uses like rijl al-qaws.well attested

    The lexicographers in chronological order, from al-Khalīl to Lane.

    Al-Khalīl's ʿAyn treats rajul first as 'not female' — a human male — and also as 'complete, perfect' (kāmil), noting Ṭayyiʾ's rajula/rājil for a pedestrian, plus collective senses (al-rajl, al-rijāla, al-rijāl for foot-soldiers) and anatomical uses like rijl al-qaws. Al-Jawharī's Ṣiḥāḥ opens from wāḥidat al-arjul, records kāna dhālika ʿalā rijli fulān, 'in so-and-so's time', and notes al-rijl as an anomalous collective for a locust swarm, parallel to ṣuwār for cattle. Ibn Fāris's Maqāyīs states the chapter's main sense (muʿẓam al-bāb) is the organ rijl, 'the leg/foot of anything possessing legs', from which al-rājil and idioms like rajul rajīl, 'strong of gait', derive. Al-Rāghib's Mufradāt specifies rajul is 'restricted to the male of mankind', citing Q6:9 to show the word marks humanness. Ibn Manẓūr's Lisān explicitly derives rajul (adult male) from rājil (one who walks on foot), citing Sībawayh's parallel of ʿajal from ʿājil, so 'man' is a semantic extension of the gait sense.

    Draws on: al-Khalīl ʿAyn · al-Jawharī Ṣiḥāḥ · Ibn Fāris Maqāyīs · al-Rāghib Mufradāt · Ibn Manẓūr Lisān · Lane

    • Wiktionary, Arabic root ر_ج_ل (link not verified)
    • Q6:9 ↗
  • Letters & soundIbn ʿArabī's letter-cosmology assigns ر to the fifth heaven, ج to the starless Atlas sphere (falak al-burūj), and ل to the third heaven;speculative

    What the theorists of sound symbolism would say of these letters. Speculative by nature.

    Ibn ʿArabī's letter-cosmology assigns ر to the fifth heaven, ج to the starless Atlas sphere (falak al-burūj), and ل to the third heaven; al-Dabbāgh's fatḥa-symbolism reads ر as 'an indication of all goods, outward and inward', ج as prophethood or sainthood (when context supports it), and ل as 'the speaker's attaining of something great'. One could juxtapose these with al-Khalīl's gloss of rajul as kāmil, 'complete, perfect', but no argument in the sources connects the letter-values causally to the word's sense. This is speculative sound-symbolism; mainstream historical linguistics assigns no fixed meaning to individual Arabic consonants.

    Draws on: Ibn ʿArabī akbarī 198 · al-Dabbāgh fatḥa

  • Root structureIbn Fāris groups رجل with other ر-ج roots sharing the two-letter opening: رجح ('weightiness and increase'), رجس ('mixing, confusion'), رجع ('return and repetition'), رجم ('throwing stones'), رجن ('dwelling' and 'mixing'), رجى ('hope' and 'a side/direction').plausible

    The two-letter nucleus (Ibn Fāris's own chapters) and the permutations of the letters (Ibn Jinnī).

    Ibn Fāris groups رجل with other ر-ج roots sharing the two-letter opening: رجح ('weightiness and increase'), رجس ('mixing, confusion'), رجع ('return and repetition'), رجم ('throwing stones'), رجن ('dwelling' and 'mixing'), رجى ('hope' and 'a side/direction'). He does not claim these roots share an underlying sense; any thematic resonance between رجل (the organ of standing and moving) and رجع (return) or رجى (a side, direction) is a reader's juxtaposition, not his own argument. Among permutations of ر-ج-ل, only رجل (73 Qur'anic occurrences) and جرل (unattested, glossed as 'stones' and 'a kind of colour') are realized roots; the sense of جرل bears no evident relation to رجل.

    Draws on: Ibn Fāris nucleus siblings · Ibn Fāris permutations

  • Semitic kin & loanwordsرجل has a secure cognate in Hebrew regel (רֶגֶל), 'foot, leg', and Aramaic/Syriac reglā (ריגלא/ܪܓܠܐ), 'foot', both from the common Semitic noun for the limb.well attested

    Cognates in the sister languages, and whether the word was borrowed.

    رجل has a secure cognate in Hebrew regel (רֶגֶל), 'foot, leg', and Aramaic/Syriac reglā (ריגלא/ܪܓܠܐ), 'foot', both from the common Semitic noun for the limb. The extension to 'adult male human' is, on the classical lexicographers' own account, an Arabic-internal development via rājil, 'pedestrian', and is not paralleled by the ordinary Hebrew or Aramaic words for 'man' (ʾîsh, geḇer; gaḇrā). The word is inherited common Semitic vocabulary, not a loan.

    Draws on: Hebrew regel · Aramaic/Syriac reglā

  • Quranic exegesisOn Q5:6, the exegetes debate the case-ending of wa-arjulakum/wa-arjulikum in the ablution verse, since its grammatical parsing bears on whether the feet are washed or wiped.plausible

    How the classical exegetes read the word in the Quran.

    On Q5:6, the exegetes debate the case-ending of wa-arjulakum/wa-arjulikum in the ablution verse, since its grammatical parsing bears on whether the feet are washed or wiped. On Q5:33, treating amputation of hands and feet 'from opposite sides' as a ḥadd for muḥāribūn, they address which hand and which foot are meant. On Q2:228, wa-li-l-rijāli ʿalayhinna darajatun, they discuss the specific legal precedence intended in the context of divorce and waiting period, rather than reading it as blanket superiority. On Q2:282, the requirement of rajulun wa-mraʾatān as witnesses is discussed in terms of the reliability of testimony.

    Draws on: al-Ṭabarī · al-Zamakhsharī · al-Rāzī

  • Akbarian readingThe Faṣṣ Ādam excerpt quotes Q4:1, khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā wa-baththa minhumā rijālan kathīran wa-nisāʾan, 'He created you from a single soul...plausible

    The word in Ibn ʿArabī's text and terminology.

    The Faṣṣ Ādam excerpt quotes Q4:1, khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā wa-baththa minhumā rijālan kathīran wa-nisāʾan, 'He created you from a single soul... and scattered from the two of them many men and women', followed by Ibn ʿArabī's gloss linking the verse's taqwā-clause to making what is outward in oneself a protective covering (wiqāya). Here rijāl names the manifold individuation of the single original nafs into many human instances, consistent with the fass's argument that Adam is the isthmus through which the one Reality appears as human multiplicity. No separate Iṣṭilāḥ definition of rajul appears in the excerpts, so this reading rests on the Qurʾānic citation within the fass rather than a technical Akbarian term.

    Draws on: Faṣṣ Ādam · Q4:1

Neighbouring rootsThe roots that share letters with this one, as a map you can open out