Root · 73 in the Quran · 67 in 15 texts of the library
رجلPer Ibn Fāris: the leg/foot, the organ of walking of anything possessing legs. (root rjl)
الراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل …
Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha · English rendering AI
The family of the root
Patterns computed · our dataThe words of ر ج ل that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.
57 words6 verbs4 verbal nouns6 participles2 places and instruments5 intensives and elatives20 other nouns8 plurals6 relatives and abstracts
- رَجُلthe dim
- رِجَال—
- رِجْلthe leg of a human being and of a bird, and the kind leg of a quadruped
- أَرْجُل—
- مُرْتَجَلimprovised; impromptu
The whole family8 groups, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Verbs6رَجِلَ · رَجَّلَ · أَرْجَلَ
The root as an action: the bare Form I, and the Forms made by adding letters before, inside or after the root.grammar →
Form I vowels: فَعِلَ يَفْعَلُ (i – a; the imperfect from Lane's “aor.”)
Verbal nouns4رَجَل · رَجْل · اِرْتِجال
The action itself, named as a noun (maṣdar).grammar →
Participles6مُرْتَجَل · رَاجِل · مُرجِل
The one who does it, and the one it is done to.grammar →
Place, time and instrument2مَرْجَل · مِرْجَل
Where or when it happens, and what it is done with: the m- nouns.grammar →
Intensives, qualities and the elative5أَرْجَل · رَجَّال · رَجِيل
The quality carried far, held as a trait, or compared.grammar →
Other nouns20رَجُل · رِجَال · رِجْل
Nouns on other patterns; their meaning is learned word by word.grammar →
- رَجُلthe dimLanenounQurʾān ×29library ×43LaneIbn Fāris
- رِجَالnounQurʾān ×28Ibn Fāris
- رِجْلthe leg of a human being and of a bird, and the kind leg of a quadrupedLanenounQurʾān ×15library ×9LaneIbn Fāris
- رَجِلnounQurʾān ×1LaneIbn Fāris
Plurals8أَرْجُل · رَجَالَى · رَجَّالَة
Broken plurals rebuild the word on a new pattern; sound plurals add an ending.grammar →
- أَرْجُلbroken plural of رِجْلQurʾān ×13library ×4LaneIbn Fāris
- رَجَالَىbroken plural of رَجِلLaneIbn Fāris
- رَجَّالَةbroken plural of رَاجِلLaneIbn Fāris
- رِجَلbroken plural of رِجْلَةLaneIbn Fāris
Relative and abstract6رَجَلِيّ · رَجُولِيَّة · رُجُولِيَّة
-iyy relates a thing to its source; -iyya makes an abstract noun.grammar →
Reference
Why this shape?What each of the 22 patterns does
What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.
The pattern machinePour the root into a pattern; see whether the word exists
Choose a pattern; the root's letters pour into it. Then see whether the word exists in our sources. The machine makes shapes; only usage makes words.
Not in our sources. A possible shape, not a word we can show: the Quran, the library and Lane do not have it for this root.
Place noun with -a. The place noun with the feminine -a. Sometimes it is only a variant of mafʿal; often it names the place where a thing is found in abundance (maʾsada, 'a place full of lions'). So maktab is the place of writing, and maktaba, where writings are gathered: a library, a bookshop. Our summary AI
But: maktaba is not in our classical dictionaries for k-t-b: Lane and al-Jawharī give maktab ('a school'), none gives maktaba. Its sense of 'library, bookshop' fits the pattern of abundance, but that is our reading of the pattern, not a classical entry. Many mafʿala words are single items of usage (maqbara 'cemetery'), which the grammarians call heard, not formed by rule.
The grammarians on this pattern (4)
ما يكون مفعلة لازمة لها الهاء والفتحة … وذلك إذا أردت أن تكثر الشيء بالمكان، وذلك قولك: أرض مسبعة، ومأسدة
Chapter on what is mafʿala, with the -a and the a-vowel always: that is when you mean that a thing abounds in a place, as you say 'a land of many beasts of prey (masbaʿa), of many lions (maʾsada)' AI
Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796), al-Kitāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn, 3rd ed. (Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1988), 4:94 · OpenITI line 21027–21028 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
و نحو المظنة و المقبرة فتحا و ضما ليس بقياس
and words like maẓinna and maqbara (with a or u) are not by rule AI
Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), al-Shāfiya fī ʿilm al-taṣrīf, ed. Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān (Mecca: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995), 1:30 · OpenITI line 223 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
- “designate the place where the object signified by the noun from which they are formed, is found in large numbers or quantities” Wright, Grammar I, §247, p. 148 ↗ · on nouns of abundance, maf'ala · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
- “Nouns of time and place not unfrequently take the feminine form” Wright, Grammar I, §225, p. 128 ↗ · on maf'ala as a variant of maf'al · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources
Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.
The dictionaries
English: AI translation AIal-Khalīl · 170'This is a rajul (رجل)' means he is not a female;
al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn. The first Arabic dictionary, arranged by permutations of the root letters.
AI AI translation of the Arabic belowal-Jawharī · 393Al-rijl (الرجل) is the singular of al-arjul (الأرجل) [legs].
al-Jawharī (d. c. 393/1003), al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Admits only usage he judged sound.
AI AI translation of the Arabic belowIbn Fāris · 395The rāʾ, jīm, and lām — the main chapter indicates the limb which is the leg, rijl (الرجل), of every creature that has a leg.
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).
AI AI translation of the Arabic belowal-Rāghib · 502Al-rajul (الرجل) is specific to the male among people;
al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī (d. c. 502/1108), al-Mufradāt. Quranic vocabulary, from core sense to Quranic usage.
AI AI translation of the Arabic belowLisān · 711Al-rajul (الرجل) is the well-known male of the human species, opposite of al-marʾa (المرأة) [woman].
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711/1311), Lisān al-ʿArab. The great compendium of the earlier dictionaries (entry shortened).
AI AI translation of the Arabic belowLane · 1876English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.
E. W. Lane (d. 1876), An Arabic-English Lexicon. English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.
Lane, Arabic-English Lexiconread Lane's entry online ↗
Technical definitions3 · Ibn ʿArabī’s Iṣṭilāḥ, al-Jurjānī’s Taʿrīfāt
الرجل
هو ذكر من بني آدم جاوز حد الصغر بالبلوغ.
Al-rajul (الرجل): he is a male from the descendants of Adam who has passed the limit of childhood through reaching puberty (bulūgh). AI
عيال الرجل
هو الذي يسكن معه وتجب نفقته عليه، كغلامه، وامرأته، وولده الصغير.
ʿIyāl al-rajul (عيال الرجل) [the dependents of a man]: those who live with him and whose maintenance (nafaqa) is obligatory upon him, such as his servant, his wife, and his young child. AI
المرتجل
هو الاسم الذي لا يكون موضوعا قبل العلمية.
Al-murtajal (المرتجل): it is the name that was not previously established [with a prior meaning] before becoming a proper name (ʿalamiyya). AI
The same letters, turned
The same three letters in all six orders. Choose one.
ر ج ل
الراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل الإنسان وغيره والرجل الرجالة وإنما سموا رجلا لأنهم يمشون على أرجلهم والرجال والرجالى الرجال والرجلان الر …
r-j-l: most of this chapter indicates the limb which is the leg of every creature that has a leg, and after that there are words that diverge from it; so most of the chapter is al-rijl, the leg of a person and others; and al-rajul is al-rajjāla, and they were named rajul because they walk on their legs; and al-rijāl and al-rajālā are men; and al-rajlān is the r… AI
Ibn Fāris ↗Lisān ↗Lane ↗Quran ×73
an entry in Ibn Fārislater sources onlyin none of them
Do these six share one core meaning?
Reference
About thisal-Khalīl, Ibn Jinnī, Ibn Fāris; the counts across the dictionary
al-Khalīl (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn, as transmitted by al-Layth: a two-letter word “turns in two ways”, a three-letter word “in six ways” (masdūsa), four letters in 24, five in 120; “its used forms are written down and its unused ones dropped” (line 975 ↗). The dictionary is built on this: each chapter takes a set of letters and names which orders are used (mustaʿmal) and which unused (muhmal). The ring shows that verdict, from the chapter heading as edited (documented in the text; how much of the book is al-Khalīl's own is disputed).
A reported total. al-Suyūṭī transmits, from Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, that al-Khalīl put the possible forms, used and unused, of two to five letters at 12,305,412 (al-Muzhir, line 1347 ↗). It is reported, not found in the ʿAyn. It equals exactly the arrangements of 2 to 5 different letters out of 28 (756 + 19,656 + 491,400 + 11,793,600); the breakdown printed beside it is corrupt, and al-Zubaydī's count, given next, differs (6,659,400).
Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), al-Khaṣāʾiṣ, names the greater derivation (al-ishtiqāq al-akbar): bind a three-letter root and its six orders to one meaning, and bring stray members back “by the subtlety of the craft and interpretation” (line 7536 ↗). He says himself that it does not hold for every root (line 167 ↗; line 7603 ↗).
Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) gives each root its own aṣl and treats a rearranged word as maqlūb, “turned round”, and so not a root of its own: “j-b-dh is not a root, because it is a single word, turned round” (Maqāyīs, line 6147 ↗). The ring sets his aṣl for each order side by side; whether they meet is the question.
Neighbours on the ring differ by one swap of two letters.
The critique. A source quoted by al-Suyūṭī calls the greater derivation Ibn Jinnī's innovation, “not relied on in the language” (al-Muzhir, line 6159 ↗).
The other axis. The root's letters also go into patterns that keep their order and change the frame: the patterns (awzān) and the verb Forms I–X.
Across Ibn Fāris's dictionary. Of the 2,300 possible sets of three different sound letters (no hamza, w or y), 1,021 have at least one order as an entry. How many of their six orders are entries:
- 1 of 6319
- 2 of 6218
- 3 of 6164
- 4 of 6155
- 5 of 6107
- 6 of 658
- 1 of 6148
- 2 of 6108
- 3 of 6157
- 4 of 6179
- 5 of 6111
- 6 of 643
Of the orders al-Khalīl calls used, 2,097 are entries in Ibn Fāris and 267 are not; 17 that he calls unused are entries in Ibn Fāris.
Attested here means found in our digital texts (Ibn Fāris, Lisān al-ʿArab, Lane, the Quranic Arabic Corpus), with w and y kept apart and hamza spellings merged; it is our data, not a classical verdict. English beside the Arabic is AI translation. Sources and grades: docs/research/root-permutations.md.
Letters & sound
- رrāʾtip of the tongue, near the nūn · voiced, in betweenSīb. · I. Jinnī
- جjīmmiddle of the tongue · voiced, stopSīb. · I. Jinnī
- لlāmedge of the tongue · voiced, in betweenI. Jinnī
How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.
Sharing two of its three letters (computed; kinship of form, not of meaning)
Reference
How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ر
ومن مخرج النون غير أنه أدخل في ظهر اللسان قليلا لانحرافه إلى اللام مخرج الراء
From the place of the nūn, except that it goes a little further onto the back of the tongue, because it leans towards the lām, is the place of the rāʾ. Sībawayh, lines 26557–26558 ↗
ومن مخرج النون غير أنه أدخل في ظهر اللسان قليلا، لانحرافه إلى اللام، مخرج الراء
From the place of the nūn, except that it goes a little further onto the back of the tongue, because it leans towards the lām, is the place of the rāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, lines 980–981 ↗
ج
ومن وسط اللسان بينه وبين وسط الحنك الأعلى مخرج الجيم والشين والياء
From the middle of the tongue, between it and the middle of the upper palate, is the place of the jīm, the shīn and the yāʾ. Sībawayh, line 26553 ↗
ومن وسط اللسان بينه وبين وسط الحنك الأعلى، مخرج الجيم والشين والياء
From the middle of the tongue, between it and the middle of the upper palate, is the place of the jīm, the shīn and the yāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, line 974 ↗
ل
ومن حافة اللسان من أدناها إلى منتهى طرف اللسان، من بينها وبين ما يليها من الحنك الأعلى، مما فويق الضاحك والناب والرباعية والثنية، مخرج اللام
From the edge of the tongue, from its nearest part to the end of its tip, between it and the upper palate next to it, just above the premolar, the canine, the lateral and the central incisor, is the place of the lām. Ibn Jinnī, lines 977–978 ↗
Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.
In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ر
Level of existence: السماء الخامسة · the fifth heaven
Divine Name: المصور · the Form-Giver (al-Muṣawwir)
Lunar mansion: الغفر · al-Ghafr
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64675Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582ج
Level of existence: الفلك الأطلس فلك البروج · the Atlas (starless) sphere, the sphere of the zodiacal signs
Divine Name: الغني · al-Ghanī, the Independent
Lunar mansion: الطرف · al-Ṭarf
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 62085Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة
The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582ل
Level of existence: السماء الثالثة · the third heaven
Divine Name: القاهر · the Subduer (al-Qāhir)
Lunar mansion: العوا · al-ʿAwwā
Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64654Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 7 line 2576 ↗
Nature (ch. 2)
منها دون الألف فطبعها الحرارة واليبوسة
[Zāy and lām] of it, excluding alif: their nature is heat and dryness.
Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2577Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac
English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic AI
ر
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي إشارة إلى جميع الخيرات الظاهرة والباطنة.
It is an indication of all goods, outward and inward.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى الواحد في نفسه وهو ظاهر.
It is an indication of the one in itself, and it is manifest.
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي فيه الروح وليس من بني آدم، أو إشارة إلى الروح نفسها.
It is an indication of a thing that has spirit in it but is not of the children of Adam, or an indication of the spirit itself.
ج
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي نبوة أو ولاية إذا كان قبلها أو بعدها ما يدل على ذلك، وإلا فهي للخير الذي لا يزول أبدا.
It is prophethood or sainthood (walāya) if something before or after it indicates that. Otherwise it is for the good that never ceases.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي الخير الذي يؤكل أو ينتفع الناس منه.
It is the good that is eaten, or from which people derive benefit.
With kasra ـِ
فهي الخير القليل الذي في الذات من نور الإيمان.
It is the small good within the self from the light of faith.
ل
With fatḥa ـَ
فهي حصول المتكلم على شيء عظيم، وتكون إشارة إلى شيء عظيم.
It is the speaker's attaining of something great, and it serves as an indication of something great.
With ḍamma ـُ
فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي لا نهاية له.
It is an indication of the thing that has no end.
With kasra ـِ
فهي إشارة من المتكلم إلى وجود ذاته أو إلى ذاته.
It is an indication by the speaker of the existence of his self, or of his self.
Two-letter nucleus12 roots in Ibn Fāris’s chapterر ج
Ibn Fāris groups his roots under two-letter chapters (“the X and the Y and what makes them three”). These are the roots of this root's chapter with the core sense he gives each. Setting them side by side is our juxtaposition; he does not himself draw a shared meaning. His chapter heading, line 12587 ↗
- رجحالراء والجيم والحاء أصل واحد يدل على رزانة وزيادةL12588
- رجسالراء والجيم والسين أصل يدل على اختلاطQ 10 · L12600
- رجعالراء والجيم والعين أصل كبير مطرد منقاس يدل على رد وتكرار تقول رجع يرجع رجوعا إذا عاد وراجع الرجل امرأته وهي الرجعة والرجعة والرجعي الرجوع والراجعة الQ 104 · L12604
- رجلالراء والجيم واللام معظم بابه يدل على العضو الذي هو رجل كل ذي رجل ويكون بعد ذاك كلمات تشذ عنه فمعظم الباب الرجل رجل الإنسان وغيره والرجل الرجالة وإنماQ 73 · L12628
- رجمالراء والجيم والميم أصل واحد يرجع إلى وجه واحد وهي الرمي ب الحجارة ثم يستعار ذلكQ 14 · L12648
- رجنالراء والجيم والنون أصلان أحدهما المقام والآخر الاختلاطL12659
- رجىالراء والجيم والحرف المعتل أصلان متباينان يدل أحدهما على الأمل والآخر على ناحية الشيءL12662
- رجدالراء والجيم والدال ذكرت فيه كلمةL12686
- رحضالراء والحاء والضاد أصل يدل على غسل الشيءL12689
- رحقالراء والحاء والقاف كلمة واحدة وهي الرحيق اسم من أسماء الخمر ويقال هي أفضلهاQ 1 · L12693
- رحلالراء والحاء واللام أصل واحد يدل على مضي في سفرQ 4 · L12694
- رحبالراء والحاء والباء أصل واحد مطرد يدل على السعةQ 4 · L12724
In the sister scriptsHebrew ר ג לSyriac ܪ ܓ ܠ
| Arabic | ر ج ل |
| Hebrew | ר ג ל |
| Syriac | ܪ ܓ ܠ |
| Ancient South Arabian (musnad) | 𐩧 𐩴 𐩡 |
| Phoenician | 𐤓 𐤂 𐤋 |
Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.
Lenses
AIClassical lexiconAl-Khalīl's ʿAyn treats rajul first as 'not female' — a human male — and also as 'complete, perfect' (kāmil), noting Ṭayyiʾ's rajula/rājil for a pedestrian, plus collective senses (al-rajl, al-rijāla, al-rijāl for foot-soldiers) and anatomical uses like rijl al-qaws.well attested
The lexicographers in chronological order, from al-Khalīl to Lane.
Al-Khalīl's ʿAyn treats rajul first as 'not female' — a human male — and also as 'complete, perfect' (kāmil), noting Ṭayyiʾ's rajula/rājil for a pedestrian, plus collective senses (al-rajl, al-rijāla, al-rijāl for foot-soldiers) and anatomical uses like rijl al-qaws. Al-Jawharī's Ṣiḥāḥ opens from wāḥidat al-arjul, records kāna dhālika ʿalā rijli fulān, 'in so-and-so's time', and notes al-rijl as an anomalous collective for a locust swarm, parallel to ṣuwār for cattle. Ibn Fāris's Maqāyīs states the chapter's main sense (muʿẓam al-bāb) is the organ rijl, 'the leg/foot of anything possessing legs', from which al-rājil and idioms like rajul rajīl, 'strong of gait', derive. Al-Rāghib's Mufradāt specifies rajul is 'restricted to the male of mankind', citing Q6:9 to show the word marks humanness. Ibn Manẓūr's Lisān explicitly derives rajul (adult male) from rājil (one who walks on foot), citing Sībawayh's parallel of ʿajal from ʿājil, so 'man' is a semantic extension of the gait sense.
Draws on: al-Khalīl ʿAyn · al-Jawharī Ṣiḥāḥ · Ibn Fāris Maqāyīs · al-Rāghib Mufradāt · Ibn Manẓūr Lisān · Lane
- Wiktionary, Arabic root ر_ج_ل (link not verified)
- Q6:9 ↗
Letters & soundIbn ʿArabī's letter-cosmology assigns ر to the fifth heaven, ج to the starless Atlas sphere (falak al-burūj), and ل to the third heaven;speculative
What the theorists of sound symbolism would say of these letters. Speculative by nature.
Ibn ʿArabī's letter-cosmology assigns ر to the fifth heaven, ج to the starless Atlas sphere (falak al-burūj), and ل to the third heaven; al-Dabbāgh's fatḥa-symbolism reads ر as 'an indication of all goods, outward and inward', ج as prophethood or sainthood (when context supports it), and ل as 'the speaker's attaining of something great'. One could juxtapose these with al-Khalīl's gloss of rajul as kāmil, 'complete, perfect', but no argument in the sources connects the letter-values causally to the word's sense. This is speculative sound-symbolism; mainstream historical linguistics assigns no fixed meaning to individual Arabic consonants.
Draws on: Ibn ʿArabī akbarī 198 · al-Dabbāgh fatḥa
Root structureIbn Fāris groups رجل with other ر-ج roots sharing the two-letter opening: رجح ('weightiness and increase'), رجس ('mixing, confusion'), رجع ('return and repetition'), رجم ('throwing stones'), رجن ('dwelling' and 'mixing'), رجى ('hope' and 'a side/direction').plausible
The two-letter nucleus (Ibn Fāris's own chapters) and the permutations of the letters (Ibn Jinnī).
Ibn Fāris groups رجل with other ر-ج roots sharing the two-letter opening: رجح ('weightiness and increase'), رجس ('mixing, confusion'), رجع ('return and repetition'), رجم ('throwing stones'), رجن ('dwelling' and 'mixing'), رجى ('hope' and 'a side/direction'). He does not claim these roots share an underlying sense; any thematic resonance between رجل (the organ of standing and moving) and رجع (return) or رجى (a side, direction) is a reader's juxtaposition, not his own argument. Among permutations of ر-ج-ل, only رجل (73 Qur'anic occurrences) and جرل (unattested, glossed as 'stones' and 'a kind of colour') are realized roots; the sense of جرل bears no evident relation to رجل.
Draws on: Ibn Fāris nucleus siblings · Ibn Fāris permutations
Semitic kin & loanwordsرجل has a secure cognate in Hebrew regel (רֶגֶל), 'foot, leg', and Aramaic/Syriac reglā (ריגלא/ܪܓܠܐ), 'foot', both from the common Semitic noun for the limb.well attested
Cognates in the sister languages, and whether the word was borrowed.
رجل has a secure cognate in Hebrew regel (רֶגֶל), 'foot, leg', and Aramaic/Syriac reglā (ריגלא/ܪܓܠܐ), 'foot', both from the common Semitic noun for the limb. The extension to 'adult male human' is, on the classical lexicographers' own account, an Arabic-internal development via rājil, 'pedestrian', and is not paralleled by the ordinary Hebrew or Aramaic words for 'man' (ʾîsh, geḇer; gaḇrā). The word is inherited common Semitic vocabulary, not a loan.
Draws on: Hebrew regel · Aramaic/Syriac reglā
Quranic exegesisOn Q5:6, the exegetes debate the case-ending of wa-arjulakum/wa-arjulikum in the ablution verse, since its grammatical parsing bears on whether the feet are washed or wiped.plausible
How the classical exegetes read the word in the Quran.
On Q5:6, the exegetes debate the case-ending of wa-arjulakum/wa-arjulikum in the ablution verse, since its grammatical parsing bears on whether the feet are washed or wiped. On Q5:33, treating amputation of hands and feet 'from opposite sides' as a ḥadd for muḥāribūn, they address which hand and which foot are meant. On Q2:228, wa-li-l-rijāli ʿalayhinna darajatun, they discuss the specific legal precedence intended in the context of divorce and waiting period, rather than reading it as blanket superiority. On Q2:282, the requirement of rajulun wa-mraʾatān as witnesses is discussed in terms of the reliability of testimony.
Akbarian readingThe Faṣṣ Ādam excerpt quotes Q4:1, khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā wa-baththa minhumā rijālan kathīran wa-nisāʾan, 'He created you from a single soul...plausible
The word in Ibn ʿArabī's text and terminology.
The Faṣṣ Ādam excerpt quotes Q4:1, khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā wa-baththa minhumā rijālan kathīran wa-nisāʾan, 'He created you from a single soul... and scattered from the two of them many men and women', followed by Ibn ʿArabī's gloss linking the verse's taqwā-clause to making what is outward in oneself a protective covering (wiqāya). Here rijāl names the manifold individuation of the single original nafs into many human instances, consistent with the fass's argument that Adam is the isthmus through which the one Reality appears as human multiplicity. No separate Iṣṭilāḥ definition of rajul appears in the excerpts, so this reading rests on the Qurʾānic citation within the fass rather than a technical Akbarian term.
Draws on: Faṣṣ Ādam · Q4:1
Reference