Mashrabaمشربة

عقلPer Ibn Fāris, a single regular root denoting confinement or holding back in a thing, or … (root ql)

العين والقاف واللام أصل واحد منقاس مطرد يدل عظمه على حبسة في الشيء أو ما يقارب الحبسة

Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-lugha · English rendering

عقل
Patterns computed · our data

The words of ع ق ل that our sources attest: the root's letters in green, the added letters in gold.

42 words8 verbs6 verbal nouns2 participles2 places and instruments2 intensives and elatives10 other nouns7 plurals5 relatives and abstracts

  • عَقَلُ—
  • عَقْلthe blood of such a one became the occasion of a debt incumbent on his …
  • مَعْقُولplausible; logical
  • عَقْلِيَّةmentality; attitude
  • عُقُول—
The whole family8 groups, by pattern; tap a pattern to see what it does
Verbs8عَقَلُ · عَقَّلَ · عَاقَلَ

The root as an action: the bare Form I, and the Forms made by adding letters before, inside or after the root.grammar →

Form I vowels: فَعَلَ يَفْعِلُ (a – i; the imperfect from Lane's “aor.”)

Verbal nouns6عَقْل · عِقَال · عَقَل

The action itself, named as a noun (maṣdar).grammar →

  • عَقْلthe blood of such a one became the occasion of a debt incumbent on his …LaneForm I · Lane: inf. n.library ×81LaneIbn Fāris
  • عِقَالrope with which a camel's fore shank is bound to his arm, both being folded …LaneForm I · Lane: inf. n.library ×4LaneIbn Fāris
  • عَقَلForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
  • عُقُولForm I · Lane: inf. n.LaneIbn Fāris
Participles2مَعْقُول · عَاقِل

The one who does it, and the one it is done to.grammar →

Place, time and instrument2مَعْقُلَة · مَعْقِل

Where or when it happens, and what it is done with: the m- nouns.grammar →

  • مَعْقُلَةnoun of place (with -a)LaneIbn Fāris
  • مَعْقِلplace to which one betakes himself for refuge, protection, preservation, …Lanenoun of place or timeLaneIbn Fāris
Intensives, qualities and the elative2أَعْقَل · عَقُول

The quality carried far, held as a trait, or compared.grammar →

  • أَعْقَلelative or colour adjective (afʿal)LaneIbn Fāris
  • عَقُولmedicine that binds, confines, or astringes, the belly or bowelsLaneintensive (faʿūl)LaneIbn Fāris
Other nouns10عَاقُول · عَقَنْقَل · عَقِيلَة

Nouns on other patterns; their meaning is learned word by word.grammar →

  • عَاقُولnounLaneIbn Fāris
  • عَقَنْقَلnounLaneIbn Fāris
  • عَقِيلَةwoman of generous race, modest, or bashful, that is kept behind the …LanenounLaneIbn Fāris
  • عُقَّالlimping, or slight lamenessLanenounLaneIbn Fāris
Plurals7عُقُول · عُقَلاء · عَقَائِل

Broken plurals rebuild the word on a new pattern; sound plurals add an ending.grammar →

Relative and abstract5عَقْلِيَّة · عَقْلِيّ · عُقَيْلِيَّة

-iyy relates a thing to its source; -iyya makes an abstract noun.grammar →

  • عَقْلِيَّةmentality; attitudeautoabstract noun (-iyya)library ×17
  • عَقْلِيّmental; intellectualautorelative adjective (-iyy)library ×12Lane
  • عُقَيْلِيَّةcertain hardy, excellent, highly esteemed, camels, of NejdLaneabstract noun (-iyya)Lane
  • مَعْقُولِيَّةplausibility; reasonablenessautoabstract noun (-iyya)library ×1
  • مَعْقِلِيّcertain sort of dates, or fresh ripe dates, of El-BasrahLanerelative adjective (-iyy)Lane
Why this shape?What each of the 19 patterns does

What each pattern does. The pattern gives a tendency, not a rule: many words have drifted into meanings of their own.

The pattern machinePour the root into a pattern; see whether the word exists

Choose a pattern; the root's letters pour into it. Then see whether the word exists in our sources. The machine makes shapes; only usage makes words.

مَفْعَلَةع ق لمَعْقَلَة
  • Attested: مَعْقُلَة, noun of place (with -a) (Lane, Ibn Fāris)

Place noun with -a. The place noun with the feminine -a. Sometimes it is only a variant of mafʿal; often it names the place where a thing is found in abundance (maʾsada, 'a place full of lions'). So maktab is the place of writing, and maktaba, where writings are gathered: a library, a bookshop. Our summary

But: maktaba is not in our classical dictionaries for k-t-b: Lane and al-Jawharī give maktab ('a school'), none gives maktaba. Its sense of 'library, bookshop' fits the pattern of abundance, but that is our reading of the pattern, not a classical entry. Many mafʿala words are single items of usage (maqbara 'cemetery'), which the grammarians call heard, not formed by rule.

The grammarians on this pattern (4)
  • ما يكون مفعلة لازمة لها الهاء والفتحة … وذلك إذا أردت أن تكثر الشيء بالمكان، وذلك قولك: أرض مسبعة، ومأسدة

    Chapter on what is mafʿala, with the -a and the a-vowel always: that is when you mean that a thing abounds in a place, as you say 'a land of many beasts of prey (masbaʿa), of many lions (maʾsada)'

    Sībawayh (d. c. 180/796), al-Kitāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Hārūn, 3rd ed. (Cairo: al-Khānjī, 1988), 4:94 · OpenITI line 21027–21028 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

  • و نحو المظنة و المقبرة فتحا و ضما ليس بقياس

    and words like maẓinna and maqbara (with a or u) are not by rule

    Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), al-Shāfiya fī ʿilm al-taṣrīf, ed. Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān (Mecca: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995), 1:30 · OpenITI line 223 ↗ · on this site · OpenITI RELEASE v2025.1.9, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

  • “designate the place where the object signified by the noun from which they are formed, is found in large numbers or quantities” Wright, Grammar I, §247, p. 148 ↗ · on nouns of abundance, maf'ala · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
  • “Nouns of time and place not unfrequently take the feminine form” Wright, Grammar I, §225, p. 128 ↗ · on maf'ala as a variant of maf'al · 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1896) · public domain
About thisWhat “attested” means here; the sources

Attested means found in our data: the Quranic Arabic Corpus (lemmas, verb Forms, participles, verbal nouns, plurals), the library's words (automatic analysis), Lane's Lexicon (his headwords, the Forms he numbers, the verbal nouns and plurals he names) and Ibn Fāris's entry. Nothing is generated for this list. Meanings are Lane's first gloss in his entry, or else the analyser's gloss (“auto”). Vowelling follows the corpus, then Lane, then the analyser; verbs are given in the regular perfect. Lane's Lexicon thins out after qāf, and a few of his entries cover several roots at once: those roots show no Lane. The patterns, written with ف ع ل, are computed by us.

English: AI translation
  • al-Khalīl · 170Al-ʿaql (العقل) is the opposite of ignorance (jahl).

    al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn. The first Arabic dictionary, arranged by permutations of the root letters.

    Al-ʿaql (العقل) is the opposite of ignorance (jahl). One says ʿaqala yaʿqilu ʿaqlan (عقل يعقل عقلاً), so he is ʿāqil (عاقل). Al-maʿqūl (المعقول) is what you comprehend (taʿqiluhu, تعقله) in your heart. It is also said to mean what is understood by [the term] ʿaql — al-maʿqūl and al-ʿaql being one and the same, just as you say ʿadimtu maʿqūlan (عدمت معقولاً), meaning 'what is understood from you, whether of mind or reason.' Daghfal said: "It has brought them forbearance (ḥilm) and admonition, for one who has understanding and reason (maʿqūl, معقول)." A heart that is ʿāqil is ʿaqūl (عقول). Daghfal said: "With a tongue much-asking, and a heart retentive (ʿaqūl, عقول)." ʿAqala baṭn al-marīḍ (عقل بطن المريض) after having been loose means it became constipated/held firm. ʿAqala al-maʿtūh (عقل المعتوه) [said of a simpleton] and of a child means he reached maturity and became sound of mind. ʿAqaltu al-baʿīr ʿaqlan (عقلت البعير عقلاً) means 'I tied its foreleg with the ʿiqāl (العقال),' i.e., the hobble-rope. Al-ʿiqāl (العقال) [also] means a year's zakāt due from camels, plural ʿuql (عقل). ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAddāʾ al-Kalbī said: "He collected one ʿiqāl (عقالاً) and left us not a single kid, so how would it be if ʿAmr collected two ʿiqāls (عقالين)?" Al-ʿaqīliyya (العقلية) is a secluded, curtained woman kept confined in her house, plural ʿaqāʾil (عقائل). ʿUbaydallāh ibn Qays al-Ruqayyāt said: "A pearl among the choicest gems of the sea (ʿaqāʾil al-baḥr, عقائل البحر), newly-formed, which the pearl-divers' tools have not marred." He means by ʿaqāʾil the pearls, singular ʿaqīla (عقيلة). Imruʾ al-Qays said of the ʿaqīliyya, meaning the secluded woman: "A cherished lady (ʿaqīla, عقيلة) among the companions of her kind, neither unsightly, nor, if one looked closely, of coarse build." 'So-and-so [woman] is the ʿaqīliyya (عقيلية) of her people' — this is a noble usage among the Arabs, applied also as a description of a chief/lord. And ʿaqīlat (عقيلة) of anything means the noblest/most precious of it. ʿAqaltu al-qatīl ʿaqlan (عقلت القتيل عقلاً) means I paid his blood-money out of kinship-obligation, not as the killer himself. As the poet said: "I, having slain Sulayk, then paid his blood-money (aʿqiluh, أعقله) — like the bull that is struck when the cows shy away." Al-ʿaql (العقل) in a man [as a physical defect] is a knocking-together of the knees; it is also said to be a twisting in the leg; and it is said to be when the vital spirit runs excessively into the legs such that the hocks knock together — this is considered a blemish. As the poet said: "[He is] a warrior clad for war in its full armor, and he is not one who lingers behind at home, knock-kneed (aʿqal, أعقل)." A camel is aʿqal (أعقل) and a she-camel ʿaqlāʾ (عقلاء) when this defect — a twisting and looseness in the camel's hind leg — is apparent; it is ʿaqila ʿaqlan (عقل عقلاً). Al-ʿiqāl (العقال — also lightened without doubling) is [also] a disease that afflicts animals in the legs; one says 'the animal is muʿqala (معقولة), and it has ʿiqāl,' when it walks as though pulling its legs free from rock; it occurs mostly in winter. Al-ʿaql (العقل) [also] is a garment made by Bedouin women. ʿAlqama ibn ʿAbada said: "[Dyed with] ʿaql and raqm-patterning, birds keep following it [thinking it prey], as though it were stained with the blood of entrails." It is said these are two types of striped cloth. Al-ʿaql (العقل) [also] means a fortress, plural... [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    العقل: نقيض الجهل. عقل يعقل عقلا فهو عاقل. والمعقول: ما تعقله في فؤادك. ويقال: هو ما يفهم من العقل، وهو العقل واحد، كما تقول: عدمت معقولا أي ما يفهم منك من ذهن أو عقل «1» . قال دغفل: فقد أفادت لهم حلما وموعظة ... لمن يكون له إرب ومعقول وقلب عاقل عقول، قال دغفل: بلسان سؤول، وقلب عقول وعقل بطن المريض بعد ما استطلق: استمسك. وعقل المعتوه ونحوه والصبي: إذا ادرك وزكا. وعقلت البعير عقلا شددت يده بالعقال أي الرباط، والعقال: صدقة عام من الإبل ويجمع على عقل، قال عمرو بن العداء الكلبي: سعى عقالا فلم يترك لنا سبدا ... فكيف لو قد سعى عمرو عقالين والعقلية: المرأة المخدرة، المحبوسة في بيتها وجمعها عقائل، وقال عبيد الله بن قيس الرقيات: «2» درة من عقائل البحر بكرء ... لم تخنها مثاقب اللآل يعني بالعقائل الدر، واحدتها عقيلة، وقال امرؤ القيس في العقلية وهو يريد المرأة المخدرة: عقيلة أخدان لها لا دميمة ... ولا ذات خلق ان تأملت جأنب «1» وفلانة عقلية قومها وهو العالي من كلام العرب. ويوصف به السيد. وعقيلة كل شيء: أكرمه. وعقلت القتيل عقلا: أي وديت ديته من القرابة لا من القائل، قال: «2» إني وقتلي سليكا ثم أعقله ... كالثور يضرب لما عافت البقر والعقل في الرجل اصطكاك الركبتين، وقيل: التواء في الرجل، وقيل: هو أن يفرط الروح في الرجلين حتى يصطك العرقوبان وهو مذموم، قال: أخا الحرب لباسا إليها جلالها ... وليس بولاج الخوالف أعقلا وبعير أعقل وناقة عقلاء: بينا العقل وهو التواء في رجل البعير واتساع، وقد عقل عقلا. والعقال- ويخفف أيضا-: داء يأخذ الدواب في الرجلين، يقال: دابة معقولة، وبها عقال: اذا مشت كأنها تقلع رجليها من صخرة «3» وأكثر ما يعتريه في الشتاء. والعقل: ثوب تتخذه نساء الأعراب، قال علقمة بن عبدة: عقلا ورقما تظل الطير تتبعه «4» ... كأنه من دم الأجواف مدموم ويقال: هي ضربان من البرود. والعقل: الحصن وجمعه العقول. وهو المعقل ايضأ وجمعه معاقل، قال النابغة: وقد اعددت للحدثان حصنأ ... لو أن المرء تنفعه العقول.

  • al-Jawharī · 393Al-ʿaql (العقل) means restraint/prevention (ḥijr) and reason (nuhā).

    al-Jawharī (d. c. 393/1003), al-Ṣiḥāḥ. Admits only usage he judged sound.

    Al-ʿaql (العقل) means restraint/prevention (ḥijr) and reason (nuhā). A man is ʿāqil (عاقل) and ʿaqūl (عقول). One says ʿaqala yaʿqilu ʿaqlan (عقل يعقل عقلاً), and also maʿqūlan (معقولاً) as a verbal noun (maṣdar). Sībawayh said it is [actually] an adjective (ṣifa), holding that a maṣdar never comes on the pattern faʿūl [wait: he means mafʿūl] — never. He interpreted al-maʿqūl (المعقول) as meaning 'as though something has been bound (ʿuqila, عقل) for him,' i.e., restrained, strengthened, and firmed up. He said: this usage dispenses with the need for the pattern mafʿal which [otherwise] serves as a verbal noun. Al-ʿaql (العقل) [also] means blood-money (diya). Al-Aṣmaʿī said: it was so named because the camels [given in compensation] used to be hobbled (tuʿqal, تعقل) in the courtyard of the slain man's guardian. Then this usage became common until they said ʿaqaltu al-maqtūl (عقلت المقتول) even when one gave his blood-money in dirhams or dinars. Al-ʿaql (العقل) [also] means a red garment/cloth. ʿAlqama said: "[Dyed with] ʿaql and raqm-patterning, the birds almost snatch at it, as though it were stained with the blood of entrails." It is said these are two types of striped cloth. Al-ʿaql (العقل) [also] means a refuge/stronghold, plural al-ʿuqūl (العقول). Uḥayḥa said: "I have prepared against the vicissitudes of time something formidable — if only strongholds (al-ʿuqūl, العقول) could benefit a man." Al-ʿuqūl (العقول), with fatḥa, is [also] a medicine that binds/constipates the bowel. 'So-and-so has a ʿuqla (عقلة) by which he grapples people' — said when he wrestles [i.e., a wrestling-hold/trick]. One also says 'he has a ʿuqla (عقلة) from sorcery' [i.e., he is bound by a spell], and 'a nushra (undoing-charm) has been made for him.' Al-maʿqal (المعقل) means refuge/stronghold, and a man was named after it. Maʿqil ibn Yasār was a Companion [of the Prophet], from Muzayna of Muḍar; a river in Baṣra and a type of date-palm called al-ruṭab al-maʿqilī (الرطب المعقلي) are named after him. As for Maʿqil ibn Sinān, [another] Companion, he was of Ashjaʿ. In al-Dahnāʾ there is a depression (khabrāʾ) called al-Maʿqala (المعقلة), with ḍamma on the qāf, so named because it holds/retains water just as a binding medicine holds the bowel. Dhū al-Rumma said: "A Ḥazāwiyya or a long-necked antelope of al-Maʿqaliyya, goes about among the folds of the dunes, the secluded ones." Al-maʿqula (المعقلة) [also] means blood-money. One says: 'we have with so-and-so a remainder (ḍamad) of a maʿqula,' meaning a remaining portion of a blood-debt owed by him. And 'so-and-so's blood became a maʿqula,' meaning they [his kin] became obligated to pay it, i.e., it became a debt they discharge from their own wealth. From this it is said: 'the people are upon their former maʿāqil (معاقل),' meaning upon what they used to share in paying [blood-money] mutually (yataʿāqalūn, يتعاقلون) in the Jāhiliyya, just as they [continue to] share mutual liability in Islam. Al-ʿiqāl (العقال) [also] is a limp that afflicts the legs of a riding-animal. And [a poet] said: "O sons of the boundary-markers, do not wrong them — for wronging boundary-markers brings its own [crippling] limp (ʿiqāl, عقال)." Dhū ʿIqāl is also the name of a horse. Al-ʿāqūl (العاقول) of a river, valley, or sand-dune is its crooked/winding part. ʿAwāqīl al-umūr (عواقيل الأمور) means matters that have become confused/tangled. ʿUqayl (عقيل), diminutive form, is [the name of] a tribe. ʿAqīl (عقيل) is a man's name. Al-ʿaqīla (العقيلة) is the noblest woman of a tribe, and the choicest of camels. Al-ʿaqīla of anything is the noblest/most precious part of it. The pearl is the ʿaqīla of... [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    العقل: الحجر والنهى. ورجل عاقل وعقول. وقد عقل يعقل عقلا ومعقولا أيضا، وهو مصدر، وقال سيبويه: هو صفة. وكان يقول: إن المصدر لا يأتي على وزن مفعول البتة، ويتأول المعقول فيقول: كأنه عقل له شئ أي حبس وأيد وشدد. قال: ويستغنى بهذا عن المفعل الذى يكون مصدرا. والعقل: الدية. قال الاصمعي: وإنما سميت بذلك لان الابل كانت تعقل بفناء ولى المقتول، ثم كثر استعمالهم هذا الحرف، حتى قالوا: عقلت المقتول، إذا أعطيت ديته دراهم أو دنانير. والعقل: ثوب أحمر. قال علقمة: عقلا ورقما تكاد الطير تخطفه كأنه من دم الأجواف مدموم ويقال: هما ضربان من البرود. والعقل: الملجأ، والجمع العقول. قال أحيحة: وقد أعددت للحدثان صعبا (1) لوان المرء تنفعه العقول والعقول بالفتح: الدواء الذى يمسك البطن. ولفلان عقلة يعتقل الناس، إذا صارع. ويقال أيضا: به عقلة من السحر، وقد عملت له نشرة. والمعقل: الملجأ، وبه سمى الرجل. ومعقل بن يسار من الصحابة، وهو من مزينة مضر ينسب إليه نهر بالبصرة، والرطب المعقلى. وأما معقل بن سنان من الصحابة فهو من أشجع. وبالدهناء خبراء يقال لها معقلة، بضم القاف، سميت بذلك لانها تمسك الماء كما يعقل الدواء البطن. قال ذو الرمة: حزاوية أو عوهج معقلية ترود بأعطاف الرمال الحرائر والمعقلة: الدية. يقال: لنا عند فلان ضمد من معقلة، أي بقية من دية كانت عليه. وصار دم فلان معقلة، إذا صاروا يدونه، أي صار غرما يؤدونه من أموالهم. ومنه قيل: القوم على معاقلهم الأولى، أي على ما كانوا يتعاقلون في الجاهلية كذا يتعاقلون في الإسلام. والعقال: ظلع يأخذ في قوائم الدابة. وقال (1) : يا بنى التخوم لا تظلموها إن ظلم التخوم ذو عقال وذو عقال أيضا: اسم فرس. والعاقول من النهر والوادي والرمل: المعوج منه. وعواقيل الأمور: ما التبس منها. وعقيل مصغر: قبيلة. وعقيل: اسم رجل. والعقيلة: كريمة الحي، وكريمة الإبل. وعقيلة كل شئ: أكرمه. والدرة عقيلة البحر. والعقال: صدقة عام. وقال (1) : سعى عقالا فلم يترك لنا سبدا فكيف لو قد سعى عمرو عقالين (2) وعلى بني فلان عقالان، أي صدقة سنتين. ويكره أن تشترى الصدقة حتى يعقلها الساعي (3) . وعقلت القتيل: أعطيت ديته. وعقلت له دم فلان، إذا تركت القود للدية. قالت كبشة أخت عمرو بن معد يكرب: وأرسل عبد الله إذ حان يومه إلى قومه لا تعقلوا لهم دمي وعقلت عن فلان، أي غرمت عنه جنايته، وذلك إذا لزمته دية فأديتها عنه. فهذا هو الفرق بين عقلته وعقلت عنه وعقلت له. وفي الحديث (1) : " لا تعقل العاقلة عمدا ولا عبدا " قال أبو حنيفة رحمه الله: وهو أن يجنى العبد على حر. وقال ابن أبى ليلى: هو أن يجنى الحر على عبد. وصوبه الاصمعي وقال: لو كان المعنى على ما قال أبو حنيفة لكان الكلام لا تعقل العاقلة عن عبد، ولم يكن ولا تعقل عبدا. وقال: كلمت أبا يوسف القاضى في ذلك بحضرة الرشيد فلم يفرق بين عقلته وعقلت عنه، حتى فهمته. الأصمعي: عقلت البعير أعقله عقلا، وهو أن تثني وظيفه مع ذراعه فتشدهما جميعا في وسط الذراع، وذلك الحبل هو العقال، والجمع عقل. وعقل الوعل، أي امتنع في الجبل العالي، يعقل عقولا. وبه سمي الوعل عاقلا. وعاقل: اسم جبل بعينه، وهو في شعر زهير (2) . وعاقلة الرجل: عصبته، وهم القرابة من قبل الأب الذين يعطون دية من قتله خطأ. وقال أهل العراق: هم أصحاب الدواوين. والمرأة تعاقل (1) الرجل إلى ثلث ديتها، أي توازيه، فإذا بلغ ثلث الدية صارت دية المرأة على النصف من دية الرجل. وعقل الدواء بطنه، أي أمسكه. وعقل الظل، أي قام قائم الظهيرة. وعاقلته فعقلته أعقله بالضم، أي غلبته بالعقل. وبعير أعقل وناقة عقلاء بينة العقل، وهو التواء في ر …

  • Ibn Fāris · 395ʿAyn (ع), qāf (ق), and lām (ل) form one qiyāsī (regularly derived) and consistent root indicating, in its main sense, a holding-back (ḥabsa) in a thing, or something close to a holding-back — this is al-ʿaql (العقل), whi

    Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004), Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Seeks each root's original sense (aṣl).

    ʿAyn (ع), qāf (ق), and lām (ل) form one qiyāsī (regularly derived) and consistent root indicating, in its main sense, a holding-back (ḥabsa) in a thing, or something close to a holding-back — this is al-ʿaql (العقل), which is that which holds one back from blameworthy speech and action. Al-Khalīl said: al-ʿaql (العقل) is the opposite of ignorance (jahl); one says ʿaqala ya'qilu ʿaqlan (عقل يعقل عقلاً) when he comes to know what he had previously been ignorant of, or refrains from what he used to do. Its plural is ʿuqūl (عقول). A man is ʿāqil (عاقل) [intelligent], and a people are ʿuqalāʾ (عقلاء) or ʿāqilūn (عاقلون). A man is ʿaqūl (عقول) if he has good understanding and abundant intellect. One says of him mā lahu maʿqūl (ماله معقول) meaning 'he has no intellect' — formed on the pattern of majlūd for 'lashed' (مجلود) and maysūr for 'made easy' (ميسور). As the poet said: "It has indeed brought them mild forbearance and admonition, for one who has understanding and reason (maʿqūl, معقول)." And it is said as a proverb: 'many a foolish man is ʿaqūl (عقول)' [i.e., retentive of what he hears]. And they say 'he learned a matter yet possessed no reason (maʿqūlan, معقولاً)' [lit. 'he learned something slain yet lacked something reasoned']. And they say of someone 'so-and-so is ʿaqūl (عقول) for speech,' meaning no speech he hears escapes him [without being retained]. From this same root is al-maʿqil (المعقل) and al-ʿaql (العقل), meaning a fortress/stronghold, plural ʿuqūl (عقول). Uḥayḥa said: "I have prepared against the vicissitudes of time something formidable — if only strongholds (al-ʿuqūl, العقول) could benefit a man." [here meaning fortresses] — the page continues in Kitāb Maqāyīs al-Lugha, vol. 4, from p. 70 to p. 90. Also from this root is al-ʿaql (العقل), meaning blood-money (diya). One says ʿaqaltu al-qatīla aʿqiluhu ʿaqlan (عقلت القتيل أعقله عقلاً) when one pays his blood-money. As the poet said: "I, having slain Sulayk, then paid his blood-money (aʿqiluh, أعقله) — like the bull that is struck when the cows shy away." al-Aṣmaʿī said: ʿaqaltu al-qatīl (عقلت القتيل) means 'I gave his blood-money,' and ʿaqaltu ʿan fulān (عقلت عن فلان) means 'I paid for the crime committed by so-and-so.' He said: I discussed this with Abū Yūsuf the judge in the presence of al-Rashīd, and he did not distinguish between ʿaqaltuhu (عقلته) and ʿaqaltu ʿanhu (عقلت عنه) until I explained it to him. Al-ʿāqila (العاقلة) are the people among whom the blood-money is apportioned from their own wealth when there is an accidental killing — they are the paternal cousins nearest to the killer and his brothers. Al-Aṣmaʿī said: 'The blood of so-and-so became a maʿqula (معقلة) upon his people,' meaning they became liable for it. Some scholars say that a woman shares liability (tuʿāqilu, تعاقل) with a man up to a third of the [full] blood-money, meaning that her wound-compensation (mūḍiḥa) and his are equal until, when the compensation reaches more than a third of the full diya, the woman's blood-money becomes half the man's. And 'the sons of so-and-so are upon their maʿāqil (معاقل)' — that is, upon the [same] ranks in blood-money they held in the Jāhiliyya (pre-Islamic era), each rank being called a maʿqula (معقلة). They also said: the diya was named ʿaql (عقل) because the camels taken as blood-money used to be gathered and hobbled (tuʿqal, تعقل) at the courtyard of the slain man's family — hence the diya was called ʿaql even when it consisted of dirhams and dinars. It is also said it was called ʿaql because it 'holds back' the [shedding of] blood. Al-Khalīl said: when the zakāt-collector takes a full year's camel-tax, it is said 'he took ʿiqāl (عقال)' and for two years 'ʿiqālayn (عقالين)' — and he did not take cash payment, i.e., he did not take a price, but rather took the tax-animal itself, whatever it was. He cited: "He collected one ʿiqāl (عقالاً) and left us not a single kid, so how would it be if ʿAmr collected two ʿiqāls (عقالين)?" Lexicographers say that zakāt as a whole is called ʿiqāl (عقال); one says 'so-and-so was appointed over the ʿiqāl (عقال) of the tribe of so-and-so,' meaning over their zakāt-collections. They said it was called ʿiqāl because it 'restrains' (taʿqilu, تعقل) the claim against its payer and also restrains sin from him. They interpret in this light the saying of Abū Bakr when the Arabs refused to pay zakāt: 'By God, if they withheld from me even an ʿiqāl (عقالاً) of what they used to render to the Messenger of God (ﷺ), I would fight them over it' — they said he meant a year's zakāt. Others said he meant by ʿiqāl something trifling and insignificant, likening it metaphorically to the hobble-rope (ʿiqāl) used to tie a camel's leg. It is also said that the zakāt-collector, when given the zakāt-camels, was also given along with them their hobble-rope and lead-rope. Al-Aṣmaʿī said... [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    العين والقاف واللام أصل واحد منقاس مطرد يدل عظمه على حبسة في الشيء أو ما يقارب الحبسة من ذلك العقل وهو الحابس عن ذميم القول والفعل قال الخليل العقل نقيض الجهل يقال عقل يعقل عقلا إذا عرف ما كان يجهله قبل أو انزجر عما كان يفعله وجمعه عقول ورجل عاقل وقوم عقلاء وعاقلون ورجل عقول إذا كان حسن الفهم وافر العقل وماله معقول أي عقل خرج مخرج المجلود للجلادة والميسور لليسر قال : — فقد أفادت لهم عقلا وموعظة … لمن يكون له إرب ومعقول … ويقال في المثل رب أبله عقول ويقولون علم قتيلا وعدم معقولا ويقولون فلان عقول للحديث لا يفلت الحديث سمعه ومن الباب المعقل والعقل وهو الحصن وجمعه عقول قال أحيحة : — وقد أعددت للحدثان صعبا … لو أن المرء تنفعه العقول … يريد الحصون للصفحة تابع كتاب مقاييس اللغة ج4 من ص70 إلى ص90 ومن الباب العقل وهي الدية يقال عقلت القتيل أعقله عقلا إذا أديت ديته قال : — إني وقتلى سليكا ثم أعقله … كالثور يضرب لما عافت البقر … الأصمعي عقلت القتيل أعطيت ديتهوعقلت عن فلان إذا غرمت جنايته قال وكلمت أبا يوسف القاضي في ذلك بحضرة الرشيد فلم يفرق بين عقلته وعقلت عنه حتى فهمته والعاقلة القوم تقسم عليهم الدية في أموالهم إذا كان قتيل خطأ وهم بنو عم القاتل الأدنون وإخوته قال الأصمعي صار دم فلان معقلة على قومه أي صاروا يدونه ويقول بعض العلماء إن المرأة تعاقل الرجل إلى ثلث ديتها يعنون أن موضحتها وموضحته سواء فإذا بلغ العقل ما يزيد ثلث الدية صارت دية المرأة على نصف دية الرجل وبنو فلان على معاقلهم التي كانوا عليها في الجاهلية يعني مراتبهم في الديات الواحدة معقلة قالوا أيضا وسميت الدية عقلا لأن الإبل التي كانت تؤخذ في الديات كانت تجمع فتعقل بفناء المقتول فسميت الدية عقلا وإن كانت دراهم وداناير وقيل سميت عقلا لأنها تمسك الدم قال الخليل إذا أخذ المصدق صدقة الإبل تامة لسنة قيل أخذ عقالا وعقالين لسنتين ولم يأخذ نقدا أي لم يأخذ ثمنا ولكنه أخذ الصدقة على ما فيها وأنشد : — سعى عقالا فلم يترك لنا سبدا … فكيف لو قد سعى عمرو عقالين … وأهل اللغة يقولون إن الصدقة كلها عقال يقال استعمل فلان على عقال بني فلان أي على صدقاتهم قالوا وسميت عقالا لأنها تعقل عن صاحبها الطلب بها وتعقل عنه المأثم أيضا وتأولوا قول أبي بكر لما منعت العرب الزكاة والله لو منعوني عقالا مما أدوه إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم لقاتلتهم عليه فقالوا أراد به صدقة عام وقالوا أيضا إنما أراد بالعقال الشيء التافه الحقير فضرب العقال الذي يعقل به البعير لذلك مثلا وقيل إن المصدق كان إذا أعطى صدقة إبله أعطى معها عقلها وأرويتها قال الأصمعي عقل الظبي يعقل عقولا إذا امتنع في الجبل ويقال عقل الطعام بطنه إذا أمسكه والعقول من الدواء ما يمسك البطن قال ويقال اعتقل رمحه إذا وضعه بين ركابه وساقه واعتقل شاته إذا وضع رجلها بين فخذه وساقه فحلبها ولفلان عقلة يعتقل بها الناس إذا صارعهم عقل أرجلهم ويقال عقلت البعير أعقله عقلا إذا شددت يده بعقاله وهو الرباط وفي أمثالهم الفحل يحمي شوله معقولا واعتقل لسان فلان إذا احتبس عن الكلام فأما قولهم فلانة عقيلة قومها فهي كريمتهم وخيارهم ويوصف بذلك السيد أيضا فيقال هو عقيلة قومه وعقيلة كل شيء أكرمه والدرة عقيلة البحر قال ابن قيس الرقيات : — درة من عقائل البحر بكر … لم يشنها مثاقب اللأال … وذكر قياس هذا عن ابن الأعرابي قالوا عنه إنما سميت عقيلة لأنها عقلت صواحبها عن أن يبلغنها وقال الخليل بل معناه عقلت في خدرها قال امرؤ القيس : — عقيلة أخدان لها لا دميمة … ولا ذات خلق أن تأملت جأنب … قال أبو عبيدة العقيلة الذكر والأنثى سواء قال : — بكر يبذ البزل والبكارا … عقيلة من نجب مهارى … ومن هذا الباب العقل في الرجلين اصطكاك الركبتين يقال بعير أعقل وقد عقل عقلا وأنشد : — أخو الحرب لباس إليها جلالها … وليس بولاج الخوالف أعقلا … والعقال داء يأخذ الدواب في الرجلين وقد يخفف ودابة معقولة بها عقال إذا مشت كأنها تقلع رجليها من صخرة وأكثر ما يكون في ذلك في الشاء قال أبو عبيدة امرأة عقلاء إذا كانت حمشة الساقين ضخمة العضلتين قال الخليل العاقول من النهر والوادي ومن الأمور أيضا ما التبس واعوج وذكر عن ابن الأعرابي ولم نسمعه سماعا أن العقال البئر القريبة القعر سميت عقالا لقرب مائها كأنها تستقى بالعقال وقد ذكر ذلك عن أبي عبيدة أيضا ومما يقرب من هذا الباب العقنقل من الرمل وهو ما أرتكم منه وجمعه عقاقيل وإنما سمي بذلك لارتكامه وتجمعه ومنه عقنقل الضب مصيره ويقولون أطعم أخاك من عقنقل الضب يتمثل به ويقولون إنه طيب فأما الأصمعي فإنه قال أنه يرمى به ويقال أطعم أخاك من عقنقل الضب استهزاء قالوا وإنما سمي عقنقلا لتحويه وتلويه وكل ما تحوى والتوى فهو عقنقل ومنه قيل لقضبان الكرم عقاقيل لأنها ملتوية قال : — نجذ رقاب القوم من كل جانب … كجذ عقاقيل الكروم خبيرها … فأما الأسماء التي جاءت من هذا البناء ولعلها أن تكون منقاسة فعاقل جبل بعينه قال : — لمن الديار برامتين فعاقل … درست وغير آيها القطر … قال أبو عبيدة بنو عاقل رهط الحارث بن حجر سموا بذلك لأنهم نزلوا عاقلا وهم ملوك ومعقلة مكان بالبادية وأنشد : — وعين كأن البابليين لبسا … بقلبك منها يوم معقلة سحرا … وقال أوس : — فبطن السلى فالسخال تعذرت … فمعقلة إلى مطار فواحف … قال الأصمعي بالدهناء خبراء يقال لها معقلة وذو العقال فرس معروف وأنشد : — فكأنما مسحوا بوجه حمارهم … بالرقمتين جبين ذي العقال —

  • al-Rāghib · 502...and al-muʿāqara (المعاقرة) means habitual drinking of it [wine].

    al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī (d. c. 502/1108), al-Mufradāt. Quranic vocabulary, from core sense to Quranic usage.

    ...and al-muʿāqara (المعاقرة) means habitual drinking of it [wine]. Their saying ʿaqr (عقر) for a portion of sheep/goats is by likening it to a fortress/enclosure (qaṣr). Their expression 'so-and-so raised his ʿaqīra (عقيرته),' meaning his voice, comes from the report that a man once had his leg hamstrung (ʿaqara rijlahu, عقر رجله) and thereupon raised his voice [in a cry], and so the phrase became a metaphor for [raising] the voice [in general]. Al-ʿaqāqīr (العقاقير) are the mixed ingredients of medicines, singular ʿaqqār (عقار). ʿAql (عقل): Al-ʿaql (العقل) is used to denote the faculty that is disposed to receive knowledge, and it is also used to denote the knowledge that a person acquires by means of that faculty — this too is called ʿaql. It is for this reason that the Commander of the Faithful (may God be pleased with him) said: [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    ، والمعاقرة: إدمان شربه، وقولهم للقطعة من الغنم: عقر فتشبيه بالقصر، فقولهم: رفع فلان عقيرته، أي: صوته فذلك لما روي أن رجلا عقر رجله فرفع صوته «5» ، فصار ذلك مستعارا للصوت، والعقاقير: أخلاط الأدوية، الواحد: عقار. عقل العقل يقال للقوة المتهيئة لقبول العلم، ويقال للعلم الذي يستفيده الإنسان بتلك القوة عقل، ولهذا قال أمير المؤمنين رضي الله عنه:

  • Lisān · 711Al-ʿaql (العقل) means restraint (ḥijr) and reason (nuhā), the opposite of foolishness (ḥumq), plural ʿuqūl (عقول).

    Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711/1311), Lisān al-ʿArab. The great compendium of the earlier dictionaries (entry shortened).

    Al-ʿaql (العقل) means restraint (ḥijr) and reason (nuhā), the opposite of foolishness (ḥumq), plural ʿuqūl (عقول). In the ḥadīth of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ: 'those are minds (ʿuqūl, عقول) whose Creator wished them ill' [i.e., intended harm toward them]. [The verb is] ʿaqala yaʿqilu ʿaqlan (عقل يعقل عقلاً) and [also] maʿqūlan (معقولاً), which is a verbal noun (maṣdar). Sībawayh said it is [actually] an adjective (ṣifa), holding that a verbal noun never comes on the pattern mafʿūl — never. He interpreted al-maʿqūl by saying: as though something were bound (ʿuqila, عقل) for him, i.e., his reason was restrained upon him, strengthened and firmed up. He said: this usage dispenses with the need for the pattern mafʿal, which [otherwise] serves as a verbal noun. Ibn Barrī cited: "It has indeed brought them forbearance (ḥilm) and admonition, for one who has understanding and reason (maʿqūl, معقول)." One who possesses it is ʿāqil (عاقل) and ʿaqūl (عقول), plural of a people ʿuqalāʾ (عقلاء). Ibn al-Anbārī: a man who is ʿāqil is one who has gathered together his affair and his judgment, derived from ʿaqaltu al-baʿīr (عقلت البعير), 'I hobbled the camel's legs together.' It is also said that al-ʿāqil is one who restrains himself and pulls it back from its whims, taken from the expression 'his tongue has been iʿtuqila (اعتقل)' [tied/bound], meaning it was restrained and speech prevented. Al-maʿqūl (المعقول) is what you comprehend (taʿqiluhu, تعقله) with your heart. Al-maʿqūl [also] means al-ʿaql itself; one says mā lahu maʿqūl (ماله معقول) meaning 'he has no intellect' — it is one of the verbal nouns that come on the pattern mafʿūl, like al-maysūr and al-maʿsūr. ʿĀqalahu fa-ʿaqalahu yaʿqiluhu (عاقله فعقله يعقله), with ḍamma, means 'he outdid him in intelligence.' Al-ʿaql (العقل) [also] means steadfastness/deliberateness in affairs. Al-ʿaql [also] means the heart (qalb), and the heart is [in turn glossed as] al-ʿaql; and the intellect is called ʿaql because it 'restrains' (yaʿqilu, يعقل) its possessor from falling into ruinous acts, i.e., it holds him back. It is also said that al-ʿaql is the faculty of discernment by which man is distinguished from all other animals. One says: 'so-and-so has a retentive heart (qalb ʿaqūl, قلب عقول) and an inquiring tongue (lisān saʾūl, لسان سؤول), and a heart that is ʿaqūl' meaning of good understanding. ʿAqala al-shayʾ yaʿqiluhu ʿaqlan (عقل الشيء يعقله عقلاً) means 'he understood it.' One says aʿqaltu fulānan (أعقلت فلاناً), meaning 'I found him to be ʿāqil (reasonable/intelligent).' And ʿaqaltuhu (عقلته) means 'I made him ʿāqil.' Taʿaqqala (تعقل) means he affected intelligence, as one says tahallama and takayyasa [affected forbearance/cleverness]. Taʿāqala (تعاقل) means he pretended to be intelligent and understanding while not really being so. In the ḥadīth about al-Zibriqān: 'The most beloved of our children to us is the simpleton who is [yet] retentive (al-ablah al-ʿaqūl, الأبله العقول).' Ibn al-Athīr said: this is one who is thought to be foolish, but when examined closely is found to be intelligent; al-ʿaqūl is the intensive fa'ūl-form from this [root]. ʿAqala al-dawāʾu baṭnahu yaʿqiluhu wa-yaʿqiluhu ʿaqlan (عقل الدواء بطنه يعقله ويعقله عقلاً) means 'it constipated/bound his bowel,' or, it is said, bound it after it had been loose; the name for such a medicine is al-ʿaqūl (العقول). Ibn al-Aʿrābī: one says ʿaqala baṭnahu wa-ʿtaqala (عقل بطنه واعتقل); and one says aʿṭinī ʿaqūlan (أعطني عقولاً), 'give me something to bind my bowel,' and he is given something that constipates it. Ibn Shumayl: if a person's bowel becomes loose and then becomes firm again, it is said ʿaqala baṭnuhu (عقل بطنه); and ʿaqala al-dawāʾu baṭnahu (عقل الدواء بطنه) is used the same way. Iʿtaqala lisānuhu (اعتقل لسانه): it became bound/tied. Al-Aṣmaʿī: 'so-and-so fell ill and his tongue became bound (iʿtuqila, اعتقل),' meaning he was unable to speak. Dhū al-Rumma said: "[He is] one whose tongue is bound, though not through any derangement, swaying as though he were an astonished man." Iʿtaqala (اعتقل) [also] means he was detained/restrained. ʿAqalahu ʿan ḥājatihi yaʿqiluhu wa-ʿaqqalahu wa-taʿaqqalahu wa-ʿtaqalahu (عقله عن حاجته يعقله وعقله وتعقله واعتقله) all mean he restrained him [from his need/business]. ʿAqala al-baʿīr yaʿqiluhu ʿaqlan wa-ʿaqqalahu wa-ʿtaqalahu (عقل البعير يعقله عقلاً وعقله واعتقله) means he bent its shank together with... [entry continues]

    AI translation of the Arabic below

    العقل: الحجر والنهى ضد الحمق، والجمع عقول. وفي حديث عمرو بن العاص: تلك عقول كادها بارئها أي أرادها بسوء، عقل يعقل عقلا ومعقولا، وهو مصدر؛ قال سيبويه: هو صفة، وكان يقول إن المصدر لا يأتي على وزن مفعول البتة، ويتأول المعقول فيقول: كأنه عقل له شيء أي حبس عليه عقله وأيد وشدد، قال: ويستغنى بهذا عن المفعل الذي يكون مصدرا؛ وأنشد ابن بري: فقد أفادت لهم حلما وموعظة ... لمن يكون له إرب ومعقول وعقل، فهو عاقل وعقول من قوم عقلاء. ابن الأنباري: رجل عاقل وهو الجامع لأمره ورأيه، مأخوذ من عقلت البعير إذا جمعت قوائمه، وقيل: العاقل الذي يحبس نفسه ويردها عن هواها، أخذ من قولهم قد اعتقل لسانه إذا حبس ومنع الكلام. والمعقول: ما تعقله بقلبك. والمعقول: العقل، يقال: ما له معقول أي عقل، وهو أحد المصادر التي جاءت على مفعول كالميسور والمعسور. وعاقله فعقله يعقله، بالضم: كان أعقل منه. والعقل: التثبت في الأمور. والعقل: القلب، والقلب العقل، وسمي العقل عقلا لأنه يعقل صاحبه عن التورط في المهالك أي يحبسه، وقيل: العقل هو التمييز الذي به يتميز الإنسان من سائر الحيوان، ويقال: لفلان قلب عقول، ولسان سؤول، وقلب عقول فهم؛ وعقل الشيء يعقله عقلا: فهمه. ويقال أعقلت فلانا أي ألفيته عاقلا. وعقلته أي صيرته عاقلا. وتعقل: تكلف العقل كما يقال تحلم وتكيس. وتعاقل: أظهر أنه عاقل فهم وليس بذاك. وفي حديث الزبرقان: أحب صبياننا إلينا الأبله العقول ؛ قال ابن الأثير: هو الذي يظن به الحمق فإذا فتش وجد عاقلا، والعقول فعول منه للمبالغة. وعقل الدواء بطنه يعقله ويعقله عقلا: أمسكه، وقيل: أمسكه بعد استطلاقه، واسم الدواء العقول. ابن الأعرابي: يقال عقل بطنه واعتقل، ويقال: أعطني عقولا، فيعطيه ما يمسك بطنه. ابن شميل: إذا استطلق بطن الإنسان ثم استمسك فقد عقل بطنه، وقد عقل الدواء بطنه سواء. واعتقل لسانه «2»: امتسك. الأصمعي: مرض فلان فاعتقل لسانه إذا لم يقدر على الكلام؛ قال ذو الرمة: ومعتقل اللسان بغير خبل، ... يميد كأنه رجل أميم واعتقل: حبس. وعقله عن حاجته يعقله وعقله وتعقله واعتقله: حبسه. وعقل البعير يعقله عقلا وعقله واعتقله: ثنى وظيفه مع ذراعه وشدهما جميعا في وسط الذراع، وكذلك الناقة، وذلك الحبل هو العقال، والجمع عقل. وعقلت الإبل من العقل، شدد للكثرة؛ وقال بقيلة «3» الأكبر وكنيته أبو المنهال: يعقلهن جعد شيظمي، ... وبئس معقل الذود الظؤار وفي الحديث: القرآن كالإبل المعقلة أي المشدودة بالعقال، والتشديد فيه للتكثير؛ وفي حديث عمر: كتب إليه أبيات في صحيفة، منها: فما قلص وجدن معقلات ... قفا سلع، بمختلف التجار «4». يعني نساء معقلات لأزواجهن كما تعقل النوق عند الضراب؛ ومن الأبيات أيضا: يعقلهن جعدة من سليم أراد أنه يتعرض لهن فكنى بالعقل عن الجماع أي أن أزواجهن يعقلونهن وهو يعقلهن أيضا، كأن البدء للأزواج والإعادة له، وقد يعقل العرقوبان. والعقال: الرباط الذي يعقل به، وجمعه عقل. قال أبو سعيد: ويقال عقل فلان فلانا وعكله إذا أقامه على إحدى رجليه، وهو معقول منذ اليوم، وكل عقل رفع. والعقل في العروض: إسقاط الياء «5» من مفاعيلن بعد إسكانها في مفاعلتن فيصير مفاعلن؛ وبيته: منازل لفرتنى قفار، ... كأنما رسومها سطور والعقل: الدية. وعقل القتيل يعقله عقلا: وداه، وعقل عنه: أدى جنايته، وذلك إذا لزمته دية فأعطاها عنه، وهذا هو الفرق «1» بين عقلته وعقلت عنه وعقلت له؛ فأما قوله: فإن كان عقل، فاعقلا عن أخيكما ... بنات المخاض، والفصال المقاحما فإنما عداه لأن في قوله اعقلوا» معنى أدوا وأعطوا حتى كأنه قال فأديا وأعطيا عن أخيكما. ويقال: اعتقل فلان من دم صاحبه ومن طائلته إذ أخذ العقل. وعقلت له دم فلان إذا تركت القود للدية؛ قالت كبشة أخت عمرو بن معديكرب: وأرسل عبد الله، إذ حان يومه، ... إلى قومه: لا تعقلوا لهم دمي والمرأة تعاقل الرجل إلى ثلث الدية أي توازيه، معناه أن موضحتها وموضحته سواء، فإذا بلغ العقل إلى ثلث الدية صارت دية المرأة على النصف من دية الرجل. وفي حديث ابن المسيب: المرأة تعاقل الرجل إلى ثلث ديتها، فإن جاوزت الثلث ردت إلى نصف دية الرجل ، ومعناه أن دية المرأة في الأصل على النصف من دية الرجل كما أنها ترث نصف ما يرث ما يرث الذكر، فجعلها سعيد بن المسيب تساوي الرجل فيما يكون دون ثلث الدية، تأخذ كما يأخذ الرجل إذا جني عليها، فلها في إصبع من أصابعها عشر من الإبل كإصبع الرجل، وفي إصبعين من أصابعها عشرون من الإبل، وفي ثلاث من أصابعها ثلاثون كالرجل، فإن أصيب أربع من أصابعها ردت إلى عشرين لأنه جاوزت الثلث فردت إلى النصف مما للرجل؛ وأما الشافعي وأهل الكوفة فإنهم جعلوا في إصبع المرأة خمسا من الإبل، وفي إصبعين لها عشرا، ولم يعتبروا الثلث كما فعله ابن المسيب. وفي حديث جرير: فاعتصم ناس منهم بالسجود فأسرع فيهم القتل فبلغ ذلك النبي، صلى الله …

  • Lane · 1876English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.

    E. W. Lane (d. 1876), An Arabic-English Lexicon. English, synthesising the classical dictionaries.

    عَقVلَ

    1: [The inf. n.] عَقْلٌ signifies The act of withholding, or restraining; syn. مَنْعٌ. (TA.) [This is app. the primary signification, or it may be from what next follows.] عَقَلَ البَعِيرَ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) aor. عَقِلَ , (S, O, Msb,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb,) He bound the camel with the [rope called] عِقَال; (Mgh;) meaning he bound the camel's fore shank to his arm; (K;) i. e. he folded together the camel's fore shank and his arm and bound them both in the middle of the arm with the rope called عِقَال; (S, O, Msb;) and اعتقلهُ signifies the same; as also عقّلهُ; (K;) or you say, عَقَّلْتُ الإِبِلَ, from العِقَالُ, (S, O,) inf. n. تَعْقِيلٌ, (O,) [i. e. I bound the camels in the manner expl. above,] this verb being with tesh-deed because of its application to a number of objects: (S, O:) and sometimes the hocks were bound with the عِقَال. (TA.) The she-camel, also, was bound with the عِقَال on the occasion of her being covered: and hence العَقْلُ is metonymically used as meaning الجِمَاعُ [i. e. (assumed tropical:) The act of compressing a woman]. (TA.) عَقَلْتُ القَتِيلَ, (S, Mgh, Msb, K, *) or المَقْتُولَ, (S, O,) aor. as above, (TA,) and so the inf. n., (Msb, TA,) means I gave, or paid, the bloodwit to the heir, or next of kin, of the slain person: (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K: *) for the camels [that constituted the bloodwit] used to be bound with the عِقَال in the yard of the abode of the heir, or next of kin, of the slain person; and in consequence of frequency of usage, the phrase became employed to mean thus when the bloodwit was given in dirhems or deenárs. (As, S, O, Msb. * [See a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. عيف.]) And [hence] one says also, عَقَلْتُ عَنْهُ, (inf. n. as above, TA,) meaning I paid for him, (the slayer, Mgh,) i. e., in his stead, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K, *) the bloodwit that was obligatory upon him, (S, Mgh, O, K, *) or what was obligatory upon him of the bloodwit. (Msb.) And عَقَلْتُ لَهُ دَمَ فُلَانٍ I relinquished in his favour retaliation of the blood of such a one for the bloodwit. (S, O, Msb, K. *) لَا تَعْقِلُ العَاقِلَةُ عَمْدًا وَلَا عَبْدًا, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) in a trad. (S, O, Msb) of Esh-Shaabee, (O,) or a saying of Esh-Shaabee, (Mgh, * K,) not a trad., (K,) but the like occurs in a trad. related on the authority of I'Ab, (TA,) [meaning, accord. to an expl. of the verb when trans. without a particle, mentioned above, Those who are responsible for the payment of a bloodwit in certain cases shall not pay it for an intentional act of slaying or the like, nor for the slaying or the like of a slave,] applies, accord. to Aboo-Haneefeh, to the case of a slave's committing a crime against a free person: (S, O, Msb, K: [and thus as expl. in the Mgh:]) but, (S, O, Msb, K,) accord. to Ibn-Abee-Leylà, (S, O, Msb,) it applies to the case of a free person's committing a crime against a slave; for if the meaning were as Aboo-Haneefeh says, the phrase would be لَا تَعْقِلُ العَاقِلَةُ عَنْ عَبْدٍ; (S, O, Msb, K;) and As pronounced this to be correct: (S, O, Msb: *) Akmal-ed-Deen, however, in the Exposition of the Hidáyeh, says that عَقَلْتُهُ is used in the sense of عَقَلْتُ عَنْهُ, and that the context of the trad. indicates this meaning, which MF also defends. (TA.) [See also the saying لَا أَعْقِلُ الكَلْبَ الهَرَّارَ in art. هر.] عَقَلَهُ, inf. n. as above, also means He set him up [app. a man] on one of his legs; [app. from عَقَلَ البَعِيرَ;] as also عَكَلَهُ: and every عَقْل is a raising. (TA.) Also, [agreeably with the explanation of the inf. n. in the first sentence of this art.,] and عقّلهُ, and تعقّلهُ, (TA, [see also the first paragraph of art. عجس,]) and اعتقلهُ, (Msb, TA,) He withheld him, or restrained him, (Msb, TA,) عَنْ حَاجَتِهِ from the object of his want. (TA.) And [hence,] عَقَلَ الدَّوَآءُ بَطْنَهُ, (S, O, Msb, K,) aor. عَقِلَ (S, K) and عَقُلَ , (K,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (TA,) The medicine bound, or confined, his belly [or bowels]; syn. أَمْسَكَهُ: (S, O, Msb, K:) accord. to some, particularly after looseness: and بَطْنَهُ اعتقل signifies the same. (TA.) And يَعْقِلُ الطَّبْعَ is said of a medicine [as meaning, in like manner, It binds the bowels; is astringent]. (TA in art. حمض; &c.) And عقل البَطْنُ [app. عُقِلَ] The belly [or bowels] became bound, or confined; syn. اِسْتَمْسَكَ. (TA.) عَقَلَ عَلَى القَوْمِ, [aor. عَقِلَ ,] inf. n. عِقَالٌ, means He collected, or exacted, the poor-rates of the people, or party; [app. from عَقَلَ البَعِيرَ; as though he bound with the rope called عِقَال the camels that he collected;] on the authority of IKtt. (TA.) 'Omar, when he had deferred [collecting] the poor-rate in the year [of drought called] عَامُ الرَّمَادَةِ, sent Ibn-AbeeDhubáb, and said, اِعْقِلْ عَلَيْهِمْ عِقَالَيْنِ فَٱقْسِمْ فِيهِمْ عِقَالًا وَٱءْتِنِى بِٱلآخَرِ [Collect thou from them two years' poor-rate; then divide among them one year's poor-rate, and bring to me the other]. (O.) One says of the collector of the poor-rate, يَعْقِلُ الصَّدَقَةَ [He collects, or exacts, the poor-rate]. (S, O.) عَقَلَ فُلَانًا and اعتقلهُ signify He threw down such a one [in wrestling] by twisting his leg upon the latter's leg: (K, * TA:) [or] you say, الشَّغْزَبِيَّةَ صَارَعَهُ فَٱعْتَقَلَهُ He wrestled with him and twisted his leg upon the leg of the latter: (S, O:) and one says of a wrestler, لِفُلَانٍ عُقْلَةٌ بِهَا النَّاسَ يَعْتَقِلُ, (S, O,) or يَعْقِلُ بِهَا النَّاسَ, i. e. [Such a one has] a [mode of] twisting his leg with another's [whereby he wrestles with men]. (TA.) عَقَلَتْ شَعَرَهَا, (inf. n. عَقْلٌ, TA,) said of a woman, She combed her hair: (S, O:) or combed it in a certain manner; as also عَقَّلَتْهُ. (TA.) عَقَلَ, aor. عَقِلَ , inf. n. عَقْلٌ and مَعْقُولٌ, (S, O, K,) or the latter, accord. to Sb, is an epithet, [or a pass. part. n.,] for he used to say that no inf. n. has the measure مَفْعُولٌ, (S, O,) He was, or became, عَاقِل [i. e. intelligent, &c.; and so تعقّل; as though he were withheld, or restrained, from doing that which is not suitable, or befitting: see عَقْلٌ below]: and عقّل, (K, TA,) inf. n. تَعْقِيلٌ, (TA,) signifies the same, (K,) or [he possessed much intelligence, for] it is with teshdeed to denote muchness: (TA:) and عَقِلَ, aor. عَقَلَ , is a dial. var. of عَقَلَ, aor. عَقِلَ , signifying he became عَاقِل. (IKtt, TA.) And عَقَلَ الشَّىْءَ, (Msb, K, TA,) aor. عَقِلَ , inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (Msb, TA,) He understood, or knew, the thing; syn. فَهِمَهُ: (K, TA:) or i. q. تَدَبَّرَهُ [app. as meaning he looked into, considered, examined, or studied, the thing repeatedly, until he knew it]; and عَقِلَ, aor. عَقَلَ , is a dial. var. thereof. (Msb.) See also 5. مَا أَعْقِلُهُ عَنْكَ شَيْئًا, (S, and so in the K accord. to my copy of the TA, but in the CK and in my MS. copy of the K اَعْقَلَهُ,) meaning دَعْ عَنْكَ الشَّكَّ [Dismiss from thee doubt], is [said to be] mentioned by Sb; as though the speaker said, مَا أَعْلِمُ شَيْئًا مِمَّا تَقُولُ فَدَعْ عَنْكَ الشَّكَّ [I know not aught of what thou sayest, so dismiss from thee doubt]; and [to be] like the phrases خُذْ عَنْكَ and سِرْ عَنْكَ: Bekr El-Mázinee says, “ I asked AZ and As and Aboo-Málik and Akh respecting this phrase, and they all said, 'We know not what it is: ' ” (so in the S:) [but] it is a mistake, for مَا أَغْفَلَهُ; (K, TA;) and thus it is mentioned by Sb and others, with غ and ف. (TA.) نَخْلَةٌ لَا تَعْقِلُ الإِبَارَ (tropical:) A palm-tree that will not receive fecundation is a tropical phrase [perhaps from عَقَلَ meaning “ he understood ” a thing]. (A, TA.) عَاقَلْتُهُ فَعَقْلْتُهُ: see 3. عَقَلَ, aor. عَقِلَ , inf. n. عُقُولٌ (S, O, K) and عَقْلٌ, (K,) He (a mountain-goat, S, O) became, or made himself, inaccessible in a high mountain: (S: in the O unexplained:) or he [a gazelle) ascended [a mountain]. (K.) Accord. to Az, العُقُولُ signifies The protecting oneself in a mountain. (TA.) And one says, عَقَلَ إِلَيْهِ, aor. عَقِلَ , inf. n. عَقْلٌ and عُقُولٌ, He betook himself to him, or it, for refuge, protection, covert, or lodging. (K.) عَقَلَ الظِّلُّ, (S, O, K,) aor. عَقِلَ , (K,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ (K) [and probably عُقُولٌ also], The shade declined, and contracted, or shrank, at midday; (S, O;) the sun became high, and the shade almost disappeared. (S, O, K.) عَقَلَ, (O, K,) aor. عَقِلَ , (K,) inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (TA,) said of a camel, He pastured upon the plant called عَاقُول. (O, K.) عَقِلَ, aor. عَقَلَ , (K,) inf. n. عَقَلٌ, (S, O, K,) He (a camel) had a twisting in the hind leg, (S, O, K,) and much width [between the hind legs]: (S, O:) or had an excessive wideness, or spreading, of the hind legs, so that the hocks knocked together: (ISk, S, O:) or had a knocking together of the knees. (K.) [See also رَوَحَ.]

    عَقَّلَ

    2: see 1, in four places. عقّلهُ, inf. n. تَعْقِيلٌ, also signifies He, or it, rendered him عَاقِل [i. e. intelligent, &c.]. (O, K.) And عقّل said of a grape-vine, (O, K,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) It put forth its عُقَّيْلَى, or grapes in their first, sour, state. (O, K.)

    المَرْأَةُ تُعَاقِلُ الرَّجُلَ إِلَى ثُلُثِ دِيَتِهَا

    3. المَرْأَةُ تُعَاقِلُ الرَّجُلَ إِلَى ثُلُثِ دِيَتِهَا (S, Mgh, O, K) means The woman is on a par with the man to the third part of her bloodwit; (S, Mgh, O;) she receives like as the man receives [up to that point]: (Mgh:) i. e., [for instance,] his مُوضِحَة [or wound of the head for which the mulct is five camels] and her مُوضِحَة are equal; (K;) but when the portion reaches to the third of the bloodwit, her [portion of the] bloodwit is the half of that of the man: (S, O, K:) thus, for one of her fingers, ten camels are due to her, as in the case of the finger of the man; for two of her fingers, twenty camels; and for three of her fingers, thirty; but for four of her fingers, only twenty, because they exceed the third, therefore the portion is reduced to the half of what is due to the man: so accord. to Ibn-El-Museiyab: but Esh-Sháfi'ee and the people of El-Koofeh assign for the finger of the woman five camels, and for two of her fingers ten; and regard not the third part. (TA.) عَاقَلْتُهُ فَعَقَلْتُهُ, (S, O, K, *) inf. n. of the former مُعَاقَلَةٌ, (TA,) and aor. of the latter عَقُلَ , (S, O, K,) and inf. n. عَقْلٌ, (TA,) means I vied, or contended, with him for superiority in عَقْل [or intelligence], (O, TA,) and I surpassed him therein. (S, O, K, * TA.)

    اعقل

    4. اعقل He (a man) owed what is termed عِقَال, (O, K, TA,) i. e. a year's poor-rate. (TA.) اعقل القَوْمُ The people, or party, became in the condition of finding the shade to have declined, and contracted, or shrunk, with them, at midday. (S, O.) اعقلهُ He found him to be عَاقِل [i. e. intelligent, &c.]: (K:) it is similar to أَحْمَدَهُ and أَبْخَلَهُ. (TA.) See also 1, last quarter.

    تعقّلهُ

    5. تعقّلهُ: see 1, near the middle: and see 8, in four places. تَعَقَّلْ لِى بِكَفَّيْكَ حَتَّى أَرْكَبَ بَعِيرِى, (O, K, *) a saying heard by Az from an Arab of the desert, (O,) means Put thy two hands together for me, and intersert thy fingers together, in order that I may put my foot upon them, i. e. upon thy hands, and mount my camel; for the camel was standing; (O, K; *) and was laden; and if he had made him to lie down, would not rise with him and his load. (O.) [It is used in philosophical works as meaning He conceived it in his mind, abstractedly, and otherwise; and so, sometimes, عَقَلَهُ, aor. عَقِلَ , inf. n. عَقْلٌ. Hence one says, هٰذَا شَىْءٌ لَا يُتَعَقَّلُ This is a thing that is not conceivable.] تعقّل as intrans.: see 1, latter half. [Hence, He recovered his intellect, or understanding. And] He affected, or endeavoured to acquire, عَقْل [i. e. intelligence, &c.]: like as one says تَحَلَّمَ and تَكَيَّسَ. (S, O.) [See also 6.] Said of an animal of the chase, as meaning It stuck fast, and became caught, in a net or the like, it is a coined word, not heard [from the Arabs of chaste speech]. (Mgh.)

    تعاقلوا دَمُ فُلَانٍ

    6. تعاقلوا دَمُ فُلَانٍ They paid among themselves, or conjointly, the mulct for the blood of such a one. (K.) It is said in a trad., إِنَّا لَا نَتَعَاقَلُ المَصْعَ Verily we will not pay among ourselves, or conjointly, the mulcts for slight wounds of the head, [lit. the stroke with a sword,] but will oblige him who commits the offence to pay the mulct for it: i. e. the people of the towns or villages shall not pay the mulcts for the people of the desert; nor the people of the desert, for the people of the towns or villages; in the like of the case of the [wound termed] مُوضِحَة. (TA.) And in another it is said, يَتَعَاقَلُونَ بَيْنَهُمْ مَعَاقِلَهُمُ الأُولَى [They shall take and give among themselves, or conjointly, their former bloodwits]: i. e. they shall be as they were in respect of the taking and giving of bloodwits. (TA.) And one says, القَوْمُ عَلَى مَا كَانُوا يَتَعَاقَلُونَ عَلَيْهِ [The people, or party, are acting in conformity with that usage in accordance with which they used to pay and receive among themselves bloodwits]. (S, O.) تعاقل also signifies He affected, or made a show of possessing, عَقْل [i. e. intelligence, &c.], without having it. (S, O.) [See also 5.]

    إِعْتَقَلَ

    8: see 1, former half, in three places. اُعْتُقِلَ said of a man, He was withheld, restrained, or confined. (S, O.) And اُعْتُقِلَ لِسَانُهُ, (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K,) and اِعْتَقَلَ, also, (Msb,) His tongue was withheld, or restrained, (Mgh, Msb, TA,) from speaking; (Mgh, Msb;) he was unable to speak. (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K.) [Hence,] اعتقل الشَّاةَ He put the hind legs of the ewe, or she-goat, between his shank and his thigh, (S, O, K,) to milk her, (S, O,) or and so milked her. (K.) And اعتقل رُمْحَهُ He put his spear between his shank and his stirrup [or stirrup-leather]: (S, O, K:) or he (a man riding) put his spear beneath his thigh, and dragged the end of it upon the ground behind him. (IAth, TA.) And اعتقل الرَّحْلَ, and تعقّلهُ; (O;) or اعتقل الرِّجْلَ, (O, K,) accord. to one relation of a verse of Dhu-rRummeh, (O,) and تعقّلها; (K;) He [a man riding upon a camel] folded his leg, and put it upon the مَوْرِك: (O, K, * TA:) in the K, الوَرِك is erroneously put for المَوْرِك: (TA:) the مَوْرِك is before the وَاسِطَة [or upright piece of wood in the fore part] of the camel's saddle: (AO, in TA art. ورك:) and one says also, اعتقل قَادِمَةَ رَحْلِهِ and تعقّلها; both meaning the same [as above]: (TA:) and السَّرْجَ تعقّل and اعتقلهُ He folded his leg upon the fore part of the سرج [or saddle of the horse or the like]. (Mgh.) See also 1, latter half, in three places. الاِعْتِقَالُ also signifies The inserting a سَيْر [or narrow strip of skin or leather], when sewing a skin, beneath a سَيْر, in order that it may become strong, and that the water may not issue from it. (AA, O.) And one says, اعتقل مِنْ دَمِ فُلَانٍ, (O, K,) and مِنْ طَائِلَتِهِ, (O,) meaning He took, or received, the عَقْل, (O, K, TA,) i. e. the mulct for the blood of such a one. (TA.)

    إِسْتَعْقَلَ

    10: [استعقلهُ He counted, accounted, or esteemed, him عَاقِل, i. e. intelligent, &c.: for] you say of a man, يُسْتَعْقَلُ [from العَقْلُ], like as you say يُسْتَحْمَقُ [from الحُمْقُ], and يُسْتَرْأَى from الرِّئَآءُ. (AA, S in art. رأى.)

    عَقْلٌ

    عَقْلٌ an inf. n. used as a subst. [properly so termed], (Msb,) A bloodwit, or mulct for bloodshed; syn. دِيَةٌ; (As, S, Mgh, O, Msb, K;) so called for a reason mentioned in the first paragraph in the explanation of the phrase عَقَلْتُ القَتِيلَ; (As, S, Mgh, * O, Msb;) as also مَعْقُلَةٌ, (S, Mgh, O, K,) of which مِعْقَلَةٌ, with fet-h to the ق, is a dial. var., mentioned in the R; (TA;) and of which the pl. is مَعَاقِلُ: (S, O, K:) one says, لَنَاعِنْدَ فُلَانٍ ضَمَدٌ مِنْ مَعْقُلَةٍ i. e. We have a remainder of a bloodwit owed to us by such a one. (S, O.) And الأُولَى هُمْ عَلَى مَعَاقِلِهِمِ They are [acting] in conformity with [the usages relating to] the bloodwits that were in the Time of Ignorance; (K, TA;) or meaning عَلَى مَا كَانُوا يَتَعَاقَلُونَ عَلَيْهِ [expl. above (see 6)]: (S, O:) or they are [acting] in conformity with the conditions of their fathers; (K, TA;) but the former is the primary meaning: (TA:) and [hence] عَلَى قَوْمِهِ صَارَ دَمُ فُلَانٍ مَعْقُلَةً The blood of such a one became [the occasion of] a debt incumbent on his people, or party, (S, O, K, *) to be paid by them from their possessions. (S, O.) And as being originally the inf. n. of عَقَلَ in the phrase عَقَلَ الشَّىْءَ meaning [فَهِمَهُ or] تَدَبَّرَهُ; (Msb;) or as originally meaning المَنْعُ, because it withholds, or restrains, its possessor from doing that which is not suitable; or from المَعْقِلُ as meaning “ the place to which one has recourse for protection &c., ” because its possessor has recourse to it; (TA;) العَقْلُ signifies also Intelligence, understanding, intellect, mind, reason, or knowledge; syn. الحَجْرُ, (S, O,) and النُّهَى, (S,) or النُّهْيَةُ, (O,) or الحِجَا, and اللُّبُّ, (Msb,) or العِلْمُ, (K,) or the contr. of الحُمْقُ; (M, TA;) or the knowledge of the qualities of things, of their goodness and their badness, and their perfectness and their defectiveness; or the knowledge of the better of two good things, and of the worse of two bad things, or of affairs absolutely; or a faculty whereby is the discrimination between the bad and the good; (K, TA;) but these and other explanations of العَقْل in the K are all in treatises of intellectual things, and not mentioned by the leading lexicologists; (TA; [in which are added several more explanations of a similar kind that have no proper place in this work;]) some say that it is an innate property by which man is prepared to understand speech; (Msb;) the truth is, that it is a spiritual light, (K, TA,) shed into the heart and the brain, (TA,) whereby the soul acquires the instinctive and speculative kinds of knowledge, and the commencement of its existence is on the occasion of the young's becoming in the fætal state, [or rather of its quickening,] after which it continues to increase until it becomes complete on the attainment of puberty, (K, TA,) or until the attainment of forty years: (TA:) the pl. is عُقُولٌ: (K:) Sb mentions عَقْلٌ as an instance of an inf. n. having a pl., namely, عُقُولٌ; like شُغْلٌ and مَرَضٌ: (TA in art. مرض:) IAar says, (O,) العَقْلُ is [syn. with] القَلْبُ, and القَلْبُ is [syn. with] العَقْلُ: (O, K:) and المَعْقُولُ is [said to be] a subst., or name, for العَقْلُ, like المَجْلُودُ and المَيْسُورُ for الجَلَادَةُ and اليُسْرُ: (Har p. 12:) it is said in a prov., مَا لَهُ جُولٌ وَلَا مَعْقُولٌ, (Meyd, and Har ubi suprà,) meaning He has not strong purpose of mind, [to withhold, or protect, him,] like the جول [or casing] of the well of the collapsing whereof one is free from fear because of its firmness, nor intellect, or intelligence, (عَقْل,) to withhold him from doing that which is not suitable to the likes of him. (Meyd. [But see مَعْقُولٌ below.]) [Hence, أَسْنَانُ العَقْلِ (see 1 in art. حنك) and أَضْرَاسُ العَقْلِ (see ضِرْسٌ), both meaning The wisdom-teeth.] [It is said that] عَقْلٌ also signifies A fortress; syn. حِصْنٌ. (K.) [But this seems to be doubtful.] See مَعْقِلٌ. And A sort of red cloth (S, O, K) with which the [women's camel-vehicle called] هَوْدَج is covered: (K:) or a sort of what are called بُرُود [pl. of بُرْدٌ, q. v.] or a sort of figured cloth, (K,) or, as in the M, of red figured cloth: (TA:) or such as is figured with long forms. (Har p. 416.)

    عُقْلَةٌ

    عُقْلَةٌ A bond like the عِقَال [q. v.]: or a shackle. (Har p. 199.) [Hence it seems to signify An impediment of any kind.] One says, بِهِ عُقْلَةٌ مِنَ السِّحْرِ وَقَدْ عُمِلَتْ لَهُ نُشْرَةٌ [app. meaning In him is an impediment arising from enchantment, and a charm, or an amulet, has been made for him]. (S, O.) And A [mode of] twisting one's leg with another's in wrestling. (TA.) See 1, latter half. And A twisting of the tongue when one desires to speak. (Mbr, TA in art. حبس.) And, in the conventional language of the geomancers, (O, K,) it consists of A unit and a pair and a unit, (O,) the sign = The original text has two parallel horizontal bars with a small circle above and below. : (K, TA:) also called ثِقَافٌ. (O, TA.)

    عَقْلِىٌّ

    [عَقْلِىٌّ Intellectual, as meaning of, or relating to, the intellect.]

    عِقَالٌ

    عِقَالٌ A rope with which a camel's fore shank is bound to his arm, both being folded together and bound in the middle of the arm: pl. عُقُلٌ. (S, O, Msb.) [See also شِكَالٌ.] And The poor-rate (S, Mgh, O, Msb, K) of a year, (S, Mgh, O, K,) consisting of camels and of sheep or goats. (K.) [See a verse cited in the first paragraph of art. سعو and سعى.] One says, عَلَى بَنِى فُلَانٍ عِقَالَانِ On the sons of such a one lies a poor-rate of two years. (S, O.) And hence the saying of Aboo-Bekr, لَوْ مَنَعُونِى عِقَالًا (Mgh, O, Msb) If they refused me a year's poor-rate: (Mgh, O:) and it is said that the phrase أَخَذَ عِقَالًا was used when the collector of the poor-rate took the camels themselves, not their price: (TA:) or Aboo-Bekr meant a rope of the kind above mentioned; (Mgh, O, Msb;) for when one gave the poor-rate of his camels, he gave with them their عُقُل: (O, Msb:) or (Mgh, TA) he meant thereby a paltry thing, (Mgh, Msb, TA,) of the value of the [rope called] عقال: (TA:) or he said عَنَاقًا [“ a she-kid ”]; (Mgh, TA;) so accord. to Bkh, (Mgh,) and most others: (TA:) or جُدَيًّا [“ a little kid ”]. (Mgh, TA.) Also A young [she-camel such as is called] قَلُوص. (K.) عِقَالُ المِئِينَ means The man of high rank who, when he has been made a prisoner, is ransomed with hundreds of camels. (K.)

    Lane, Arabic-English Lexiconread Lane's entry online ↗
Technical definitions8 · Ibn ʿArabī’s Iṣṭilāḥ, al-Jurjānī’s Taʿrīfāt
  • ذو العقل

    هو الذي يرى الخلق ظاهرا ويرى الحق باطنا، فيكون الحق عنده مرآة الخلق، لاحتجاب المرآة بالصور الظاهرة.

    Dhū al-ʿaql (ذو العقل — 'the possessor of intellect') is he who sees creation (khalq) as the outward apparent thing and sees the Real (ḥaqq) as the inward hidden thing, so that for him the Real becomes the mirror of creation, since the mirror is veiled by the outward forms [reflected in it].

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 2193 ↗

  • ذو العقل والعين

    هو الذي يرى الحق في الخلق، وهذا قرب النوافل، ويرى الخلق في الحق، وهذا قرب الفرائض، ولا يحتجب بأحدهما عن الآخر، بل يرى الوجود الواحد بعينه حقا من وجه، وخلقا من وجه، فلا يحتجب بالكثرة عن شهود الواحد الرائي، ولا تزاحم في شهود الكثرة الخلقية، وكذا لا تزاحم في شهود أحدية الذات المتجلية في المجالي كثرة، وإلى المراتب الثلاثة أشار الشيخ محي الدين بن العربي -قدس الله سره- بقوله: وفي الخلق عين الحق إن كنت ذا عين ... وفي الحق عين الخلق إن كنت ذا عقل وإن كنت ذا عين وعقل فما ترى ... سوى عين شيء واحد فيه بالشكل

    Dhū al-ʿaql wa-l-ʿayn (ذو العقل والعين — 'the possessor of intellect and direct vision') is he who sees the Real within creation — and this is the nearness of supererogatory works (qurb al-nawāfil) — and sees creation within the Real — and this is the nearness of obligatory works (qurb al-farāʾiḍ) — without being veiled by either of the two from the other; rather he sees the one selfsame existence as being the Real from one perspective and creation from another perspective, so he is not veiled by multiplicity from the witnessing of the witnessing One, nor is there any conflict in the witnessing of the multiplicity of creation; and likewise there is no conflict in the witnessing of the oneness of the Essence as it manifests itself in the multiple loci of manifestation. It is to these three ranks that Shaykh Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn al-ʿArabī (may God sanctify his innermost secret) alluded when he said: "And in creation is the very essence of the Real, if you have an eye [of direct vision]; and in the Real is the very essence of creation, if you have intellect (ʿaql). But if you have both eye and intellect, then you see nothing but the essence of one single thing, in it by way of form."

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 2197 ↗

  • العاقلة

    أهل ديوان لمن هو منهم وقبيله، يحميه ممن ليس منهم.

    Al-ʿāqila (العاقلة) is the members of a register [i.e., of those liable for blood-money] belonging to whoever is one of them and one of his clan, who protect him against those who are not of them.

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 2901 ↗

  • العقل

    هو حذف الحرف الخامس المتحرك من "مفاعلتن"، وهي اللام، ليبقى: "مفاعلتن"، فينقل إلى "مفاعلن"، ويسمى: معقولا.

    Al-ʿaql (العقل — in prosody) is the dropping of the fifth moving letter from [the metrical foot] 'mafāʿilatun' (مفاعلتن), which is the lām, leaving 'mafāʿilatun' [reduced] and transposed into 'mafāʿilun' (مفاعلن); [the resulting foot] is called maʿqūl (معقول).

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 3007 ↗

  • العقل

    جوهر مجرد عن المادة في ذاته، مقارن لها في فعله، وهي النفس الناطقة التي يشير إليها كل أحد بقوله: أنا، وقيل: العقل: جوهر روحاني خلقه الله تعالى متعلقا ببدن الإنسان، وقيل: العقل: نور في القلب يعرف الحق والباطل، وقيل: العقل: جوهر مجرد عن المادة يتعلق بالبدن تعلق التدبير

    Al-ʿaql (العقل — 'the intellect') is a substance immaterial in its essence, [yet] conjoined with matter in its action; it is the rational soul (al-nafs al-nāṭiqa) to which every person refers by saying 'I' (anā). It is also said: al-ʿaql is a spiritual substance which God, Exalted, created attached to the human body. It is also said: al-ʿaql is a light in the heart by which truth and falsehood are known. It is also said: al-ʿaql is a substance immaterial [in itself] which attaches to the body in the manner of governance/management [rather than inherence].

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 3011 ↗

  • العقل

    ما يعقل به حقائق الأشياء، قيل: محله الرأس، وقيل: محله القلب.

    Al-ʿaql (العقل) is that by which the realities of things are comprehended; it is said its locus is the head, and it is [also] said its locus is the heart.

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 3021 ↗

  • العقل الهيولاني

    هو الاستعداد المحض لإدراك المعقولات، وهي قوة محضة خالية عن الفعل كما للأطفال، وإنما نسب إلى الهيولي؛ لأن النفس في هذه المرتبة تشبه الهيولي الأولى الخالية في حد ذاتها من الصور كلها.

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 3022 ↗

  • العقل

    مأخوذ من عقال البعير، يمنع ذوي العقول من العدول عن سواء السبيل، والصحيح أنه جوهر مجرد يدرك الفانيات بالوسائط والمحسوسات بالمشاهدة.

    al-Jurjānī, al-Taʿrīfāt, line 3025 ↗

The same three letters in all six orders. Choose one.

ع ق ل

العين والقاف واللام أصل واحد منقاس مطرد يدل عظمه على حبسة في الشيء أو ما يقارب الحبسة

ʿ-q-l is one root, measurable by analogy and consistent, the greater part of which indicates a restraint in something, or what is close to restraint.

Ibn Fāris ↗Lisān ↗Lane ↗al-Khalīl: used ↗Quran ×49

Do these six share one core meaning?

About thisal-Khalīl, Ibn Jinnī, Ibn Fāris; the counts across the dictionary

al-Khalīl (d. c. 170/786), Kitāb al-ʿAyn, as transmitted by al-Layth: a two-letter word “turns in two ways”, a three-letter word “in six ways” (masdūsa), four letters in 24, five in 120; “its used forms are written down and its unused ones dropped” (line 975 ↗). The dictionary is built on this: each chapter takes a set of letters and names which orders are used (mustaʿmal) and which unused (muhmal). The ring shows that verdict, from the chapter heading as edited (documented in the text; how much of the book is al-Khalīl's own is disputed).

A reported total. al-Suyūṭī transmits, from Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, that al-Khalīl put the possible forms, used and unused, of two to five letters at 12,305,412 (al-Muzhir, line 1347 ↗). It is reported, not found in the ʿAyn. It equals exactly the arrangements of 2 to 5 different letters out of 28 (756 + 19,656 + 491,400 + 11,793,600); the breakdown printed beside it is corrupt, and al-Zubaydī's count, given next, differs (6,659,400).

Ibn Jinnī (d. 392/1002), al-Khaṣāʾiṣ, names the greater derivation (al-ishtiqāq al-akbar): bind a three-letter root and its six orders to one meaning, and bring stray members back “by the subtlety of the craft and interpretation” (line 7536 ↗). He says himself that it does not hold for every root (line 167 ↗; line 7603 ↗).

Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) gives each root its own aṣl and treats a rearranged word as maqlūb, “turned round”, and so not a root of its own: “j-b-dh is not a root, because it is a single word, turned round” (Maqāyīs, line 6147 ↗). The ring sets his aṣl for each order side by side; whether they meet is the question.

Neighbours on the ring differ by one swap of two letters.

The critique. A source quoted by al-Suyūṭī calls the greater derivation Ibn Jinnī's innovation, “not relied on in the language” (al-Muzhir, line 6159 ↗).

The other axis. The root's letters also go into patterns that keep their order and change the frame: the patterns (awzān) and the verb Forms I–X.

Across Ibn Fāris's dictionary. Of the 2,300 possible sets of three different sound letters (no hamza, w or y), 1,021 have at least one order as an entry. How many of their six orders are entries:

Ibn Fāris, entries found (1,021 letter-sets)
  1. 1 of 6319
  2. 2 of 6218
  3. 3 of 6164
  4. 4 of 6155
  5. 5 of 6107
  6. 6 of 658
al-Khalīl, orders his headings call used (746 letter-sets)
  1. 1 of 6148
  2. 2 of 6108
  3. 3 of 6157
  4. 4 of 6179
  5. 5 of 6111
  6. 6 of 643

Of the orders al-Khalīl calls used, 2,097 are entries in Ibn Fāris and 267 are not; 17 that he calls unused are entries in Ibn Fāris.

Our computation from the OpenITI texts; heading detection can miss entries

Attested here means found in our digital texts (Ibn Fāris, Lisān al-ʿArab, Lane, the Quranic Arabic Corpus), with w and y kept apart and hamza spellings merged; it is our data, not a classical verdict. English beside the Arabic is AI translation. Sources and grades: docs/research/root-permutations.md.

How each letter is made, in brief, from Sībawayh's and Ibn Jinnī's own sentences (linked); their words are under Reference.

How it is madeSībawayh and Ibn Jinnī · phonetics

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

ع

ومن أوسط الحلق مخرج العين والحاء

From the middle of the throat is the place of the ʿayn and the ḥāʾ. Sībawayh, lines 26548–26549 ↗

ومن وسط الحلق مخرج العين والحاء

From the middle of the throat is the place of the ʿayn and the ḥāʾ. Ibn Jinnī, line 970 ↗

ق

ومن أقصى اللسان وما فوقه من الحنك الأعلى مخرج القاف

From the furthest part of the tongue and the upper palate above it is the place of the qāf. Sībawayh, line 26550 ↗

ومما فوق ذلك من أقصى اللسان، مخرج القاف

From above that, at the furthest part of the tongue, is the place of the qāf. Ibn Jinnī, line 972 ↗

ل

ومن حافة اللسان من أدناها إلى منتهى طرف اللسان، من بينها وبين ما يليها من الحنك الأعلى، مما فويق الضاحك والناب والرباعية والثنية، مخرج اللام

From the edge of the tongue, from its nearest part to the end of its tip, between it and the upper palate next to it, just above the premolar, the canine, the lateral and the central incisor, is the place of the lām. Ibn Jinnī, lines 977–978 ↗

Sībawayh, al-Kitāb (ed. Hārūn) and Ibn Jinnī, Sirr ṣināʿat al-iʿrāb; OpenITI digital texts (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Full credits on each letter's page.

In the Breath of the All-MercifulIbn ʿArabī · metaphysics

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

ع

Level of existence: الطبيعة · Nature

Divine Name: الباطن · The Inward (al-Bāṭin)

Lunar mansion: الثريا · al-Thurayyā (the Pleiades)

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 63825

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 9 line 2572 ↗

ق

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 10 line 2573 ↗

المرتبة العشرية فحروفها حارة يابسة

The tenfold rank: its letters are hot and dry.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2582

ل

Level of existence: السماء الثالثة · the third heaven

Divine Name: القاهر · the Subduer (al-Qāhir)

Lunar mansion: العوا · al-ʿAwwā

Futūḥāt ch. 198, line 64654

Spheres of its simples (ch. 2): 7 line 2576 ↗

منها دون الألف فطبعها الحرارة واليبوسة

[Zāy and lām] of it, excluding alif: their nature is heat and dryness.

Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, line 2577
Meaning by vowelal-Dabbāgh · a visionary claim about a primordial “Syriac”, not historical Syriac

English throughout: AI translation of the Arabic

ع

فهي اسم لقدوم أو رحيل.

It is a name for arrival or departure.

فهي اسم للساكن في الذات التي تقوم به.

It is a name for that which dwells in the self and by which the self subsists.

فهي اسم لخبث الذات.

It is a name for the foulness of the self.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī

ق

فهي إشارة إلى حيازة الخيرات أو إلى جميع الأنوار.

It is an indication of the acquisition of goods, or of all lights.

فهي إشارة إلى النشأة الأصلية أو العلم القديم وما أشبه ذلك.

It is an indication of the original creation, or eternal knowledge, and the like.

فهي إشارة إلى الذل.

It is an indication of abasement.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī

ل

فهي حصول المتكلم على شيء عظيم، وتكون إشارة إلى شيء عظيم.

It is the speaker's attaining of something great, and it serves as an indication of something great.

فهي إشارة إلى الشيء الذي لا نهاية له.

It is an indication of the thing that has no end.

فهي إشارة من المتكلم إلى وجود ذاته أو إلى ذاته.

It is an indication by the speaker of the existence of his self, or of his self.

al-Dabbāgh (d. 1132/1719), al-Ibrīz, ch. 2 §15, compiled by al-Lamaṭī
Two-letter nucleus6 roots in Ibn Fāris’s chapterع ق

Ibn Fāris groups his roots under two-letter chapters (“the X and the Y and what makes them three”). These are the roots of this root's chapter with the core sense he gives each. Setting them side by side is our juxtaposition; he does not himself draw a shared meaning. His chapter heading, line 19642 ↗

  • عقلالعين والقاف واللام أصل واحد منقاس مطرد يدل عظمه على حبسة في الشيء أو ما يقارب الحبسةQ 49 · L19643
  • عقوالعين والقاف والحرف المعتل كلمات لا تنقاس وليس يجمعها أصل وهي صحيحة وإحداها العقوة ما حول الدارL19743
  • عقبالعين والقاف والباء أصلان صحيحان أحدهما يدل على تأخير شيء وإتيانه بعد غيره والأصل الآخر يدل على ارتفاع وشدة وصعوبةQ 80 · L19750
  • عقدالعين والقاف والدال أصل واحد يدل على شد وشدة وثوق وإليه ترجع فروع الباب كلهاQ 7 · L19858
  • عقصالعين والقاف والصاد أصل صحيح يدل على التواء في شيءL19988
  • عقفالعين والقاف والفاء أصل صحيح يدل على عطف شيء وحنيهL20011
In the sister scriptsHebrew ע ק לSyriac ܥ ܩ ܠ
Arabicع ق ل
Hebrewע ק ל
Syriacܥ ܩ ܠ
Ancient South Arabian (musnad)𐩲 𐩤 𐩡
Phoenician𐤏 𐤒 𐤋

Letter for letter, by the regular sound correspondences of the Semitic languages (Arabic keeps several sounds the others merged). This shows how the root would be spelled; whether a related word exists is a separate question, answered in the Semitic lens. Where an Arabic sibilant (s, sh) continues two older sounds, both spellings are shown.

  • Classical lexiconAl-Khalīl defines ʿaql as the opposite of ignorance and maʿqūl as what one grasps in the heart.well attested

    The lexicographers in chronological order, from al-Khalīl to Lane.

    Al-Khalīl defines ʿaql as the opposite of ignorance and maʿqūl as what one grasps in the heart. He also lists concrete uses: a sick person's bowels 'ʿaqala' when they become firm, a child or simpleton 'ʿaqala' on reaching discernment, the camel is hobbled with the ʿiqāl, and ʿiqāl is a year's alms in camels. Al-Jawharī glosses ʿaql as ḥijr and nuhā, both terms of restraint. He reports Sībawayh's view that maʿqūl is an adjective ('something held and made firm for him'), and he gives ʿaql as blood-wit, which al-Aṣmaʿī explains from the camels tethered in the courtyard of the slain man's kin. Ibn Fāris gathers all of this under ḥubsa: ʿaql restrains from blameworthy speech and action, and maʿqil is a stronghold. Al-Rāghib turns to the faculty, calling ʿaql both the power disposed to receive knowledge and the knowledge acquired by it; Ibn Manẓūr cites Ibn al-Anbārī that the ʿāqil 'gathers his affairs and judgement', as one gathers a camel's legs in hobbling, and Lane takes manʿ, withholding, as the primary sense.

    Draws on: al-Khalīl · al-Jawharī · Ibn Fāris · al-Rāghib · Ibn Manẓūr · Lane

  • Letters & soundThe data give no letter–heaven correspondences from Ibn ʿArabī for these three letters.speculative

    What the theorists of sound symbolism would say of these letters. Speculative by nature.

    The data give no letter–heaven correspondences from Ibn ʿArabī for these three letters. Al-Dabbāgh reads ʿayn as arrival or departure, qāf as the acquisition of goods or of all lights, and lām as the speaker's attaining something great. On that reading, ʿaql could be taken as a movement that ends in holding a great acquisition. Ibn Jinnī's imsās associates the deep, strong qāf with firmer or harder actions, and one could extend this to the grip of ʿaql and ʿaqd, though he does not discuss this root. Mainstream linguistics treats such readings as suggestive at most.

    Draws on: al-Dabbāgh (al-Ibrīz) · Ibn Jinnī imsās (general)

  • Root structureWithin the nucleus ʿ-q, several of Ibn Fāris's siblings share a sense of tightening or bending: ʿ-q-d is tying and firmness, ʿ-q-ṣ is twisting, and ʿ-q-f is bending.plausible

    The two-letter nucleus (Ibn Fāris's own chapters) and the permutations of the letters (Ibn Jinnī).

    Within the nucleus ʿ-q, several of Ibn Fāris's siblings share a sense of tightening or bending: ʿ-q-d is tying and firmness, ʿ-q-ṣ is twisting, and ʿ-q-f is bending. These sit beside the hobbling sense of ʿ-q-l, while ʿ-q-b (following, or steepness) and ʿ-q-w (the area around a house) do not fit this pattern. Among the permutations, ʿ-l-q is hanging one thing on a higher thing, q-l-ʿ is pulling a thing out of another, and l-q-ʿ is throwing and hitting; q-ʿ-l and l-ʿ-q are attested but lack Maqāyīs glosses here. Setting ʿaql (holding fast) beside qalʿ (uprooting) invites a contrast of fixing and removing, but this is a juxtaposition and no shared meaning is claimed.

    Draws on: Maqāyīs nucleus siblings · permutations

  • Semitic kin & loanwordsNo confident Semitic cognate with the sense 'bind' or 'understand' is available.uncertain

    Cognates in the sister languages, and whether the word was borrowed.

    No confident Semitic cognate with the sense 'bind' or 'understand' is available. Hebrew ʿ-q-l 'crooked, twisted' (as in Hab 1:4, meʿuqqāl) matches in form, but the meanings are too far apart to press the link. The word is native Arabic and not a loan. The philosophical sense of ʿaql was shaped as a rendering of Greek nous during the translation movement, which is a semantic calque with no borrowing of the word itself.

    Draws on: no secure cognate · Hebrew ʿ-q-l (formal only) · Greek nous (semantic calque, falsafa)

  • Quranic exegesisThe Quran uses only the verb (taʿqilūn, yaʿqilūn, naʿqilu, ʿaqalūhu) and never the noun ʿaql.plausible

    How the classical exegetes read the word in the Quran.

    The Quran uses only the verb (taʿqilūn, yaʿqilūn, naʿqilu, ʿaqalūhu) and never the noun ʿaql. This led exegetes to read the root as an activity of understanding and taking heed, and not as a named faculty. On 2:44 ('Do you not understand?'), al-Ṭabarī and al-Zamakhsharī take the rebuke as aimed at people who enjoin piety on others and neglect it themselves, which acting with understanding would prevent. In 2:73 the reviving of the slain man is shown 'so that you may understand'. In 67:10 the damned confess that they neither heard nor understood. Al-Rāghib says that where God censures unbelievers for not using ʿaql, the acquired intellect is meant, since the innate faculty cannot be blamed.

    Draws on: al-Ṭabarī · al-Zamakhsharī · al-Rāzī · al-Rāghib

  • Philosophy & kalāmIn falsafa, ʿaql renders nous.well attested

    The word as a technical term in falsafa and theology.

    In falsafa, ʿaql renders nous. Avicenna ranks the human intellect as material (hayūlānī), habitual (bi-l-malaka), actual (bi-l-fiʿl) and acquired (mustafād), and places the separate Active Intellect (al-ʿaql al-faʿʿāl) at the end of the emanated celestial intellects, as the giver of intelligible forms. Among the mutakallimūn, al-Bāqillānī and others define ʿaql as a set of necessary knowledges (ʿulūm ḍarūriyya), not a substance. In the Iḥyāʾ, al-Ghazālī distinguishes four senses: an innate disposition, self-evident knowledge, knowledge gained from experience, and the power to restrain desire in view of consequences. The fourth of these returns to the root's sense of restraint.

  • Akbarian readingFaṣṣ Ādam says that this matter is not known by the intellect through reflective consideration (naẓar fikrī) and comes only by unveiling (kashf).well attested

    The word in Ibn ʿArabī's text and terminology.

    Faṣṣ Ādam says that this matter is not known by the intellect through reflective consideration (naẓar fikrī) and comes only by unveiling (kashf). The same chapter uses maʿqūl for the universal matters: they have no existence in their own entity yet are 'intelligible and known without doubt in the mind'. They remain inward (bāṭina) through their maʿqūliyya while appearing in the entities of existents, and every existent entity depends on them. Elsewhere Ibn ʿArabī derives ʿaql from ʿiqāl, the hobble, contrasting the intellect's binding and delimiting with the heart (qalb), which turns (taqallub) with each self-disclosure; this theme is developed in Faṣṣ Shuʿayb. In his cosmology the First Intellect (al-ʿaql al-awwal) is identified with the Supreme Pen.

    Draws on: Fuṣūṣ, Faṣṣ Ādam · ʿaql / ʿiqāl · al-ʿaql al-awwal

Neighbouring rootsThe roots that share letters with this one, as a map you can open out